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Rahmasari, Intan Ayu, Yani Ramdani, and Farid Hirji Badruzzaman. "Optimasi Biaya Transportasi Pengiriman Air Minum Kemasan Menggunakan Metode Nortwest Corner, Vogels Approximation dan Stepping Stone." Bandung Conference Series: Mathematics 1, no. 1 (2021): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/bcsm.v1i1.14.
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Abstract. This research was conducted at PD. X is one of the companies that distributes bottled drinking water products in the city of Bandung and its surroundings and does not yet have a permanent transportation cost optimization calculation technique that can result in high distribution costs. These problems can be formulated in the transportation model. The method used to determine the initial feasible solution is Northwest Corner and Vogels Approximation, while determining the optimum solution using Stepping Stone. The results of the initial feasible solution calculation show that the number of iterations using the two methods is the same, namely eight iterations. The difference between these two methods is the transportation cost of Rp. 696,000 for the Northwest Corner method and Rp. 611,400 for the Vogels Approximation method. The results of the calculation of the optimal solution show that there are differences in the number of iterations. For the Northwest Corner and Northwest Corner methods, the number of iterations is seven, while the Vogels Approximation and Northwest Corner methods have two iterations. The optimal solution of the two methods obtained the same transportation costs of Rp. 600,400. Thus the Vogels Approximation and Northwest Corner methods are more analytically efficient.
 Abstrak. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada PD. X yaitu salah satu perusahaan yang mendistribusikan produk air minum dalam kemasan di daerah kota Bandung dan sekitarnya dan belum memiliki teknik perhitungan pengoptimalan biaya transportasi yang permanen sehingga dapat mengakibatkan biaya distribusi yang cukup tinggi. Persoalan tersebut dapat diformulasikan dalam model transportasi. Metode yang digunakan untuk penentuan solusi fesibel awal adalah Northwest Corner dan Vogels Approximation, sedangkan penentuan solusi optimum menggunakan Stepping stone. Hasil perhitungan solusi fesibel awal menunjukan bahwa jumlah iterasi menggunakan kedua metode tersebut sama yaitu sebanyak delapan iterasi. Perbedaan dari kedua metode ini terdapat pada biaya transportasi sebesar Rp. 696.000 untuk metode Northwest Corner dan sebesar Rp. 611.400 untuk metode Vogels Approximation. Hasil perhitungan solusi optimal menunjukan adanya perbedaan jumlah iterasi. Untuk metode Northwest Corner dan Northwest Corner jumlah iterasi yaitu tujuh, sedangkan metode Vogels Approximation dan Northwest Corner jumlah iterasi yaitu dua. Adapun solusi optimal dari kedua metode tersebut diperoleh biaya transportasi yang sama sebesar Rp. 600.400. Dengan demikian metode Vogels Approximation dan Northwest Corner lebih efisien secara analitik.
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Hasbiyati, Ihda, M. Abdullah, Roni Salambue, and Ahriyati Ahriyati. "NORTHWEST CORNER METHOD FOR NATURAL DISASTER NOTIFICATION." BAREKENG: Jurnal Ilmu Matematika dan Terapan 16, no. 1 (2022): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/barekengvol16iss1pp269-278.
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Indonesia is a country that is prone to disasters such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions to whirlwinds. About 13 percent of the world's volcanoes in Indonesia has the potential to cause natural disasters with different strengths. Therefore, the government needs to take action quickly. One alternative that affects the speed of aid reaching the disaster area is transportation. In channeling natural disasters is still far from ideal, on the other hand the main object of the emergency response period is how to alleviate the burden of people affected by the disaster. So that it is needed to channel aid to every place affected by the disaster. In the distribution of assistance, constraints often occur, such as late notification and requests that do not match the supply of goods owned by the aid provider. In distributing aid to areas affected by natural disasters other than the central government, local governments have many organizations participating in it. In order to overcome these problems a system that can provide notifications and perform precise calculations is needed to find out how much assistance should be given based on existing demand and supplies. This paper discusses the optimization of the delivery of assistance through the car vehicle from the sending city of aid to the disaster area, by first determining the minimum distance from some of the sending towns to the disaster area.. The method used is the northwest corner method, MySQL, and SQLYog. The optimal solution obtained is web-based notification software in the form of SMS notifications.
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Andriani, Poppy, and Hendra Cipta. "Optimasi Biaya Distribusi Kusen Pintu Menggunakan Model Transportasi Northwest Corner Method, Russel Approximation Method, dan Stepping Stone." JURNAL MEDIA INFORMATIKA BUDIDARMA 7, no. 1 (2023): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/mib.v7i1.5224.
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The transportation method is a method used to calculate distribution costs based on the origin that provides the same products to the destination location optimally using minimum costs. Previously, Cv Prima had to pay Rp 72,356,720 for transportation costs. So that the CV Prima company experienced swelling in distribution costs. Expenses for excess distribution costs result in the quality of door frame delivery not being optimal. In this study, the Northwest Corner Method and the Russell Approximation Method were used as the initial solution and continued with the Stepping Stone method as the optimal solution. So that this research produces the lowest costs after applying the Northwest Corner method revealing transportation costs of IDR 69,256,630 and using the Russel Approximation Method, transportation costs are IDR 67,304,680. For Stepping Stone optimization, the transportation cost is IDR 66,641,020. Therefore, the Northwest Corner and Russell Approximation Methods and continued with the Stepping Stone method for this problem are more efficient, because the company found a reduction in transportation costs of 7.899% or IDR 5,715,700.
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Movchan, T., V. Artеmov, and D. Bulysheva. "THE USE OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES TO OPTIMIZE FARM SIZE." Аграрний вісник Причорномор'я, no. 94 (December 25, 2019): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.37000/abbsl.2019.94.14.
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It is recommended to implement forecasting management models in the area of land use and protection by applying linear programming methods to optimize the size of farms, which land is located in different natural and economic zones. Analysis and assessment of land use in natural-economic zones is a type of management activity for deep understanding of the dialectic of a managed object development and true assessment of its moving forces. This enables to simulate the situation of land use, to identify a specific goal, to choose the means to achieve it and to obtain the optimum result. The implementation of the proposed forecast models of the optimal farm size is carried out by linear programming in three ways (northwest corner method, minimum cost method and What-If analysis method, that uses Solver, a Microsoft Excel add-in program). The implementation of the above approaches is based on the example of four farms and five natural-economic zones. The obtained solutions show that the best result is attained by using Solver for What-If analysis method, a Microsoft Excel add-in program. The northwest corner method gives the worst result, but this is the simplest solution. The minimum cost method depends on the researcher qualification and produces the result that is most often found between the results obtained by the northwest corner method and the "Solver" procedure. When using the method of the northwest corner a program of consideration of different options for the distribution of land resources and the choice of the optimal solution was developed. This allows to find an optimal result of land allocation according to the result, which is similar to the result of the procedure "Solver", but it is more adapted for the direct participation of the researcher in the process of solving problems. There is an opportunity to improve the result by changing the original data, which simulates the forecast of the distribution of farm land in natural-economic zones, while minimizing production costs. In the absence of access to computers, the solutions obtained by the northwest corner and the minimum cost methods can be improved by the potential method.
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Agboola, Olasunmbo O., Deborah T. Obembe, and Michael C. Agarana. "Application of Swarm Intelligence in Transportation System Optimisation." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS 22 (December 20, 2024): 74–82. https://doi.org/10.37394/23209.2025.22.8.
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Swarm intelligence is a branch of artificial and natural intelligence that studies systems with many characters that manage their activities through distributed control and self-organisation. The field focuses on the actions of social insects such as fish schools, bird flocks, ants, termites, bees, and wasp colonies. Particle swarm optimisation (PSO) and ant colony optimisation (ACO) are two of the most common systems reported by swarm intelligence. Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is a probabilistic method used to find optimal pathways in computationally complex situations by condensing the problem. This paper analyses the use of ACO metaheuristics to find the initial basic feasible solution in an unbalanced and balanced transportation method. Then, it compares it to other traditional methods (The least cost method, Northwest Corner method, and Vogel’s approximation method). The primary goal of this study is to provide a helpful framework for understanding new trends in applying swarm intelligence in system optimisation and implementing/using the ACO algorithm in a real-life situation. Examples were generated online. At the end of the paper, for the unbalanced transportation problem, the Least Cost method, Northwest Corner method, Vogel’s Approximation method, and ACO method gave us (472, 547, 374, and 389) as the total cost, respectively. For the balanced transportation problem, the Least Cost, Northwest Corner, Vogel’s Approximation, and ACO methods gave us (2450, 3700, 2150, and 3650) as the total cost, respectively.
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Et. al., Chandrasekhar Putcha,. "A Comprehensive Method for Arriving at Initial Feasible Solution for Optimization Problems in Engineering with Illustrative Examples." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 5 (2021): 1189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i5.1785.
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Two methods have been used extensively for arriving at initial basic feasible solution (IBF). One of them is Northwest corner rule and the other on is Russell method (Hillier & Lieberman, 2005.) Both methods have drawbacks. The IBF obtained is either far from optimal solution or does not have adequate number of entries to initiate transportation simplex algorithm. The Northwest Corner rule gives an initial feasible solution that is far from optimal while the IBF solution obtained using Russell method doesn’t give enough number of entries to start the transportation simplex algorithm. Hence, there is a need for developing a method for arriving at initial basic feasible solution with adequate number of entries needed to initiate transportation simplex algorithm, which can then be used to get an optimal solution. A computer software has been developed based on the new proposed method for this purpose. The proposed new method has been validated through four simple but illustrative examples.
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Yuliana, Yuliana, Tasari Tasari, Anita Setiyaningsih, Fika Aisyah Munif, and Miftacha Febriani Putri. "Optimalisasi Biaya Transportasi Produk UMKM Naturies Indonesia Dengan Metode Northwest Corner Dan Vogel’s Approximation." Jurnal Derivat: Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika 9, no. 2 (2022): 246–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31316/jderivat.v9i2.3138.
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Naturies Indonesia is one of the UMKM for spice drinks in Macanan, Klaten, Central Java which is developing. As one of the growing UMKM, Naturies Indonesia is experiencing problems related to the distribution of its products. Naturies Indonesia has incurred transportation costs of Rp.442,100.00 per week in distributing its products to 5 distributors (Kudus, Jakarta, Shopee, Bandung, and offline). Due to human resource constraints, Naturies Indonesia does not yet have a thorough plan to reduce shipping costs in allocating products from production sites to customers or distributors. Through this applied research, this research aims to find the optimization of product delivery costs. Data were collected through interviews and documentation, then analyzed using the Northwest Corner and Vogel's Approximation methods. Analysis using the Northwest Corner method found a shipping cost of IDR 431,600.00, while the Vogel's Approximation method found a shipping cost of IDR 427,900.00. The shipping costs found were actually lower than the financing that had been issued so far. Keyword: northwest cor, spice drinks, optimization of transportation, UMKM Naturies Indonesia, vogel’s approximation
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Farida Pulansari and Isna Nugraha. "OPTIMASI BIAYA DISTRIBUSI PERUSAHAAN PESTISIDA DENGAN KOMBINASI METODE TRANSPORTASI NORTH WEST CORNER METHOD DAN MODIFIED DISTRIBUTION METHOD BERBASIS POM-QM." WALUYO JATMIKO PROCEEDING 15, no. 1 (2022): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/waluyojatmiko.v15i1.44.
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ABSTRAK
 Permasalahan umum pada kegiatan transportasi biasanya berhubungan dengan pendistribusian barang atau produk dari beberapa sumber ke beberapa tujuan. Pendistribusian akan memakan biaya yang tinggi dan akan mengakibatkan pemborosan dari aspek waktu, aspek jarak, dan aspek tenaga apabila tidak dikelola dengan baik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meminimumkan biaya distribusi pestisida Roundup Biosorb dengan mengalokasikan produk secara optimal pada PT. XYZ dengan dengan penerapan metode North West Corner sebagai penyelesaian solusi awal dan metode Modified Distribution sebagai penyelesaian solusi optimal dengan menggunakan software POM-QM. Hasil output yang diperoleh hasil dari dua metode yang digunakan adalah sama, pada tabel transportation result didapatkan hasil optimal sebesar Rp 89.040.000,- serta pada tabel shipping list didapatkan nilai masing-masing distribusi pestisida Roundup pada setiap tujuan dan harga pengiriman per unit. Melalui penelitian menggunakan metode transportasi Northwest Corner dan Modified Distribution yang telah dilakukan ini diharapkan nantinya PT. XYZ dapat mempertimbangkannya sebagai perencanaan distribusi yang akan dilakukan mendatang.
 
 Kata Kunci: Optimasi, Distribusi, Modified Distribution, North West Corner, Transportasi.
 
 ABSTRACT
 Problems in transportation activities are usually related to the distribution of goods or products from several sources to several destinations. Distribution will be expensive and will result in wastage of time, distance, and energy if not managed properly. The aim of this research is to minimize the distribution cost of Roundup Biosorb pesticide by allocating the product optimally at PT. XYZ by applying the North West Corner method as the initial solution completion and the Modified Distribution method as the optimal solution solution using POM-QM software. The output results obtained from the two methods used are the same, in the transportation result table, the optimal result is IDR. 89,040,000, - and the shipping list table shows the value of each distribution of Roundup pesticides at each destination and the shipping price per unit. Through research using the Northwest Corner and Modified Distribution method of transportation that has been carried out, it is hoped that later PT. XYZ can consider it as a distribution plan that will be carried out in the future.
 
 Keywords: Optimization, Distribution, Modified Distribution, North West Corner, Transportation.
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Piopadang, Hilda D. K. Y., Tritiya A. R. Arungpadang, and Charles S. C. Punuhsingon. "MINIMASI BIAYA DISTRIBUSI PRODUK PERTALITE DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL TRANSPORTASI PADA PT PERTAMINA PATRA NIAGA INTEGRATED TERMINAL BITUNG." Jurnal Tekno Mesin 10, no. 2 (2024): 141–49. https://doi.org/10.35793/jtm.v10i2.59212.
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This study describes the final comparison of the minimum cost of pertalite product distribution and knowing the optimal results of pertalite product distribution costs using the Stepping Stone method and POM-QM software comparison. The type of research used is quantitative research with data processing used is the Northwest Corner Method, the Least Cost Method, and the Vogel Method as the method used as the initial feasible solution. The final solution used to find the optimal solution is the Stepping Stone Method and the use of POM-QM software as a comparison. The distribution cost results obtained using the Northwest Corner Method are Rp. 276,892,208, the Least Cost Method obtained Rp. 186,058,754, and the Vogel Method Rp. 77. 415.457. The Stepping Stone Method as the final result obtained Rp.77,415,457. The method that is closest to the optimal value is the Vogel Approximation Method because it can provide minimum costs and provide greater benefits when compared to other methods. Keywords: Northwest Corner Method, Least Cost Method, Vogel’s Approximation Method. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang perbandingan akhir biaya minimum distribusi produk pertalite dan mengetahui hasil optimal biaya distribusi produk pertalite dengan menggunakan Metode Stepping Stone dan perbandingan software POM-QM. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan pengolahan data yang digunakan adalah Metode Barat Laut, Metode Biaya Terendah, dan Metode Vogel sebagai metode yang digunakan sebagai solusi awal yang layak. Solusi akhir yang digunakan untuk mencari solusi optimal adalah Metode Stepping Stone dan penggunaan software POM-QM sebagai pembanding. Hasil biaya distribusi yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan Metode Barat Laut sebesar Rp. 276.892.208, Metode Biaya Terendah diperoleh Rp. 186.058.754, dan Metode Vogel sebesar Rp. 77.415.457. Metode Stepping Stone sebagai hasil akhir diperoleh Rp. 77.415.457. Metode yang paling mendekati nilai optimal adalah Metode Vogel karena dapat memberikan biaya yang minimum dan memberikan keuntungan yang lebih besar jika dibandingkan dengan metode lainnya. Kata kunci: Metode Barat Laut, Metode Biaya Terendah, Metode Vogel.
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Çakmak, Tanyel, and Filiz Ersöz. "METHODOLOGY RECOMMENDATION FOR ONE‐CRITERION TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS: CAKMAK METHOD." TRANSPORT 22, no. 3 (2007): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2007.9638128.
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Transportation problems (TP) are one of the most prominent fields of application of the mathematical disciplines to optimization and operations research. In general, there are three starting basic feasible solution methods: Northwest Corner, Least Cost Method, VAM – Vogel's Approximation Method. The three methods differ in the quality of the starting basic solution. In this study, we actually show a new method for starting basic feasible solution to one‐criterion‐transportation problems: Çakmak Method. This method can be used for balanced or unbalanced one-criterion transportation problems, and gives the basic feasible optimum solution accordingly.
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Carlini, Ian Maccari De, Mufti Arifin, and Ayu Martina. "Simulation Of C-Check Maintenance Task Card Distribution Using Vogel's Approximation Method." Performa: Media Ilmiah Teknik Industri 24, no. 1 (2025): 29. https://doi.org/10.20961/performa.24.1.85126.
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<p>Maintenance of an aircraft requires reliable and responsible manpower. Manpower and manhour are needed to perform scheduled and unscheduled maintenance. C-Check maintenance requires a long time for the aircraft to operate again. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the task card in the maintenance personnel group based on the required task card manhour. Simulation of task card distribution is needed to find the optimum C-Check work group. The method in this study uses Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM) as the main calculation and Northwest Corner (NWC) as the comparison, where VAM and NWC are included in operations research. This study aims to simulate the distribution of C-Check maintenance task cards by adjusting the manhour of the personnel group and the manhour task card required so that the maintenance personnel group can perform the task optimally. The analysis results obtained are manhour requirements in the task card group as demand, the ability of each maintenance personnel group as supply, and the multiplying factor between actual and maintenance program as transportation costs. The results of the calculation of manhour distribution using the Vogel's approximation method (VAM) calculation obtained a total manhours of 724.5 manhours and for the northwest corner (NWC) calculation obtained a total manhours of 902.8 manhours. Thus, the VAM calculation results in cheaper manhour costs compared to the NWC calculation.</p>
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Rakhim, Ramadhany Aisyah. "OPTIMASI BIAYA TRANSPORTASI DISTRIBUSI BARANG DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE Northwest Corner (NWC)." INFORMAL: Informatics Journal 3, no. 3 (2018): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/isj.v3i3.10077.
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 The distribution of goods is closely related to the cost of transportation. The transportation method used by the company will have a major impact on the company's profit. If the profit obtained by the company can be maximized, the company will be able to expand its business to become even bigger. The problem solving step is the determination of optimization criteria and optimization model development. These steps are used to optimize the cost of shipping goods to get maximum profit. The research obtained results namely the cost of shipping goods using the company's NWC method was optimal. It can be concluded that the method of shipping goods that has been carried out by the company has been optimal so that it can continue to be used for further business development, as well as providing an overview that should be done by the company.
 
 
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Atikah, Atikah, Tiara Tiara, and Surya Perdana. "Analisis Biaya Transportasi dalam Pendistribusian Singkong Menggunakan Metode Northwest Corner dan Least Cost." eCo-Fin 6, no. 2 (2024): 258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32877/ef.v6i2.1303.
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Transportation plays an important role in supply chain management, where transportation is the process of determining how and when goods should be delivered to consumers. In the transportation method used, it is necessary to consider efficiency and speed in delivering goods. The object of this research is cassava plantations, which are in the Bogor district, especially in the Jonggol, Cariu and Sukamakmur sub-districts. The harvest from this plantation is allocated to 3 factory areas in the Bekasi district. The problem faced is the high transportation costs in allocating the harvest. So, the minimum distribution costs that will be incurred in allocating the harvest to various chip factories are not yet known, and the route and quantity of cassava that will be sent is not yet known. One method of transportation is the Northwest Corner (NWC) and Least Cost Method. The Northwest Corner and Least Cost methods are used in determining goods delivery routes, so that you can calculate the lowest transportation costs from one place to another. Based on the research results, the minimum distribution cost allocated for cassava is IDR 5,410,000.00 with distribution channels namely Cariu to Muktijaya as much as 90 tons, Sukamakmur to Cijengkol as much as 100 tons, Cariu to Ciledug as much as 10 tons, Jonggol to Ciledug as much as 140 tons, and Sukamakmur to Ciledug as much as 20 tons.
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Sasikala, R.*1 Rugved Manoorkar2 &. Varun Gajendragadkar 3. "SOLVING TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM OF A CAPSULE MANUFACTURER USING PHEROMONE OPTIMIZER AND A HYBRID OF KRUSKAL'S METHOD AND THE NORTHWEST CORNER METHOD." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 8, no. 6 (2019): 24–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3240260.
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Associated Capsules is a well known manufacturer of capsules, which provides the same to many pharmaceutical companies based in India. They use the help of Swift Transportation Pvt. Ltd., a transportation company, to transport these capsules to different parts of Western India. They use one truck, a large one at that, to transport this. Transportation is a very costly affair. The transportation model is a special class of the linear programming problem. It deals with the situation in which a commodity is shipped from sources to destinations. The objective is to be determined the amounts shipped from each source to each destination that minimize the total shipping cost while satisfying both the supply limit and the demand requirements. The model assumes that the shipping cost on a given route is directly proportional to the number of units shipped on that route. In general, the transportation model can be extended to areas other than the direct transportation of a commodity, including among others, inventory control, employment scheduling and personnel assignment. So it is very competitive and difficult situation to make a vital decision. This situation can be represented numerically in the form of a Linear Programming Model. Linear Programming is used worldwide for optimizing profit problem. It is a method to achieve the best outcome (Max profit at low cost) whose requirement is represented by linear relationships. We have used novel techniques named the Pheromone optimizer and a hybrid of Kruskal’s Method and Northwest Corner Method to solve this problem. In the former method, every neighbouring node is given a scent value and a fade value and the path so chosen is one with the most scent value. In the hybrid method, a minimum spanning tree is constructed and then the Northwest corner method is used Results obtained were positive, with savings of rupees 45,000 in transportation costs and fuel amount for the pheromone optimizer and ____________ for the hybrid method.
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Azizah, Nuril Lutvi. "Mathematical Modelling On Transportation Method Apllication For Rice Distribution Cost Optimization." CAUCHY 5, no. 4 (2019): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ca.v5i4.4893.
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<p>RASKIN/RASTRA is a rice distribution program for the poor family with the aim of improving food security starting from the household scale. The Aim of this study is to determine whether the mathematics modelling can use in the transportation methods to provide an efficient solution of costs on the rice distribution in the region of Sidoarjo. The method used in this research is the NWC (Northwest Corner) method used to analyze the initial fiscal solution, and refined by MODI (Modified Distribution) to analyze the most optimal cost. From the calculation by transportation method, the optimum cost is lower than the company's calculation of Rp 85.186.040 while the cost of the company's calculation is Rp 87.209.690,750. Thus the use of transportation methods can save RASTRA's distribution cost of Rp 2.023.650,750.</p>
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Liu, Yuanyuan, and Wendi Li. "Error bounds for augmented truncation approximations of Markov chains via the perturbation method." Advances in Applied Probability 50, no. 2 (2018): 645–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apr.2018.28.
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AbstractLetPbe the transition matrix of a positive recurrent Markov chain on the integers with invariant probability vectorπT, and let(n)P̃ be a stochastic matrix, formed by augmenting the entries of the (n+ 1) x (n+ 1) northwest corner truncation ofParbitrarily, with invariant probability vector(n)πT. We derive computableV-norm bounds on the error betweenπTand(n)πTin terms of the perturbation method from three different aspects: the Poisson equation, the residual matrix, and the norm ergodicity coefficient, which we prove to be effective by showing that they converge to 0 asntends to ∞ under suitable conditions. We illustrate our results through several examples. Comparing our error bounds with the ones of Tweedie (1998), we see that our bounds are more applicable and accurate. Moreover, we also consider possible extensions of our results to continuous-time Markov chains.
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Mohammad, Abdur Rob, and Abdul Alim Mohammad. "Transportation Analysis using Different Strategies to Minimize the Cost of the Commodity." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistical Analysis 3, no. 2 (2022): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6812805.
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<em>The Transportation Problem (TP) is a special type of Linear Programming problem (LPP) that deals with the distribution of individual products from various origins of resources to different destinations of need while minimizing the entire Transportation cost. In this article, we explore how to resolve TP problems with the least cost of the commodity. Northwest, Matrix Minimum and Vogel’s Approximation methods are executed to get the minimum cost. Computer simulations were used to analyze the steps of the various approaches of solution processes. The solution technique is presented with numerical examples using the present S.K. Das, A. Goswami, and S.S. Alam [12] approach. Finally, this article shows comparison tables of Steps vs. Cost for various methods</em>
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Hasanah, Tatun Uswatun, Puji Utami, and Muchammad Fauzi. "Pengoptimalan Biaya Transportasi dengan Metoda North West Corner (NWC) dan Stepping Stone (SS) untuk Distribusi Produk Farmasi." Jurnal Teknik Industri: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian dan Karya Ilmiah dalam Bidang Teknik Industri 6, no. 1 (2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/jti.v6i1.9468.
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Model transportasi diadopsi untuk pengendalian operasi pabrik, penentuan daerah penjualan, pengalokasian lokasi distribusi dan pergudangan. PT. XYZ adalah salah satu perusahaan multinasional yang memiliki core business dibidang industry farmasi. Model optimasi merupakan salah satu model analisis sistem yang diidentikkan dengan operation research. penelitian ini menggunakan Northwest corner method (NWC)untuk memberikan prioritas pengalokasian dari pojok kiri atas matriks transportasi. Stepping Stone Method (SS) merupakan lanjutan dari NWC untuk mendapatkan solusi optimal dengan total biaya terendah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan biaya optimal antara perhitungan dengan NWC dan SS. study ini juga membuktikan bahwa dengan menggunakan NWC dan SS, biaya yang didapatkan lebih optimal dibandingkan dengan biaya yang dikeluarkan pada studi kasus ini.
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Pokalas, Tal Mark, Anayo Charles Iwuji, Uchendu Kingsley, Chisimkwuo John, and Ajaegbu Henry. "A NEW DUAL HEURISTIC ALGORITHM FOR FINDING THE INITIAL BASIC FEASIBLE SOLUTION FOR A TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 8, no. 4 (2024): 382–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2024-0804-2330.
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Because determining the best initial basic feasible solution (IBFS) for a transportation problem is so crucial, numerous authors have expended a great deal of energy developing effective algorithms that will result in the lowest possible cost of moving products from a given source to a destination. The goal of this work was to develop an efficient dual algorithm for finding an initial basic feasible solution to a transportation problem (TP). Two distinct algorithms that produce the same IBFS make up our suggested approach. Compared to some popular methods in the literature, Using four numerical examples, the Row Minimum Method (RMM), Column Minimum Method (CMM), Least Cost Method (LCM), Extremum Difference Method (EDM), Northwest Corner Method (NWCM), Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM), etc. In comparison to the other heuristic techniques compared with the optimal dictate solution modified distribution (MODI), the proposed heuristic approach (PS-DESPAN) approximation was shown to provide a better starting solution (a solution that is extremely close to the optimal solution)
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Khamroeva, Dilafruz. "Interval Potential Method for Solving Transportation Problems Using Mathematical Programming." International Journal of Human Computing Studies 7, no. 1 (2025): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.31149/ijhcs.v7i1.5355.
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This study explores the interval variant of the potential method as an innovative approach for solving transportation problems within mathematical programming. Traditional methods often fail to address the complexities arising from parameter uncertainties, creating a knowledge gap in deriving reliable solutions under varying conditions. To bridge this gap, the interval potential method is proposed, utilizing interval matrices to define constraints and feasible solutions. The methodology involves constructing the initial transportation plan using the northwest corner method and applying interval analysis to account for data variability. A structured algorithm calculates directional potentials and checks the plan's acceptability, iteratively adjusting for optimal results. Numerical simulations demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method in solving transportation problems with uncertain parameters. Results confirm that this approach identifies optimal interval solutions while maintaining computational efficiency. The implications extend to various fields requiring reliable transportation and logistics optimization under uncertain conditions, such as supply chain management and resource allocation. This work contributes to the broader application of interval analysis in mathematical programming, providing a scalable solution for real-world challenges.
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Soneda, Ahmad Surya, and Yetty Dwi Lestari. "Analysis of Vehicle Operating Cost Efficiency in IECO Trans Company Using Transportation Methods." Southeast Asian Business Review 1, no. 1 (2023): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/sabr.v1i1.48990.
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This research arose because of problems with travel costs, which the company judged were not optimal, and the profits obtained by the company were also not optimal. This research was taken from a case study at the IECO Trans company. This study aims to achieve the efficiency of the IECO Trans Company using the Transportation method. The method used from the transportation method is the northwest corner, the least cost combination, and the Vogel Approximation Method (VAM). This study uses qualitative research methods. Two data are used in this study: primary, taken from interviews and company data, and secondary, taken from previous research journals, websites, government data, and books. The results of this study will show the composition of route destinations and types of vehicles at the IECO Trans company, which results in cost efficiency. As an implementation of transportation methods and cost efficiency, the IECO Trans company will get options from the composition of route destinations and vehicle types based on analyzing transportation methods with a more efficient cost.
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AINI, SRI BADRUL, ANDINI PUTRI Z, ANNISA ANNISA, QUR’AYNA PERMATA SUCI, and AHMAD ALBAR TANJUNG. "OPTIMASI BIAYA TRANSPORTASI PENGIRIMAN AIR MINUM KEMASAN PADA PT TIRTA SARI SUMBER MURNI." Journal of Management and Innovation Entrepreneurship (JMIE) 1, no. 2 (2024): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.59407/jmie.v1i2.304.
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Menghadapi tantangan globalisasi dan persaingan sengit di sektor industri air minum kemasan, optimisasi biaya transportasi menjadi faktor penting untuk distribusi produk yang efisien. Penelitian berjudul "Optimasi Biaya Transportasi Pengiriman Air Minum Kemasan pada Pt Tirta Sari Sumber Murni” membahas terkait peningkatan upaya efisiensi operasional dan pengurangan biaya logistik melalui alokasi produk yang optimal melalui Stepping-Stone Method, Northwest Corner Method dan Vogels Approximation Method. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengoptimalkan biaya transportasi dari dua gudang ke berbagai toko, menggunakan analisis matematis dan pemodelan transportasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan alokasi produk terendah melibatkan pengiriman 2600 unit produksi dari Gudang 1 ke Toko MSM, Toko W, dan Toko PH, serta 3940 unit produksi dari Gudang 2 ke Toko PH, Toko JA, Toko Ucok, dan Toko LKK. Penelitian ini memberikan pemahaman mendalam tentang efisiensi transportasi, alokasi produk, dan wawasan strategis untuk merancang kebijakan distribusi yang lebih efektif, serta menjadi dasar pengambilan keputusan dalam manajemen rantai pasok produk tersebut.
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Mitlif, Rasha J. "Fuzzy Transportation Model Technique to Determine the Minimum Total Cost Using a Novel Ranking Function." Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences 36, no. 1 (2023): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30526/36.1.2991.
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The transportation problem (TP) is employed in many different situations, such as scheduling, performance, spending, plant placement, inventory control, and employee scheduling. When all variables, including supply, demand, and unit transportation costs (TC), are precisely known, effective solutions to the transportation problem can be provided. However, understanding how to investigate the transportation problem in an uncertain environment is essential. Additionally, businesses and organizations should seek the most economical and environmentally friendly forms of transportation, considering the significance of environmental issues and strict environmental legislation. This research employs a novel ranking function to solve the transportation problem (TP), where fuzzy triangular numbers represent the fuzzy demand and supply (DAS). The fuzzy model is transformed and compressed to a crisp model (CM), and the results are compared using the northwest corner method and the least cost method. In addition, a numerical example of the fuzzy transportation model (FTM) is shown.
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Sugianto, Welly, and Elva Susanti. "Optimasi OPTIMASI BIAYA TRANSPORTASI PADA UKM DI KOTA BATAM." Inaque : Journal of Industrial and Quality Engineering 9, no. 1 (2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/iqe.v9i1.4278.
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This research was conducted at UKM Jovelyn in Batam city. Jovelyn's UKM produces various kinds of cakes and is marketed in markets in Batam City. The UKM opened 4 branches and marketed its products to 7 markets in the city of Batam. Product distribution is still random and not properly regulated. This resulted in a very large transportation cost, up to 1/3 of the total production cost. This shows that product transportation is still not carried out effectively and efficiently. The transportation problem is converted into a mathematical form so that the problem can be solved by the transportation method. The transportation method aims to minimize the objective function which is a function of transportation costs. The transportation method is basically the same as the linear program where at each iteration a selection is made to enter the basic variabel and leave the basic variabel. There are several iteration methods, namely the northwest corner method, minimum cost method, genetic algorithm, Vogel's approximation method, minimum row method, Russell's approximation method and column minimum method. Previous research has shown that the Vogel's approximation method, and Russell's approximation method are more efficient and accurate. This study uses both methods and a sensitivity analysis is performed to optimize the calculation results. The sensitivity analysis aims to determine the extent to which the objective function constants and the constraint function constants can change
 Keywords: Transportation, Sensitivity, SME
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Chairat, Arief Suardi Nur, Ade Caswito, Lia Nur Octavia, Nur Shania Asnul, Annisa Fauziah, and Alisya Sulifianti Bahasoan. "Optimization of soybean distribution costs with the transportation method: a case in SME’s." Operations Excellence: Journal of Applied Industrial Engineering 16, no. 1 (2024): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/oe.2024.v16.i1.098.
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The distribution of soybean raw materials is not only related to aspects of quality and smooth production of tofu making but can also influence cost efficiency to increase competitiveness. In this situation, the number of soybeans shipped, transportation costs per unit, and the choice of transportation service used are transportation model issues. This research aims to determine the cheapest cost of sending soybean raw materials from four agent locations to three tofu factory locations with a choice of two transportation services that can be adopted. The case studied is a case of unbalanced transportation with supply greater than demand. The method used is the application of a transportation model, with the Northwest Corner method to determine the initial base solution and the Modified Distribution method to optimize distribution costs for soybean raw materials in the context of tofu production supply. Based on data processing, the results showed that the first and second transportation services offered services with a total shipping cost of IDR 691,750 and IDR 605,250. Observation of these differences leads to the conclusion that the second transportation service offers the most optimal value for money. The research results provide additional knowledge for tofu makers in optimizing costs and delivery routes for soybean raw materials, supporting production continuity, and increasing competitiveness in an ever-changing market.
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Alzahrani, Abdullah M. Y. "MITIGATION OF WASTE TRANSPORTATION COSTS IN TAIF PROVINCE, SAUDI ARABIA." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 37, no. 5 (2022): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2022.5.13.
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Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a critical issue in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Management of solid waste in crowded conditions, especially in main cities such as the Al-Taif Province. This paper deals with that case study and focuses on how to solve material handling problems by applying conventional methods and computer ability. One of the costliest operations in the civil sector is transportation for material handling. City mayors considered transportation and materials handling as a subclass of the linear programming technique, thus linear programming problems take into consideration that the main objective is to handle materials from the city centre site to the identified dumping area. There are many methods and tools used to solve the transportation problem (TP) to find out the maximum or minimum in order to reduce cost or maximize profit. The methods related to manual solutions and others used many different computer applications. Manual solutions include the northwest corner method, the minimum cost method, the row minimum cost method, the column minimum cost method, and Vogel's approximation method, and computer applications such as LINGO, Lingo, and solver function using Microsoft Excel. This case study focuses on applying the Microsoft Excel function to find the minimum cost of the transportation system in waste materials to reduce the transportation cost from the city centre to the final destination (dumping area) to be used. The results achieved with the model aided in obtaining optimal solutions and finally, the optimal solutions were checked.
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Ochoa-Beltrán, Angélica, Johanna Andrea Martínez-Villa, Peter G. Kennedy, Beatriz Salgado-Negret, and Alvaro Duque. "Plant Trait Assembly in Species-Rich Forests at Varying Elevations in the Northwest Andes of Colombia." Land 10, no. 10 (2021): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10101057.
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Andean forests are home to a strikingly high diversity of plants, making it difficult to understand the main drivers of species assembly. Trait-based approaches, however, help overcome some challenges associated with high taxonomic complexity, providing insights into the main drivers of species coexistence. Here, we evaluated the roles of climate, soil fertility, and symbiotic root associations on shaping the assembly of six plant functional traits (leaf area, specific leaf area, dry leaf matter content, leaf thickness, leaf toughness, and wood density) along an elevational gradient in the species-rich northwestern Andean forests of Colombia. The two main axes of the correspondence RLQ analysis explained 95.75% of the variability. The first axis was associated with the leaf economic spectrum, while the second axis with the tradeoff between growth and survival. Furthermore, the fourth corner method showed that both regional (climatic variables) and local factors (soil fertility, symbiotic root associations, and light distribution) played a key role in determining plant trait assembly. In summary, our study emphasizes the importance of considering both individual size and local factors to better understand drivers of plant trait assembly along environmental gradients.
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Sycheva, Naylya. "The source parameters of earthquakes of Bishkek geodynamic proving ground (Northern Tien Shan)." EPJ Web of Conferences 254 (2021): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125402016.
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Based on the method of polarity of signs of P-waves, the focal mechanisms of 1674 earthquakes with M ≥ 1.6, which occurred on the territory of the Bishkek geodynamic proving ground (BGPG) from 1994 to 2020, were determined. Some characteristics of the complete catalogue are presented. Quantitative distributions by the type of mechanisms and diagrams of azimuths of the main stress axes are constructed. A variety of focal mechanism of earthquake is observed, most of them are reverse fault, oblique reverse fault, and horizontal strike-slip fault. The compression axis for most of the events has a north-northwest direction and a sub-horizontal position. For 183, dynamic parameters (DP, source parameters) were obtained: spectral density Ω0, corner frequency f0, scalar seismic moment M0, source radius (Brune radius) r, and stress drop Δσ. The correlations between DP and energy characteristic (magnitude) and scalar seismic moment are investigated. The smallest correlation coefficient was obtained for stress drop.
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Nigro, Melissa A., and John J. Cassano. "Identification of Surface Wind Patterns over the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, Using Self-Organizing Maps." Monthly Weather Review 142, no. 7 (2014): 2361–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-13-00382.1.
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Abstract The interaction of synoptic and mesoscale circulations with the steep topography surrounding the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, greatly influences the wind patterns in the region of the Ross Ice Shelf. The topography provides forcing for features such as katabatic winds, barrier winds, and barrier wind corner jets. The combination of topographic forcing and synoptic and mesoscale forcing from cyclones that traverse the Ross Ice Shelf sector create a region of strong but varying winds. This paper identifies the dominant surface wind patterns over the Ross Ice Shelf using output from the Weather Research and Forecasting Model run within the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System and the method of self-organizing maps (SOM). The dataset has 15-km grid spacing and is the first study to identify the dominant surface wind patterns using data at this resolution. The analysis shows that the Ross Ice Shelf airstream, a dominant stream of air flowing northward from the interior of the continent over the western and/or central Ross Ice Shelf to the Ross Sea, is present over the Ross Ice Shelf approximately 34% of the time, the Ross Ice Shelf airstream varies in both its strength and position over the Ross Ice Shelf, and barrier wind corner jets are present in the region to the northwest of the Prince Olav Mountains approximately 14% of the time and approximately 41% of the time when the Ross Ice Shelf airstream is present.
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Xue, Hua, Min Du, Fanxiang Zeng, et al. "Acoustic Rapid Detection Technology and Its Application for Rare Earth Element (REE)-Rich Sediments in the Pigafetta Basin of the Western Pacific." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 8 (2024): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12081283.
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This study aims to investigate the stratigraphic features and rare earth element (REE) mechanisms of deep-sea REE-rich sediments in the West Pacific Pigafetta Basin using acoustic rapid detection technology. Through an analysis of sub-bottom profile data and synthesis of existing studies, this study reveals the acoustic properties and thickness distribution of the REE-rich sediments. Acoustic spectral records identify three distinct acoustic facies: opaque (O), transparent (T), and laminated (L). This study maps the thickness and spatial distribution of the REE-rich sediment layer in the research area, ranging from approximately 6 to 36 m in thickness. Regions with REE-rich sediments exceeding 30 m in depth are identified, showing concentrated distribution along the northwest–southeast axis and a contiguous zone in the southwest corner of the study area. The method employed in this study can determine the potential bottom boundary of the REE-rich layer by assessing the thickness range of the sedimentary layer, overcoming limitations of traditional sampling methods. Furthermore, the thickness distribution characteristics of the REE-rich sedimentary layer in the study area provide valuable insights for future research on resource evaluation and estimation.
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Xin Ying, Felicia Lim, and Suliadi Firdaus Sufahani. "Benchmarking Metaheuristic Algorithms Against Optimization Techniques for Transportation Problem in Supply Chain Management." Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi) 9, no. 3 (2025): 455–64. https://doi.org/10.29207/resti.v9i3.6513.
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The optimization of transportation problems plays a significant role in supply chain management (SCM), where minimizing costs and improving efficiency are mandatory. The transition from manual methods to advanced computational approaches, such as metaheuristic algorithms, enhances decision-making and consolidates operations within SCM. Malaysia's transportation system has been confronting crucial challenges, characterized by congested roadways, limited rail connectivity and inefficient port operations, which interfere with the fluidity of goods and supply chain efficiency. This highlights the critical need for optimization techniques to enhance competitiveness and efficiency in the evolving SCM landscape. The research aims to explore the application of metaheuristic algorithms, with the Modified Distribution (MODI) method as the benchmark while employing the NorthWest Corner Method (NWCM) to obtain an initial feasible solution, to evaluate their performance in optimizing transportation problems. Metaheuristic algorithms, specifically Simulated Annealing (SA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), are implemented to explore alternative near-optimal solutions and assess the performance in terms of cost accuracy and computational efficiency. The results indicate that SA achieves a deviation of 12.92% in cost accuracy compared to the optimal MODI method, making it suitable for scenarios where precision is critical, whereas PSO which is 296.92 seconds faster, is ideal for time-sensitive applications. Finally, this study encourages future studies to explore additional algorithms, external factors and broader applications for enhanced real-world relevance and scalability to accentuate the potential of metaheuristic algorithms.
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Fauzi, Septiana, and Abdul Fatah. "ANALISIS PENDISTRIBUSIAN AIR BERSIH MENGGUNAKAN METODE TRANSPORTASI DI IPA PURWAHARJA PERUMDAM TIRTA ANOM." Sistemik : Jurnal Ilmiah Nasional Bidang Ilmu Teknik 10, no. 2 (2022): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.53580/sistemik.v10i2.79.
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Kenaikan jumlah penduduk Kota Banjar ke depan dapat mempengaruhi kenaikan dari jumlah pelanggan air bersih di IPA Purwaharja Perundam Tirta Anom, sekaligus juga dapat meningkatkan konsumsi air bersih di Kota tersebut. Oleh karena itu diperlukan analisa terhadap jalur pendistribusian air bersih yang efektif agar semua pelanggan bisa terpenuhi kebutuhannya dengan biaya distribusi yang rendah. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode Transportasi. Pemecahan solusi awal menggunakan Northwest Corner Method, Least Cost Method, dan Vogel’s Approximation Method. Metode Vogel’s merupakan solusi awal terbaik dengan biaya yang rendah jika dibandingkan dengan solusi awal yang lain. Adapun untuk mencari solusi optimal menggunakan Stepping Stone. Hasil perhitungan yang diperoleh yakni total biaya operasional pendistribusian air bersih harian di IPA Purwaharja PERUMDAM Tirta Anom Kota Banjar adalah sebesar Rp.6.934.893, lebih kecil dari biaya operasional harian sebelumnya yaitu sebesar Rp.7.730.631. Jika dilihat dari jalur distribusinya, dihasilkan bahwa jalur pendistribusian air bersih yang efektif yang mampu mengurangi biaya operasional harian dapat dilakukan perubahan dari sebelumnya, dimana titik distribusi Intake 1, IPA WTP I, Tandon 2 dan Tandon 3 harus diistirahatkan terlebih dahulu untuk mengurangi kelebihan kapasitas produksi air dimana hal ini dapat membuat biaya operasional pendistribusian air bersih menjadi tinggi yang bersifat pemborosan. Selain itu kapasitas di Intake 5 dapat dikurangi untuk menyesuaikan dengan jumlah kebutuhan di setiap wilayah tujuan.
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Pires, A. C. B., and N. Harthill. "Statistical analysis of airborne gamma‐ray data for geologic mapping purposes: Crixas‐Itapaci area, Goias, Brazil." GEOPHYSICS 54, no. 10 (1989): 1326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442592.
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Q‐mode factor analysis, K‐means clustering, and G‐mode clustering were used on digitized gamma‐ray spectrometer data from an aerial survey of the Crixas‐Itapaci area, Goias, Brazil. The data points including seven variables—eU, eTh, K, total count, U/Th, U/K, and Th/K—were digitized for a 2 km square grid. For the northwest corner of the area the data were gridded at 1 km. The Q‐mode classification method supplied results that do not show a good correspondence with the known geology. The K‐means clustering procedure barely identified the main lithologic features of the area. The G‐mode technique produced results that correlate well with the known geology and identified the greenstone belts present in the area by discriminating their ultramafic and mafic components from adjacent felsic rocks. Statistical analysis of aerial gamma‐ray spectrometer data can be very helpful in mapping geologic units in poorly known areas. It can also be used for mineral exploration purposes if mineralization is known to be associated with lithologies that can be identified by the techniques used in this study.
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Bayu Setyawan, Erlangga, Nia Novitasari, and Aulia Dihas Zahira. "Development of Automatic Object Detection and IoT for Garbage Pickup Assignment Problem." JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization 8, no. 2 (2024): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.62527/joiv.8.2.2740.
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Waste management remains a challenge in certain cities, particularly in allocating fleets responsible for collecting garbage from temporary disposal sites. Inadequate planning can lead to the accumulation of substantial waste piles. This study aims to enhance truck assignment by considering truck capacity and the collection route. The assignment process incorporates the fundamental concept of the transportation problem, precisely the northwest corner method. The volume of waste transported aligns with the resident or industrial population within the designated service area. The waste generation capacity determines the future fleet and quantity, forming a crucial element of the ensuing distribution channel. A monitoring system integrating object detection and the Internet of Things (IoT) has been devised to ensure effective garbage collection. Cameras strategically positioned at temporary disposal sites transmit real-time images. The system evaluates garbage collection capacity through object detection facilitated by neural network training. The research outcomes demonstrate the system's capability to identify waste pile levels and validate the garbage pickup process by the designated fleet. Future research should focus on assignment and scheduling in waste transportation, enabling fleet allocation within specific timeframes. Additionally, an object detection algorithm refinement is necessary for more precise identification of waste pile locations.
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Lestari, Siti Lestari, Ardiansyah Ardiansyah, Angelina Puput Giovani, and Desy Dwijayanti. "A DIJKSTRA ALGORITHM IMPLEMENTATION IN DETERMINING SHORTEST ROUTE TO MOSQUE IN RESIDENTIAL CITRA INDAH CITY." Jurnal Pilar Nusa Mandiri 16, no. 1 (2020): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33480/pilar.v16i1.1199.
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The application of artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence) for problem-solving in the field of computer science has experienced rapid development from year to year as the development of artificial intelligence itself. Problems involving searching (searching) is one example of the use of artificial intelligence that is quite popular to solve various kinds of problems. In daily activities, the use of roads is always an unavoidable activity, so determining the shortest path from one point to another becomes a problem that is often encountered. This is also felt by residents who live in a large enough housing. Sometimes to be able to reach the destination they are often confused in deciding which way to go to get the shortest distance to the destination. Citra Indah City Housing is a residential area in the Jonggol District area, Bogor Regency, developed by the Ciputra group. Within the Vignolia Hill Cluster, there is a mosque located on the northwest corner of the Vignolia Hill cluster or at the western end of the AH.17 block. A large number of blocks raise problems regarding the shortest route that can be taken by residents to get to the mosque. So, the purpose of this research is to determine the shortest path taken by citizens to get to the mosque. The method used is to apply the Djikstra algorithm which is able to produce the shortest route for residents to get to the mosque.
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Murgani, Ramli. "Optimasi Biaya Pengiriman Buah Kelapa Sawit (Studi Kasus PT. Agro Muko)." Jurnal Optimasi Teknik Industri (JOTI) 1, no. 2 (2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/joti.v1i2.4775.
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<p>PT. Agro Muko adalah perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit dan melakukan pengiriman buah kelapa sawit dari perkebunan di tiga tempat yaitu Talang Petai Estate, Sei Kiang Estate, dan Tanah Rekah Estate. Dari ketiga lokasi ini akan melakukan pengiriman buah kelapa sawit ke beberapa pabrik yaitu, Muko-Muko, Bunga Tanjung, Air Bikuk, dan Air Hitam.Pengiriman buah kelapa sawit menggunakan alat transportasi darat berupa truk-truk terbuka dengan kapasitas pengiriman 7,5 ton. Frekuensi pengiriman menjadi hal yang penting perhitungan biaya transportasi dengan daya tampung pabrik yang terbatas. Biaya pengiriman akan disesuaikan dengan jumlah kapasitasnya dimana untuk pengiriman diatas kapasitas akan dihitung dan sisanya dihitung satu kali pengiriman sebagai biaya tambahan. Hasil perhitungan langsung biaya transportasi dari 3 kebun ke 4 pabrik adalah Rp.51.392.000,-Dengan metode <em>Northwest Corner</em> (NWC) diperoleh Rp.48.597.000,- dan solusi optimal <em>modified distribution method</em> (MODI)Rp.48.597.000,-.<em>Output</em> aplikasi POM 5 untuk sain manajemen oleh Taylor Rp.48.597.000,-pada modul <em>linear programming </em>dan<em> transportation</em>. Walaupun hasil optimal sama tetapi jalur distribusi berbeda. Berdasarkan perhitungan langsung dibandingkan optimisasi secara manual maupun dengan <em>output</em> program POM-5. terjadi penurunan biaya transportasi sebesar Rp.2.795.000,- atau 5,44% dan perusahaan memiliki alternatif jadwal pengiriman yang diinginkan.</p>
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Shen, S. S. P., H. Yin, K. Cannon, A. Howard, S. Chetner, and T. R. Karl. "Temporal and Spatial Changes of the Agroclimate in Alberta, Canada, from 1901 to 2002." Journal of Applied Meteorology 44, no. 7 (2005): 1090–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2251.1.
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Abstract This paper analyzes the long-term (1901–2002) temporal trends in the agroclimate of Alberta, Canada, and explores the spatial variations of the agroclimatic resources and the potential crop-growing area in Alberta. Nine agroclimatic parameters are investigated: May–August precipitation (PCPN), the start of growing season (SGS), the end of the growing season (EGS), the length of the growing season (LGS), the date of the last spring frost (LSF), the date of the first fall frost (FFF), the length of the frost-free period (FFP), growing degree-days (GDDs), and corn heat units (CHUs). The temporal trends in the agroclimatic parameters are analyzed by using linear regression. The significance tests of the trends are made by using Kendall’s tau method. The results support the following conclusions. 1) The Alberta PCPN has increased 14% from 1901 to 2002, and the increment is the largest in the north and the northwest of Alberta, then diminishes (or even becomes negative over two small areas) in central and southern Alberta, and finally becomes large again in the southeast corner of the province. 2) No significant long-term trends are found for the SGS, EGS, and LGS. 3) An earlier LSF, a later FFF, and a longer FFP are obvious all over the province. 4) The area with sufficient CHU for corn production, calculated according to the 1973–2002 normal, has extended to the north by about 200–300 km, when compared with the 1913–32 normal, and by about 50–100 km, when compared with the 1943–72 normal; this expansion implies that the potential exists to grow crops and raise livestock in more regions of Alberta than was possible in the past. The annual total precipitation follows a similar increasing trend to that of the May–August precipitation, and the percentile analysis of precipitation attributes the increase to low-intensity events. The changes of the agroclimatic parameters imply that Alberta agriculture has benefited from the last century’s climate change.
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Wang, Hongbing, Yuxi Wu, Xiaoming Wan, Lu Xia, and Si Wang. "Grain Size Characteristics of Surface Sediments and Their Migration Trends in the Nearshore Waters of East Guangdong." Sustainability 15, no. 14 (2023): 11069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151411069.
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By collecting surface sediment samples from 158 stations in the near-shore waters of eastern Guangdong, grain size analysis and grain size parameter calculations were performed to explore the characteristics and migration trends of surface sediments in the area. The analysis of the grain size results showed that the surface sediments in the nearshore waters of east Guangdong could be classified into nine sediment types, mainly including seven types of gravel sand ((g)S), gravel muddy sand ((g)mS), gravelly mud ((g)M), sand (S), silty sand (zS), sandy silt (sZ) and silt (Z). The relative percentages of gravel, sand, silt and mud were 0.7%, 40.56%, 46.7% and 12.04%, respectively. The average grain size varied from −2φ to 8φ, with an average of 4.94φ. The selection coefficient ranged from 0.44 to 3.78, with an average value of 1.8. The skewness distribution ranged from −0.34 to 0.67, with an average value of 0.07. By extracting and analyzing the spatial distribution information of grain size in the study area, using the Gao–Collins migration trend analysis method and incorporating dynamic factors such as tidal currents and waves, the transport direction and trend of surface sediments in the study area could be analyzed and inferred. The results show that the surface sediment migration trend was significant, migration on the north side of Nan’ao Island was in an east-to-west direction, and the sediment of Yifeng River was mainly deposited to the sand spout at the mouth of Lianyang River. After southward transport from the Houjiang waterway, the migration was mainly southeastward and the trend was quite significant until the 20 m isobath, where the trend gradually decreased. The sediments of the Rongjiang River were mainly deposited outside the mouth of Niutian Yang and Rongjiang River, and the surface sediments of Guang’ao Bay and Haimen Bay migrated in the northwest–southeast direction. After the 30 m isobath, the southeast corner of the study area migrated in the southeast–south direction. This sediment transport pattern revealed by the grain size migration trend is in good agreement with the physical and hydrodynamic conditions of the study area and provides an important reference for decisions regarding port dredging and waterway management in the area.
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Han, Jianwen, Mingyue Wang, Nan Wang, Jiawen Wang, Jie Peng, and Chunhui Feng. "Research on Cotton Field Irrigation Amount Calculation Based on Electromagnetic Induction Technology." Remote Sensing 15, no. 8 (2023): 1975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15081975.
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The rapid and efficient acquisition of field-scale farmland soil profile moisture-distribution information is very important for achieving precise irrigation and the adjustment and deployment of irrigation strategies in farmland. EM38-MK2 is a portable, non-invasive device that induces electric currents in soil to generate secondary magnetic fields for the rapid measurement of apparent electrical conductivity in the field. In this study, cotton fields were used as experimental objects to obtain soil apparent conductivity data for three periods, which were combined with soil-moisture content data collected simultaneously from soil samples and measured in the laboratory to construct an apparent soil-profile moisture regression model. A simple kriging interpolation method was used to map the distribution of the irrigation volume in the field, considering only the highest irrigation volume in the field as the maximum water-holding capacity in the field. The results showed that EM38 could accurately detect the spatial variation of soil moisture in the field. The R2 of the linear fit between measured and predicted soil-water content ranged from 0.51 to 0.89; the RMSE ranged from 0.66 to 1.87; and the R2 and RPD of each soil-layer water content model of the single-period model were higher than those of the full-period model. By plotting the distribution of field irrigation, it could be seen that by comparing the predicted field irrigation with the actual irrigation, at least 160 m3 ha−1 of irrigation could be saved in all three periods at an irrigation depth of 40 cm, which is about 30% of the actual irrigation; at an irrigation depth of 60 cm, about 30% and 15% of irrigation could be reduced in July and August, respectively. There are three areas in the study area with high fixed-irrigation volumes located in the northwest corner, near 500 m in the northern half of the study area and 750 m east of the southern half of the study area. The results of this study proved that the use of EM38-MK2 to monitor and evaluate the soil-moisture content of the farmland at different periods can, to a certain extent, guide the irrigation amount needed to achieve efficient and precise irrigation in the field.
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Cahyadi, Lina. "MODEL MATEMATIKA UNTUK MASALAH TRANSPORTASI LEBIH DARI SATU PRODUK [MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS INVOLVING MORE THAN ONE PRODUCT]." FaST - Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi (Journal of Science and Technology) 6, no. 2 (2022): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/jstfast.v6i2.5340.
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<p><em>Distribution companies need to plan efficient shipments to avoid incurring large shipping costs. Therefore, a company that addresses transportation problems by choosing the right distribution pattern can obtain optimal distribution costs. The transportation problem model is applied to allocate the same product to the destination places. In the problem of distributing more than one product, the transportation problem model is modified so that it can be used to optimize shipping costs. This study aimed to optimize distribution costs using a modified transportation problem model. The data obtained from the "Sejahtera" store included data on distribution costs, supply from sources, and requests from each store. The analysis was carried out by forecasting the demand for products processed by a time series process to assist companies in estimating the amount of demand for each product in the future. Then, optimization was carried out by testing the modified model for the transportation problem of more than one product under three conditions. Optimization of distribution costs was carried out by finding a feasible initial solution using the northwest corner method, the minimum cost method, and the modified Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM) approximation method, followed by determining the optimum solution using the stepping-stone method and the Modified Distribution Method (MODI). Based on the research conducted, the three conditions were tested using a modified transportation problem model for more than one product resulting in optimum shipping costs.</em><strong><em></em></strong></p><p><strong>Bahasa Indonesia Abstract:</strong></p><p>Perusahaan distibusi perlu merencanakan pengiriman yang efisien agar tidak mengeluarkan biaya pengiriman yang besar dengan meminimalkan biaya pengiriman. Oleh karena itu, perusahaan menerapkan masalah transportasi dalam memilih pola distribusi yang tepat untuk memperoleh biaya distribusi yangoptimal. Masalah transportasi diterapkan untuk mengalokasikan produk yang sama ke tempat-tempat tujuan. Dalam permasalahan pendistribusian lebih dari satu produk, model masalah transportasi dimodifikasi sehingga dapat digunakan untuk mengoptimalkan biaya pengiriman. Data diperoleh dari toko Sejahtera meliputi data biaya distribusi, persediaan dari sumber dan permintaan setiap toko yang bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan biaya distribusi menggunakan model masalah transportasi yang dimodifikasi. Analisis dilakukan dengan meramalkan permintaan produk yang diolah dengan proses time series untuk membantu perusahaan dalam memperkirakan jumlah permintaan masing-masing produk untuk waktu yang akan datang. Kemudian melakukan optimasi dengan menguji model yang sudah dimodifikasi untuk masalah transportasi lebih dari satu produk dalam tiga kondisi. Optimasi biaya distribusi dilakukan dengan mencari pemecahan awal yang layak menggunakan metode sudut barat laut, metode biaya minimum dan metode aproksimasi <em>Vogel’s Approximation Method</em> (VAM) yang dimodifikasi dilanjutkan dengan menentukan solusi optimum menggunakan metode batu loncatan (<em>stepping-stone</em>) dan <em>Modified Distribution Method</em> (MODI) yang dimodifikasi. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan, ketiga kondisi yang diuji menggunakan model masalah transportasi yang dimodifikasi untuk lebih dari satu produk menghasilkan biaya pengiriman yang optimum.</p>
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Szkutnik-Rogoż, Joanna, Jarosław Ziółkowski, Jerzy Małachowski, and Mateusz Oszczypała. "Mathematical Programming and Solution Approaches for Transportation Optimisation in Supply Network." Energies 14, no. 21 (2021): 7010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217010.
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The problem of transport is a special type of mathematical programming designed to search for the optimal distribution network, taking into account the set of suppliers and the set of recipients. This article proposes an innovative approach to solving the transportation problem and devises source codes in GNU Octave (version 3.4.3) to avoid the necessity of carrying out enormous calculations in traditional methods and to minimize transportation costs, fuel consumption, and CO2 emission. The paper presents a numerical example of a solution to the transportation problem using: the northwest corner, the least cost in the matrix, the row minimum, and Vogel’s Approximation Methods (VAM). The joint use of mathematical programming and optimization was applicable to real conditions. The transport was carried out with medium load trucks. Both suppliers and recipients of materials were located geographically within the territory of the Republic of Poland. The presented model was supported by a numerical example with interpretation and visualization of the obtained results. The implementation of the proposed solution enables the user to develop an optimal transport plan for individually defined criteria.
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Peng, B., X. Xiao, B. Zhao, and H. Li. "APPLICATION OF DIGITAL TWINS IN HIGH PRECISION GEOLOGICAL HAZARD SURVEY AND PREVENTION IN BEIJING." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-3/W1-2022 (October 27, 2022): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-3-w1-2022-39-2022.
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Abstract. Beijing is located in the northwest corner of the North China Plain, with a total area of 16410 km2, of which mountainous area accounts for about 61.3 % of the total area. Due to the complex geological and geomorphological conditions, the development of fault structures, the spatial-temporal uneven distribution of rainfall and the influence of human engineering activities, there are many sudden geological hazards in Beijing, such as collapse, landslide, debris flow and mining collapse. As is known, Beijing is one of the capital cities with most developed sudden geological hazard in the world. With the continuous development of economy and tourism in mountainous and shallow mountain valleys and the further enhancement of human activities, the threat of sudden geological hazard to Beijing's social and economic development will continue to exist. This paper explores the application of digital twin technology in the survey and prevention of geological hazard in Beijing, mainly using tilt aerial photogrammetry, 3D model production, remote sensing interpretation, ground analysis, database management and other methods to carry out high precision survey, mapping and investigation research. Furthermore, we analyze the relevant features of geological hazard hidden danger points, deeply study their dangers, and establish a two-dimensional and three-dimensional information management system for geological hazard in Beijing's mountainous areas. It is proved that the information management system can effectively improve the management and prevention of geological hazard.
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Obroślak, Radomir, and Oleksandr Dorozhynskyy. "Selection of a semivariogram model in the study of spatial distribution of soil moisture." Journal of Water and Land Development 35, no. 1 (2017): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0080.
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AbstractThe paper presents a selection of a semivariogram model in the study of spatial variability of soil moisture in a loess agricultural catchment. Soil moisture tests were carried out in the Moszenki village, 15 km northwest of Lublin. Soil moisture measurements were performed at two dates at 104 points, located on a rectangular surface measuring 700 × 1200 m. These points were laid out in the corners of a grid of squares with sides 100 m. In addition, 6 measurements were made at a distance of less than 100 m from the nearest points. Soil moisture was measured in the soil surface (0–5 cm). ArcGis software with Geostatistical Analyst extension was used for modelling semivariograms. In both terms, five models of semivariograms were used: stable, circular, spherical, exponential and Gaussian. Kriging was used for the estimation of soil moisture values. Among the semivariogram models analyzed in this study, the largest errors in the determined values of soil moisture relative to the empirical data were observed for the exponential model, and the smallest for the Gaussian model. However, it should be emphasized that the values of the analysed errors for the individual semivariogram models were similar. Application of the ordinary kriging method for interpolation of spatial distribution of soil moisture yields good results, but it has to be kept in mind that the final shape of the spatial distribution is influenced by the choice of the semivariance function model.
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Pereira, Paulo, Marc Oliva, and Edita Baltrėnaitė. "MODELLING EXTREME PRECIPITATION IN HAZARDOUS MOUNTAINOUS AREAS. CONTRIBUTION TO LANDSCAPE PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 18, no. 4 (2010): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2010.38.
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Extreme precipitation episodes are very common in Mediterranean area and can lead to serious and catastrophic environmental hazards. They have special incidence during autumn months, September, October and November (SON) with important impacts on society, leading frequently to significant economic losses and mortality. These events have special impact in mountainous areas where steep slopes enhance the effects of extreme precipitation. In mountainous areas rain gauge stations are sparse and normally in lower amount. Due to these reasons it is very important to map with higher accuracy the distribution of extreme precipitation. Also, in mountainous environments precipitation patterns can change in small distances that make the prediction more difficult, but also more important. A better prediction of areas with higher values of extreme precipitation will contribute to a better land use planning and avoid the effects of flash floods, land‐slides and soil erosion recognized as environmental problems. The aim of this paper is testing several well‐known interpolation methods, Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) with weighs of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, Local Polynomial (LP) with order 1 and 2, Radial Basis Methods (RBS), particularly Spline With Tension (SPT) and Thin Plate Spline (TPS), and Kriging techniques, Ordinary Kriging (OK) and Ordinary CoKriging (COK) in order to identify the less‐biased method to interpolate extreme precipitation calculated from the 95th percentile (P95) of SON precipitation in a mountainous area located in Portugal. The results show that extreme precipitation increases with the altitude and there are important differences between stations located at higher and lower altitudes. This relation is observed in the omni‐directional semi‐variograms calculated where we identified two major P95 areas coincident with higher elevations. The first one occurred at 12.19 km and the second at 23.57 km. The higher values of P95 are identified at Southeast and Northeast. In contrast, the lower P95 values are identified at Northwest due to lower altitudes and in the Northeast corner as a consequence of rain shadow effect. Prediction with precision of precipitation patterns in mountainous areas is difficult due to lack of data and the complex effect of topography in rainfall, however, it is of major importance in order to identify vulnerable areas. The findings observed in this study are a fundamental contribution to landscape planning and environmental management in areas with higher occurrence and vulnerability to extreme precipitation. Santrauka Gausūs krituliai, ypač būdingi Viduržemio jūros regionui, gali kelti rimtu pavoju aplinkai, lemti katastrofas. Krituliu poveikio zona ypač išsiplečia rudens laikotarpiu, t. y. rugsejo, spalio ir lapkričio (RSL) menesiais, neretai patiriama dideliu ekonominiu nuostoliu, žūsta ar kitaip nukenčia žmones. Statūs kalnu šlaitai sustiprina gausiu krituliu poveiki. Kalnuotose vietovese krituliu kiekio stebejimo stočiu nedaug, jos toli viena nuo kitos, todel labai aktualu tureti žemelapius, tiksliai nusakančius gausiu krituliu pasiskirstyma. Kalnuotose vietovese krituliu pobūdis skirtingu atstumu gali būti skirtingas, krituliu kieki numatyti sunkiau, tačiau tai itin svarbu. Tiksliau numatant vietoves, kur iškrinta daugiau krituliu, galima tikslingiau planuoti žemetvarka, išvengti staigiu potvyniu, nuošliaužu ir dirvožemio erozijos. Tyrimo tikslas buvo patikrinti kelis gerai žinomus interpoliacijos metodus – Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) su 1–5 svertinemis vertemis, Local Polynomial (LP), Radial Basis (RBS), ypač Spline With Tension (SPT), Thin Plate Spline (TPS), – bei Kriging technikas ir Ordinary Kriging (OK) bei Ordinary CoKriging (COK) metodus, siekiant parinkti tiksliausia, kuris leistu interpoliuoti gausius (95 %) kritulius RSL menesiais kalnuotoje Portugalijos teritorijoje. Nustatyta, kad krituliu kiekis dideja didejant altitudei. Reikšmingi krituliu skirtumai nustatyti stotyse, esančiose skirtinguose aukščiuose virš jūros lygio. Šis santykis pastebetas visomis kryptimis apskaičiuotose pusinese variogramose. Jose išsiskiria dvi teritorijos, kuriu P95 vertes didžiausios, ir akivaizdi sasaja su didelemis altitudemis. Pirmoji teritorija 12,19 km, o antroji 23,57 km aukštyje. Didžiausios P95 vertes pietryčiu ir šiaures rytu kryptimis, mažiausios – šiaures vakaru kryptimi, kur altitudes mažos, ir šiaures rytu teritorijos kampe del lietaus “šešelio” efekto. Tiksliai numatyti krituliu pobūdi kalnuotose teritori‐jose apsunkina duomenu trūkumas ir sudetinga topografijos itaka krituliams. Rezultatai ypač parankūs planuojant ir val‐dant dažniems ir gausiems krituliams jautrias teritorijas. Резюме Обильные осадки, особенно характерные для Средиземноморского региона, могут быть опасными для окружающей среды. Зона влияния осадков особенно увеличивается в осенний период – сентябре, октябре и ноябре. Осадки зачастую вызывают большие экономические убытки, гибнут или страдают люди. Влияние обильных осадков усиливают крутые горные склоны. В горных местностях станций наблюдения за количеством осадков немного и расположены они далеко друг от друга, поэтому необходимы карты, на которых было бы точно указано распределение обильных осадков. Характер осадков в горных местностях в зависимости от удаленности может значительно различаться, предвидеть количество осадков чрезвычайно сложно, однако это жизненно необходимо. Зная местности, на которых ожидается большее количество осадков, можно точнее планировать землеустройство, избежать внезапных наводнений, оползней и эрозии почв. Целью исследования было проверить несколько хорошо известных методов интерполяции – Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) с 1–5 значениями весомостей, Local Polynomial (LP), Radial Basis (RBS), особенно Spline With Tension (SPT), Thin Plate Spline (TPS), а также технику Kriging, методы Ordinary Kriging (OK) и Ordinary CoKriging (COK) с целью выявить наиболее точный, с помощью которого можно было бы интерполировать обильные (95%) осенние осадки в горных местностях Португалии. Установлено, что количество осадков увеличивается с увеличением амплитуды. Значительная разница в количестве осадков выявлена на станциях, находящихся на разной высоте от уровня моря. Это соотношение замечено на всех направлениях рассчитанных полувариограмм. На них выделяются две территории, на которых значения P95 наиболее велики и очевидна связь с большими амплитудами. Первая территория находится на высоте 12,19 км, вторая – 23,57 км. Наибольшие значения P95 отмечены в юго-восточном и северо-восточном, наименьшие – северо-западном направлениях, где амплитуды малы, и в углу северо-восточной территории из-за эффекта «тени» дождя. Точнее предвидеть характер осадков в горных местностях представляется затруднительным из-за недостатка данных и сложного влияния на осадки топографии. Результаты исследования окажутся особенно полезными при планировании и управлении территориями, подвергаемыми частым и обильным осадкам.
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Steidl, Jamison H., Ralph J. Archuleta, and Stephen H. Hartzell. "Rupture history of the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 81, no. 5 (1991): 1573–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0810051573.
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Abstract Strong motion records of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake are inverted to determine a model of the rupture history. Uncorrected horizontal and vertical accelerograms are integrated to particle velocity time histories for 38 stations within an epicentral range of 75 km. The time histories are bandpassed filtered with corners at 0.05 and 1.0 Hz. These bandpassed time histories are inverted using a nonlinear method to solve for the distribution of slip amplitudes and rupture times at specified locations on the fault plane. The fault plane is specified a priori: 38 km long and 17 km wide, extending from 3 to 19 km depth at a constant dip of 70°. Starting models have rupture times based on constant rupture velocities of 2.5, 2.8, and 3.0 km/sec and uniform slip with rise times of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 3.0 sec. The waveform inversion results show the strike-slip displacement is concentrated at the southern end of the rupture (rake = 156°) and the dip-slip displacement is concentrated at the northern end of the rupture (rake = 115°). The average total slip is partitioned almost equally between strike slip and dip slip (rake = 137°). The hypocentral area has an unusually small amount of slip with almost no slip in a region just to the north and up dip from the hypocenter. The rupture front is complex, propagating up dip to the south faster than it propagates to the north. The region of maximum strike slip to the southeast radiates simultaneously with the region of maximum dip slip to the northwest. The average rupture velocity is 3.0 km/sec, approximately 0.83 times the local shear wave speed. The calculated seismic moment is 3.5 ± 0.5 × 1026 dyne-cm.
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Cowley, R., and G. W. O'Brien. "IDENTIFICATION AND INTERPRETATION OF LEAKING HYDROCARBONS USING SEISMIC DATA:A COMPARATIVE MONTAGE OF EXAMPLES FROM THE MAJOR FIELDS IN AUSTRALIA'S NORTHWEST SHELF AND GIPPSLAND BASIN." APPEA Journal 40, no. 1 (2000): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj99008.
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An extensive volume of 3D seismic data over a number of oil and gas fields in Australia's North West Shelf and Gippsland Basin has been examined for evidence of the effects of hydrocarbon migration and/or leakage. For comparative purposes, 2D and 3D data have also been studied over a number of adjacent traps, including dry traps and partially to completely breached accumulations. Fields and traps investigated include Bayu-Undan, Jabiru, Skua, Swift and Tahbilk in the Bonaparte Basin, Cornea in the Browse Basin, North Rankin, Chinook, Macedon, Enfield and Zeewulf in the Carnarvon Basin, and Kingfish in the Gippsland Basin. The principal goal of the study is to provide representative case studies from known fields so that, in undrilled regions, the exploration uncertainties associated with the issues of hydrocarbon charge and trap integrity might be reduced.Direct indicators of hydrocarbon migration and/or leakage are relatively rare throughout the basins studied, though the discoveries themselves characteristically show seismic anomalies attributable to hydrocarbon leakage. The nature and intensity of these hydrocarbon-related seismic effects do, however, vary dramatically between the fields. Over traps such as Skua, Swift, Tahbilk and Macedon, they are intense, whereas over others, for example Chinook and North Rankin, they are quite subtle. Hydrocarbon-related diagenetic zones (HRDZs), which had been identified previously above the reservoir zones of leaky traps within the Bonaparte Basin, have also been recognised within the Browse, Carnarvon, Otway and Gippsland Basins. HRDZs are the most common leakage indicators found and are identified easily via a combination of high seismic amplitudes through the affected zone, time pull-up and degraded stack response of underlying reflectors. In some cases (the Skua and Macedon Fields), the HRDZs actually define the extent of the accumulations at depth.Anomalous, subtle to strong, seismic amplitude anomalies are associated with the majority of the major fields within the Carnarvon Basin. The strength and location of the anomalies are related to a complex interplay between trap type (in particular four-way dip-closed versus fault dependent), top seal capacity, fault seal integrity, and charge history. In some areas within the Carnarvon, Browse and Bonaparte Basins, shallow amplitude anomalies can be related directly to gas chimneys emanating from the reservoir zone itself. In other instances, the continuous migration of gas from the reservoir has produced an assortment of pockmarks, mounds and amplitude anomalies on the present day sea floor, which all provide evidence of hydrocarbon seepage. In the Browse Basin, strong evidence has been found that many of the modern carbonate banks and reefs in the region were initially located over hydrocarbon seeps on the palaeo-seafloor.The examples and processes presented demonstrate that the analysis of hydrocarbon leakage indicators on seismic data can help to better understand exploration risk and locate subtle hydrocarbon accumulations. In mature exploration provinces, this methodology may lead to the identification of subtle accumulations previously left undetected by more conventional methods. In frontier regions, it can help to identify the presence of a viable petroleum system, typically the principal exploration uncertainty in undrilled regions.
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Atah, Formbui Paul, Njunda Anna Longdoh, Benjamin Pokam Thumamo, and Jane Francis Akoachere. "Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Among Adult Malaria Patients Co-Infected with Opportunistic Intestinal Coccidian Parasites in Fundong Health District, Northwest, Cameroon: A Cross Section Study Design." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 1, no. 4 (2023): 1121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(4).105.
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Introduction: Malaria and intestinal coccidian parasitic co-infections, are becoming a public health emergency affecting millions of people around the world. They are among the leading cause of socio-economic problems, long suffering and death especially in developing countries like Cameroon. Introducing new appropriate preventive and control measures to the population requires thorough assessment of community and patient-based knowledge, attitude and preventive practices towards malaria and pathogenic intestinal coccidian parasites is crucial. Our study aimed to describe knowledge, attitudes, and practices and the risk factors among adult malaria patients co-infected with intestinal parasitic infections in the Fundong Health District, a locality in the Northwest Region of Cameroon. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out between February and December, 2022 involving sixteen (16) health facilities in Fundong Health district. A total number of 330 patients participated in the study. Normal saline wet mount and formol-ether concentration techniques were employed in coccidian parasitic detection. Blood samples were subjected to Giemsa stained and viewed microscopically to detect the Plasmodium parasites. Pretested structured questionnaires were administered to collect information on patient’s socio-demographic factors and determine patients’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards malaria and intestinal coccidian parasites, as well as their prevention and control. The Pearson’s Chi-Square (χ2) and Student T-test were performed a part of the statistical analysis to check for associations between malaria, infection and between malaria-coccidian co-infection and demographic factors. Statistical significance was set a P-value<0.05. Results: Participants main sources of information on malaria were: Television (TV) and radio 111/330 (34%), community health workers 109/330 (33%), and Hospitals (37%). Participants had good knowledge of mosquito bite as the malaria transmission route, 296/330 (90%), night time is the frequent biting time for the mosquito 296/330(90%), dark corners 229 (69%) and dirty areas 175(53%) as mosquito resting places. Knowledge score was also good on cleaning of the house surroundings, 281/330(85%), clearing the bushes 180/330(55%), poor knowledge score on drainage of stagnant water113/330 (34%) as ways to prevent the mosquito from multiplying. Participants had good knowledge of insecticide treated bed nets 295/330 (89%) as the best way to prevent mosquito bites. However, participants also expressed poor knowledge on edges of the river or streams 7(20%), and animal shed 20/330 (6%) as mosquito hiding places, and Plasmodium specie as malaria causative agent 8/330 (2%) (P-value=0.011). Poor scores were recorded on knowledge of opportunistic intestinal coccidian parasites (19.4%) (P=0.427), and was significantly low on unsafe water (47.2%) (P-value=0.036) as possible transmission routes for coccidian parasites. The knowledge score was also low on the at-risk population for malaria and intestinal coccidian infection (31.9%) P-value=0.009. Participants who had poor knowledge about coccidian transmission routes were less likely to drink from protected water source with an odds of 0.713(95% CI: 0.297-1.711) P value=0.449, compared to those who were more knowledgeable and who were 2.981(95% CI: 1.367-6.115) P value=0.005, more likely to use protected source of drinking water. Participants who had hand washing facility in the household were 3.488 (1.760-6.912) value=0.001 times more likely have better knowledge of coccidian transmission routes compared to those who did not have 0.748 (95% CI: 0.406-1.376) P value=0.350. Poor knowledge score of poor hygiene as major cause of coccidian infection significantly associated with poor practice score of sometime or not at all disinfecting animal shed to prevent coccidian infection among study participants (P =0.039). Conclusion: The overall knowledge scores, attitude and practices level of participants towards malaria and opportunistic intestinal coccidian parasites were relatively good. A significant proportion of the participants still have misconceptions about cause, modes of transmission and practices towards malaria and coccidian prevention methods. A combined health education programmes for malaria and intestinal coccidian parasites aimed at raising community awareness needs to be evidence based and requires innovative approaches, to address the gaps identified in the study.
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Formbui, Paul Atah, Anna Longdoh Njunda, Pokam Thumamo Benjamin, and Francis Akoachere Jane. "Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Among Adult Malaria Patients Co-Infected with Opportunistic Intestinal Coccidian Parasites in Fundong Health District, Northwest, Cameroon: A Cross Section Study Design." European Jornal of Theoretical and Sciences 1, no. 4 (2023): 1121–40. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(4).105.
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Introduction: Malaria and intestinal coccidian parasitic co-infections, are becoming a public health emergency affecting millions of people around the world. They are among the leading cause of socio-economic problems, long suffering and death especially in developing countries like Cameroon. Introducing new appropriate preventive and control measures to the population requires thorough assessment of community and patient-based knowledge, attitude and preventive practices towards malaria and pathogenic intestinal coccidian parasites is crucial. Our study aimed to describe knowledge, attitudes, and practices and the risk factors among adult malaria patients co-infected with intestinal parasitic infections in the Fundong Health District, a locality in the Northwest Region of Cameroon. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out between February and December, 2022 involving sixteen (16) health facilities in Fundong Health district. A total number of 330 patients participated in the study. Normal saline wet mount and formol-ether concentration techniques were employed in coccidian parasitic detection. Blood samples were subjected to Giemsa stained and viewed microscopically to detect the Plasmodium parasites. Pretested structured questionnaires were administered to collect information on patient’s socio-demographic factors and determine patients’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards malaria and intestinal coccidian parasites, as well as their prevention and control. The Pearson’s Chi-Square (χ2) and Student T-test were performed a part of the statistical analysis to check for associations between malaria, infection and between malaria-coccidian co-infection and demographic factors. Statistical significance was set a P-value<0.05. Results: Participants main sources of information on malaria were: Television (TV) and radio 111/330 (34%), community health workers 109/330 (33%), and Hospitals (37%). Participants had good knowledge of mosquito bite as the malaria transmission route, 296/330 (90%), night time is the frequent biting time for the mosquito 296/330(90%), dark corners 229 (69%) and dirty areas 175(53%) as mosquito resting places. Knowledge score was also good on cleaning of the house surroundings, 281/330(85%), clearing the bushes 180/330(55%), poor knowledge score on drainage of stagnant water113/330 (34%) as ways to prevent the mosquito from multiplying. Participants had good knowledge of insecticide treated bed nets 295/330 (89%) as the best way to prevent mosquito bites. However, participants also expressed poor knowledge on edges of the river or streams 7(20%), and animal shed 20/330 (6%) as mosquito hiding places, and Plasmodium specie as malaria causative agent 8/330 (2%) (P-value=0.011). Poor scores were recorded on knowledge of opportunistic intestinal coccidian parasites (19.4%) (P=0.427), and was significantly low on unsafe water (47.2%) (P-value=0.036) as possible transmission routes for coccidian parasites. The knowledge score was also low on the at-risk population for malaria and intestinal coccidian infection (31.9%) P-value=0.009. Participants who had poor knowledge about coccidian transmission routes were less likely to drink from protected water source with an odds of 0.713(95% CI: 0.297-1.711) P value=0.449, compared to those who were more knowledgeable and who were 2.981(95% CI: 1.367-6.115) P value=0.005, more likely to use protected source of drinking water. Participants who had hand washing facility in the household were 3.488 (1.760-6.912) value=0.001 times more likely have better knowledge of coccidian transmission routes compared to those who did not have 0.748 (95% CI: 0.406-1.376) P value=0.350. Poor knowledge score of poor hygiene as major cause of coccidian infection significantly associated with poor practice score of sometime or not at all disinfecting animal shed to prevent coccidian infection among study participants (P =0.039). Conclusion: The overall knowledge scores, attitude and practices level of participants towards malaria and opportunistic intestinal coccidian parasites were relatively good. A significant proportion of the participants still have misconceptions about cause, modes of transmission and practices towards malaria and coccidian prevention methods. A combined health education programmes for malaria and intestinal coccidian parasites aimed at raising community awareness needs to be evidence based and requires innovative approaches, to address the gaps identified in the study.
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Fatemy, S., E. Abootorabi, N. Ebrahimi, and F. Aghabeigi. "First Report of Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei Infecting Canola and Weeds in Iran." Plant Disease 90, no. 12 (2006): 1555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-1555b.
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Cultivation of canola (Brassica napus L.) is relatively new in Iran. Because nearly 90% of Iran's edible oil is imported, farmers are subsidized and encouraged to grow this crop. Except for the sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, to which susceptibility of some canola cultivars has been established (1), information on other nematode pests of canola is lacking. During a survey from April—May 2002 and repeated in 2003, soil and root samples of winter canola and weeds were collected at harvest of canola from research stations and farmers' fields in the south, west, and northwest of Tehran Province. Each sample was a composite of 25 roots and 2 kg of soil per hectare, collected from the rhizosphere of canola with a 2.5-cm-diameter soil corer. Samples were put in plastic bags and kept at 5°C until they were processed, within 2 weeks from sampling. Samples were sieved through a 0.840-cm aperture sieveand mixed thoroughly. Nematodes were extracted from subsamples of 5 g of roots and 250 g of soil with a modification of the sugar centrifugal flotation method (2), counted, and identified. Two species of root lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei, were found. When they were present in the same field, they occurred in the roots of both Regents × Cobra and Orient cultivars. Averages of 28 and 321 P. thornei per gram were found in the roots of cvs. Regents × Cobra and Orient, respectively. Averages of 30, 1,026, 626, and 450 P. neglectus per gram of roots of cvs. Regents × Cobra, Orient, Ocapi, and GLSIO were detected, respectively, in different fields. Heavily infected plants were stunted and had roots with dark lesions, a symptom typical of the attacks by these nematodes. Generally, greater nematode densities were in the roots than in the soil and both nematode species were more abundant in cooler than in warmer areas of the province. Since these nematodes are also severe pests of wheat, which is also grown in the province, they could pose a potential threat to both crops. Weeds that were present in the sampled fields belonged to the botanical families Scrophulariaceae, Gramineae, Euphorbiaceae, Crucifereae, and Compositeae. Between 22 and 1,500 P. thornei and 17 P. neglectus per gram of roots of Crucifereae and 280 P. thornei per gram of roots of Gramineae were found. To our knowledge, this is the first report of lesion nematodes infecting canola plants in Iran. References: (1) S. Fatemy and E. Abootorabi. Nematol. Mediterr. 30:163, 2002. (2) W. R. Jenkins. Plant Dis. Rep. 48:692, 1964.
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Gutierrez, Dubert, Vinodh Kumar, Robert G. Moore, and Sudarshan A. Mehta. "Air Injection and Waterflood Performance Comparison of Two Adjacent Units in the Buffalo Field." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 11, no. 05 (2008): 848–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/104479-pa.
Full textAbstract:
Summary Buffalo field covers a large area on the southwestern flank of the Williston basin, in the northwest corner of South Dakota. In 1987, 8,000 acres of the field were divided into two units to initiate improved-oil-recovery (IOR) operations with two different methods: air injection and waterflooding. After collecting 19 years of production history, a technical and economic comparison has been made between the two projects to determine the relative success of both units. The technical performance was evaluated in terms of incremental oil recovery, ultimate recovery, and incremental recovery per volumes of fluid injected. Ultimate primary recovery was estimated using conventional decline-curve analysis on individual wells. Ultimate recovery was estimated by extrapolation of the current performance of the units, assuming the same actual development scheme and operating strategies. The economic comparison was performed in terms of net present value, incremental rate of return, and payout time. A sensitivity analysis on some of the key drivers of the project economics--specifically, oil price, operating cost, and capital investment--was also performed. Throughout the years, the west Buffalo Red River unit (WBRRU) under high-pressure air injection (HPAI) has technically outperformed its "twin," west Buffalo "B" Red River unit (WBBRRU), which is under waterflooding. Nevertheless, the waterflood project has shown greater economic benefit, which results primarily from the low oil prices (less than USD 20/bbl) experienced during most of their operating lives. This case study shows that for an air-injection project to be successful not only technically but also economically, a sufficiently high oil price (i.e., greater than USD 25/bbl) is needed, mainly because of the high operating costs and capital investment. Introduction Producing from thin, low-permeability oil reservoirs can be a very challenging issue, particularly when an efficient driving mechanism is lacking originally. Rapid depressurization makes primary production a very inefficient process; and low capacities limit the injectivities for potential IOR operations. This challenge was faced by several operators in Buffalo field since its discovery in 1954. During the early 1960s, it was recognized from the fast reservoir depletion that primary-recovery efficiency in the field would be very low, and water-injectivity tests were discouraging for future waterflood operations. During the late 1970s Koch Exploration Company (Koch) conducted an air-injectivity test and developed a pilot under HPAI. Because the pilot results were promising, the Buffalo Red River unit (BRRU) was formed (Fassihi et al. 1987; Erickson et al. 1993; SDDENR 2005). On the basis of the success of the BRRU air-injection project, another HPAI project was started in the early 1980s in the southern part of the field and was called the south Buffalo Red River unit (SBRRU) (Erickson et al. 1993; SDDENR 2005). Late in 1987, the western area of the field was divided into two parts to carry out two different IOR projects: an HPAI project in the WBRRU and a waterflood in the WBBRRU located to the west of the HPAI project in WBRRU, both of which are the subject of this paper.