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Journal articles on the topic 'Northern Unions'
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1
Ojeda de la Peña, Norma. "Las uniones libres o consensuales en la frontera norte de México / Common Law Marriages and Consensual Unions on Mexico’s Northern Border." Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos 28, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/edu.v28i3.1449.
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La formación de uniones libres o consensuales ha sido parte de la estructura conyugal de México por largo tiempo. Este tipo de uniones aumentó notablemente durante la última década en el país y en la región fronteriza del norte. Esta región presenta una interesante heterogeneidad porque en algunos estados la proporción de unión libre empata e incluso ya supera a la de los matrimonios, mientras que en otros tal proporción sigue siendo muy inferior a la de los matrimonios. Es interesante observar que una geografía que va de este a oeste y de sur a norte se dibuje siguiendo los niveles de menores a mayores proporciones de uniones libres en la región. AbstractThe formation of common law marriages and consensual unions has long been part of the marital structure of Mexico. This type of unions increased markedly during the last decade in Mexico including its northern border region. This region is intriguing-ly heterogeneous because in some states the proportion of cohabitation is as high as or even higher than that of marriages, whereas in others this proportion is still much lower than that of marriages. It is interesting to note that the levels of lower to higher proportions of consensual unions in the region run from east to west and from south to north.
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Chomsky, Aviva. "Globalization, Labor, and Violence in Colombia's Banana Zone." International Labor and Working-Class History 72, no. 1 (2007): 90–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547907000555.
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AbstractThis article examines how globalization and violence have shaped workers' organizations in the Urabá banana zone in northern Colombia from the 1960s to the present. Early unions found allies in leftist political and guerilla organizations. The banana growers relied on the neoliberal state and rightist paramilitaries to unleash an extraordinary wave of violence to crush the leftist unions. They also wooed the right within the unions by pleading a set of common interests in reforming the global banana trade to the benefit of Colombian producers. By the 1990s, a newly right-dominated union in Urabá proved adept at labor-management collaboration in the interest of their joint regional stake in the industry, but it also promoted international labor unity aimed at pressuring banana transnationals to accept minimum labor standards.
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BIELER, ANDREAS. "The EU, Global Europe, and processes of uneven and combined development: the problem of transnational labour solidarity." Review of International Studies 39, no. 1 (May 29, 2012): 161–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210512000083.
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AbstractIn 2006, the European Union launched its new free trade strategy Global Europe with the explicit goal of increasing European competitiveness. This article explores the positions of trade unions and other social movements on Global Europe. Importantly, while Northern social movements and trade unions from the Global South reject Global Europe due to its impact of deindustrialisation on developing countries, European trade unions support it in so far as it opens up new markets for the export of European manufactured goods. It will be argued that this has to be understood against the background of the dynamics underlying the global economy and here in particular uneven and combined development. Due to the uneven integration of different parts of the world into the global economy, workers in developed countries may actually benefit from free trade, while workers in the Global South are more likely to lose out. It will, however, also be argued that while these different positions within the social relations of production are shaping the position of trade unions, they do not determine them. Over time, through direct engagement, trade unions in the North and South may be able to establish relations of transnational solidarity.
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ERRIDGE, ANDREW, and MICHAEL CONNOLLY. "VOCATIONAL TRAINISNG IN NORTHERN IRELAND: THE ROLE OF EMPLOYERS AND UNIONS." Political Quarterly 58, no. 3 (July 1987): 296–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923x.1987.tb00744.x.
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Forker, John, and Anne Marie Ward. "Prudence and financial self-regulation in credit unions in Northern Ireland." British Accounting Review 44, no. 4 (December 2012): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2012.09.001.
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Wallerstein, Michael, Miriam Golden, and Peter Lange. "Unions, Employers' Associations, and Wage-Setting Institutions in Northern and Central Europe, 1950–1992." ILR Review 50, no. 3 (April 1997): 379–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399705000301.
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The eight countries examined in this study—Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden—have long been viewed as exemplifying “corporatist” industrial relations systems, in which union coverage is high, unions are influential and commonly have strong ties to political parties, and collective bargaining is institutionalized and relatively centralized. Many observers have recently argued that such corporatist bargaining institutions are everywhere being undermined by changes in the global economy. The authors, using data from a wide variety of primary and secondary sources, test whether changes in patterns of wage-setting in the private sector are consistent with that claim. Although they find some signs that corporatist wage-setting institutions are in decline, they also find offsetting signs of the resiliency of such institutions. Overall, the evidence does not indicate that wage-setting in the private sector is undergoing a general process of decentralization in these eight countries.
7
Friedman, Gerald. "The Political Economy of Early Southern Unionism: Race, Politics, and Labor in the South, 1880–1953." Journal of Economic History 60, no. 2 (June 2000): 384–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700025146.
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Southern unions were the weak link in the American labor movement, organizing a smaller share of the labor force than did unions in the northern states or in Europe. Structural conditions, including a racially divided rural population, obstructed southern unionization. The South's distinctive political system also blocked unionization. A strict racial code compelling whites to support the Democratic Party and the disfranchisement of southern blacks and many working-class whites combined to create a one-party political system that allowed southern politicians to ignore labor's demands. Unconstrained by working-class voters, southern politicians facilitated strikebreaking and favored employers against unions.
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Arnholtz, Jens, Guglielmo Meardi, and Johannes Oldervoll. "Collective wage bargaining under strain in northern European construction: Resisting institutional drift?" European Journal of Industrial Relations 24, no. 4 (August 3, 2018): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680118790816.
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Internationalization, trade union decline, enforcement problems and rising self-employment all strain the effectiveness of collective wage bargaining arrangements in northern European construction. We examine Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and the UK, and show that these strains have pushed trade unions to seek assistance from the state to stabilize wage regulation, but with results that vary according to employer strategies and the power balances between the actors. While Denmark and the UK have barely introduced any state support, Norway has followed the Netherlands and Germany in introducing legal mechanisms for extension of collectively agreed minimum wage terms. The country studies suggest that state assistance alleviates some of the strain, but does not reverse the trends, and the comparison indicates that both institutional innovation and reorganization may be required if wage bargaining is not to drift into different functions.
9
Cunnison, Sheila. "Trade unions and women's way of organising: A case from northern Ireland." Journal of Gender Studies 4, no. 3 (November 1995): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09589236.1995.9960618.
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Pike, Andy, Peter O'Brien, and John Tomaney. "Trade Unions in Local and Regional Development and Governance: The Northern Trades Union Congress in North East England." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 19, no. 2 (May 2004): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0269094042000203072.
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Pajares, Miguel. "Foreign workers and trade unions: the challenges posed." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 14, no. 4 (January 1, 2008): 607–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890801400407.
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Trade unions have always found it difficult to get to grips with the subject of immigration. From their beginnings in the 19th century they assumed that working conditions were determined by labour supply and demand and became apprehensive in the face of any situation of surplus supply. The history of trade unionism abounds with conflicts between local workers and those from further afield. At the present time the European trade unions operate upon the assumption that immigrants are full members of the workforce, whose interests have to be defended alongside those of other workers. Even so, it remains the case that immigration prompts considerable misgivings within the trade unions and that situations of rejection continue to arise. The article identifies differences between southern Europe and central and northern Europe in trade unions' attitudes to new immigrants, differences that are reflected in the debates taking place on European legislation concerning labour immigration.
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Cake, Susan. "Worker Movement as a Union Issue: An Examination of Collective Bargaining Agreements in the Construction Sector in Alberta, Canada." Canadian Journal of Sociology 41, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 327–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjs28275.
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The fluctuating expansion of oil sands development in northern Alberta, Canada has led to employers hiring a large number of mobile workers. The working conditions for some of these mobile workers are modulated in part by unions through their role in negotiating of collective bargaining agreements. Using a social reproductive framework, this study has two main findings: through collective agreements mobile workers are treated as a distinct category of worker, and there is a simultaneous expansion of workplace rules and regulations alongside a divide of the workplace from the home. The resulting expansion of the union regulated space in contrast to the divide of workplace from the home challenges union revitalization efforts, while also reaffirming traditional gendered experiences of mobility.
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Smith, Shirley M., and Peter T. Dorward. "Nationalised large-scale mining, trade unions and community representation: Perspectives from Northern Madagascar." Resources Policy 40 (June 2014): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.11.006.
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BASCHIERI, A., J. CLELAND, S. FLOYD, A. DUBE, A. MSONA, A. MOLESWORTH, J. R. GLYNN, and N. FRENCH. "REPRODUCTIVE PREFERENCES AND CONTRACEPTIVE USE: A COMPARISON OF MONOGAMOUS AND POLYGAMOUS COUPLES IN NORTHERN MALAWI." Journal of Biosocial Science 45, no. 2 (November 20, 2012): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932012000569.
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SummaryThere is now widespread agreement on the importance of men's role in reproductive decision-making. Several studies have argued that fertility preferences and their translation into behaviour differ between polygamous and monogamous unions. Studies investigating the dominance of men's preferences over women's preferences, in cases of couple disagreement, found mixed evidence of the effect of polygamy. However, an often cited limitation of these studies has been the inability to link husband's intention with each of his wives in a polygamous union. By adding fertility-intention questions to an on-going Demographic Surveillance Site in Karonga District in northern Malawi the fertility preferences and contraceptive use of husbands and wives were investigated. An analysis of the relationship between the level of agreement and disagreement between husbands' and wives' fertility preferences was then performed to gain insight into the reproductive decision-making process of polygamous couples.
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Karlsson, Ingemar, and Jack H. Woods. "Effects of Rootstock Source on the Size, Cone Production, and Compatibility of Douglas-Fir Grafts." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 7, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/7.3.73.
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Abstract Scions of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were grafted on rootstock from coastal, northern interior and southern interior origin. Data on ramet size, cone production, and graft compatibility were collected. Twelve years after grafting significant differences for most crown and stem traits were found among the rootstock sources, with coastal rootstock resulting in the fastest scion growth. Northern interior rootstock sources produced larger grafts than southern interior rootstock. Significant graft union appearance and cone production differences were not detected, but coastal sources consistently had higher graft compatibility and healthier unions. It is concluded that, for coastal Douglas-fir, the use of a vigorous coastal rootstock source that promotes fast growth in the scion, and has high graft compatibility potential, is the most desirable for coastal locations. This will result in fewer losses due to graft incompatibility, faster crown development, more options for crown management and increased cone production potential. West. J. Appl. For. 7(3):73-77.
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Heenan, D. "Re-assessing the role of credit unions in community development: a case study of Derry Credit Union, Northern Ireland." Community Development Journal 37, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/37.3.249.
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FOOT, JOHN M. "‘WHITE BOLSHEVIKS’? THE CATHOLIC LEFT AND THE SOCIALISTS IN ITALY – 1919–1920." Historical Journal 40, no. 2 (June 1997): 415–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x9700722x.
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During Italy's ‘two red years’ (1919–20), left-wing catholics challenged the authority of the church and the landowners in large areas of northern Italy. Calling themselves the estremisti (the extremists), left catholic unions organized peasants and workers in land and farm occupations and encouraged a series of radical strikes. Left catholic leaders became national figures, in particular Guido Miglioli at Cremona and Romano Cocchi at Bergamo. This article examines these innovative struggles and their troubled relationship with the traditional socialist Italian left during this turbulent period. No alliances were formed between the estremisti and the ‘red’ unions until 1921–4, when fascism was already rampant and the revolutionary wave had already subsided. The article analyses why alliances were not built earlier, and why the socialists were so hostile towards the catholic left. Both the theory and the practice of the traditional left prevented any positive appraisal of the estremisti. In addition, there are detailed accounts of the extraordinary mass movements inspired by Cocchi and Miglioli in some of the richest and most staunchly catholic regions of northern Italy.
18
Wallerstein, Michael, Miriam Golden, and Peter Lange. "Unions, Employers' Associations, and Wage-Setting Institutions in Northern and Central Europe, 1950-1992." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 50, no. 3 (April 1997): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2525181.
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Cradden, Terry. "The Tories and employment law in Northern Ireland: seeing unions in a different light?" Industrial Relations Journal 24, no. 1 (March 1993): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1993.tb00660.x.
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Bondareva, L. V. "Vegetation of the coastal zone of Heracleisky peninsula." Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation, no. 149 (December 10, 2019): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/0201-7997-2019-149-41-54.
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The variety of the vegetation cover of the northern part of the coast of Heracleisky peninsula was studied. Prodromus includes 6 classes ( Festuco-Puccinellietea, Crithmo-Staticetea, Cakiletea maritimae, Therosalicornietea, Juncetea maritimi, Phragmito-Magnocaricetea ), 7 orders, 9 unions, 10 associations, 2 subassociations and a variant of association. The new association Bassio prostratae-Elytrigietum obtusiflorae and the new variant of association Salicornio-Puccinellietum giganteae var. Plantago coronopus described in the class Festuco-Puccinellietea.
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Card, Claudia. "Against Marriage and Motherhood." Hypatia 11, no. 3 (1996): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1996.tb01013.x.
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This essay argues that current advocacy of lesbian and gay rights to legal marriage and parenthood insufficiently criticizes both marriage and motherhood as they are currently practiced and structured by Northern legal institutions. Instead we would do better not to let the State define our intimate unions and parenting would be improved if the power presently concentrated in the hands of one or two guardians were diluted and distributed through an appropriately concerned community.
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Lynch, Peter. "The northern Ireland peace process and Scottish constitutional reform: Managing the Unions of 1800 and 1707." Regional & Federal Studies 6, no. 1 (March 1996): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13597569608420953.
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Hancké, Bob. "The missing link. Labour unions, central banks and monetary integration in Europe1." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 19, no. 1 (January 21, 2013): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258912469347.
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This article examines the problems of the single currency in light of the organization of labour relations in the Member States and their interaction with monetary policies. Continental (western) Europe consists of two very different systems of employment and labour relations, roughly coinciding with ‘coordinated market economies’ in the north-west of the continent, and ‘Mixed Market Economies’ in the south. These differences in employment relations and wage-setting systems implied that, against the background of a relatively restrictive one-size-fits-all monetary policy in place since 1999, the north-west of the continent systematically improved its competitiveness, while the south lost competitiveness in parallel. Small differences between the two groups of countries at the start of EMU thus were accentuated and, against the background of low growth and an almost closed E(M)U economy, the northern coordinated market economies accumulated current account surpluses while the GIIPS (Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal and Spain) ran into severe balance of payments problems in 2010 and 2011.
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La Botz, Daniel. "Manufacturing Poverty: The Maquiladorization of Mexico." International Journal of Health Services 24, no. 3 (July 1994): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hy6r-ey5g-3axp-vv8n.
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Based on interviews with social workers, attorneys, feminists, union activists, and factory workers, the author argues that the maquiladora free trade zone of Northern Mexico portends developments under the North American Free Trade Agreement. Today some 500,000 Mexican workers labor in 2,000 factories for $4.50 a day in Mexico's maquiladoras. Two-thirds of the workers are women, many single women who head their households. These women work in the new, modern manufacturing plants in industrial parks, but live in squalid shanty towns without adequate water, sewage, or electricity. On the job, workers face exposures to toxic chemicals and dangerous work processes. The Mexican government does not have the political will, the trained personnel, or the equipment to monitor these occupational health problems. While Mexico's Constitution and labor laws guarantee workers the right to organize, bargain collectively, and strike, in practice the state controls the unions and opposes worker activism. In the face of employer and state repression workers are forced to organize secretly to fight for higher wages and safer conditions.
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Younoussi, Zourkaleini, and Yacoubou Alou. "Measuring the Influence of Social Mutations on the Precariousness of Women’s Marriage, the “Dismarriage”: Case of Niger Republic." International Journal of Social Science Studies 5, no. 2 (January 14, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v5i2.2149.
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The South societies, under the influence of their Northern counterparts, have undergone profound familial changes; these transformations are translated in a reduction of the number of marriages and in making wedlock unions fragile along with the consequences that this entails on children. Drawing on the data from four Demographic and Health surveys (DHS) (1992, 1998, 2006, and 2012) which Niger has so far conducted, this study aims at verifying whether the influence of social transformations on the family in Niger can be captured through an examination of the increase in median age at the first marriage, in the proportion of single women (and definitive celibacy), in polygamous marriages, in couples living in consensual union (not in wedlock), in the proportion of children living with their single mother, and in that of the divorced/separated women. Our results show that though urbanization and education influence marriage, women’s “dismarriage” is yet to be a topical issue. Thus, we notice an intensification of marriages which comes, however, with a slight increase in the age at first marriage.
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Navarro, Vicente. "A Critique of Social Capital." International Journal of Health Services 32, no. 3 (July 2002): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/6u6r-ltvn-fhu6-kcnu.
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This article critiques the concepts of communitarianism and social capital as used in the United States and in Europe. For the United States, the author focuses on Robert Putnam's understanding of both concepts, showing that the apolitical analysis of the Progressive Era, of the progressive developments in Northern Italy, and of the situation of labor unions in the United States is not only insufficient but wrong. The critique also includes the difference between U.S. communitarianism and its European versions, Christian democracy and New Labour, and the limitations of both approaches. The uses and misuses of these concepts in the political debate are discussed.
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Southall, Roger. "The development and delivery of ‘northern’ worker solidarity to South African trade unions in the 1970s and 1980s." Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 32, no. 2 (July 1994): 166–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14662049408447679.
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Rynkov, Vadim. "War Communism Dawn of the NEP: the Fishing Industry Management of the Northern Ob-Irtysh Region (1920-1921)." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 19, no. 3 (October 15, 2018): 330–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2018.19(3).330-366.
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The author analyzes historiography of soviet fishing industry establishment at the Northern Ob-Irtysh region and examines sources from the funds of Sibrevcom authorities and all-Siberian co-operative organizations that have not been earlier introduced into scientific research of the problem of establishment of the NEP policy in the provinces. This allowed validating a conclusion about complex interaction between cooperative organizations and food activities, and about contradictions between all-Siberian and Tyumen organizations. In 1920, cooperation actively used individual suppliers, individual agents, traders, salespeople and manufacturers to fulfill state procuring tasks. Cooperative organizations were interested to establish equivalent barter in the Northern part of Tyumen province. Creation of state trust Oblastryba aimed to exclude co-operation from organization of fishery. The task was solved by concentration of all resources in the possession of food establishments and neglection of taken liabilities. Thus, beginning of NEP in the Northern region coincided with tightening of administrative pressure on cooperative unions, depriving them of the opportunity to buy fish. These led to formation of monopoly in fishing industry in the Northern Ob-Irtysh region with the help of administrative pressure of Oblastryba that could procure by interaction with different economic sectors. Thus, establishment of NEP in the North of West Siberia coincided with weakening of competition and straightening of centralization in fisheries sector.
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Laghmich, Achraf, Fatima Zahra Alaoui Ismaili, Zeineb Zian, Amina Barakat, Naima Ghailani Nourouti, and Mohcine Bennani Mechita. "Hemoglobinopathies in the North of Morocco: Consanguinity Pilot Study." BioMed Research International 2019 (September 26, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6857417.
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Consanguinity is a social behavior characterized by the arrangement of marriages between relatives. It coincides generally with the geographic distribution of recessive genetic diseases as it increases the likelihood of homozygosis and, consequently, the incidence of their pathologies in the population. In this pilot study, we assess the effect of inbreeding on the burden of hemoglobinopathies in Northern Morocco. From January 2016 to December 2018, 197 children born in the studied region to three ancestral generations and diagnosed with hemoglobinopathies were subject to investigation. The rate of consanguinity in the parents’ generation of children with hemoglobinopathies was 50.25%, with first cousin marriages accounting for 68.69% of consanguineous unions (FI = 0.02). The corresponding rates in the general population, based on a sample of N = 900, were 29.67% and 82.02%, respectively. The marriages between first cousins are the most common among the other types of consanguineous unions. Our study propounds that consanguinity substantially contributes to the hemoglobinopathy burden in the studied region and has changed little over time. Refraining from consanguineous marriages and detecting couples at risk could contribute to the reduction of the incidence of genetic diseases in our country.
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Grayson, John. "Developing the Politics of the Trade Union Movement: Popular Workers’ Education in South Yorkshire, UK, 1955 to 1985." International Labor and Working-Class History 90 (2016): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547916000090.
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AbstractDrawing on evidence from research interviews, workers’ memoirs, oral histories, and a range of secondary sources, the development of popular workers’ education is traced over a thirty year period, 1955 to 1985, and is rooted in the proletarian culture of South Yorkshire, UK. The period is seen as an historical conjuncture of Left social movements (trade unions, the Communist and Labour parties, tenants’ movements, movements of working-class women, and emerging autonomous black movements) in a context of trade union militancy and New Left politics. The Sheffield University extramural department, the South Yorkshire Workers' Educational Association (WEA), and the public intellectuals they employ as tutors and organizers are embedded in the politics and actions of the labor movement in the region, some becoming Labour MPs. They develop distinctive programs of trade union day release courses and labor movement organizations (Institute for Workers' Control, Conference of Socialist Economists, Society for the Study of Labour History). Workers involved in the process of popular workers' education become organic intellectuals having key roles in local and national politics, in the steel and miners' strikes of the 1980s, and in the formation of Northern College. The article draws on the language and insights of Raymond Williams and Antonio Gramsci through the lens of social movement theory and the praxis of popular education.
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Dobon, L. Caro, and J. Santo Tomas Martinez. "Inbreeding in Ojeda and Pernia, 1875–1985, province of Palencia, Spain." Journal of Biosocial Science 26, no. 3 (July 1994): 327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000021416.
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SummaryThe degree of isolation was assessed in two contrasting regions in Northern Palencia, Spain, one mountainous with small villages in the valleys (Pernia), the other lower and more open (Ojeda), with corresponding differences in economy. Using data from the parish and diocesan records, the frequencies of consanguineous marriages were calculated from the dispensation data, and the evolution of inbreeding compared. The more isolated region shows a greater degree of inbreeding, though not as high as in some other parts of Spain. Both regions show a decline in inbreeding with time, though in neither did the results indicate that geographic isolation was very outstanding. The most frequent types of consanguineous unions occur between second cousins.
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Mills, Suzanne. "The geography of skill: Mobility and exclusionary unionism in Canada’s north." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 51, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 724–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18801025.
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This paper explores the spatial politics of racism and inter-worker competition through a case study of Indigenous employment during the construction of the Voisey’s Bay mine in northern Labrador. Over the course of construction, the building and construction trades unions (BCTUs) sought to restrict the hiring of local Inuit and Innu workers by challenging the legitimacy of place-based entitlements to work. Inuit and Innu workers had preferential access to employment as a result of unresolved land claims and the ensuing Impact and Benefit Agreements (IBA) between the Voisey’s Bay Nickel Company and both the Innu Nation and the Labrador Inuit Association. IBA provisions that local Inuit and Innu be hired preferentially ran counter to the unions’ organizational structures and cultures, which privileged worker mobility and skill. The BCTUs used the geographic incompatibility between the scale of Indigenous claims and that of construction worker organization to justify a competitive approach to unionism and to veil racist portrayals of Innu and Inuit workers. By drawing out the relation between skill, racism and beliefs about entitlements to work, this paper explores how workers selectively use place-based and mobile identities to participate in inter-worker competition, reifying colonial patterns of labour mobility and labour market segmentation.
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Jensen, Jaclyn, Guillaume Thomas, Alan W. McConnachie, Else Starkenburg, Khyati Malhan, Julio Navarro, Nicolas Martin, et al. "Uncovering fossils of the distant Milky Way with UNIONS: NGC 5466 and its stellar stream." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 507, no. 2 (August 12, 2021): 1923–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2325.
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ABSTRACT We examine the spatial clustering of blue horizontal branch (BHB) stars from the u-band of the Canada–France Imaging Survey (CFIS, a component of the Ultraviolet Near-Infrared Optical Northern Survey, or UNIONS). All major groupings of stars are associated with previously known satellites, and among these is NGC 5466, a distant (16 kpc) globular cluster. NGC 5466 reportedly possesses a long stellar stream, although no individual members of the stream have previously been identified. Using both BHBs and more numerous red giant branch stars cross-matched to Gaia Data Release 2, we identify extended tidal tails from NGC 5466 that are both spatially and kinematically coherent. Interestingly, we find that this stream does not follow the same path as the previous detection at large distances from the cluster. We trace the stream across 31° of sky and show that it exhibits a very strong distance gradient in the range 10 < Rhelio < 30 kpc. We compare our observations to simple dynamical models of the stream and find that they are able to broadly reproduce the overall path and kinematics. The fact that NGC 5466 is so distant, traces a wide range of Galactic distances, has an identified progenitor, and appears to have recently had an interaction with the Galaxy’s disc makes it a unique test-case for dynamical modelling of the Milky Way.
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Schickler, Eric, and Devin Caughey. "Public Opinion, Organized Labor, and the Limits of New Deal Liberalism, 1936–1945." Studies in American Political Development 25, no. 2 (October 2011): 162–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x11000101.
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The seemingly wide opening for liberal domestic policy innovation by the U.S. federal government in the early-to-mid-1930s gave way to a much more limited agenda in the late 1930s and 1940s. The latter years saw the consolidation and gradual extension of several key programs (e.g., Social Security and Keynesian macroeconomic management), but also the frustration of liberal hopes for an expansive “cradle-to-grave” welfare state marked by strong national unions, national health insurance, and full employment policies. Drawing upon rarely used early public opinion polls, we explore the dynamics of public opinion regarding New Deal liberalism during this pivotal era. We argue that a broadly based reaction against labor unions created a difficult backdrop for liberal programmatic advances. We find that this anti-labor reaction was especially virulent in the South but divided even Northern Democrats, thus creating an effective wedge issue for Republicans and their Southern conservative allies. More generally, we find that the mass public favored most of the specific programs created by the New Deal, but was hardly clamoring for major expansions of the national government's role in the late 1930s and 1940s. These findings illuminate the role played by the South in constraining New Deal liberalism while also highlighting the tenuousness of the liberal majority in the North.
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Feinstein, Brian D., and Eric Schickler. "Platforms and Partners: The Civil Rights Realignment Reconsidered." Studies in American Political Development 22, no. 1 (2008): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x08000011.
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Few transformations have been more significant in American politics in recent decades than the Democratic Party's embrace of racial liberalism and Republicans' adoption of a more conservative stance towards civil rights-related policies. We hypothesize that pressure to embrace a liberal position on civil rights was much stronger among northern Democrats and their coalitional partners than among northern Republicans and their affiliated groups by the mid-1940s, as the Democrats became firmly identified as the party of economic liberalism and labor unions. To test this hypothesis and develop a more fine-grained understanding of the dynamics of party positioning on civil rights, we collect and analyze a new data source: state political party platforms published between 1920 and 1968. These unique data suggest that Democrats had generally become the more liberal party on civil rights by the mid-to-late 1940s across a wide range of states. Our findings – which contradict Carmines and Stimson's prevailing issue evolution model of partisan change – suggest that there were strong coalitional and ideological pressures that led the Democrats to embrace racial liberalism. This finding not only leads to a revised perspective on the civil rights revolution, but also to new insights into the dynamics of partisan realignment more generally.
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Gohar, Basem, Michel Larivière, Nancy Lightfoot, Elizabeth Wenghofer, Céline Larivière, and Behdin Nowrouzi-Kia. "Understanding sickness absence in nurses and personal support workers: Insights from frontline staff and key informants in Northeastern Ontario." Work 66, no. 4 (September 17, 2020): 755–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-203222.
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BACKGROUND: Nurses and personal support workers (PSWs) have high sickness absence rates in Canada. Whilst the evidence-based literature helped to identify the variables related to sickness absenteeism, understanding “why” remains unknown. This information could benefit the healthcare sector in northeastern Ontario and in locations where healthcare is one of the largest employment sectors and where nursing staff have high absence and turnover rates. OBJECTIVE: To identify and understand the factors associated with sickness absence among nurses and PSWs through several experiences while investigating if there are northern-related reasons to explain the high rates of sickness absence. METHODS: In this descriptive qualitative study, focus group sessions took place with registered nurses (n = 6), registered practical nurses (n = 4), PSWs (n = 8), and key informants who specialize in occupational health and nursing unions (n = 5). Focus group sessions were transcribed verbatim followed by inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Four main themes emerged, which were occupational/organizational challenges, physical health, emotional toll on mental well-being, and northern-related challenges. Descriptions of why such factors lead to sickness absence were addressed with staff shortage serving as an underlying factor. CONCLUSION: Despite the complexity of the manifestations of sickness absence, work support and timely debriefing could reduce sickness absence and by extension, staff shortage.
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RAWSON, GRAHAM. "Economies and Strategies of the Northern Rural Poor: the Mitigation of Poverty in a West Riding Township in the Nineteenth Century." Rural History 28, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793316000170.
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Abstract:In the agricultural township of Rigton, ten miles north of Leeds, three-quarters of labouring households had recourse to poor relief at some stage between 1815 and 1861. The chronology of this microhistory straddles the end of the French Wars, the Sturges Bourne reforms, and, due to the existence of the country's largest Gilbert Unions, the region's laggardly application of the Poor Law Amendment Act. It seeks, by source linkage, to establish the contexts of labour, welfare and the life cycle within a northern community, and place the poor and their experiences of, and strategies against, poverty within that community. A demographic overview introduces the contexts of labouring families' lives, whilst a commentary on expositions of biographical reconstitutions of two generations of a labouring family, forms a major part of this exploration. This argues that whilst relationships with, and mitigation against, poverty were fluid and complex, as the century progressed labouring families had a decreasing interface with the Poor Law, and adopted and developed new economic strategies to add to their portfolio of makeshifts.1
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Small, Neil, Alan H. Bittles, Emily S. Petherick, and John Wright. "ENDOGAMY, CONSANGUINITY AND THE HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF CHANGING MARITAL CHOICES IN THE UK PAKISTANI COMMUNITY." Journal of Biosocial Science 49, no. 4 (August 30, 2016): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932016000419.
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SummaryThe biraderi (brotherhood) is a long-established, widely prevalent dimension of social stratification in Pakistani communities worldwide. Alongside consanguinity, it offers a route for cementing social solidarities and so has strong socio-biological significance. A detailed breakdown of biraderi affiliation among participants in an ongoing birth cohort study in the northern English city of Bradford is presented. There is historical resilience of intra-biraderi marriage, but with a secular decline in prevalence across all biraderi and considerable reductions in some. While a majority of marriages in all biraderi are consanguineous the prevalence varies, ranging from over 80% to under 60%. In consanguineous unions, first cousin marriages account for more than 50% in five of the fifteen biraderi and >40% in six others. Within-biraderi marriage and consanguinity enhance genetic stratification, thereby increasing rates of genomic homozygosity and the increased expression of recessive genetic disorders. The trends reported constitute putative signals of generational change in the marital choices in this community.
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Cilli, Adam Lee. "The Pursuit of Happiness: Racial Utilitarianism and Black Reform Efforts in John T. Clark’s Urban League." Journal of Urban History 45, no. 1 (April 12, 2017): 6–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144217702645.
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This article centers on John T. Clark’s tenure as executive secretary of the Urban League of Pittsburgh (ULP) to introduce a new characterization of black reform efforts that I call racial utilitarianism. Operating at the nadir of American race relations, Urban Leaguers like Clark developed pragmatic reform strategies to mitigate the most serious physical manifestations of northern-style Jim Crow, including underemployment, inadequate housing, and disease. In pursuing their vision of the greater good, they dealt with what they saw as internal and external sources of inequality. Under Clark’s leadership, ULP staff strove to “adjust” black migrant behavior while lobbying white employers to open skilled positions to black workers and pressuring local unions to eliminate racially restrictive clauses. By sponsoring programs to inculcate migrants with the values of thrift, sobriety, hard work, and company loyalty, Clark obtained funding for the ULP, with which it developed crucial health programs in Pittsburgh’s black community.
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Signoretti, Andrea. "Overcoming the barriers to the implementation of more efficient productive strategies in small enterprises." Employee Relations: The International Journal 42, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-11-2018-0298.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to elaborate an empirical model of how small, family-owned companies can overcome the barriers that have been shown in different disciplines to hinder the implementation of lean production in this category of enterprises. Design/methodology/approach A multiple case study involving five carefully selected small manufacturing firms operating in Northern Italy was conducted through interviews with key managers and visits inside plants. This data was integrated by a specific seminar and by interviews with unions and training specialists. Findings The resulting empirical model highlights the significance of social relations among small entrepreneurs in overcoming any lack of commitment towards lean changes, the role of consultants and practical training in breaking the barrier of resource constraints and the channelling and control of employee involvement to encourage their participation in lean activities. Unions, when present, also play a role in preventing situations of excessive work intensity. Important variants within this common model also emerged among small firms on the grounds of their structure (e.g. size), product market conditions and managerial choices. Practical implications Knowledge on how to overcome the barriers to lean production implementation can help social actors both inside and outside of differently characterised small firms which are implementing, or intending to implement, the lean approach. Originality/value There is no existing literature on the subject of successful application of lean methods in small enterprises. The uniqueness of this paper’s contribution is reinforced by its broad analytical perspective on the lean system, stemming from an interdisciplinary analysis of different bodies of literature, including management, operations, human resources and employment relations in line with the definition of the lean system.
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Vorotnikov, Vladislav, Alexander Chekov, and Ul’yana Yakutova. "Region-Building in the Baltic Region: Legacy of the Inter-War Period and Modern Dynamics." Journal of International Analytics, no. 1-2 (March 28, 2019): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2019-0-1-2-52-64.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of historical retrospective and modern dynamics of region-building in the Baltic region. The cultural and historical foundation of regionalization processes in this area was laid over the centuries, although the framework was finally shaped in the 20th century: the Hanseatic League, the first attempts to create regional unions during the interwar period, the “northern cooperation” and the signing of the Helsinki Convention during the Cold War. In the post-bipolar period, the Baltic region continues to maintain its political and socio economic heterogeneity. Today, the key institution of multilateral cooperation uniting all countries of the region is the Council of the Baltic Sea States, whereas, from the EU perspective, the main self-sufficient instrument of regionalization is the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region. At the same time, both formats rely in specific projects implementation on “horizontal actions” and network cooperation on the grass-roots level, which makes regional interaction practical to the greatest possible extent, largely depoliticized and stable in the long run.
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Hart, Marjolein 't. "The Common Soldier in Rebel Armies: An Introduction." International Review of Social History 51, no. 1 (March 30, 2006): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859005002324.
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With the following two contributions the International Review of Social History hopes to focus scholarly attention on a rather neglected theme: the labour conditions of the ordinary foot soldiers in rebel armed forces. Although quite disparate in time, social setting, and method, both articles deal with the position and circumstances of common soldiers; both study these soldiers during a period of civil war; and both deal with rebel forces that were ultimately to emerge victorious and eventually be transformed into a regular army. Erik Swart's contribution on the soldiers in the army of the northern Netherlands is set in the late sixteenth century, just after the start of Holland's war of independence. Within a couple of years, the military underwent a comprehensive process of professionalization. The consequences for ordinary soldiers were far reaching: lower wages, fewer privileges, fewer rights, and an obligation to carry out digging work and other forms of manual labour. By contrast, their predecessors (the Landsknechts) had enjoyed a significantly higher status, with a system of organization not much different from that of nineteenth-century trade unions.
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Noonan, John T. "The Language of Sex. Five Voices from Northern France around 1200 by John W. Baldwin, and: Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe by John Boswell." Catholic Historical Review 82, no. 1 (1996): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.1996.0146.
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Luan, Do Xuan, and Aaron J. Kingsbury. "Thinking beyond collateral in value chain lending: access to bank credit for smallholder Vietnamese bamboo and cinnamon farmers." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 22, no. 4 (June 18, 2019): 535–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2019.0030.
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Using case studies of the bamboo and cinnamon value chains in rural areas of northern Vietnam, this paper contributes to the existing literature by analyzing barriers and suggests conditions under which value chain lending would be an effective tool for improving smallholder farmers’ access to credit. A mixed method using both in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders and a two-stage Heckman model is employed to explain the existing credit gap. Findings show that in both chains, bank decision-making on lending is typically limited to individual chain actors instead of considering the whole chain. Commercial banks predominately use conventional lending approaches heavily dependent on collateral which typically results in a shortage of credit available to the chain actors. Value chain lending is constrained by weak chain linkages and limited ownership of private bank accounts. Drawing from these cases in Vietnam, the article concludes by arguing that status quo value chain lending in lower-income countries merits considerable rethinking. The lending approaches of banks require innovation to ‘think beyond collateral’ in improving chain cohesion. Multi-stakeholder partnerships are important for successful value chain lending. In addition, farmer-based unions have the potential to address issues of information asymmetry in the credit market.
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Seregin, Andrei Viktorovich. "Ideology of Slavic Unity and Philosophical Problems of Legal Slavistics in the Modern World." Russian Journal of Legal Studies 6, no. 2 (June 15, 2019): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls18478.
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The article analyzes the philosophical problems of legal Slavistics associated with the formation of the updated pan-Slavic state-legal ideology aimed at the development and improvement of Confederate and Federal forms of Slavic Association. The author consistently investigates conceptual, civilizational and geopolitical obstacles of the Slavic unity connected with religious, military-political and nationalist dissociation of the Slavic peoples. At the same time, the presented work suggests ways to overcome the anti-Slavic political and legal dogmas, with the help of education aimed at the formation among the Slavs of the pan-Slavic doctrine of the primacy of the Slavic communal-tribal system, built on the basis of archaic socialism (mutual responsibility and mutual assistance); Veche rule; freedom, denial of all forms of slavery; linguistic kinship; organic unity of personal and community interests, with the recognition of the unconditional primacy of sovereign values over private; as well as the supremacy of spiritual and moral principles over material needs. In practical terms, a legal project is proposed for the development of the Union State of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation, which in the form of government can be a collegial Republic, in the form of state-territorial structure - a Confederation with a tendency to federalization and a democratic-polyarchic state regime. In addition, the author believes that from a civilizational point of view, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia are predisposed to unite in the West Slavic Confederation-the Great Vagria or Venea; Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, having common historical, state and religious - Orthodox roots are obliged within the framework of reunification to create the East Slavic Confederation-Svetlorossia; in the Balkans, led by Serbia, it is necessary to revive the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia with the inclusion of the Republic of Serbia, the Republic of Montenegro, the Republic of Northern Macedonia, the Republic of Bulgaria, the Republic of Serbia Krajina. Slovenia and Croatia should be merged into the Croatian-Slovenian Federation. In the future, Slavic confederal unions and the Federation, together with the Slavic communities beyond the national borders of the Slavic Nations ( for example, Sorbs in Germany) for the preservation of their identity and the free development have the potential to unite in a pan-Slavic Union state - the Great Vseslav. It is advisable to elect a collegial Republic as a form of government of the great all-Russia; a form of state-territorial unity of the Confederate-Federal Union of Slavic peoples, communities and States with a socially guaranteed regime of political democracy.
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Kumari, Nutan, Alan H. Bittles, and Prem Saxena. "Has the long-predicted decline in consanguineous marriage in India occurred?" Journal of Biosocial Science 52, no. 5 (December 6, 2019): 746–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932019000762.
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AbstractTo an extent the question posed in the title of this paper can simply be answered in the affirmative. Based on the extensive data available from the National Family Health Survey-1 (NFHS-1) conducted in 1992–93 and NFHS-4 in 2015–16 there has been a significant overall decline of some 19% in the prevalence of consanguineous marriage in India. However, when examined at state level the picture is more complex, with large reductions in consanguinity in southern states where intra-familial marriage previously has been strongly favoured, whereas in some northern states in which close kin unions traditionally have been proscribed small increases were recorded. In a country such as India, comprising an estimated 18% of the current world population and with multiple ethnic, religious, geographical and social sub-divisions, apparently contrary findings of this nature are not unexpected – especially given the major shifts that are underway in family sizes, in education and employment, and with rapid urbanization. The changing health profile of the population also is an important factor, with non-communicable diseases now responsible for a majority of morbidity and premature mortality in adulthood. The degree to which future alterations in the prevalence and profile of consanguineous marriage occur, and at what rate, is difficult to predict – the more so given the markedly diverse cultural identities that remain extant across the Sub-Continent, and ongoing intra-community endogamy.
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Lanko, D. A. "The Northern Dimension as a Promising Model of Interaction between the European Union and Great Powers in Times of Aggravation of Disintegration Processes in the European Space." Administrative Consulting, no. 7 (September 9, 2021): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2021-7-17-28.
Full textAbstract:
The article discusses the Northern Dimension — the four-lateral policy of the Russian Federation, the European Union, Norway and Iceland — in two instances. On one hand, the Northern Dimension has established itself as an effective instrument of meeting specifc challenges of the northern part of the European continent. On other hand, the article discusses the Northern Dimension as a model of relationship between the EU and its potent neighbours, comparable with Russia in terms of their military power, size of the economy and the scale of political ambitions. The United Kingdom, which is fnishing its exit from the European Union, and which is starting building a new system of relationship with it, has recently emerged as such potent neighbour of the European Union. The article presents the results of analysis based on a dialogue between major theories of European integration: namely neo-functionalism and liberal intergovernmentalism. Combining the two theories allows analysing the roles of individual EU member states — the article focuses on Finland in that context — and of European supranational institutions in the formation of the Norther Dimension; among supranational institutions, the article focuses on the European Commission. The article concludes that Ireland can play a crucial role in the building of future relationship between the European Union and the United Kingdom. The Irish role is comparable with the role that Finland has played in the building of the relationship between the EU and Russia and in developing of the Northern Dimension into an effective and promising model of relationship between the integration union and its great power neighbours.
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Halim, Kazi Shafiqul, Be Nazir Ahmed, Fatema Nargis, Ferdoushi Begum, Rafia Akhter, Qazi Hena Ferdousi, and Israt Jahan Ummon. "Evaluation of Endemic Status of Lymphatic Filariasis in Areas Adjoining to the Endemic District of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Medical Journal 48, no. 2 (May 30, 2019): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v48i2.51260.
Full textAbstract:
In Bangladesh, it was assumed that the endemicity of Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) in areas adjoining to the endemic districts may be related to the endemicity of this districts due to presence of sufficient vectors and extend of microfilaria for it’s chronicity. LF is caused by nematodes (round worms) and mainly transmitted to man by the infected- Culex mosquito. Among the 3 types of thread-like filarial worms; Wuchereria bancrofti is responsible for 90% of the cases. Filariasis is endemic in 34 districts and clinical cases are reported from 51 districts, with high endemicity in the northern part of Bangladesh. This cross-sectional survey study was conducted among 6,100 participants at areas adjoining to the endemic districts of LF to evaluate the endemic status during the period of 1st July 2014 to 30th June 2016. Total 10 sub-districts (upa-zilas) were selected from 5 districts of 4 divisions adjoining to the filaria endemic districts, and then 02 sub-districts (Sub-D) from each district. From each Sub-D, 02 unions (several unions constitute a sub-districts) and 10 ‘spot check site (SCS)’ from these unions were selected randomly. Villages and nearby areas of the ‘SCS’ were publicized previous day of data collection by personnel from Upa-zila Health Complexes (UHC) and audio announce. Average 60 samples were collected from each ‘SCS’ and interviewed participants in the same day. Data were collected by using On Site Filariasis Rapid test cassette for identifying the filarial cases and socioeconomic and demographic data had also been collected by interviewing using questionnaire. The mean age of the participants was 30.03+14.85; female - male ratio of were 1: 0.97 and almost equal numbers (20%-30%) respondents were in each age group (5-15, 16-25, 26-40 and >40 years). Most of the participants were Muslims and two third were married, where 56% were completed primary education or could not read and write and 44% secondary level or above. Nearly three fourth of participants were involved in household/ agricultural works or laborers; others were students, had service and small business and 01% had no work. Two third of participants had no income or could not state and other had monthly income ranges from 1000 to 10,000 taka. Prevalence rate of LF test positive cases was 0.2%; male-female ratio was 1:3, IgG was detected in 83% and rest IgM. Two third of cases were in age group 16-25 years and one fourth in >40 years; only 8.3% were in 5-15 years and no cases were found in age group 26-40 years. All positive cases were Muslim and two third were married, where majority were illiterate or primary and rest of them completed secondary or above. Two third of cases did household or agricultural works and rest were students. Two third had no income or could not state, one fourth had >2000 to 5000 taka and only 8.3% had income 5001–>10000 taka. The highest prevalence rate (2.50/1000 Pop) were found in Naogaon & Gaibandha districts and sub-districts were Niamotpur & Sadullapur (5.0/1000 Pop) and no cases were detected at Singra (Natore), Porsha (Naogaon), Palashbari (Gaibandha). Two third of cases suffered from itching; majority had fever and cough and one third stated breathlessness. Clinical signs edema was seen in feet 41.7% of cases. Few cases 08.3% had reached to health care facilities and 91.7% cases had never sought diagnostic facilities. Adjoining areas of endemic districts of LF are prone to spread this disease. Routine survey of LF cases would be continued in areas adjoining to the endemic district.
Bangladesh Med J. 2019 May; 48 (2): 13-19
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Halim, Kazi Shafiqul, Be Nazir Ahmed, Fatema Nargis, Ferdoushi Begum, Rafia Akhter, Qazi Hena Ferdousi, and Israt Jahan Ummon. "Evaluation of Endemic Status of Lymphatic Filariasis in Areas Adjoining to the Endemic District of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Medical Journal 48, no. 2 (May 30, 2019): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v48i2.51260.
Full textAbstract:
In Bangladesh, it was assumed that the endemicity of Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) in areas adjoining to the endemic districts may be related to the endemicity of this districts due to presence of sufficient vectors and extend of microfilaria for it’s chronicity. LF is caused by nematodes (round worms) and mainly transmitted to man by the infected- Culex mosquito. Among the 3 types of thread-like filarial worms; Wuchereria bancrofti is responsible for 90% of the cases. Filariasis is endemic in 34 districts and clinical cases are reported from 51 districts, with high endemicity in the northern part of Bangladesh. This cross-sectional survey study was conducted among 6,100 participants at areas adjoining to the endemic districts of LF to evaluate the endemic status during the period of 1st July 2014 to 30th June 2016. Total 10 sub-districts (upa-zilas) were selected from 5 districts of 4 divisions adjoining to the filaria endemic districts, and then 02 sub-districts (Sub-D) from each district. From each Sub-D, 02 unions (several unions constitute a sub-districts) and 10 ‘spot check site (SCS)’ from these unions were selected randomly. Villages and nearby areas of the ‘SCS’ were publicized previous day of data collection by personnel from Upa-zila Health Complexes (UHC) and audio announce. Average 60 samples were collected from each ‘SCS’ and interviewed participants in the same day. Data were collected by using On Site Filariasis Rapid test cassette for identifying the filarial cases and socioeconomic and demographic data had also been collected by interviewing using questionnaire. The mean age of the participants was 30.03+14.85; female - male ratio of were 1: 0.97 and almost equal numbers (20%-30%) respondents were in each age group (5-15, 16-25, 26-40 and >40 years). Most of the participants were Muslims and two third were married, where 56% were completed primary education or could not read and write and 44% secondary level or above. Nearly three fourth of participants were involved in household/ agricultural works or laborers; others were students, had service and small business and 01% had no work. Two third of participants had no income or could not state and other had monthly income ranges from 1000 to 10,000 taka. Prevalence rate of LF test positive cases was 0.2%; male-female ratio was 1:3, IgG was detected in 83% and rest IgM. Two third of cases were in age group 16-25 years and one fourth in >40 years; only 8.3% were in 5-15 years and no cases were found in age group 26-40 years. All positive cases were Muslim and two third were married, where majority were illiterate or primary and rest of them completed secondary or above. Two third of cases did household or agricultural works and rest were students. Two third had no income or could not state, one fourth had >2000 to 5000 taka and only 8.3% had income 5001–>10000 taka. The highest prevalence rate (2.50/1000 Pop) were found in Naogaon & Gaibandha districts and sub-districts were Niamotpur & Sadullapur (5.0/1000 Pop) and no cases were detected at Singra (Natore), Porsha (Naogaon), Palashbari (Gaibandha). Two third of cases suffered from itching; majority had fever and cough and one third stated breathlessness. Clinical signs edema was seen in feet 41.7% of cases. Few cases 08.3% had reached to health care facilities and 91.7% cases had never sought diagnostic facilities. Adjoining areas of endemic districts of LF are prone to spread this disease. Routine survey of LF cases would be continued in areas adjoining to the endemic district.
Bangladesh Med J. 2019 May; 48 (2): 13-19
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Yamalov, S. M., Ya M. Golovanov, Z. B. Baktybaeva, and S. S. Petrov. "Aquatic vegetation of the South Urals (Bashkortostan Republic). I. Classes Lemnetea and Charetea." Vegetation of Russia, no. 24 (2014): 124–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2014.24.124.
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The database on vegetation of water objects of the South Urals on the basis of the published relevés (Grigoryev, Solomeshch, 1987а; Petrov, Grigoryev, 1991; Petrov, Onishchenko, 1991) and the relevés executed by authors, was created. The analysis of a phytocoenotic variety of vegetation of the classes Lemnetea de Bolòs et Masclans 1955 and Charetea Fukarek ex Krausch 1964 was carried out. The water vegetation of the South Urals of the classes Lemnetea and Charetea is classified to 4 orders, 4 unions, 11 associations and 8 variants. The greatest variety of the plant communities of the class Lemnetea which unites cosmopolitan free-floating communities or pleustophyte communities in water column, widespread in reservoirs with still or drift water. Communities of this class are identified on accurately expressed floating layer of pleustophytes. Ricciocarpetum natantis association is noted for the first time in the region. The class Charetea unites water vegetation with prevalence of the submersed macroscopic algae of Charophyta division of the order of Charales. In the South Urals this class is presented by the only association Charetum globularis which is noted locally in the Cis-Urals. The comparative analysis of plant communities of the classes Lemnetea and Charetea in various regions of Russia and the neighboring countries has shown that the South Urals is characterized by a high syntaxonomic variety of vegetation. The communities described in estuarine part of the Dnieper River (Dubyna, Dzyuba, 2011) and the undercurrent of the Volga River (Golub, Maltsev, 2013) got the biggest structural similarities as well as wealth of classes’ coenofloras, and also in Western Siberia (Taran et al., 2004; Taran, 2008; Kipriyanova, 2013). Obviously, near latitudinal location of regions and similarity of types of water objects is affects. The aquatic vegetation of the South Urals demonstrates the smallest similarity with plant communities of the northern regions of Russia.