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Journal articles on the topic 'North Western America'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

NICHOLS, ROGER L. "Western Attractions." Pacific Historical Review 74, no. 1 (2005): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2005.74.1.1.

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North America,and in particular the United States, has fascinated Europeans as the place of the "exotic other " for at least the last two centuries. This article surveys American and European art, novels,radio programs, Western films, and television Westerns from the 1820s to the present. It posits that the presence of Indians, fictional Western heroes,gunmen,and a perceived general level of violence made frontier and Western America more colorful and exciting than similar circumstances and native people in other parts of the world. This resulted in a continuing interest in the fictional aspect of the American frontier and Western historical experiences.

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2

Hong, Won Shic. "Anastrophyllum in Western North America." Bryologist 99, no. 1 (1996): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3244444.

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3

McDonough, Kevin. "Trees of Western North America." Reference Reviews 31, no. 3 (2017): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr-12-2016-0287.

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4

Gustin, Mae Sexauer, Harald Biester, James Bennett, Damia Barcelo Culleres, and Jay Gan. "Western North America Mercury Synthesis." Science of The Total Environment 573 (December 2016): 1491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.033.

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5

Hong, Won Shic. "Plagiochila in Western North America." Bryologist 95, no. 2 (1992): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3243427.

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Hong, Won Shic. "Tritomaria in Western North America." Bryologist 97, no. 2 (1994): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3243754.

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7

Weber, Nancy S. "Western American Pezizales.Selenaspora guernisacii, new to North America." Mycologia 87, no. 1 (1995): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1995.12026508.

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8

Eaton, Jeffrey G. "The Campanian-Maastrichtian Boundary in the Western Interior of North America." Newsletters on Stratigraphy 18, no. 1 (1987): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nos/18/1987/31.

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9

Frank, J. L., N. Siegel, C. F. Schwarz, B. Araki, and E. C. Vellinga. "Xerocomellus (Boletaceae) in western North America." Fungal Systematics and Evolution 6, no. 1 (2020): 265–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2020.06.13.

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Understanding diversity in the genus Xerocomellus in western North America has been obscured by morphological variability, widespread use of species epithets typified by specimens from Europe and eastern North America, misunderstood phylogenetic relationships, and species complexes. We collected extensively and used genetic and morphological data to establish the occurrence of ten Xerocomellus species in western North America. We generated ITS sequences from five type collections and from vouchered representative collections to clarify our understanding of existing species concepts. We describe three new species (Xerocomellus atropurpureus, X. diffractus, and X. salicicola) and propose two new combinations (X. amylosporus and X. mendocinensis), transfer Boletus coccyginus to Hortiboletus, and provide a dichotomous key to species of Xerocomellus in western North America.

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10

Rinne, John N., and R. L. Behnke. "Native Trout of Western North America." Copeia 1994, no. 1 (1994): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1446698.

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11

Graham, Robert C. "Serpentine Geoecology of Western North America." Soil Science 174, no. 3 (2009): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ss.0b013e318199f342.

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12

Rosentreter, Roger, and Bruce McCune. "Vagrant Dermatocarpon in Western North America." Bryologist 95, no. 1 (1992): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3243779.

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13

Golnar, Andrew J., Stan Langevin, Nicholas A. Panella, Owen D. Solberg, William K. Reisen, and Nicholas Komar. "Flanders hapavirus in western North America." Archives of Virology 163, no. 12 (2018): 3351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-4003-7.

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14

DeCesare, Nicholas J., Byron V. Weckworth, Kristine L. Pilgrim, et al. "Phylogeography of moose in western North America." Journal of Mammalogy 101, no. 1 (2019): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyz163.

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Abstract Subspecies designations within temperate species’ ranges often reflect populations that were isolated by past continental glaciation, and glacial vicariance is believed to be a primary mechanism behind the diversification of several subspecies of North American cervids. We used genetics and the fossil record to study the phylogeography of three moose subspecies (Alces alces andersoni, A. a. gigas, and A. a. shirasi) in western North America. We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome (16,341 base pairs; n = 60 moose) and genotyped 13 nuclear microsatellites (n = 253) to evaluate genetic variation among moose samples. We also reviewed the fossil record for detections of all North American cervids to comparatively assess the evidence for the existence of a southern refugial population of moose corresponding to A. a. shirasi during the last glacial maximum of the Pleistocene. Analysis of mtDNA molecular variance did not support distinct clades of moose corresponding to currently recognized subspecies, and mitogenomic haplotype phylogenies did not consistently distinguish individuals according to subspecies groupings. Analysis of population structure using microsatellite loci showed support for two to five clusters of moose, including the consistent distinction of a southern group of moose within the range of A. a. shirasi. We hypothesize that these microsatellite results reflect recent, not deep, divergence and may be confounded by a significant effect of geographic distance on gene flow across the region. Review of the fossil record showed no evidence of moose south of the Wisconsin ice age glaciers ≥ 15,000 years ago. We encourage the integration of our results with complementary analyses of phenotype data, such as morphometrics, originally used to delineate moose subspecies, for further evaluation of subspecies designations for North American moose.

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15

Weber, Nancy S. "Western American Pezizales. Selenaspora guernisacii, New to North America." Mycologia 87, no. 1 (1995): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3760952.

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16

Morrow, Juliet E., and Toby A. Morrow. "Geographic Variation in Fluted Projectile Points: A Hemispheric Perspective." American Antiquity 64, no. 2 (1999): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694275.

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This paper examines geographic variation in fluted point morphology across North and South America. Metric data on 449 North American points, 31 Central American points, and 61 South American points were entered into a database. Ratios calculated from these metric attributes are used to quantify aspects of point shape across the two continents. The results of this analysis indicate gradual, progressive changes in fluted point outline shape from the Great Plains of western North America into adjacent parts of North America as well as into Central and South America. The South American “Fishtail” form of fluted point is seen as the culmination of incremental changes in point shape that began well into North America. A geographically gradual decline in fluting frequency also is consistent with the stylistic evolution of the stemmed “Fishtail” points. Although few in number, the available radiocarbon dates do suggest that “Fishtail” fluted points in southern South America are younger than the earliest dates associated with Clovis points in western North America. All of these data converge on the conclusion that South American “Fishtail” points evolved from North American fluted points.

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17

Stucky, Richard K. "Paleogene community change among terrestrial vertebrates of the Western Hemisphere." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s247526220000842x.

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Paleogene vertebrate communities in North and South America show dramatic changes in taxonomic composition and ecological organization. Worldwide, mammals diversified substantially following dinosaur extinction (Fig. 1). Most families of living vertebrates appear by the end of the Paleogene. In North America, placental omnivores, herbivores and carnivores dominate mammalian communities, but in South America marsupial carnivores and omnivores and placental herbivores dominate them. Immigration from Asia and Europe to North America of taxa from several placental orders (Perissodactyla, Primates, Artiodactyla, Rodentia, Carnivora, Mesonychia, Creodonta) occurred periodically during the Paleogene. South America, however, was completely isolated from the Paleocene to the Oligocene when Rodentia and perhaps Primates first appear. Despite the independent evolutionary histories of these continents, their constituent species show remarkable convergences in morphological adaptations including body size distributions, dental morphology, and other features. Low resolution chronostratigraphic data for the Paleogene of South America precludes correlation with North American faunas. In North America, patterns of diversification and extinction appear to be related to climatic events. Morphological convergences appear to be related to climate and concomitant habitat change, but may also be a function of coevolution via predator-prey interactions and diffuse competition among guild members.

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18

Somerville, P. G., J. P. McLaren, L. V. LeFevre, R. W. Burger, and D. V. Helmberger. "Comparison of source scaling relations of eastern and western North American earthquakes." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 77, no. 2 (1987): 322–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0770020322.

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Abstract Source scaling relations have been obtained for earthquakes in eastern North America and other continental interiors, and compared with a relation obtained for earthquakes in western North America. The scaling relation for eastern North American earthquakes was constructed from measurements of seismic moment and source duration obtained by the waveform modeling of seismic body waves. The events used include nine events of mbLg magnitude 4.7 to 5.8 that occurred after 1960, and four earlier events with magnitudes between 5.5 and 6.6. The scaling relation for events in other continental interiors was used for comparative purposes and to provide constraints for large magnitudes. Detailed analysis of the uncertainties in the scaling relations has allowed the resolution of two important issues concerning the source scaling of earthquakes in eastern North America. First, the source characteristics of earthquakes in eastern North America and other continental interiors are consistent with constant stress drop scaling, and are inconsistent with nonconstant scaling models such as that of Nuttli (1983). Second, the stress drops of earthquakes in eastern North America and other continental interiors are not significantly different from those of earthquakes in western North America, and have median values of approximately 100 bars. The source parameters of earthquakes in eastern North America are consistent with a single constant stress drop scaling relation, whereas the source parameters of earthquakes in western North America are much more variable and show significant departures from an average scaling relation in which stress drop decreases slightly with seismic moment.

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19

Yatskievych, George, and William D. Tidwell. "Common Fossil Plants of Western North America." American Fern Journal 88, no. 3 (1998): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1547687.

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20

Jacobson, David J., Amy J. Powell, Jeremy R. Dettman, et al. "Neurosporain temperate forests of western North America." Mycologia 96, no. 1 (2004): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2005.11832998.

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21

Pringle, P. T. "Common Fossil Plants of Western North America." Environmental & Engineering Geoscience V, no. 3 (1999): 362–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.v.3.362.

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22

Spence, John R. "Bryum Hedw. (Bryaceae) in Western North America." Bryologist 91, no. 2 (1988): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3242619.

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23

Mote, Philip W., Alan F. Hamlet, Martyn P. Clark, and Dennis P. Lettenmaier. "DECLINING MOUNTAIN SNOWPACK IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA*." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 86, no. 1 (2005): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-86-1-39.

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24

Verbyla, David. "Browning boreal forests of western North America." Environmental Research Letters 6, no. 4 (2011): 041003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/041003.

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25

Beeler, Reese B., Mathew T. Sharples, and Erin A. Tripp. "Introgression Among Three Western North American Bilberries (Vaccinium section Myrtillus)." Systematic Botany 45, no. 3 (2020): 576–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364420x15935294613383.

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Abstract—Despite being dominant elements of understory communities in the coniferous forests of western North America, phylogenetic relationships among bilberries (Vaccinium section Myrtillus) remain unresolved. Morphological delimitation among most western bilberry species is tenuous, and traditionally employed molecular sources of phylogenetic information have yielded insufficient variability. Moreover, these species are hypothesized to have undergone extensive introgression. We used RADseq data analyzed with maximum likelihood species tree estimation and Patterson’s D-statistic analyses to examine the influence of introgression on relationships among Vaccinium myrtillus, V. scoparium, and V. cespitosum. Additionally, we used these data to assess whether the populations of V. myrtillus disjunct between North America and Eurasia are monophyletic and should continue to be recognized as conspecific. Significant genome-wide introgression, as determined through D-statistic analyses, was detected between North American samples of V. myrtillus and V. cespitosum, and to a lesser extent, between V. myrtillus and V. scoparium. No significant D-values were detected between V. scoparium and V. cespitosum. Accessions of Vaccinium myrtillus from Eurasia and North America were recovered as non-monophyletic, prompting our proposed resurrection of V. oreophilum for North American material. The long-assumed sister species relationship between V. oreophilum and V. scoparium was not recovered in our analysis. Instead, V. oreophilum and V. cespitosum were inferred to be sister taxa. This study reveals considerable introgression detectable in the evolutionary history of western North American bilberries and demonstrates the utility of RADseq data to resolve species level relationships in groups that undergo reticulate evolution such as Vaccinium.

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26

Behan-Pelletier, Valerie M. "CERATOZETIDAE OF THE WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN ARCTIC." Canadian Entomologist 117, no. 11 (1985): 1287–366. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1171287-11.

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AbstractThe Ceratozetidae of arctic western North America, represented by 12 species in 9 genera, are discussed. A new genus, Cyrtozetes, and species, Cyrtozetes denaliensis, are proposed, and Trichoribates copperminensis Hammer, T. polaris Hammer, Svalbardia paludicola Thor, Iugoribates gracilis Sellnick, Diapterobates notatus (Thorell) both adults and immatures, D. variabilis Hammer, Sphaerozetes arcticus Hammer, Fuscozetes sellnicki Hammer, Melanozetes longisetosus Hammer, and Ceratozetes spitsbergensis Thor and C. parvulus Sellnick are redescribed. Immatures of T. polaris, S. paludicola, F. sellnicki, and M. longisetosus are described. Distribution records of Ceratozetes gracilis (Michael) in the western North American arctic are listed. The new combination, Cyrtozetes shiranensis (Aoki and Fujikawa), is proposed.

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27

Greenwood, David R., Kathleen B. Pigg, and Melanie L. DeVore. "Eocene paleontology and geology of western North America." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, no. 6 (2016): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2016-0043.

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Western North America preserves a rich record of Eocene life and environments under globally warm climates, and represents an interval where significant coal and other minerals were deposited. The Eocene is of interest to biologists and paleontologists for its record of the appearance and rise to dominance of many plant, insect, and mammal groups now typical of the temperate forests of North America, admixed with groups now well represented in tropical areas or restricted to eastern Asia. This record is also of interest for its potential contribution to our understanding of interactions between climate, the biota, and the ecosystems they occupied, under atmospheric carbon dioxide levels much higher than today. Documentation of the Eocene in western North America offers insights into the effects of future greenhouse climates. A special symposium held at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America in Vancouver, British Columbia, brought together geologists, paleontologists, and biologists with an interest in these questions. This paper introduces the special issue that includes a selection of papers drawn from that symposium as well as on related topics, spanning the Early to Late Eocene, and geographically from British Columbia to Colorado.

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28

BEHAN-PELLETIER, VALERIE M., and DAVID E. WALTER. "Oribatella (Acari, Oribatida, Oribatellidae) of western North America." Zootaxa 3432, no. 1 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3432.1.1.

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The oribatid mite genus Oribatella (Oribatellidae) includes 18 species known previously from North America. Herein, wedescribe 11 new Oribatella species from montane, subarctic, forest and prairie habitats in western North America: O. abmisp. nov., O. banksi sp. nov., O. ewingi sp. nov., O. heatherae sp. nov., O. manningensis sp. nov., O. maryae sp. nov., O.oregonensis sp. nov., O. parallelus sp. nov., O. pawnee sp. nov., O. sintranslamella and O. yukonensis sp. nov.Descriptions of two species (O. heatherae and O. pawnee) include some developmental instars. That of O. yukonensisincludes all instars; nymphs retain dorsocentral setae dm and dp, but the setal morphology changes between larva andnymphs. These immatures bear sclerotized areas on the hysterosoma. Adults of Oribatella oregonensis show distinctsexual dimorphism, with three notogastral setae arising from fused porose areas in the male. We provide new distributionrecords for Oribatella species previously known from North America, including O. arctica Thor, 1930, O. canadensisBehan-Pelletier and Eamer, 2010, O. jacoti Behan-Pelletier, 2011 and O. reticulatoides Hammer, 1955, and remark on O.anomola Grabowski, 1970. We clarify description of the octotaxic system and the interlamellar region in species ofOribatella and discuss variability in hysterosomal sclerotization and setation in immatures. Finally, we give a key to adults of the 29 species of Oribatella now known from North America.

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29

Voitk, Andrus, Irja Saar, Renée Lebeuf, and Peter Kennedy. "The Pseudoomphalina kalchbrenneri complex in North America." Botany 98, no. 2 (2020): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2019-0011.

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Pseudoomphalina kalchbrenneri is a Eurasian species. In North America the Pso. kalchbrenneri complex is represented by Pseudoomphalina anticostica sp. nov. and Pso. compressipes in the east and Pso. intermedia in the west. Pseudoomphalina farinacea and Pso. felleoides are later synonyms for Pso. compressipes. The somewhat similar Pseudolaccaria pachyphylla occupies a temperate band through Eurasia, confirmed by sequencing in both eastern and western North America. It differs from species of the Pso. kalchbrenneri complex by smaller size, finely granular pileus, non-decurrent gills, and lack of hymenial cystidia. All species of the Pso. kalchbrenneri complex are uncommon, and macroscopically similar. Pseudoomphalina kalchbrenneri and Pso. intermedia can be identified by their distribution (Europe and western North America, respectively) and lack of cystidia. The cystidiate eastern North American Pso. anticostica and Pso. compressipes can be differentiated by the smaller spores of the latter. Pseudoomphalina cokeri is the most ancestral species on the Pseudoomphalina lineage, while Clitocybe thujana and Agaricus apertus (Clitocybe/Clitocybula aperta) fall outside Pseudoomphalina and Pseudolaccaria. We add 21 new sequences to GenBank, including six types (Agaricus compressipes, Clitocybe felleoides, C. farinacea, C. intermedia, C. thujana, Agaricus apertus), and one new species (Pso. anticostica).

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30

Johnson, Nathaniel C., Lakshmi Krishnamurthy, Andrew T. Wittenberg, et al. "The Impact of Sea Surface Temperature Biases on North American Precipitation in a High-Resolution Climate Model." Journal of Climate 33, no. 6 (2020): 2427–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0417.1.

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AbstractPositive precipitation biases over western North America have remained a pervasive problem in the current generation of coupled global climate models. These biases are substantially reduced, however, in a version of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Forecast-Oriented Low Ocean Resolution (FLOR) coupled climate model with systematic sea surface temperature (SST) biases artificially corrected through flux adjustment. This study examines how the SST biases in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans contribute to the North American precipitation biases. Experiments with the FLOR model in which SST biases are removed in the Atlantic and Pacific are carried out to determine the contribution of SST errors in each basin to precipitation statistics over North America. Tropical and North Pacific SST biases have a strong impact on northern North American precipitation, while tropical Atlantic SST biases have a dominant impact on precipitation biases in southern North America, including the western United States. Most notably, negative SST biases in the tropical Atlantic in boreal winter induce an anomalously strong Aleutian low and a southward bias in the North Pacific storm track. In boreal summer, the negative SST biases induce a strengthened North Atlantic subtropical high and Great Plains low-level jet. Each of these impacts contributes to positive annual mean precipitation biases over western North America. Both North Pacific and North Atlantic SST biases induce SST biases in remote basins through dynamical pathways, so a complete attribution of the effects of SST biases on precipitation must account for both the local and remote impacts.

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31

Somoza, Rubén. "The Late Cretaceous paleomagnetic field in North America: a South American perspective." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, no. 11 (2011): 1483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e11-051.

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Determining the Late Cretaceous paleomagnetic pole for North America has been difficult because of the lack of suitable rocks of that age in cratonic areas to provide the necessary data. As an alternative, different studies have appealed to paleomagnetic data from rocks in western North America. Using paleopoles from stable areas in neighboring continents, it is suggested that the available Late Cretaceous paleomagnetic record in western North America should be analyzed in terms of rigid body deformations rather than be used to represent the cratonic reference field.

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32

Solick, Donald I., Robert M. R. Barclay, Larisa Bishop-Boros, Quentin R. Hays, and Cori L. Lausen. "Distributions of Eastern and Western Red Bats in Western North America." Western North American Naturalist 80, no. 1 (2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3398/064.080.0111.

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33

Behan-Pelletier, Valerie M. "CERATOZETIDAE (ACARI: ORIBATEI) OF THE WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN SUBARCTIC." Canadian Entomologist 118, no. 10 (1986): 991–1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent118991-10.

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AbstractRepresentatives of the oribatid mite family Ceratozetidae of subarctic western North America, including 14 species in eight genera, are treated. A new genus Laminizetes, and eight new species, Diapterobates siccatus, Trichoribates ogilviensis, Laminizetes fortispinosus, Ceratozetes inupiaq, C. kutchin, C. fjellbergi, Sphaerozetes firthensis, and Melanozetes tanana, are proposed, and Dentizetes rudentiger Hammer, Diapterobates humeralis (Hermann), Neogymnobates luteus (Hammer), Trichoribates striatus Hammer, Sphaerozetes castaneus Hammer, and Melanozetes meridianus Sellnick are redescribed. Immatures of Dentizetes rudentiger and Sphaerozetes firthensis are described. A key to the adults of the 31 species of Ceratozetidae recorded from the western North American arctic and subarctic is given. Relationships among the 12 genera in the Ceratozetidae recorded from the North American arctic and subarctic are discussed.

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34

Kooyman, Brian, L. V. Hills, Shayne Tolman, and Paul McNeil. "Late Pleistocene Western Camel (Camelops Hesternus) Hunting in Southwestern Canada." American Antiquity 77, no. 1 (2012): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.77.1.115.

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AbstractLate Pleistocene large mammal extinctions in North America have been attributed to a number of factors or combination of factors, primarily climate change and human hunting, but the relative roles of these factors remain much debated. Clo-vis-period hunters exploited species such as mammoth, but many now extinct species such as camels were seemingly not hunted. Archaeological evidence from the Wally’s Beach site in southern Canada, including stone tools and butchered bone, provide the first evidence that Clovis people hunted North American camels. Archaeologists generally dismiss human hunting as a significant contributor to Pleistocene extinctions in North America, but Wally’s Beach demonstrates that human hunting was more inclusive than assumed and we must continue to consider hunting as a factor in Pleistocene extinctions.

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35

Jacobson, David J., Amy J. Powell, Jeremy R. Dettman, et al. "Neurospora in Temperate Forests of Western North America." Mycologia 96, no. 1 (2004): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3761989.

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36

Edmonds, E. Janet. "Status of woodland caribou in western north America." Rangifer 11, no. 4 (1991): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.11.4.998.

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A review of current population size and trends of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in seven jurisdictions in western North America shows a wide range of situations. A total maximum population estimate of woodland caribou west of the Ontario/Manitoba border is 61 090. Of 44 herds or populations described in this review: 14 are stable; two are stable to slightly decreasing; four are decreasing; four are increasing; and 22 are of unknown status. Caribou are classified as a threatened species in Alberta and as an endangered species in Washington/Idaho. The decline of caribou in North America following settlement (Bergerud, 1974) has continued along the southern edge of woodland caribou distribution. Direct loss of habitat to logging, mines and dams continued throughout the I960s, 1970s and 1980s. The secondary effects of these habitat changes, (i.e. increased roads leading to increased hunting and poaching, and increased early succession habitat leading to increased alternate prey/predator densities) has led in some cases to the total loss or decreased size of local herds. Three ecotypes of woodland caribou are described and their relative distribution delineated. These ecotypes live under different environmental conditions and require different inventory and management approaches. Woodland caribou herds in northern B.C., Yukon and N.W.T. generally are of good numbers and viable (stable or increasing), and management primarily is directed at regulating human harvest and natural predation to prevent, herd declines. Land use activities such as logging or energy development are not extensive. Managers in southern caribou ranges stress the need for a better understanding of caribou population stability within mixed prey/predator regimes; how habitat changes (eg. through logging) affect these regimes; and how to develop effective land use guidelines for resource extraction that can sustian caribou populations and maintain resource industries. Caribou managers have suggested that herds may be priorized for research and management efforts. Unstable, remnant populations may be left to their own fate. The limited research dollars available and difficult management decisions should be applied to caribou herds that are apparently sustainable and provide the greatest potential for long-term viability.

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37

Gepts, Paul. "People and Plants in Ancient Western North America." Economic Botany 59, no. 4 (2005): 397–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2005)059[0397:dfabre]2.0.co;2.

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Bildstein, Keith L. "Raptors Of Eastern [Western] North America (2 Volumes)." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 120, no. 2 (2008): 430–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2008)120[430:roewna]2.0.co;2.

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Jehl,, Joseph R. "Leucism in Eared Grebes in Western North America." Condor 87, no. 3 (1985): 439–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1367236.

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Allen, Sarah E., Gregory W. Stull, and Steven R. Manchester. "Icacinaceae from the Eocene of western North America." American Journal of Botany 102, no. 5 (2015): 725–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400550.

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Andrus, Richard E. "Sphagnum oregonense sp. nov. from western North America." Bryologist 110, no. 1 (2007): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745(2007)110[123:sosnfw]2.0.co;2.

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Cayan, Daniel R., Michael D. Dettinger, Henry F. Diaz, and Nicholas E. Graham. "Decadal Variability of Precipitation over Western North America." Journal of Climate 11, no. 12 (1998): 3148–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<3148:dvopow>2.0.co;2.

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Codding, Brian F., Adrian R. Whitaker, and Nathan E. Stevens. "Territorial behavior and ecology in western North America." Quaternary International 518 (May 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2019.07.013.

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Bowen, John R. "Islamic Adaptations to Western Europe and North America." American Behavioral Scientist 55, no. 12 (2011): 1601–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764211409920.

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Nolet, Guust, Craig Coutlee, and Robert Clouser. "Sn velocities in western and eastern North America." Geophysical Research Letters 25, no. 10 (1998): 1557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98gl01156.

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Foley, Patrick, Tara Roth, Janet Foley, and Chris Ray. "Rodent–Pika Parasite Spillover in Western North America." Journal of Medical Entomology 54, no. 5 (2017): 1251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjx085.

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Walcott, Dick. "Neogene tectonics and kinematics of western North America." Tectonics 12, no. 2 (1993): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92tc02249.

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Mowat, Garth, Douglas C. Heard, and Carl J. Schwarz. "Predicting Grizzly Bear Density in Western North America." PLoS ONE 8, no. 12 (2013): e82757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082757.

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Ruiter, David E., and Steven C. Harris. "NewOchrotrichiaMosely, 1934 (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from Western North America." Pan-Pacific Entomologist 91, no. 4 (2015): 318–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3956/2015-91.4.318.

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Booth, Evan L. J., James M. Byrne, and Dan L. Johnson. "Climatic changes in western North America, 1950-2005." International Journal of Climatology 32, no. 15 (2011): 2283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.3401.

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