Journal articles: 'Northwest Passage'

1

Wrenn, Greg. "Northwest Passage." New England Review 32, no. 2 (2011): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ner.2011.a448484.

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2

Charron, Andrea. "The Northwest Passage." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 60, no. 3 (September 2005): 831–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070200506000316.

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3

Pharand, Donat. "Northwest Passage: Arctic Straits." Verfassung in Recht und Übersee 19, no. 2 (1986): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-1986-2-248.

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4

Peek, Katie. "The Elusive Northwest Passage." Scientific American 316, no. 5 (April 18, 2017): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0517-80.

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5

Johnston, Douglas M. "The Northwest Passage Revisited." Ocean Development & International Law 33, no. 2 (April 2002): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908320290054747.

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6

Skoglund, Pontus. "Northwest passage to Scandinavia." Nature Ecology & Evolution 2, no. 4 (February 26, 2018): 593–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0505-7.

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7

McRae, Donald M. "Northwest passage: Arctic straits." Marine Policy 10, no. 1 (January 1986): 78–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-597x(86)90042-4.

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8

Sollie, Finn, and Franklyn Griffiths. "Politics of the Northwest Passage." International Journal 44, no. 4 (1989): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40202644.

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9

Cressey, Daniel. "Arctic melt opens Northwest passage." Nature 449, no. 7160 (September 2007): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/449267b.

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10

Byers, Michael, and Emma Lodge. "China and the Northwest Passage." Chinese Journal of International Law 18, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 57–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmz001.

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11

Griffiths, Franklyn. "The Northwest Passage in Transit." International Journal 54, no. 2 (1999): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40203372.

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12

Anderson, Alun. "Peaceful approach to Northwest Passage." Nature 335, no. 6192 (October 1988): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/335662b0.

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13

Somanathan, Saran, Peter Flynn, and Jozef Szymanski. "The Northwest Passage: A simulation." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 43, no. 2 (February 2009): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2008.08.001.

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14

Griffiths, Franklyn. "The Northwest Passage in Transit." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 54, no. 2 (June 1999): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070209905400201.

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15

Archer, Clive. "Politics of the Northwest Passage and Transit management in the Northwest Passage: problems and prospects." International Affairs 65, no. 1 (1988): 190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621079.

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16

Chen, Po-Hung, and Ta-Kang Liu. "Environmental and Economic Analysis on Sailing from Taiwan through Arctic Passages." Water 14, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 2099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14132099.

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Maritime transportation is a key means for Taiwan to transport the cargo in the global trade. Global warming has led to two new navigation channels for arctic passages, the Northeast Passage and Northwest Passage. Research has increasingly addressed the unknown economic costs of these passages, and the increase of navigational activity in the Arctic Ocean has also resulted in CO2 emissions. Taiwan has one of the leading merchant fleets in the world; however, study on this aspect in Taiwan is not available. We use Port of Taipei, Taiwan as the starting place to compare the two arctic shipping routes and developed a model to determine the shipping costs and as well the CO2 emission. The results showed that a voyage from the Port of Taipei to the Port of Rotterdam through the Northeast Passage would be 2107 nautical miles shorter than voyage along the current sea route to Europe but 2% to 3% costlier; CO2 emissions would be 3% lower. Sailing to New York Harbor through the Northwest Passage would shorten voyages by 2459 nautical miles and reduce both costs and CO2 emissions by 7%. Therefore, if tolls were lowered or sailing speeds increased, sailing through the Arctic Passages could be a great opportunity for shipping industries and enable Taiwan to develop its shipping economy while protecting the marine environment.

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17

Lang, William L., William Dietrich, Paul Pitzer, and Richard White. "Northwest Passage: The Great Columbia River." Environmental History 1, no. 2 (April 1996): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3985114.

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18

Hsu, Jeremy. "A Northwest Passage for the Internet." Scientific American 314, no. 6 (May 17, 2016): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0616-14.

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19

Lajeunesse, Adam. "The Northwest Passage in Canadian Policy." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 63, no. 4 (December 2008): 1037–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070200806300414.

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20

Liu, Xing-he, Long Ma, Jia-yue Wang, Ye Wang, and Li-na Wang. "Navigable windows of the Northwest Passage." Polar Science 13 (September 2017): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2017.02.001.

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21

Haas, Christian, and Stephen E. L. Howell. "Ice thickness in the Northwest Passage." Geophysical Research Letters 42, no. 18 (September 25, 2015): 7673–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gl065704.

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22

Zaikin, Maxim N. "International Navigation Legal Guidelines Regarding the Northern Sea Route and Northwest Passage." Moscow Journal of International Law 96, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 146–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2014-4-146-162.

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The article deals with speciﬁ c legal regulations regarding international navigation for the Northern Sea Route and Northwest Passage. The article draws particular attention to foreign policies regarding transportation passages development and their economic potential in the Arctic.

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23

Wang, Chuya, Minghu Ding, Yuande Yang, Ting Wei, and Tingfeng Dou. "Risk Assessment of Ship Navigation in the Northwest Passage: Historical and Projection." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (May 6, 2022): 5591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095591.

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Shipping volumes in the Northwest Passage are likely to increase under climate change due to the distance advantage over traditional routes and the special strategic location of the Arctic. However, the harsh environment and poor channel conditions may pose a considerable risk to ship navigation. To ensure the safety of ships, understand the navigability of the route, and plan the sustainable use of the Northwest Passage, it is crucial to provide a quantitative risk assessment. Here, we present an analysis of several natural risks faced by ships in the Northwest Passage based on available datasets and use climate model simulations to project the navigability changes. The results showed that: (1) The sea-ice risk to ships in the Northwest Passage has been significantly reduced over the period 1979–2019, and the risk for Polar Class 6 (PC6) ships has decreased more rapidly than for general open-water (OW) ships. The difference in ice-breaking capacity further affects the seaworthy season, with the second seaworthy month being August for OW ships and October for PC6 ships, in addition to the commonly best September. (2) Low visibility is a more common form of adverse weather than strong wind for navigation in the Northwest Passage, mainly on the northern route, although pilotage conditions appear to be improving in September. (3) According to the comprehensive risk map, the distribution of risk is dominated by sea ice. The southern route of the Northwest Passage is superior to the northern route in terms of both sea ice and weather conditions, but there is a risk of shallow water. (4) For the northern route, which has greater transport potential, projections suggest that the sea-ice risk will be steadily lower than any extreme light ice year observed historically whether for the ship class OW or PC6 by 2050, with an increase of 50–80 navigable days, and the navigable period could be from June to January of the following year for PC6 ships by 2100. Our results provide valuable information for ships planning to pass through the Northwest Passage.

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24

Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter, Kristin L. Laidre, Lori T. Quakenbush, and John J. Citta. "The Northwest Passage opens for bowhead whales." Biology Letters 8, no. 2 (September 21, 2011): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0731.

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The loss of Arctic sea ice is predicted to open up the Northwest Passage, shortening shipping routes and facilitating the exchange of marine organisms between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. Here, we present the first observations of distribution overlap of bowhead whales ( Balaena mysticetus ) from the two oceans in the Northwest Passage, demonstrating this route is already connecting whales from two populations that have been assumed to be separated by sea ice. Previous satellite tracking has demonstrated that bowhead whales from West Greenland and Alaska enter the ice-infested channels of the Canadian High Arctic during summer. In August 2010, two bowhead whales from West Greenland and Alaska entered the Northwest Passage from opposite directions and spent approximately 10 days in the same area, documenting overlap between the two populations.

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25

Lalonde, Suzanne. "The Arctic Exception and the IMO’s PSSA Mechanism: Assessing their Value as Sources of Protection for the Northwest Passage." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 28, no. 3 (2013): 401–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341287.

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Abstract For more than half a century, Canada has affirmed that all of the waters within its Arctic archipelago, including the Northwest Passage, are Canadian historic internal waters over which it exercises sovereign control. Canada’s detractors have qualified the Canadian position as excessive, arguing that the Northwest Passage is an international strait and that international legal regimes guarantee the preservation of the Arctic waterway. It is this contention, that international legal tools exist—specifically Article 234 of the LOSC and the IMO’s PSSA mechanism—and that they would adequately protect the Northwest Passage even if it came to be recognized as an international strait, which is the subject of investigation.

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26

Covey, Nicole. "‘Canada’s Northwest Passage and the Potential for Co-Management'." Journal of Australian, Canadian, and Aotearoa New Zealand Studies 2 (September 21, 2022): 40–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52230/zqcq4120.

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The legal status of the Northwest Passage remains contested and as the rate of polar maritime traffic continues to increase, the status quo of 'agreeing to disagree' becomes more tenuous. Canada asserts that the passage is historic internal waters while the United States understands the passage to be an international strait. This article follows the 'sovereignty to the side' thesis and argues that a way Canada can assert its sovereignty and control over the disputed Passage through the creation of a co-management council that would highlight Indigenous knowledge and participation, drawing inspiration from Aotearoa New Zealand’s Whanganui River Council. The proposed Canadian Northwest Passage Maritime Council would have three different bodies (Observatory Body, Advisory Core, and Decision-Making Committee) working together with various levels of authority to help make decisions regarding the management of the Northwest Passage. The proposed Council would not only help to legitimize the Canadian position in the international arena but also demonstrate its commitment to highlighting northern Indigenous voices in Arctic governance and make the Canadian position more favourable.

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27

Pullen, Thomas C., and Charles Swithinbank. "Transits of the Northwest Passage, 1906–90." Polar Record 27, no. 163 (October 1991): 365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400013164.

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28

Mitko, A. V., and V. K. Sidorov. "Identity of Canada in the Arctic region based on the Northwest Passage." Arctic XXI century. Humanities, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/svfu.2023.36.20.009.

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The Northwest Passage (NWP) is a sea route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. In fact, the NWP is a series of short routes passing through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Since all routes pass through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, the Canadian Government insists that these are the «internal waters» of the state. There are many controversies in this regard. The dispute between the United States and Canada over the legal status of the Northwest Passage has been the subject of political and popular debate for fifty years. According to Canada, the Northwest Passage is Canadian, and this issue is not even subject to discussion, so there are no disputes from Canada’s point of view. The article considers the problems of formation and prospects for the development of relations between states in the zone of the Northwest Passage in the Canadian Arctic. The relevance and demand of the transport route in the north of the Western Hemisphere, which is a direct competitor to the Northern Sea Route in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, are noted. The problems of the indigenous peoples of the Canadian Arctic are touched upon, as well as possible ways to solve them through the prism of the national identity of the Canadian state.

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29

Gough, Barry. "Disappointment river: finding and losing the Northwest passage." Terrae Incognitae 53, no. 2 (May 4, 2021): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00822884.2021.1949214.

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30

Headland, R. K. "Ten decades of transits of the Northwest Passage." Polar Geography 33, no. 1-2 (March 2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1088937x.2010.492105.

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31

Parkey, Jeffrey R. "Assessing Institutional Alternatives for Future Northwest Passage Governance." American Review of Canadian Studies 42, no. 2 (June 2012): 171–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2012.679148.

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32

Charron, Andrea. "The Northwest Passage: Is Canada's Sovereignty Floating Away?" International Journal 60, no. 3 (2005): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40204066.

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33

Sollie, Finn. "Review: The North: Politics of the Northwest Passage." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 44, no. 4 (December 1989): 940–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070208904400411.

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34

Lamson, Cynthia. "Shipping in the Northwest Passage: a Pandora's box." Endeavour 10, no. 4 (January 1986): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(86)90090-6.

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35

Vastag, Brian. "Northwest passage: Americas populated via Alaska, genetics show." Science News 172, no. 22 (September 30, 2009): 339–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scin.2007.5591722203.

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36

Kraska, James. "The Law of the Sea Convention and the Northwest Passage." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 22, no. 2 (2007): 257–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180807781361467.

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AbstractConcern over the loss of sea ice has renewed discussions over the legal status of the Arctic and sub-Arctic transcontinental maritime route connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific, referred to as the "Northwest Passage." Over the last thirty years, Canada has maintained that the waters of the Passage are some combination of internal waters or territorial seas. Applying the rules of international law, as reflected in the 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea Convention, suggests that the Passage is a strait used for international navigation. Expressing concerns over maritime safety and security, recognition of northern sovereignty, and protection of the fragile Arctic environment, Canada has sought to exercise greater authority over the Passage. This article suggests that Canada can best achieve widespread global support for managing its maritime Arctic by acknowledging that the passage constitutes an international strait and then working through the International Maritime Organization to develop a comprehensive package of internationally accepted regulations.

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37

Mitko, A. V., and V. K. Sidorov. "Native Canadian daily life in the Northwest Passage context." Arctic XXI century. Humanities, no. 4 (December 26, 2023): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/2310-5453-2023-4-134-146.

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This article explores the connection between the indigenous populations of the North and the Canadian government regarding the Northwest Passage in the Arctic region. The significance of indigenous representation in managing the Northwest Passage is emphasized. The challenges faced by small indigenous groups of the Canadian Arctic are addressed, as well as possible solutions through series of mutually beneficial economic and political proposals. Inuit involvement in the management of marine ecosystem goes beyond Canada’s borders. The Arctic Council has demonstrated that permanent participants from Northern Indigenous communities can significantly influence government, especially on Arctic issues. The days when the Arctic was on the outskirts of global political affairs are gone, as are the days of Canada’s previous passive stance towards its assertions of historically internal waters within the Northwest Passage. Advancing the interests of Indigenous peoples of the North is a well-established Canadian position. The utilization of the Arctic territory by these peoples serves as the backbone of Canada’s Arctic State Policy, consistently articulated by the Government of Canada.

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38

Drewniak, Megan, Dimitrios Dalaklis, Anastasia Christodoulou, and Rebecca Sheehan. "Ice-Breaking Fleets of the United States and Canada: Assessing the Current State of Affairs and Future Plans." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020703.

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In recent years, a continuous decline of ice-coverage in the Arctic has been recorded, but these high latitudes are still dominated by earth’s polar ice cap. Therefore, safe and sustainable shipping operations in this still frozen region have as a precondition the availability of ice-breaking support. The analysis in hand provides an assessment of the United States’ and Canada’s polar ice-breaking program with the purpose of examining to what extent these countries’ relevant resources are able to meet the facilitated growth of industrial interests in the High North. This assessment will specifically focus on the maritime transportation sector along the Northwest Passage and consists of four main sections. The first provides a very brief description of the main Arctic passages. The second section specifically explores the current situation of the Northwest Passage, including the relevant navigational challenges, lack of infrastructure, available routes that may be used for transit, potential choke points, and current state of vessel activity along these routes. The third one examines the economic viability of the Northwest Passage compared to that of the Panama Canal; the fourth and final section is investigating the current and future capabilities of the United States’ and Canada’s ice-breaking fleet. Unfortunately, both countries were found to be lacking the necessary assets with ice-breaking capabilities and will need to accelerate their efforts in order to effectively respond to the growing needs of the Arctic. The total number of available ice-breaking assets is impacting negatively the level of support by the marine transportation system of both the United States and Canada; these two countries are facing the possibility to be unable to effectively meet the expected future needs because of the lengthy acquisition and production process required for new ice-breaking fleets.

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39

Barr, William. "Richard Cyriax's note concerning Thomas Simpson's claim of having discovered the Northwest Passage." Polar Record 36, no. 197 (April 2000): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400016211.

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AbstractIn 1957 the well-known Arctic historian Richard Cyriax sent a copy of some of his notes to the Hudson's Bay Company Archives. These notes, which are reproduced here in full, concerned the claim by Thomas Simpson to have discovered the Northwest Passage on an expedition from 1837 to 1839. The reasons for Simpson's belief that he had achieved this long-sought-after accomplishment are investigated, and the conclusion is arrived at that, despite his honest belief to have done so, Simpson did not, in fact, complete the Northwest Passage, as that term is normally understood.

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40

Rust, Thomas C., and Glyn Williams. "Voyages of Delusion: The Quest for the Northwest Passage." History Teacher 37, no. 4 (August 2004): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1555569.

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41

Smith, Tony. "Voyages of Delusion: The Quest for the Northwest Passage." History: Reviews of New Books 31, no. 4 (January 2003): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2003.10527484.

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42

Ledu, David, André Rochon, Anne de Vernal, and Guillaume St-Onge. "Holocene paleoceanography of the northwest passage, Canadian Arctic Archipelago." Quaternary Science Reviews 29, no. 25-26 (December 2010): 3468–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.06.018.

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43

Briggs, Philip J. "The Polar Sea Voyage and the Northwest Passage Dispute." Armed Forces & Society 16, no. 3 (April 1990): 437–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x9001600308.

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44

Bal, Roland, and Femke Mastboom. "Engaging with Technologies in Practice: Travelling the Northwest Passage." Science as Culture 16, no. 3 (September 2007): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09505430701568651.

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45

Barr, William. "John Rae to be honoured in Westminster Abbey–but not for discovering the northwest passage." Polar Record 51, no. 2 (August 4, 2014): 219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247414000527.

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ABSTRACTSince at least 2001 Ken McGoogan has been claiming that in discovering Rae Strait in 1854 John Rae also discovered the final link in the northwest passage. This claim is false, in that a substantial section of the passage further north, some 240 km in length (between Bellot Strait and where James Clark Ross had found the north magnetic pole) was still undiscovered in 1854. On the basis of McGoogan's false claim Mr. Alistair Carmichael, MP for Orkney and Shetland, has been pursuing a campaign to have a corrective plaque installed near the Franklin cenotaph in Westminster Abbey to the effect that Rae, and not Franklin, discovered the northwest passage. The Dean of Westminster and the Abbey authorities have decided that a simple tablet with the words ‘John Rae; arctic explorer’ but with no further elaboration, will be installed in the Abbey near the Franklin cenotaph.

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46

Splettstoesser, John, and Beezie Drake Splettstoesser. "The first transit of the Northwest Passage by Russian icebreaker." Polar Record 29, no. 169 (April 1993): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400023615.

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In a voyage beginning 24 July in Ulsan, South Korea, and ending i n St Petersburg, Russia, on 21 September 1992, the icebreaker Kapitan Khlebnikov successfully completed an unassisted transit of the Northwest Passage, from Bering Strait to the North Atlantic Ocean. The ship was chartered jointly by Polar Schiffahrts-Consulting, Hamburg, Germany; Blyth and Company Travel, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and D.G. Wells Marine Ltd, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It was marketed for tourists, some of whom traveled the entire distance of 14,120 nautical miles [26,150 km]. Khlebnikov was the fifty-third vessel to complete the Northwest Passage since Roald Amundsen first accomplished it in 1906 (Pullen and Swithinbank 1991, and confirmed by the office of Coast Guard Northern, Ottawa, Canada).

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47

Wardlaw, Angus. "Cold and calculating." Astronomy & Geophysics 65, no. 3 (June 1, 2024): 3.23–3.27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/astrogeo/atae037.

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48

Yokoi, Satoru, Yukari N. Takayabu, and Hiroyuki Murakami. "Attribution of Projected Future Changes in Tropical Cyclone Passage Frequency over the Western North Pacific." Journal of Climate 26, no. 12 (June 15, 2013): 4096–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00218.1.

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Abstract This paper performs an attribution analysis of future changes in the frequency of tropical cyclone (TC) passages over the western North Pacific basin projected by seven general circulation models. The models project increases in the passage frequency over the tropical central North Pacific and decreases in regions to the west and northwest, including East Asian countries. The attribution analysis reveals that while changes of the basinwide TC count would decrease the frequency of passages throughout the basin, the gross horizontal contrast in the passage frequency changes is caused by a projected eastward shift of main TC development regions, probably caused by El Niño–like sea surface temperature changes. The change in the frequency of passages is also caused by changes of TC translation vectors and preferable tracks. In particular, the translation vector would rotate clockwise to point in a more easterly direction over oceanic regions south of Japan, decreasing the passage frequency over the Korean peninsula and western Japan while increasing it over eastern Japan. This change in translation direction may be caused by the southward shift of the subtropical jet axis and resultant intensification of westerly steering flows. The El Niño–like change and westerly steering flow change are consistent not only among the seven models but also among a number of other climate models, which suggests the reliability of these results from the viewpoint of intermodel agreement.

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49

I. S. MacLaren. "“Zealous Sayles” and Zealous Sales: Bookings on the Northwest Passage." Princeton University Library Chronicle 64, no. 2 (2003): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.64.2.0253.

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50

Pharand, Donat. "The Arctic Waters and the Northwest Passage: A Final Revisit." Ocean Development & International Law 38, no. 1-2 (July 2007): 3–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908320601071314.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Northwest Passage'

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