Relevant bibliographies by topics / Northern Pacific Coast Chapter

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Northern Pacific Coast Chapter'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Northern Pacific Coast Chapter"

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YAGURA, ASAGI, and MITSUHARU SUZUKI. "Ⅱ-1. Off the Pacific coast of northern Honshu." NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 85, no. 1 (2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.wa2575-8.

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Rocchi, S., and J. L. Smellie. "Chapter 5.1b Northern Victoria Land: petrology." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 55, no. 1 (2021): 383–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m55-2019-19.

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AbstractCenozoic magmatic rocks related to the West Antarctic Rift System crop out right across Antarctica, in Victoria Land, Marie Byrd Land and into Ellsworth Land. Northern Victoria Land, located at the northwestern tip of the western rift shoulder, is unique in hosting the longest record of the rift-related igneous activity: plutonic rocks and cogenetic dyke swarms cover the time span fromc.50 to 20 Ma, and volcanic rocks are recorded from 15 Ma to the present. The origin of the entire igneous suite is debated; nevertheless, the combination of geochemical and isotopic data with the regional tectonic history supports a model with no role for a mantle plume. Amagmatic extension during the Cretaceous generated an autometasomatized mantle source that, during Eocene–present activity, produced magma by small degrees of melting induced by the transtensional activity of translithospheric fault systems. The emplacement of Eocene–Oligocene plutons and dyke swarms was focused along these fault systems. Conversely, the location of the mid-Miocene–present volcanoes is governed by lithospheric necking along the Ross Sea coast for the largest volcanic edifices; while inland, smaller central volcanoes and scoria cones are related to the establishment of magma chambers in thicker crust.
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Kanno, Yasuji, Yuji Ueda, and Takashi Matsuishi. "Subpopulations of Pacific Cod Gadus macrocephalus off the Pacific Coast of Northern Japan." NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 67, no. 1 (2001): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.67.67.

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Brian Harland, W. "Chapter 6 Northern Nordaustlandet (and associated Islands Storoya, Kvitoya)." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 17, no. 1 (1997): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.1997.017.01.06.

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Nordaustlandet is the second largest island in the Svalbard archipelago. It has been generally inaccessible by ship because of polar pack ice except for the west coast, or in exceptional summers. Exploration has therefore been limited. The major part of the interior is covered by two large ice caps: Vestfonna and (the large) Austfonna which forms all of the southern coastline in the eastern part of the island. Pre-Devonian, mostly Precambrian outcrops of solid rock extend along the northern and northwestern seaboard. Wahlen-bergfjorden divides the west coast with post-Devonian rocks cropping out to the south of it. These have already been referred to in Chapter 5 so that the main object in this chapter is to outline what is known of the older rocks. Because of the ice caps covering the major part of the island, exposures, especially in the north and east, are often isolated on promontories along the highly indented coastline (Fig. 6.1).After the early visit by Parry in 1828 research was largely by Swedish geologists with A.E. Nordenskiold's sledge journeys in 1861, 1866, 1869 and 1873.A Swedish initiative led to the Russo-Swedish Arc of Meridian Survey along both sides of Hinlopenstretet. During the period 1899 to 1902 (De Geer 1923; Nathorst 1910) and later the Swedish-Norwegian expedition based at Sveanor in Murchisonfjorden (Kulling 1932) resulted in a thorough study of the Hecla Hoek rocks (Kulling 1934).Alongside this were a series of multidisciplinary expeditions from Oxford University in 1924, 1935-36 and 1951. Sandford accompanied the
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García, Julio, Hsin-ming Yeh, and Suguru Ohta. "Distribution and bathymetric zonation of deep-sea brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) off the Japanese Pacific coast." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 82, no. 2 (2002): 345–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315402005544.

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The distribution and bathymetric zonation of deep-sea ophiuroids off the Japanese Pacific coast were analysed. Samples were collected using beam trawls between depths of 60 and 6382 m. In 154 samples, 139 ophiuroid species were found. Data were clustered based on Morisita–Horn similarity index and a dendrogram was constructed. The Japanese Pacific coast can be divided in two major zones. One in the northern part off the Japanese Pacific coast, and another in the region off the central Japanese Pacific coast. In the northern region, five bathymetrical zones were detected at depths of 130–250, 300–500, 500–650, 1100–1500, and 2000–3000 m. In the central region, eight bathymetrical zones were detected at 100–140, 150–250, 200–300, 220–300, 300–400, 400–500, 800–1000, and 1000–1500 m depth. Representative species for each bathymetrical zone are reported.
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Noblezada, Mary Mar P., and Wilfredo L. Campos. "Spatial distribution of chaetognaths off the northern Bicol Shelf, Philippines (Pacific coast)." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 3 (2008): 484–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn027.

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Abstract Noblezada, M. M. P., and Campos, W. L. 2008. Spatial distribution of chaetognaths off the northern Bicol Shelf, Philippines (Pacific coast). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 484–494. The composition, abundance, and distribution of chaetognaths off the northern Bicol Shelf, Philippines (Pacific coast), from 31 stations along transects perpendicular to the coast were analysed. Samples were collected in April, 2001. In all, 26 species belonging to 14 genera were identified. Flaccisagitta enflata was the most abundant and frequently captured species at all stations, and constituted 41.9% of the total specimens. Most of the smallest diversity values were observed from areas affected by upwelling, although the greatest densities were observed at stations located within the upwelling zones. The occurrence of mesopelagic and bathypelagic species (Decipisagitta decipiens, Caecosagitta macrocephala, and Eukrohnia fowleri), in samples collected from upper water layers, could be explained by vertical transport caused by upwelling.
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Brizuela, B., A. Armigliato, and S. Tinti. "Assessment of tsunami hazard for the American Pacific coast from southern Mexico to northern Peru." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 1, no. 3 (2013): 2983–3021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-1-2983-2013.

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Abstract. Central America has been struck by at least 49 tsunamis between 1539 and 1996. As many as 37 of these events occurred at the Pacific Coast, and 31 were generated by earthquakes. Some of the events have been destructive, but despite this, tsunamis are an underrated hazard in Central America: people are not aware that they are at risk and even recent tsunami events have been forgotten. Recent studies, following the destructive tsunami occurred in Nicaragua in 1992, have revealed that Central America is a moderately tsunamigenic zone that is mainly affected by tsunamis triggered by earthquakes, especially at the Pacific coast where the Middle American Trench runs parallel to the coast. In this study, a statistical first and then a deterministic analysis for the Pacific coast of Central America has been carried out. The statistical approach aims to estimate the Gutenberg-Richter coefficients of the main seismic tsunamigenic regions of the area in order to assess the annual rate of occurrence of tsunamigenic earthquakes and their corresponding return period. A deterministic approach is then used to compute the tsunami run-up distribution along the coast corresponding to a given annual rate of occurrence of tsunamigenic earthquakes.
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Minor, Rick, and Wendy C. Grant. "Earthquake-Induced Subsidence and Burial of Late Holocene Archaeological Sites, Northern Oregon Coast." American Antiquity 61, no. 4 (1996): 772–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282017.

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Fire hearths associated with prehistoric Native American occupation lie within the youngest buried lowland soil of the estuaries along the Salmon and Nehalem rivers on the northern Oregon coast. This buried soil is the result of sudden subsidence induced by a great earthquake about 300 years ago along the Cascadia subduction zone, which extends offshore along the North Pacific Coast from Vancouver Island to northern California. The earthquake 300 years ago was the latest in a series of subsidence events along the Cascadia subduction zone over the last several thousand years. Over the long term, subsidence and burial of prehistoric settlements as a result of Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes have almost certainly been an important factor contributing to the limited time depth of the archaeological record along this section of the North Pacific Coast.
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Cooper, Carol. "Native Women of the Northern Pacific Coast: An Historical Perspective, 1830-1900." Journal of Canadian Studies 27, no. 4 (1993): 44–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcs.27.4.44.

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McCay, BonnieJ. "Territorial use rights in fisheries of the northern Pacific coast of Mexico." Bulletin of Marine Science 93, no. 1 (2017): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2015.1091.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Northern Pacific Coast Chapter"

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Brown, Thomas Jay. "Demography and the Evolution of Logistic Organization on the Northern Northwest Coast Between 11,000 and 5,000 cal BP." PDXScholar, 2016. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3223.

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Focusing on the relationship between demography and sedentary behavior, this thesis explores changes to mobility strategies on the Northern Northwest Coast of North America between 11,000 and 5,000 cal BP. Drawing on a regional database of radiocarbon dates, it uses summed probability distributions (SPDs) of calibrated dates as a proxy for population change, in combination with syntheses of previously published technological, paleo environmental and settlement pattern data to test three hypotheses derived from the literature about the development of logistic mobility among maritime hunter-gatherers on the Northern Coast. In all, each of the hypotheses proposes that early peoples on the coast were foragers that utilized high levels of residential mobility, who later adopted collector (logistic) strategies. Two of the hypotheses emphasize the role of population growth and/or packing and resource distribution in this transformation, while the third emphasizes population replacement. Other issues addressed within this thesis are whether or not the forager-collector continuum, as it is used for terrestrial hunter-gatherers, can be applied to those in aquatic settings. Also explored, is the question of whether the available data is sufficient for making and/or testing claims about early mobility patterns in the region. The results of the demographic models suggest that while population levels were volatile, volatility declined through time and that there is no significant trend in either growth or decline of overall population levels throughout the region. This thesis also confirmed that significant changes to mobility, as evidenced by the emergence of semi-sedentary to sedentary living, begin to appear by ~7,000 cal BP. However, there appears to be little, if any correlation between the advent of more sedentary and logistic behavior and any of the variables tested here. Thus this author suggests, in agreement with Ames (1985; 2004) and Binford (2001) that the distribution of resources and labor organization needs within aquatic environments are sufficient without any other drivers for the development and intensification of logistic mobility. The principle analytic contribution of this research comes from the demographic modeling that relied on the construction of summed probability distributions. Though these methods have become commonplace in other settings (namely Europe), this thesis presents the first application of these methods within the time period and region covered. Moreover, this research is one of the only of its kind to address demographic histories within coastal landscapes that utilizes both marine and terrestrial 14C samples. In order to explore possible biases within the database, comparisons of marine and terrestrial SPDs were made between sub-sections of the region (i.e. Haida Gwaii, Southeast Alaska and the Dundas Islands). Though patterning between each of these areas was consistent, these comparative methods revealed an unexpected finding; a massive population crash throughout the region that began between ~9,000-8,800 cal BP and lasted till around 8,400 cal BP. Importantly, this crash was witnessed within all of the individual sub-areas and within SPDs made from both the marine and terrestrial 14C samples, though the reasons behind this collapse and verification of its existence require future research. However, finding this collapse at all further highlighted the need for use of correctly calibrated 14C dates, as the gap in 14C dates effectively disappears when using uncalibrated dates, which has been a longstanding tradition within Northwest archaeology.
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Riedel, Michael. "3-D seismic investigations of northern Cascadia marine gas hydrates." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/nq65267.pdf.

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Welling, Leigh A. "Radiolarian microfauna in the northern California current system : spatial and temporal variability and implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions." Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/27456.

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Gladics, Amanda J. "Dietary responses of marine predators to variable oceanographic conditions in the Northern California Current." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29000.

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Variable ocean conditions can greatly impact lower trophic level prey assemblages in marine ecosystems, with effects propagating up to higher trophic levels. Our goal was to better understand how varying ocean conditions influence diets and niche overlap among a suite of low- to mid trophic level predators. We studied the diets of common murres (Uria aalge) over 10 contrasting years between 1998 and 2011, a period in which the Northern California Current experienced dramatic interannual variability in ocean conditions. Likewise, murre diets off Oregon varied considerably. Interannual variation in murre chick diets appears to be influenced by environmental drivers occurring before and during the breeding season, at both basin and local spatial scales. While clupeids were an important diet component throughout the study period, in some years murre diets were dominated by Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) and other years by osmerids (likely Allosmerus elongatus and Hypomesus pretiosus). Years in which the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and local sea surface temperatures were above average during summer months also showed elevated levels of clupeids in murre diets, while years with higher winter ichthyoplankton biomass and summer northern copepod biomass anomalies had fewer clupeids and more sand lance and smelts. Years with higher Northern Oscillation Index values during summer months also showed more smelts in the murre diets. Nesting phenology and reproductive success were correlated with diet as well, reflecting demographic consequences of environmental variability mediated through bottom-up food web dynamics. To examine niche overlap between murres and other marine predators we employed collaborative fisheries research with synoptic observations of a major seabird colony to determine the diets of four predator species on the central Oregon coast during two years of contrasting El Niño (2010) vs. La Niña (2011) conditions. The greatest degree of dietary overlap was observed between Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and common murres, with both smelts (Osmeridae) and clupeids (primarily Clupea pallasii) observed as the dominant prey types. Diets differed between El Niño and La Niña conditions for two predators, murres and black rockfish (Sebastes melanops). During La Niña, smelts decreased, while sand lance increased in common murre diets. Black rockfish had fewer larval Dungeness crabs (Cancer magister) and a greater proportion of crab species associated with the later spring transition. Chinook salmon and Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) diets were similar during El Niño and La Niña conditions. These findings underscore that the diets of common murres during chick rearing reflect local- and basin-scale biophysical processes in the Northern California Current, and are valuable for understanding the response of upper trophic level organisms to changing oceanographic conditions. Additionally, using multiple predators across several diverse taxa to track changes in prey communities provided a way to detect seemingly subtle changes in prey communities and contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of food web dynamics and ecosystem indicators.
Graduation date: 2012
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Johnson, Angela Michelle. "An investigation of the distribution and abundance of ichthyoplankton and juvenile benthic fishes in relation to nearshore hypoxia within the Northern California Current system." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/34734.

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Nearshore hypoxia within the Northern California Current (NCC) system is a seasonal phenomenon caused by coastal upwelling and occurs mainly during late-summer and early fall. The effects of low oxygen levels on fish and invertebrate communities, particularly during early-life history stages, however, are poorly known for this area. I investigated the effects of hypoxia on the density, community structure, vertical and horizontal distribution of fish larvae and juveniles, as well as body condition of juveniles, along the central Oregon and Washington coasts during the summers of 2008 - 2011. During this sampling period, bottom dissolved oxygen (DO) values ranged from 0.49 to 9.85 ml l�����, and the number of hypoxic (e.g., < 1.4 ml l�����) stations sampled was low compared to 2002 and 2006 (only 54 sampling stations for the ichthyoplankton study out of 493, and only 12 stations out of 90 for the benthic juvenile study). From the ichthyoplankton study, I found that the overall density of fish larvae increased as bottom-DO values increased; however, the effect on individual species density was limited. Between 44.65 ��N and 46.00 ��N (~Florence, OR ��� Astoria, OR), fish larvae altered their vertical distribution when bottom-DO was low by rising in shallower water layers. From the benthic juvenile study, I found that English sole (Parophrys vetulus), butter sole (Isopsetta isolepis), speckled sanddab (Citharichthys stigmaeus) and Pacific sanddab (Citharichthys sordidus) dominated the catch with annual variation in abundances. Species composition, abundance and length had strong relationships with depth. Species abundance for English sole (< 75 mm), speckled sanddab (<100 mm) and Pacific sanddab also increased with increased bottom-DO. However, the body condition of butter sole (< 75 mm) and of large speckled sanddab (���100 mm) increased with decreased bottom-DO. Overall my research elucidates important patterns of larval and juvenile fish distribution within the NCC during summer. In both studies I have found a limited effect of DO on abundance, distribution and community assemblages. Variables other than DO, such as depth, season and location, dominated the explained variance of the intervening multivariate and univariate analysis. However, due to the paucity of samples during hypoxic events, continued monitoring of nearshore larval and juvenile species over varying hypoxic conditions is necessary for understanding the impact of hypoxia on these communities and subsequent adult populations.
Graduation date: 2013
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Li, Chang Ph D. "Geomorphologic impact of the subducting Nazca plate on the southern Peru (14 degree S-16 degree S)-northern Chile (17 degree S-20 degree S) continental margin." Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/9837.

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Losee, James P. "Trophically transmitted parasites as ecosystem indicators : relationships among parasite community structure, juvenile salmon diet composition, and ocean conditions." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29897.

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Recent research conducted throughout the Northern California Current (NCC) on the ecology of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) indicates that variable ocean conditions affect the community composition of zooplankton in the nearshore environment which, in turn, can affect the quality of prey for fish, sea birds and mammals. Interannual variability in the quality and composition of the copepod community in the NCC during early marine residency of some Pacific salmon populations is related to survival to adulthood. However, copepods make up a small portion of the diet of coho and Chinook salmon, and the mechanistic linkages between ocean climate, zooplankton composition and salmon prey remain unclear. Parasite analysis provides a supplement to traditional diet analysis that can describe the foraging history of a host species. Coho salmon (O. kisutch) and Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) serve as hosts to an array of marine parasites acquired through consumption of infected intermediate hosts such as copepods, euphausiids, and planktivorous fishes. Causing little or no harm to their salmon host, the presence of trophically transmitted parasites provides information on the dietary history of their salmonid host beyond the 24 hours associated with traditional diet analysis. This study (1) examined differences in feeding behavior of coho and Chinook salmon during their early marine residency using both stomach and parasite community analyses and (2) tested the hypothesis that variability in ocean circulation patterns (measured through the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, sea surface temperature (SST) and Bakun's upwelling index) and copepod species composition are related to variability in the community structure of trophically transmitted marine parasites found in juvenile salmon. I compared the abundance and species composition of parasites recovered from juvenile Columbia River coho and upper Columbia River summer and fall Chinook salmon captured off the coast of Washington from 2002 to 2009. I also compared interannual variability in parasite assemblages to physical and biological indices of ocean conditions. Coho and Chinook salmon consumed similar prey taxa; however, the species richness and abundance of trophically transmitted parasites indicated that Chinook salmon consumed a greater diversity and abundance of infected prey. In addition, differences in the abundance of fish in the diet and Anisakis simplex, a parasitic nematode known to infect salmon through fish consumption, suggest that Chinook salmon consistently consumed more fish prey than coho. In contrast, coho appeared to consume more euphausiids as indicated by stomach content analysis and increased abundance of the euphausiid parasite, Rhadinorhynchus trachuri. Shifts in the parasite community composition of both coho and Chinook salmon were related to interannual variability in SST and the biomass of southern-origin copepods (r > 0.7, P < 0.05). The acanthocephalan R. trachuri and a tetraphyllid cestode were associated with "warm" SSTs and greater biomass of lipid-poor, subtropical copepods while the nematode A. simplex was more abundant in years of "cold" SST and a relatively low biomass of subtropical copepods. These results provide novel insight into differences in the diet of Columbia River coho and Chinook salmon and illustrate linkages between ocean climate, zooplankton community composition and salmon diet during early marine residency.
Graduation date: 2012
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Books on the topic "Northern Pacific Coast Chapter"

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Potter, Elisabeth Walton. Scholars and sightseers: The Society of Architectural Historians in Northern California and the Pacific Northwest, 1954-2004, Marion Dean Ross/Pacific Northwest Chapter, an account of 50 years. Marion Dean Ross/Pacific Northwest Chapter, Society of Architectural Historians, 2004.

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Poole, Matthew R. Northern California coast. 2nd ed. Sasquatch Books, 1999.

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Deep-sea fauna and pollutants off Pacific coast of northern Japan. National Museum of Nature and Sciences, 2009.

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American Rhododendron Society. Portland Chapter., ed. The Pacific Coast rhododendron story: The hybridizers, collectors and gardens. Binford & Mort Pub., 2001.

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Kuebler, William R. The Vista Dome North Coast Limited: The story of the Northern Pacific Railway's famous domeliner. Oso Pub., 2003.

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Strathmann, Megumi F. Reproduction and development of marine invertebrates of the northern Pacific coast: Data and methods for the study of eggs, embryos, and larvae. University of Washington Press, 1987.

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Jan, Shriner, ed. Guide to sea kayaking in Central and Northern California: The best day trips and tours from the lost coast to Morro Bay. Globe Pequot Press, 1999.

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Lauth, R. R. The 1995 Pacific west coast upper continental slope trawl survey of groundfish resources off southern Oregon and northern California: Estimates of distribution, abundance, and length composition. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 1997.

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Bayly, William. The original astronomical observations made in the course of a voyage to the Northern Pacific Ocean, for the discovery of a North East or North West passage: Wherein the north west coast of America and north east coast of Asia were explored in His Majesty's ships the Resolution and Discovery, in the years MDCCLXXVI, MDCCLXXVII, MDCCLXXVIII, MDCCLXXIX, and MDCCLXXX. Printed by William Richardson ... and sold by P. Elmsley ... and Mess. Mount and Page, ..., 1999.

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Hetzler, Richard. The Mitsitam Cafe Cookbook: Recipes from the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian. Fulcrum Publishing, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Northern Pacific Coast Chapter"

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Mountjoy, Joseph B., Fabio Germán Cupul-Magaña, Rafael García de Quevedo-Machain, and Martha Lorenza López Mestas Camberos. "The Early Postclassic Aztatlán Colonization of the Pacific Coast of Jalisco." In Ancient West Mexicos. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066349.003.0005.

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The focus of this chapter is a recently discovered archaeological site, Arroyo Piedras Azules, located on the northern Pacific coast of Jalisco, Mexico. Excavated materials provide considerable information about the colonization of this area by Aztatlán groups in the Early Postclassic period, as well as the nature of the expansion of the Aztatlán phenomenon in West Mexico. Based on the data thus far obtained from the site, the authors offer five significant conclusions regarding the development and the spread of the Aztatlán archaeological culture in West Mexico, concerning the timing of development, subsistence strategies of Pacific coastal groups, the nature of Aztatlán expansion, specialized production, and links between the Arroyo Piedras Azules site to the Mixteca-Puebla area.
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Jackson, Gordon. "Chapter 7 Expansion and Failure of the Southern Fishery c. 1808-1840." In The British Whaling Trade. Liverpool University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780973007398.003.0007.

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The southern fishery was in no better shape, though it had promised so much at the turn of the century, when it appeared to offer limitless regions for the exploitation of the more valuable sperm whale. In fact, after the major expansion of the 1790s, the Southern Fishery stagnated in comparison with the Northern Fishery, which expanded both its catches and value with the opening up of the Davis Straits grounds. Between 1804-1805 and 1814-1815 the tonnage of Northern whalers grew by sixty-six percent, whereas that of Southern whales actually declined by twenty percent as the trade was forced to make time because of the troubles created by war. Whalers going south-east were disturbed on the Cape of Good Hope fishery, at least four being captured by the Dutch and taken into Capetown in 1804 alone. Whalers going south-west faced the historic difficulties of navigating and victualling in Spanish wasters. The chief Pacific sperm fisheries were still off the coasts of Chile, Peru and California, and around the Galapagos Islands and most of the victualling places, so vital for the Pacific trade, were in Spanish territory: Concepcion and Valparaiso in Chile, Lima and Payta in Peru, and Guayaquil in Ecuador. Captains were once more reluctant to double the Horn, though equally dangerous was the long haul through the south Atlantic for ships that missed the St. Helena Convoy....
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Barker, Graeme. "Rice and Forest Farming in East and South-East Asia." In The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199281091.003.0011.

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East and South-East Asia is a vast and diverse region (Fig. 6.1). The northern boundary can be taken as approximately 45 degrees latitude, from the Gobi desert on the west across Manchuria to the northern shores of Hokkaido, the main island of northern Japan. The southern boundary is over 6,000 kilometres away: the chain of islands from Java to New Guinea, approximately 10 degrees south of the Equator. From west to east across South-East Asia, from the western tip of Sumatra at 95 degrees longitude to the eastern end of New Guinea at 150 degrees longitude, is also some 6,000 kilometres. Transitions to farming within this huge area are discussed in this chapter in the context of four major sub-regions: China; the Korean peninsula and Japan; mainland South-East Asia (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, the Malay peninsula); and island South-East Asia (principally Taiwan, the Philippines, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, and New Guinea). The chapter also discusses the development of agricultural systems across the Pacific islands to the east, both in island Melanesia (the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands east of New Guinea) and in what Pacific archaeologists are terming ‘Remote Oceania’, the islands dotted across the central Pacific as far as Hawaii 6,000 kilometres east of Taiwan and Easter Island some 9,000 kilometres east of New Guinea—a region as big as East Asia and South-East Asia put together. The phytogeographic zones of China reflect the gradual transition from boreal to temperate to tropical conditions, as temperatures and rainfall increase moving southwards (Shi et al., 1993; Fig. 6.2 upper map): coniferous forest in the far north; mixed coniferous and deciduous forest in north-east China (Manchuria) extending into Korea; temperate deciduous and broadleaved forest in the middle and lower valley of the Huanghe (or Yellow) River and the Huai River to the south; sub-tropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in the middle and lower valley of the Yangzi (Yangtze) River; and tropical monsoonal rainforest on the southern coasts, which then extends southwards across mainland and island South-East Asia. Climate and vegetation also differ with altitude and distance from the coast.
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"The Ecology of Juvenile Salmon in the Northeast Pacific Ocean: Regional Comparisons." In The Ecology of Juvenile Salmon in the Northeast Pacific Ocean: Regional Comparisons, edited by Joseph Fisher, Marc Trudel, Arnold Ammann, et al. American Fisheries Society, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569957.ch3.

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Abstract.—In this chapter, we describe the distributions and abundances of juvenile Chinook salmon <em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</em>, coho salmon <em>O. kisutch</em>, chum salmon <em>O. keta</em>, pink salmon <em>O. gorbuscha</em>, and sockeye salmon <em>O. nerka </em>in six regions along the west coast of North America from central California to the northern Gulf of Alaska during the early summer (June and July) and late summer–fall (August– November) of 2000, 2002, and 2004. We also describe fish abundance in relation to bottom depth and to the average temperature and salinity of the upper water column. Salmon were collected in rope trawls from the upper 15–20 m over the open coastal shelf. Catch per unit effort was standardized across the different regions. Subyearling Chinook salmon were found only from central California to British Columbia. Yearling Chinook salmon were widespread, but were most abundant between Oregon and Vancouver Island. Juvenile coho salmon were widespread from northern California to the northern Gulf of Alaska, whereas chum, sockeye, and pink salmon were only abundant from Vancouver Island north into the Gulf of Alaska. Generally, the juveniles of the different salmon species were most abundant at, or north of, the latitudes at which the adults spawn. Abundances were particularly high near major exit corridors for fish migrating from freshwater or protected marine waters onto the open shelf. Seasonal latitudinal shifts in abundance of the juvenile salmon were generally consistent with the counterclockwise migration model of Hartt and Dell (1986). Subyearling Chinook salmon were associated with the high salinity environment found off California and Oregon, whereas chum, sockeye, and pink salmon were associated with the lower salinity environment in the Gulf of Alaska. However, within regions, evidence for strong temperature or salinity preferences among the different species was lacking. Subyearling Chinook salmon were most abundant in shallow, nearshore water.
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Rundel, P. W., and P. E. Villagra. "Arid and Semi-Arid Ecosystems." In The Physical Geography of South America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195313413.003.0018.

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Arid and semi-arid ecosystems in South America are best illustrated by two desert regions, the Peruvian and Atacama Deserts of the Pacific coast and the Monte Desert of central Argentina. The caatinga of northeast Brazil is often described as semi-arid, but mostly receives 500–750 mm of annual rainfall and is better regarded as dry savanna. Small areas of Venezuela and Colombia near the Caribbean coast, and nearby offshore islands, support desert-like vegetation with arborescent cacti, Prosopis, and Capparis, but generally receive up to 500 mm annual rainfall. Substrate conditions, as much or more than climate, determine the desert-like structure and composition of these communities, and thus they are not discussed further here. Extensive areas of Patagonian steppe also have semi-arid conditions, as discussed in chapter 14. The Peruvian and Atacama Deserts form a continuous belt along the west coast of South America, extending 3,500 km from near the northern border of Perú (5°S) to north-central Chile near La Serena (29°55’S), where the Mediterranean- type climate regime becomes dominant. The eastward extent of the Peruvian and Atacama Deserts is strongly truncated where either the coastal ranges or Andean Cordillera rise steeply from the Pacific coast and, as a biogeographic unit, the desert zone may extend from 20 to 100 km or more inland. A calculation of the area covered by these deserts depends in part on how this eastern margin is defined. Thus the Peruvian Desert covers between 80,000 and 144,000 km2, while the Atacama Desert of Chile extends over about 128,000 km2 if the barren lower slopes of the Andes are included. Actual vegetated landscapes are far smaller and for the lomas of Perú change dramatically between years depending on rainfall. Only about 12,000 km2 of the Atacama contain perennial plant communities, largely in the southern portion known as the Norte Chico but also including a narrow coastal belt of lomas extending northward almost to Antofagasta and the Prosopis woodlands of the Pampa del Tamarugal. The vegetated areas of the coastal lomas of Perú and Chile together probably do not exceed 4,000 km2 as a maximum following El Niño rains.
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Arroyo, Barbara, and Lucia Henderson. "The Monumental Aquascape of Kaminaljuyu." In Approaches to Monumental Landscapes of the Ancient Maya. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066226.003.0007.

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In Chapter 7, Arroyo and Henderson introduce the monumental aquascape of Kaminaljuyu, a site located in the Valley of Guatemala, occupying a strategic position that connected several important cultural regions, including the Pacific Coast, the northern highlands, and the Maya lowlands. In this chapter, the authors outline a new understanding of the complex, multifaceted, and monumental hydraulic landscape of Kaminaljuyu. They argue that previous assumptions related to the footprint and timeline of Lake Miraflores, the body of water around which the site’s first occupants originally settled, need to be reassessed. They also expand the site’s monumental hydraulic landscape to consider the massive, snaking “Montículo de la Culebra” aqueduct, which served to fill Lake Miraflores with water from the nearby Río Pinula. Lastly, in addition to the system of agricultural canals that brought lake water to the site’s southern sector, they describe a recently discovered system of ritualized waterways that channeled water through the site’s civic center, transforming the civic landscape into a complex network of artificial rivers, ponds, and lagoons.
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SANA, A., and M. BAAWAIN. "ASSESSMENT OF SEAWATER QUALITY ALONG NORTHERN COAST OF OMAN." In Asian And Pacific Coasts 2011. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814366489_0240.

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Crandall, Russell. "El Narco Mexicano." In Drugs and Thugs. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300240344.003.0019.

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This chapter elaborates on how Mexico's decades of living dangerously were in part fueled by the U.S. war on drugs. It talks about the cultural shifts that normalized drugs, such as cocaine and heroin, in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s that had ripple effects from the opium fields of the Sierra Madre to the government agencies of Mexico City. It also explains how the colossal demand for drugs across the border prompted Mexican entrepreneurs to get into the drug business, as it had throughout Latin America. The chapter examines the struggles for control of the drug trade that led to the concentration of power in the hands of a small number of gangs and cartels on the Pacific and Gulf coasts, in border states such as Chihuahua, and in sparsely populated and lightly policed Sinaloa. It details how Mexican gangs smuggled homegrown marijuana and heroin to their northern neighbors for decades leading up to the 1980s.
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Alexander, Earl B., Roger G. Coleman, Todd Keeler-Wolfe, and Susan P. Harrison. "Northern California Coast Ranges, Domain 4." In Serpentine Geoecology of Western North America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195165081.003.0022.

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The Northern California Coast Ranges domain is in a mountainous region in which most of the mountain ranges are aligned north–south, or more precisely north, northwest– south southeast, curving around the Klamath Mountains into Oregon where the domain branches to north–south and northeast–southwest trends on the northwest side of the Klamath Mountains. It extends about 600km from the Golden Gate at the entrance to San Francisco Bay north to about the Coquille River in Coos County and nearly to the North Umqua River in Douglas County, Oregon. The domain corresponds to a physiographic region that is bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Coast Range of Oregon and Washington (Orr and Orr 1996) on the north, the Klamath Mountains on the northeast, the Great Valley of California on the southeast, and on the south by the drainage outlet of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers through the Carquinas Straight and San Pablo Bay. Serpentine is scattered in relatively small ultramafic bodies throughout the Northern California Coast Ranges and is concentrated along some of the major faults. For 200 or 300 km south from the Klamath Mountains, the Northern California Coast Ranges region is a rectangular strip 90–110 km wide between the Ocean and the Great Valley of California. The Klamath Mountains crowd the region to a narrow strip only 10 or 12 km wide in Del Norte County. Most of the mountain ranges have approximately concordant summits that are tilted up toward the east–northeast. Therefore, the highest altitudes are on the east, just south of the Klamath Mountains. North Yolla Bolly at 2397 m (7865 feet) and South Yolla Bolly at 2466 m (8092 feet) have the highest summits. Both of these and some neighboring mountains have cirques and moraines indicative of glaciation on their north slopes. There is no evidence of glaciation in any areas with serpentine rocks. Only the Rogue and Klamath rivers cut from east to west all of the way across the Northern California Coast Ranges, except for a few smaller streams such as the Chetco and Smith rivers that have headwaters in the Klamath Mountains.
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Mitchell, Peter. "North America III: West of the Rockies." In Horse Nations. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198703839.003.0011.

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This chapter looks at three more regions of North America: the Columbia Plateau and adjacent areas of the Pacific Northwest Coast; the Great Basin; and California. It also focuses on three main themes: the development of new identities as many groups adapted aspects of the lifestyle and customs of those on the Plains and more coherent tribal entities emerged; raiding for captives; and raiding for horses. A fourth topic, which casts these into relief, is why some groups rejected the horse, or chose to adopt it very late in their history. The Great Basin was the first of the three areas to receive the horse. It is an arid region of desert, salt lakes, and mountains where rainfall is unpredictable and low, but increases eastward (Plate 15). Except for the Colorado along its southern edge and the headwaters in the rockies of streams draining towards the Missouri, none of its rivers reach the sea. Fremont farmers had once made a living across Utah, but by the 1600s cultivation was restricted to a few groups in the south and west. Elsewhere, the Basin’s inhabitants depended entirely on hunting and gathering, though strategies like burning enhanced the productivity of wild plants and game. Very broadly, two subsistence patterns were followed: one emphasized fish and waterfowl around wetlands, the other a more mobile, broadly based foraging economy in deserts and mountains in which pine nuts (piñons), grass seeds, rabbits, and larger game were important. Except for the Washoe near Lake Tahoe in eastern California, all the region’s historic inhabitants spoke Numic languages. Major groups included Utes in the southeast, Shoshones in the north and centre, and Paiutes in the west and southwest. To the north of the Great Basin lies the Plateau, centred on the Columbia River and its tributaries, which collectively send their waters into the Pacific Ocean (Plate 16). Coniferous forest covers its northern and eastern parts (including several ranges running parallel to but west of the Rockies), but the drier, hilly country of Oregon and eastern Washington is more steppe-like, with sagebrush common and trees more localized.
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Conference papers on the topic "Northern Pacific Coast Chapter"

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Бровко, П., and P. Brovko. "Lagoon Shores of the Northern Pacific." In XXVII International Shore Conference "Arctic Coast: The Path to Sustainability". Academus Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5cebbc1548c465.02296194.

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Малюгин, А., A. Malyugin, М. Жуковина, and M. Zhukovina. "Geopolitical Aspects of Territorial Problems of the Northern Pacific." In XXVII International Shore Conference "Arctic Coast: The Path to Sustainability". Academus Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5cebbc1dbf1168.13134981.

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Sequera, Pedro, Osei Rhone, Jorge E. Gonza´lez, Amanuel T. Ghebreegziabher, Robert Bornstein, and Bereket Lebassi. "Impacts of Climate Changes in the Northern Pacific Coast on Related Regional Scale Energy Demands." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54708.

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For the past few decades sea surface temperatures across the globe have been increasing, causing changes in the global and regional climates. The focus of this study is to determine the impacts of these climate changes in coastal California region and possible linkages to energy infrastructure. The specific goal of this study is to determine the changes in cooling degree days (CDD) for the Northern Pacific Coast of the U.S., with emphasis on the California region for the years 1970 to 2007. Daily, monthly and annual temperature trends in months May, June, July, August and September are used to complement this analysis. Temperature data from more than 300 surface weather stations were obtained from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). The work follows recent findings by the authors where the decreasing of maximum summer temperatures in two coastal air basins of California was attributed to the increase in sea breeze flow. This was caused by regional climate changes which led to induced sealand asymmetric warming and referred to as a reverse-reaction of global warming. This study aims to analyze temperature trends along the entire North Pacific Coast and over time, showing how it relates in the same temporal and spatial scales to changes in CDD. Finally, the study explores the possible correlations of decadal trends of CDD with actual summer peak electric utility data demonstrating how regional climate changes are affecting regional energy demands.
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Zhao, Congju, Pengshan Li, and Xiang Li. "Study on object-oriented information extraction technology and its application to LUCC in the northern coast of Hainan Island." In SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing, edited by Robert J. Frouin, Hong Rhyong Yoo, Joong-Sun Won, and Aiping Feng. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.869409.

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Phung, Amy. "A Comparison of Biogeochemical Argo Sensors, Remote Sensing Systems, and Shipborne Field Fluorometers to Measure Chlorophyll a Concentrations in the Pacific Ocean off the Northern Coast of New Zealand." In Global Oceans 2020: Singapore - U.S. Gulf Coast. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf38699.2020.9389221.

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Teruhisa Shimada and Hiroshi Kawamura. "Wind jet transition and its localized impact on wave height distribution along the Pacific Coast of Northern Japan." In 2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2007.4423605.

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Чурзина, А. С., Е. А. Ушаков, and П. С. Сорокин. "IMPACT OF NATURAL FACTORS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NETWORK OF NORTHERN COASTAL REGIONS OF THE PACIFIC RUSSIA." In Геосистемы Северо-Восточной Азии. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35735/tig.2021.35.64.035.

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В статье рассматриваются социально-демографические и экономические факторы, которые связаны с транспортным освоением северных прибрежных районов Тихоокеанской России. Анализируются природные условия и факторы, сдерживающие развитие транспортной инфраструктуры в районе исследования. Отмечено, что выделенные нами районы в ряде инвестиционных проектов имеют стратегическое значение как одно из главных звеньев транспортного соединения западной с северо-восточной частью России. Дано описание состояния современной транспортной инфраструктуры муниципальных районов и городских округов, расположенных на российском тихоокеанском побережье. Приведены показатели социально-экономического положения исследуемых районов. Указано что, с одной стороны, «очаговостъ» освоения усложняет развитие транспортных сетей. С другой стороны, за счёт ряда факторов существует возможность в ряде районов развивать транспортную инфраструктуру. При намечаемых проектах и возможных перспективах развития транспортной инфраструктуры главными видами транспортной деятельности остаются морской и воздушный. The article addresses socio-demographic and economic factors that are associated with the transport development of the northern coastal regions of Pacific Russia. The natural conditions and factors restraining the development of transport infrastructure in the study area are analyzed. It is noted that the areas we have identified in a number of investment projects are of strategic importance as one of the main links in the transport connection between the western and northeastern parts of Russia. The condition of the modern transport infrastructure of Russian municipal districts and urban districts located on the Pacific coast is described. Indicators of the socio-economic situation in the study regions are presented. It is indicated that, on the one hand, uneven development complicates the expansion of transport network. On the other hand, due to a number of factors, it is possible to build transport infrastructure in a number of regions. With the planned projects and possible prospects for the development of transport infrastructure, the main types of transport remain maritime and air.
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Marchenko, Nataliya. "Northern Sea Route: Modern State and Challenges." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23626.

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It is well-known that navigating the waterway from the primary trade hubs in northern Europe to the Asia-Pacific ports and contrariwise along the Russian Arctic Coast (Northern Sea Route - NSR) is much shorter and faster, than southern ways via Suez or around Africa. The NSR can significantly save costs (through saving time and fuel) and avoids the risk of attack by pirates. In addition, an increase in oil and gas activity in the North, forecasts of global warming and an ice-free Arctic have stimulated interest in Arctic navigation. However, Arctic transportation poses significant challenges because of the heavy ice conditions that exist during both the winter and summer. The profitability of using the NSR is called into question if possible high tariffs are included in the cost estimates. For many years, the NSR was principally used for internal Russian transport and since the end of the 1980s up until 2010, it was in stagnation with total amount of cargo transported annually stood at less than two million tons. Important political decisions in the 90s and increased economic feasibility intensified traffic and freight turnover. In 2013, the NSR Administration (NSRA) was established, new rules for navigation were approved and tariff policies were modified. In 2013, the NSRA issued 635 permits to sail in NSR waters, and 71 transit voyages have since been completed. The total amount of transit cargo was 1.36 million tons. More than 40% of the total number of permits were issued to vessels without ice class [1] according to the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping [2]. There are strong technical requirements for vessels attempting to sail the NSR; regardless, several accidents occurred in 2012–2013. Two vessels were dented by ice in the Chukchi Sea in 2012. A tanker was holed in September 2013 and created a real danger of an ecological disaster from fuel leakage for several days. Despite the expectation of an ice-free Arctic, the ice conditions in 2013 were rather difficult, and the Vilkitsky Strait (a key strait in the NSR between the Kara and Laptev seas) was closed by ice for almost the entire navigation period. In this paper, we review the current situation in the Russian Arctic, including political and administrative actions, recent accidents and the associated conditions and lessons learned.
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Hebda, Christopher F. G. "LIFE AT THE EDGE OF THE ICE: MULTI-PROXY PALAEOECOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR LATE PLEISTOCENE GLACIATION ON NORTHERN VANCOUVER ISLAND AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FIRST PEOPLING OF THE AMERICAS ALONG THE PACIFIC COAST." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-335322.

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Robertson, Ian N., and Jacob McKamey. "Designing Coastal Structures for Tsunami Loads per ASCE 7-16." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95101.

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Abstract The 2016 edition of ASCE 7, Minimum Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures, contains a brand new Chapter 6 on Tsunami Loads and Effects. This new chapter applies to the tsunami design of all Risk Category III (high occupancy) and IV (essential) buildings, and potentially many taller Risk Category II (regular) buildings, in coastal communities in Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California and Hawaii. These provisions can also be applied to other communities exposed to tsunami hazard, including Guam, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and communities outside the US. This paper shows an example of how the new tsunami design provisions would apply to the design of prototypical multi-story coastal reinforced concrete buildings at different locations on the US Pacific Coast. The prototypical Risk Category II buildings are located in Seaside OR, Monterey CA, Waikiki HI and Hilo HI. Economic consequences of including tsunami design for mid- to high-rise Risk Category II buildings are discussed.
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Reports on the topic "Northern Pacific Coast Chapter"

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Marietta, M. G., and D. W. Jackson. Low-Level Waste Ocean Disposal Program final report: Site characterization of the Pacific Study Area, West Coast, Northern Site (W-N). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6055458.

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Tweet, Justin S., Vincent L. Santucci, Kenneth Convery, Jonathan Hoffman, and Laura Kirn. Channel Islands National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2278664.

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Channel Island National Park (CHIS), incorporating five islands off the coast of southern California (Anacapa Island, San Miguel Island, Santa Barbara Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Santa Rosa Island), has an outstanding paleontological record. The park has significant fossils dating from the Late Cretaceous to the Holocene, representing organisms of the sea, the land, and the air. Highlights include: the famous pygmy mammoths that inhabited the conjoined northern islands during the late Pleistocene; the best fossil avifauna of any National Park Service (NPS) unit; intertwined paleontological and cultural records extending into the latest Pleistocene, including Arlington Man, the oldest well-dated human known from North America; calichified “fossil forests”; records of Miocene desmostylians and sirenians, unusual sea mammals; abundant Pleistocene mollusks illustrating changes in sea level and ocean temperature; one of the most thoroughly studied records of microfossils in the NPS; and type specimens for 23 fossil taxa. Paleontological research on the islands of CHIS began in the second half of the 19th century. The first discovery of a mammoth specimen was reported in 1873. Research can be divided into four periods: 1) the few early reports from the 19th century; 2) a sustained burst of activity in the 1920s and 1930s; 3) a second burst from the 1950s into the 1970s; and 4) the modern period of activity, symbolically opened with the 1994 discovery of a nearly complete pygmy mammoth skeleton on Santa Rosa Island. The work associated with this paleontological resource inventory may be considered the beginning of a fifth period. Fossils were specifically mentioned in the 1938 proclamation establishing what was then Channel Islands National Monument, making CHIS one of 18 NPS areas for which paleontological resources are referenced in the enabling legislation. Each of the five islands of CHIS has distinct paleontological and geological records, each has some kind of fossil resources, and almost all of the sedimentary formations on the islands are fossiliferous within CHIS. Anacapa Island and Santa Barbara Island, the two smallest islands, are primarily composed of Miocene volcanic rocks interfingered with small quantities of sedimentary rock and covered with a veneer of Quaternary sediments. Santa Barbara stands apart from Anacapa because it was never part of Santarosae, the landmass that existed at times in the Pleistocene when sea level was low enough that the four northern islands were connected. San Miguel Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Santa Rosa Island have more complex geologic histories. Of these three islands, San Miguel Island has relatively simple geologic structure and few formations. Santa Cruz Island has the most varied geology of the islands, as well as the longest rock record exposed at the surface, beginning with Jurassic metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks. The Channel Islands have been uplifted and faulted in a complex 20-million-year-long geologic episode tied to the collision of the North American and Pacific Places, the initiation of the San Andreas fault system, and the 90° clockwise rotation of the Transverse Ranges, of which the northern Channel Islands are the westernmost part. Widespread volcanic activity from about 19 to 14 million years ago is evidenced by the igneous rocks found on each island.
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