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Journal articles on the topic 'Nosocomial microorganisms'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Harbarth, Stephan. "Nosocomial transmission of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 14, no. 4 (August 2001): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-200108000-00007.

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2

Tavares, I., F. Moraes, G. Zuleta, F. Calderón, P. Martinho, M. Neuparth, I. Fontes, P. Rasquilha, and L. Lopes. "Multiresistant microorganisms — nosocomial and community-acquired infections." European Journal of Internal Medicine 24 (October 2013): e217-e218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2013.08.557.

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3

Silva, Rafael Souza, and Adriana Cristina Oliveira. "Epidemiology and nosocomial infection control in a pediatric unit." Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/reuol.422-11319-1-le.0202200808.

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ABSTRACTThis research aimed at determining the pediatric patients profile at a School- Hospital, according to the variables sex, age, patients lenght-of stay, colonizing/infecting microorganisms, nosocomial infections (NI) and patiens outcomes. This was a prospective and descriptive epidemiological study developed in 2006 to which a database was developed in the SPSS program so as to type datas and analysed them afterwards. It was identified 668 patients, from whom, 53,7% were male, global avarage age was 5,1 years old and lenght-of-stay avarage was 10,1 days. It was colonized by resistant microorganisms 4,2% of the patients and 7,5% developed NI, being sepsis them most recurrent and Staphylococcus epidermides and Cândida albicans the most evident microorganisms. There were 98,5% of discharge and 1,5% of deaths. This study reinforces the needing for continuous/active NI surveillance programes and the identification of (re) emergence of resistant bacterias so as to direct NI prevention and controle measures by those microorganisms. Descriptors: nosocomial infections; pediatrics; resistance; drug; children.RESUMOObjetivou-se com este estudo determinar o perfil dos pacientes pediátricos de um Hospital Universitário, conforme o sexo, idade, tempo de internação, microrganismos colonizantes/infectantes, infecções hospitalares (IH) e desfecho dos mesmos. Tratou-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo, realizado em 2006, para o qual foi elaborado um banco de dados no programa SPSS para a digitação dos dados e posterior análise estatística descritiva. Identificaram-se 668 pacientes, sendo 53,7% do sexo masculino, a média de idade global de 5,1 anos e o tempo médio de internação de 10,1 dias. Foram colonizados por microrganismos resistentes 4,2% dos pacientes e 7,5% desenvolveram IH, sendo as sepses mais recorrentes e o Staphylococcus epidermides e Cândida albicans os microrganismos mais prevalentes. Houve 98,5% de altas e 1,5% de óbitos. Reforça-se a necessidade de programas de vigilância contínua/ativa de IH e a identificação da (re) emergência de bactérias resistentes a fim de direcionar medidas de prevenção e controle de IH por estes microrganismos. Descritores: infecção hospitalar; pediatria; resistência; drogas; criança.RESUMENEl presente estudio determinó el perfil de los pacientes pediátricos de un Hospital Universitario, según las variables sexo, edad, tiempo de internación, microorganismos colonizadores/infectantes, infecciones hospitalarias (IH) y finalización de los mismos. Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico realizado en 2006. Se realizó una análisis estadística descriptiva utilizando el programa SPSS. Se identificaron 668 pacientes, siendo 53,7% del sexo masculino, con una media de edad global de 5,1 años y tiempo de internación de 10,1 días. Fueron colonizados por microorganismos resistentes 4,2% de los pacientes y 7,5% desarrollaron IH, siendo as sepses más frecuentes y el Staphylococcus epidermides y Candida albicans los microorganismos más prevalecientes. Hubo 98,5% de altas y 1,5% de fallecimientos. Se refuerza la necesidad de programas de vigilancia continua/activa de IH y la identificación de la (re) emergencia de bacterias resistentes con el objetivo de orientar medidas de prevención y control de IH por estos microorganismos. Descriptores: infección hospitalaria; pediatría; resistencia; drogas; niños.
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4

Berger, Pierre, Laurent Papazian, Michel Drancourt, Bernard La Scola, Jean-Pierre Auffray, and Didier Raoult. "Ameba-associated Microorganisms and Diagnosis of Nosocomial Pneumonia." Emerging Infectious Diseases 12, no. 2 (February 2006): 248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1202.050434.

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5

Atakishizade, S. A. "Role of genus Candida in etiology of nosocomial infections in a multidisciplinary surgical clinic." Kazan medical journal 100, no. 1 (December 15, 2019): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2019-125.

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Aim. To establish the role of genus Candida in etiology of nosocomial infections in a multidisciplinary surgical clinic of Azerbaijan Medical University in 2014-2016. Methods. Microbiological study was performed on the pathological material from 41 patients with nosocomial pneumonia, 40 patients with surgical site infections and 46 patients with nosocomial sepsis. Results. Nosocomial infections developing in a multidisciplinary surgical clinic were found to depend on localization of nosocomial infections. In nosocomial pneumonia 24% of all isolated microorgamisms were fungi of genus Candida among which C. albicans was prevailing: 9 of 12 isolated strains of Candida (75%) were identified as C. albicans. In patients with surgical site infections 10.7% of all isolated microorganisms were fungi of the genus Candida among which C. albicans was also prevailing: 4 of 6 isolated strains of Candida (66.7%) were identified as C. albicans. The isolated strains of Candida were sensitive to the studied antifungal medicines (amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, ketokonazole, nystatin). Conclusion. In nosocomial infection and surgical site infections Candida fungi constituted 10.7-24% of all microorganisms isolated from the patients; the isolated Candida fungi - causative agents of nosocomial infections - were not resistant to antifungal medicines (amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, ketokonazole, nystatin).
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6

Kuzmin, V. N., K. N. Arslanyan, E. I. Kharchenko, and L. V. Adamyan. "Nosocomial obstetric infections: Yesterday, today, tomorrow." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 88, no. 12 (December 15, 2016): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/terarkh20168812165-168.

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Antibiotic resistance of microorganisms is one of the most acute problems of modern obstetrics. The paper analyzes current antibiotic resistance. It considers the mechanisms of its formation and ways to overcome the resistance.
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7

Goldblatt, Joseph Gil, Iris Krief, Tal Klonsky, Daniel Haller, Victor Milloul, Diane M. Sixsmith, Isaac Srugo, and Israel Potasman. "Use of Cellular Telephones and Transmission of Pathogens by Medical Staff in New York and Israel." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 28, no. 4 (April 2007): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/513446.

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Hands and instruments used by healthcare workers may serve as vectors for the nosocomial transmission of microorganisms. The use of cellular telephones by medical personnel and the associated nosocomial transmission of pathogens have not been thoroughly examined. Findings from our study show that cellular telephones are commonly used by hospital personnel, even during patient contact. One-fifth of the cellular telephones examined in this study were found to harbor pathogenic microorganisms, showing that these devices may serve as vectors for transmission to patients.
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8

Dmitrieva, N. V., V. V. Aginova, I. N. Petukhova, E. N. Sokolova, S. A. Dyakova, Z. V. Grigoryevskaya, and E. N. Kulaga. "Nosocomial infectious complications in patients with urological malignancies." Cancer Urology 17, no. 1 (May 6, 2021): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1726-9776-2021-17-1-126-133.

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The objective of the study was to analyze the taxonomic structure of urinary infection pathogens and determine the susceptibility of ESKAPE group microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp.) isolated from cancer patients with nosocomial infections in 2018—2020 to antimicrobials.Materials and methods. 413 (71.9 %) strains of ESKAPE group bacteria from 228 patients were studied. Microorganisms were identified and antibiotic resistance was determined using Vitek-2 System (France) and MicroScan WalkAway (Germany / USA) analyzers.Results and conclusion. All gram-positive microorganisms were highly sensitive to vancomycin and teicoplanin, linezolid, tigecycline, and daptomycin, which can be used in the treatment if clinical indications are seen. Among gram-negative bacteria, the percentage of ESBL producers was 60—70 %, the percentage of carbapenem-resistant bacteria was minimalfor E. coli, rnmpared to the rest - 40—50 %, demonstrating the need to limit the use of carbapenems in the clinic.
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9

Medvedeva, E. D., Yu L. Kezko, Danir Damirovich Ismatullin, A. V. Lyamin, O. V. Kondratenko, and A. V. Zhestkov. "STRUCTURE OF MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM BRONHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FROM PATIENTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF REANIMATION AND INTENSIVE THERAPY." Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 65, no. 7 (June 4, 2020): 454–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-7-454-457.

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The aim of the work was to determine and compare the structure of microorganisms isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage from patients in the ICU of Clinics in 2016 and 2019. This work presents the results of a bacteriological examination of 229 samples from 139 patients for 2016 and 387 samples from 218 patients for 2019. The predominant microorganism in 2016 was Acinetobacter baumanii - 75 (26.2%). Less common were Klebsiella pneumoniae - 55 (19.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa - 35 (12.2%), Escherichia coli - 19 (6.6%). In 2019, the prevailing microorganism was K.pneumoniae - 158 (19.1%). As in 2016, A.baumanii - 115 (13.9%) and P. aeruginosa - 57 (6.9%) were most often found, but unlike 2016, in 2019 there was a high incidence of such pathogens as Enterococcus faecalis - 52 (6.3%), Candida albicans - 43 (5.2%), Staphylococcus aureus and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia - 40 (4.8%). One of the features is the presence of polymicrobial associations. In 2016, microorganisms isolated in monoculture predominated (53.4%), while in 2019 the frequency of occurrence of monocultures decreased and amounted to 24.7%. At the same time, a two-component association prevailed (31.5%). Thus, in ICU it is necessary to regularly monitor nosocomial pathogens not only to make the right decision when choosing antimicrobial therapy, but also to identify new potential nosocomial pathogens.
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10

TRESOLDI, Antonia Teresinha, Maria Luíza Moretti BRANCHINI, Djalma de Carvalho MOREIRA FILHO, Maria Clara PADOVEZE, Sonia P. Evangelista DANTAS, Luciene REGINATO, Angela von NOWAKONSKI, Ulysses Moraes de OLIVEIRA, and Plínio TRABASSO. "Relative Frequency of Nosocomial Microorganisms at Unicamp University Hospital from 1987 to 1994." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 39, no. 6 (November 1997): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651997000600005.

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The frequency of microorganisms identified in nosocomial infections at Unicamp University Hospital from 1987 to 1994 was analysed. The most common microorganism was S. aureus (20.9%), which was found in surgical wound, bloodstream and arterial-venous infections. In urinary tract infections (UTI), gram-negative rods (56.5%) and yeasts (9%) predominated. A. baumannii isolates were observed to have increased in the last three years. There was a gradual increase in the frequency of coagulase-negative staphylococci and A. baumannii in bloodstream infections but there wasn’t any change in Candida sp
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11

Danilova, V. V., S. I. Bevz, S. S. Ovcharenko, O. S. Shevchenko, and L. D. Todoriko. "Analysis of the Etiological Structure and Profile of Drug Resistance of Causative Agents of Nosocomial Pneumonia in Young Children Who Were on Mechanical Ventilation." Infusion & Chemotherapy, no. 3 (November 19, 2019): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32902/2663-0338-2019-3-16-19.

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Background. The results of the treatment of young children who are on artificial lung ventilation in the departments of anesthesiology and intensive care (DAIC) depend directly on the antibiotic therapy policy used in the department. Aim. Analysis of the etiological structure and the level of antibiotic resistance of pathogens of nosocomial pneumonia (NP) in young children in the conditions of the DAIC of the Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital № 1 in Kharkov for the period 2000-2018. Materials and methods. 89 children with nosocomial pneumonia who were undergoinig artificial lung ventilation in the anesthesiology and intensive care unit up to 3 year-olds. Results. Gram-negative microorganisms (MOs) were isolated in 84.3% (n=75), gram-positive MOs – in 12.35% (n=11), micosis of different species in 3.37% (n=3). The study of antibiotic resistance of strains of microorganisms isolated from endotracheal aspirate in infants with nosocomial pneumonia, significantly indicates the predominance in the structure of pathogens of gram-negative microorganisms having multiple or panresistant microorganisms Conclusions. Carrying out regular monitoring of antibiotic sensitivity will allow more flexible implementation of antibiotic therapy policy in the DAIC, which, in turn, will increase the effectiveness of treatment, will reduce the economic costs and mortality of this contingent of patients.
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12

Markovic-Denic, Ljiljana, Jasna Djurisic, Tatjana Nikolic, Ruzdi Ramadani, Slobodanka Ilic, and Slobodanka Stevanovic. "Causative agents of neonatal nosocomial infections and their resistance to antibiotics." Medical review 59, no. 3-4 (2006): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0604155m.

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Introduction. The aim of the present study was to determine the most frequent microorganisms in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Material and methods. A 6-month prospective study was conducted in a NICU. All neonatal hospital infections were registered, and microorganisms were isolated by standard methods. Their susceptibility to antibiotics was tested using the disk diffusion method. Results. One hundred and fifty-four neonatal nosocomial infections were detected. 87% of all infections were supported by a microbiological diagnosis, and 144 pathogens were isolated. Gram-negative bacteria were dominant (80%). The most commonly isolated microorganisms were Acinetobacter spp. (47.9%), Pseudomonas spp, (23.6%), Klebsiella/Enterobacter spp. (8.3%). Coagulase-negative staphylococci (8.3%) and Staphylococcus aureus (6.3%) were the most frequent reported gram-positive bacteria. All microorganisms showed resistance to most of commonly used antibiotics. Conclusion. Environmental control around neonatal patients and strict antibiotic policy are important in prevention of nosocomial transmission of resistant bacteria in the NICUs. .
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13

Shatalova, E. V., Ol’ga V. Parakhina, and S. A. Okhotnikova. "The microbiological monitoring as a most important component of system of epidemiological control of nosocomial infections." Medical Journal of the Russian Federation 22, no. 5 (October 15, 2016): 247–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2106-2016-22-5-247-249.

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The etiologic structure and level of resistance of etiologically significant agents isolated from patients of multi-field hospitals of Kursk during 2012-2015 were analyzed with purpose of epidemiological control of nosocomial infections. The bacterial associations are prevailing in the structure of clinical flora (61.8%) that has no matching with publications data. The fungi of species Candida spp. are the dominating associate. In the association with fungi dominate Gram-negative microorganisms (P.aeruginosa and E.coli - 21,1%) and Staphylococcus spp. (18,4%) as a Gram-positive microorganism. The common tendencies of increasing of antibiotic resistance to common pharmaceuticals are established that results in development of hospital strains. Conclusion. The microbiological monitoring is the sole reference point of choosing appropriate therapy off nosocomial infections, preventing development of hospital strains and adjusting scheme of anti-epidemic activities.
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14

Capelletti, Raquel Vannucci, and Ângela Maria Moraes. "Waterborne microorganisms and biofilms related to hospital infections: strategies for prevention and control in healthcare facilities." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 1 (August 7, 2015): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.037.

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Water is the main stimulus for the development of microorganisms, and its flow has an important role in the spreading of contaminants. In hospitals, the water distribution system requires special attention since it can be a source of pathogens, including those in the form of biofilms often correlated with resistance of microorganisms to various treatments. In this paper, information relevant to cases of nosocomial infections involving water circuits as a source of contaminants is compiled, with emphasis on the importance of microbiological control strategies to prevent the installation, spreading and growth of microorganisms in hospitals. An overview of the worldwide situation is provided, with emphasis on Brazilian hospitals. Different approaches normally used to control the occurrence of nosocomial infections due to waterborne contaminants are analyzed, and the use of the polysaccharide chitosan for this specific application is briefly discussed.
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15

Arsenijevic, Ljubica, Nada Popovic, and Miroslava Gojnic. "Nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit of a gynecology clinic." Medical review 59, no. 3-4 (2006): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0604165a.

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Introduction. Nosocomial infections are caused by microorganisms, and they develop 48 hours or more after admission to a hospital. It is considered that these infections are neither manifested nor present during the incubation period at the time of admission. Material and methods. The objective of our study was to identify the most frequent microorganisms causing nosocomial infections in the Intensive Care Unit of the Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics. The study included 33 patients, mean age 43.5?5 years, who were critical cases treated in Intensive Care Unit of the Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Center of Serbia, in the period 2001-2003. All patients were surgically treated, intubated and assisted by mechanical ventilation. Results. The most common causative agents isolated from the endotracheal tube were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus coagulasa negative and Pseudomonas spp., whereas Escherichia colli and Enterococcus were isolated from the wounds. These are highly resistant strains to antimicrobial agents. Discussion. Two big groups of microorganisms were isolated as causative organisms of nosocomial infections. The first group causes blood stream infections, such as Staphilococcus aureus and coagulasa negative, and the second group causes respiratory infections like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella Enterobacter and Acinetobacter. The mortality and morbidity are very high, up to 40-80%. Conclusion. We can conclude that invasive diagnostic procedures are causing a high percentage of nosocomial infections. It is of utmost importance to prevent these infections by early use of antibiotics and infection control which depends on the hospital or clinic. .
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Branchini, Maria Luiza Moretti, Débora de Cassia Pires Geiger, Olga Fischman, and Antonio Carlos Pignatari. "Molecular typing of Candida albicans strains isolated from nosocomial candidemia." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 37, no. 6 (December 1995): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651995000600002.

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Yeasts of the genus Candida have been recognized as important microorganisms responsible for nosocomial fungemia. Six blood-stream and two intravenous central catheter C. albicans strains were isolated from eight patients and studied by electrophoretic karyotyping of chromosomal DNA by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Seven chromosomal DNA profiles were identified. Two patients showed isolates with the same profile, suggesting nosocomial transmission. Karyotyping of C. albicans revealed an excellent discriminatory power among the isolates and may therefore be useful in the study of nosocomial candidemia.
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17

Chang, Robert, M. Todd Greene, Carol E. Chenoweth, Latoya Kuhn, Emily Shuman, Mary A. M. Rogers, and Sanjay Saint. "Epidemiology of Hospital-Acquired Urinary Tract–Related Bloodstream Infection at a University Hospital." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 32, no. 11 (November 2011): 1127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522266.

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Little is known about the epidemiology of nosocomial urinary tract-related bloodstream infection. In a case series from an academic medical center,Enterococcus(28.7%) andCandida(19.6%) species were the predominant microorganisms, which suggests a potential shift from gram-negative microorganisms. A case-fatality rate of 32.8% highlights the severity of this condition.
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18

Chang, Robert, M. Todd Greene, Carol E. Chenoweth, Latoya Kuhn, Emily Shuman, Mary A. M. Rogers, and Sanjay Saint. "Epidemiology of Hospital-Acquired Urinary Tract–Related Bloodstream Infection at a University Hospital." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 32, no. 11 (November 2011): 1127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/662378.

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Little is known about the epidemiology of nosocomial urinary tract-related bloodstream infection. In a case series from an academic medical center, Enterococcus (28.7%) and Candida (19.6%) species were the predominant microorganisms, which suggests a potential shift from gram-negative microorganisms. A case-fatality rate of 32.8% highlights the severity of this condition.
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19

Rabuza, Urška, Sonja Šostar-Turk, and Sabina Fijan. "Efficiency of four sampling methods used to detect two common nosocomial pathogens on textiles." Textile Research Journal 82, no. 20 (June 26, 2012): 2099–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517512445339.

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Detecting microorganisms on textiles is useful for many purposes, for example to determine the bioburden before laundering, assess the reduction in bacterial counts in connection with various laundry processes, or trace transfer routes in infection control investigations. Therefore a validated, reproducible and rational method is needed. For sampling microorganisms on textile surfaces the most commonly used method is the contact plate method using RODAC plates, first described by Hall and Hartnett followed by the swab sampling technique. Both methods can only capture microorganisms on the surface of the textiles while microorganisms that have penetrated into the deeper structure of the material will not be detected. In our research the contact plate method and the swabbing technique were compared with two wash-off methods. For the first wash-off method the destructive elution method was used, where microorganisms were eluted from the fabrics by shaking the fabrics for a certain time in an elution medium. For the fourth sampling method a nondestructive method that included a compact test device called Morapex® was used, which is based on forced desorption by pressing the microorganisms through the fabric without destroying the fabric. In our research, two types of microorganisms were included ( Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus) that cause common nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of the four sampling methods for detecting microorganisms on textiles and to determine the lowest concentration, which can still be detected. The percentage of microorganisms that were detected by both elution methods was substantially higher than by sampling of fabrics with the contact plate method or swabbing. It can be concluded that a nondestructive method using a modified Morapex® device can be applied for quick determination of the hygienic condition of textiles.
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Parvanyan, S. G., D. A. Shelukhin, and T. M. Voroshilova. "Prospects for Use of Ceftolosan-Tazobactam in Providing Medical Care to Victims in a Third-Level Hospital and during Inter-Hospital Medical Evacuation." Disaster Medicine, no. 1 (February 2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33266/2070-1004-2021-1-35-40.

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It is noted that nosocomial infections are a serious threat to the safety of hospital patients due to their high prevalence and high mortality rate. The prospects of using a new antibacterial drug ceftolosan-tazobactam as a starting empirical therapy in patients with a high risk of nosocomial infection caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms in a level III hospital and during inter-hospital medical evacuation are considered.
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Embil, John M., George G. Zhanel, Pierre J. Plourde, and Daryl Hoban. "Scissors: A Potential Source of Nosocomial Infection." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 23, no. 3 (March 2002): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502026.

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AbstractThis point-prevalence survey of healthcare workers' scissors demonstrates that of 232 scissors sampled, 182 (78.4%) were colonized with bacteria. The scissors of nurses and those for communal use were most frequently contaminated. Cleaning of scissors occurred infrequently, but wiping scissors with an alcohol swab effectively disinfected them. The suspicion that scissors may harbor and potentially transmit microorganisms, including antibiotic-resistant bacteria, has been confirmed.
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Dari, Wissam Adnan. "Natural Products of Lactococcus Overcome Nosocomial Infection in Some of Baghdad Hospitals in Iraq." Baghdad Science Journal 17, no. 1(Suppl.) (March 18, 2020): 0227. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2020.17.1(suppl.).0227.

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Nosocomial infections (NIs) are hospital-acquired associated infections, and also contracted due to the infections or toxins that exist in some location, like hospital. Therefore in our study, 4 Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates were obtained from dairy product (Lactobacillus brevis, L. acidophilus, Lactococcus raffinolactis and Lactococcus lactis) and were tested for Bacteriocin production to select Lactococcus lactis among them. Cell free supernatant (CFS), Lipid and partial purification of protein La. Lactis had high inhibitory effect against test pathogens (E. coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus). 30 isolates that diagnosed by Vitec, were isolated from (3) hospitals in Baghdad/ Iraq. The results showed that the bacteriocin exhibited higher inhibition activity against the microorganisms (that isolated from hospitals), so we recommended that La. lactis is a good natural agent candidate that could be inhibitor to microorganism isolated from hospitals, so it is a good factor to decrease nosocomial infections.
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Malobicka, E., D. Roskova, V. Svihrova, and H. Hudeckova. "Point Prevalence Survey of Nosocomial Infections in University Hospital in Martin." Acta Medica Martiniana 13, no. 2 (November 1, 2013): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acm-2013-0016.

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Abstract Nosocomial infections are a serious problem not only in Slovakia but in all countries. The European Commission decided on their standardized surveillance in the whole European Union. According methodology elaborated by experts from the European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention in Stockholm we performed a point prevalence survey in the University Hospital Martin. Our observed prevalence of nosocomial infections in University Hospital Martin within the point prevalence study was 5.2%. The highest point prevalence of nosocomial infections was found at the Surgical Department (9.3%). The most common type of nosocomial infections was urological infections (27.3%), sepsis (22.7%) and surgical site infection (22.7%). The most common microorganisms isolated from the biological material were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis. Appropriate method of nosocomial infections surveillance is monitoring their prevalence in the point prevalence studies. International projects of nosocomial infections in the EU allow to compare the obtained results with other hospitals in the Member States.
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Hopf, Juliane, Margo Waters, Veronica Kalwajtys, Katelyn E. Carothers, Ryan K. Roeder, Joshua D. Shrout, Shaun W. Lee, and Prakash D. Nallathamby. "Phage-mimicking antibacterial core–shell nanoparticles." Nanoscale Advances 1, no. 12 (2019): 4812–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9na00461k.

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We present a broad-spectrum antibacterial nanoparticle that works by structurally mimicking bacteria-killing viruses (phages) at the nanoscale to combat the increasing frequency of nosocomial infections caused by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.
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Coskun, Y., U. Demirel, M. Cengiz, M. Akman, and I. Akman. "PS-220 Nosocomial Infections Due To Multidrug-resistant Microorganisms In Neonates." Archives of Disease in Childhood 99, Suppl 2 (October 2014): A192.2—A192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-307384.519.

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Sánchez, Eduardo, Catalina Rivas Morales, Sandra Castillo, Catalina Leos-Rivas, Ledy García-Becerra, and David Mizael Ortiz Martínez. "Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Methanolic Plant Extracts against Nosocomial Microorganisms." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1572697.

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Biofilm is a complex microbial community highly resistant to antimicrobials. The formation of biofilms in biotic and abiotic surfaces is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. New alternatives for controlling infections have been proposed focusing on the therapeutic properties of medicinal plants and their antimicrobial effects. In the present study the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of 8 methanolic plant extracts were evaluated against clinical isolated microorganisms.Preliminary screening by diffusion well assay showed the antimicrobial activity ofProsopis laevigata,Opuntia ficus-indica, andGutierrezia microcephala. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined ranging from 0.7 to >15 mg/mL. The specific biofilm formation index (SBF) was evaluated before and after the addition of plant extracts (MBC × 0.75).Opuntia ficus-indicacaused the major reduction on SBF in dose-dependent manner. Cytotoxic activity of plant extracts was determined using brine shrimp lethality test (Artemia salinaL.). Lethal Dose concentration (LD50values) of the plant extracts was calculated. LD50values forP. laevigataandG. microcephalawere 141.6 and 323.3 µg/mL, respectively, whileO. ficus-indicashowed a slight lethality with 939.2 µg/mL. Phytochemical analyses reveal the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and coumarines.
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Kluytmans–VandenBergh, M. F. Q., J. A. J. W. Kluytmans, and A. Voss. "Dutch Guideline for Preventing Nosocomial Transmission of Highly Resistant Microorganisms (HRMO)." Infection 33, no. 5-6 (October 2005): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15010-005-5079-z.

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Gjorgjeska, Biljana, and Dino Karpicarov. "MECHANISM OF ACTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CERTAIN ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS IN CORRELATION WITH THEIR ACTIVITY ON SELECTED MICROORGANISMS." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 2 (December 10, 2018): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij2802423g.

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Antiseptics and disinfectants represent a large group of compounds such as: alcohols, aldehydes, acid and base compounds, anilides, biguanides, diamidines, halogen release agents, heavy metals and their compounds, peroxygens, phenols, bis–phenols, halophenols, quaternary ammonium compounds and volatile compounds for sterilization. Both antiseptics and disinfectants are labeled as biocides which are compounds that have the ability to destroy microorganisms or prevent their growth, development and reproduction. Usually, when referring to biocides that inhibit growth, other terms may be more specific, such as “–static” and when referring to biocides that kill the target microorganism the term “–cidal” is often used. These chemical compounds have different effects depending on the concentration in which they are used. The main difference between antiseptics and disinfectants is the place of application. As such, antiseptics remove microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites that have varying degree of pathogenicity and virulence) from living tissues while disinfectants remove the same type of microorganisms from variety of objects and equipment, or to remove pathogens from the immediate environment. The action of antiseptics and disinfectants is due to mutual reaction with the cell surface of the microorganisms, followed by their penetration into the cells and the influence on a certain target area. As a result of that, antiseptics and disinfectants are an integral part of the practices for controlling infections and preventing the occurrence of intra–hospital infections. One of the biggest problems facing modern medicine is the occurrence of the intra–hospital (inpatient, nosocomial) infections. These infections can be defined as localized or generalized infections caused by microorganisms acquired during hospitalization. More specifically, an intra–hospital infection is one for which there is no evidence that the infection was present or incubating at the time of a hospital admission. In fact, these infections can result from inappropriate use of antiseptics and disinfectants. To be used in hospital conditions, antiseptics and disinfectants must meet several criteria: easy to use; non–volatile; not harmful to equipment, staff or patients; free from unpleasant smells and effective within a relatively short time.The goals of this study are to present the most common microorganisms that cause the occurrence of intra–hospital infections; to present the characteristics and mechanisms of action of the most frequently used antiseptics and disinfectants in hospital conditions; to give guidance as to which antiseptic or disinfectant would be most suitable for use against the microorganism which occurs in the function of the causative agent of the intra–hospital infection. The establishment of such an approach is crucial because it is necessary to know which antiseptic or disinfectant has the greatest activity against the microorganism which is the cause of the intra–hospital (nosocomial) infection. As a result of that, the incidence of intra–hospital infections will be minimized.
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Tavera Busso, Iván, Florencia Herrera, María F. Tames, Ignacio González Gasquez, Lilia N. Camisassa, and Hebe A. Carreras. "QuEChER method for air microbiological monitoring in hospital environments." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 01 (January 31, 2020): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11563.

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Introduction: Nosocomial pathogens have become a priority issue for public health, since they are responsible for increased morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients and the development of multi-resistant microorganisms, as well. Recent studies found strong evidence that airborne transmission plays a key role in many nosocomial infections. Thus, we aim to develop a QuEChER methodology for the characterization of airborne microbial levels, analyzing potential variables that modify the air microbiological load. Methodology: Particulate matter levels and suspended and settled bioaerosols were determined simultaneously employing optical sensors, Harvard impactors and settle plates, respectively. Environmental variables were also measured at different sites during different working shifts and seasons. Results: We found a straightforward relationship between airborne particles, air exchange rates, and people influx. Levels of suspended microorganisms were related to fine particulate matter concentration, CO2 and ambient temperature. A positive linear relationship (R2 = 0.9356) was also found between fine particulate matter and CO2 levels and air microbial load. Conclusion: The QuEChER methodology is an effective methodology that could be used to improve the surveillance of nosocomial pathogens in developing countries hospitals where air quality is scarcely controlled.
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Tablan, Ofelia C., Walter W. Williams, and William J. Martone. "Infection Control in Pulmonary Function Laboratories." Infection Control 6, no. 11 (November 1985): 442–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s019594170006478x.

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The role of the pulmonary function (PF) laboratory and PF testing equipment in the transmission of infections has not been established. Although microorganisms have been cultured from parts of in-use pulmonary function testing equipment, a relationship between equipment contamination and transmission of infection or colonization has not been documented. Nosocomial outbreaks of respiratory infections, eg, influenza, tuberculosis, and legionellosis have been described, but transmission of the microorganisms has not been shown to be more likely in the PF laboratory or with PF testing equipment than in other areas in the hospital or with other hospital equipment. Unlike nebulizers, which have been implicated in epidemic and endemic nosocomial gram-negative bacterial infections, PF machines do not generate aerosols. PF testing equipment is thus built without provision for easy machine disassembly and disinfection, except for parts that routinely come in contact with mucous membranes or secretions (eg, mouthpieces, valves, and some tubings).
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Turk Dagi, Hatice, and Duygu Mert. "Nosocomial Infections, Causative Microorganisms and Antibiotic Resistance in Batman State Regional Hospital." Ankem Dergisi 25, no. 4 (November 30, 2012): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5222/ankem.2011.237.

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Slim, Erik, Christof A. Smit, Arthur J. Bos, and Paul G. Peerbooms. "Nosocomial Transmission of Highly Resistant Microorganisms on a Spinal Cord Rehabilitation Ward." Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 32, no. 4 (January 2009): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2009.11753225.

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Situmorang, Paskah Rina. "HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN BIDAN TENTANG INFEKSI NOSOKOMIAL DENGAN TINDAKAN PENCEGAHANNYA PADA PASIEN BEDAH SEKSIO SESAREA." Jurnal Keperawatan Priority 3, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.34012/jukep.v3i1.811.

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Nosocomial infection is an infection obtained by patients who are undergoing treatment in a hospital. Nosocomial infections stem from non-invasive measures. Prantara that cause nosocomial infections are microorganisms, medications and the environment. Where, is a factor causing nosocomial infection that is the focus of this study is midwives who are less aware of personal’ hygiene. This study aims to determine the relationship of knowledge of midwives about nosocomial infections with prevention measures in cesarean section surgical patients at Imelda General Hospital Medan. This research is a quantitative study with a correlational research design with Cross Sectional approach, where sampling is done with a total sampling technique with a total of 31 midwives, and data collection is done using a questionnaire. The results of the study of midwife knowledge about nosocomial infections are mostly knowledgeable, 21 people (67.8%), while the majority of prevention measures are good, 19 people (61.3%). The results of the study were tested using the Spearman Rank test to see the relationship between knowledge of midwives about nosocomial infections and their preventive measures in post-cesarean section patients, the results obtained with a probability value (p) = 0.011 (p <0.05), which means there is a relationship where (r) = 0.452, it means that the strength of the relationship is sufficient and this relationship is positive which means that if the midwife's knowledge of nosocomial infection is sufficient, the more sufficient value of infection prevention measures is obtained.
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Ahirrao, Varsha Suresh, Anupama Mauskar, and Ravi T. "Incidence of nosocomial infection in the pediatric intensive care unit of a teaching hospital delivering tertiary level care." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 4, no. 2 (February 22, 2017): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20170047.

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Background: Nosocomial infections are generally a chain of events whereby a source or reservoir of microorganisms is transmitted by some method to a susceptible host. The organisms causing infections can come from either the patient’s own endogenous flora or from external sources including hospital staff, equipment or even food, water, walls, floor, and some other surfaces.Methods: Children in age group of one month to twelve years are admitted to our PICU. All the patients admitted in PICU with PICU stay of more than 48 hours were daily monitored for fever or any other symptoms or sign suggestive of any infection. The patients who developed the same 48 hours after admission, which was not present at the time of admission, were included. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions of nosocomial infections, as described later, are used as criteria for diagnosis of infections.Results: During study period, 466 patients were admitted to PICU with their PICU stay for more than 48 hours. Out of 466 patients, 35 patients had 49 episodes of nosocomial infections. Nosocomial incidence rate = 10.51 per 100 admissions. Nosocomial infection incidence density = 19.37 per 1000 patient days.Conclusions: In patients with nosocomial infection, the mean PICU stay was 17.31 days and mean hospital stay was 23.95 days.
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Stéphan, François, Ali Cheffi, and Francis Bonnet. "Nosocomial Infections and Outcome of Critically Ill Elderly Patients after Surgery." Anesthesiology 94, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200103000-00008.

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Background The relation between older age and nosocomial infection and mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU) is still a controversial issue. Methods The authors prospectively studied 406 patients admitted to a surgical ICU, 106 of whom were more than 75 yr old. Information concerning ICU-acquired nosocomial infections, severity of illness, therapeutic activity, and hospital outcome was collected. A Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to evaluate potential risk factors for ICU-acquired nosocomial infections, ICU, and hospital death. Results During their ICU stay, 23 elderly patients experienced 40 nosocomial infections, 28 "young" patients (&lt; 60 yr) experienced 54 nosocomial infections, and 52 "intermediate age" patients (60-75 yr) experienced 98 nosocomial infections. Incidence density of nosocomial infections was 4.9% patient days for elderly patients, 4.7% for young patients, and 6.0% for intermediate age patients (no significance). The frequency distribution of the various microorganisms isolated was similar between the three groups. Compared with younger patients, elderly patients had a higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and a higher ICU and hospital mortality rate. Despite a higher level of severity of illness, elderly patients had a reduction of therapeutic activity. However, Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that age more than 75 yr was not a risk factor for ICU-acquired nosocomial infection, ICU, or hospital death. Conclusions In patients referred to a surgical ICU after a surgical procedure, age more than 75 yr by itself does not appear to be a significant predictor of ICU-acquired nosocomial infection or mortality rate during the ICU stay. However, it appears that patients more than 60 yr have a higher incidence of nosocomial infection in ICU.
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Apisarnthanarak, Anucha, Thana Khawcharoenporn, and Linda M. Mundy. "Patterns of Nosocomial Infections, Multidrug-Resistant Microorganisms, and Mold Detection after Extensive Black-Water Flooding: A Survey from Central Thailand." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 34, no. 8 (August 2013): 861–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/671277.

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Central Thailand was severely affected by black-water flooding between September and November 2011, with resultant closure of 30 regional hospitals. Few data are available for the incidence of nosocomial infections and patterns of preflood versus postflood multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) and mold. We therefore conducted a survey of the hospitals in central Thailand in order to evaluate the patterns of nosocomial infections, MDROs, mold, and flood preparedness plans after these floods.On the basis of a hospital list from the Ministry of Public Health, we identified 104 hospitals in 15 provinces of central Thailand that were affected, but not necessarily closed, by extensive floods. We designed and then conducted a survey, from July 1 through October 31, 2012, that inquired about hospital characteristics, postflood hospital preparedness plans, administrative support, institutional safely culture, incidence of nosocomial infections, and prevalence of MDROs and mold colonization or infection. All 104 secondary care (>100 beds) and tertiary care (>250 beds) hospitals in 15 central Thailand provinces were invited to participate.
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Oliveira, Adriana Cristina de, Christine Tassone Kovner, and Rafael Souza da Silva. "Nosocomial Infection in an Intensive Care Unit in a Brazilian University Hospital." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 18, no. 2 (April 2010): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692010000200014.

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This prospective study aimed to determine the nosocomial infection (NI) incidence in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU), its association with clinical characteristics and occurrence sites. It was carried out among 1.886 patients admitted in an ICU of a University Hospital, from August 2005 to January 2008. Data analysis was done using Fisher’s test and Relative Risk (RR). There were 383 NIs (20.3%). The infections were in the urinary tract (n=144; 37.6%), pneumonia (n=98; 25.6%), sepsis (n=58; 15.1%), surgical site (n=54; 14.1%) and others (n=29; 7.7%). Hospitalization average was 19.3 days for patients with NI and 20.2 days for those with colonization by resistant microorganisms. The mortality was 39.5% among patients with NI (RR: 4.4; 3.4-5.6). The NI was associated with patients originated from other units of the institution/emergency unit, more than 4 days of hospitalization, community infection, colonized by resistant microorganisms, using invasive procedures and deaths resulting from NI.
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Kazemifar, Amir Mohammad, Alireza Yahyaee, Mahyar Seddighi, and Maryam Soleimannejad. "The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Nosocomial Infections in the Intensive Care Unit of a Hospital in Iran." Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences 24, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 356–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jqums.24.4.5.

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Background: Nosocomial infections account for about one third of deaths in hospitals. Objective: In this study, we aim to determine the factors affecting the incidence of nosocomial infections in the Intensive Care Units (ICUs) to provide more information for helping improve the prevention and treatment of these infections in the hospitals located in Iran. Methods: This is a comparative cross-sectional study conducted in 2017 on 86 patients admitted to the general ICU of Boo Ali Sina Hospital in Qazvin, Iran. We extracted the patients’ demographic and clinical information (e.g. blood and urine culture results) from their medical records. Findings: The prevalence of nosocomial infections were reported 24.3; 38.4% of infections was related to Acinetobacter and 18.6% to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other microorganisms. The highest antibiotic resistance in patients was to Cefepime (64%) and Ciprofloxacin (60%). Conclusion: The prevalence of nosocomial infections in the general ICU of the study hospital is relatively high with different strains and varied patterns of antibiotic resistance indicating the need for more comprehensive studies and preventive measures in the country.
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Mitryashov, K. V., S. V. Okhotina, E. V. Shmagunova, A. U. Kiselev, and V. V. Usov. "The terms of the burn wounds contamination with the nosocomial flora." Pacific Medical Journal, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34215/1609-1175-2020-1-28-31.

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Objective. The study objective it to analyze the dynamics of microbial content of burn wounds and to assess the markers of hospital-acquired infection (HAI) in different periods of hospitalization.Methods: 617 microbiological samples from the surface of burn wounds of 515 patients in the period from the first to ninth days after the injury were analyzed. The presence of gramnegative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, multiresistant microorganisms and microbial associations was determined. Spectrophotometry was used to identify pathogens and plate method was used to assess microbial content of wounds.Results: During treatment, there was change of pathogens associated with duration of stay in the hospital. With an increase in hospitalization, the degree of microbial contamination of wounds, the rate of gram-negative bacteria, multiresistant microorganisms, and microbial associations increased.Conclusions: The greatest severity of all signs of nosocomial infection occurs on the 3–4th day of hospitalization in a burn care facility. This period can be considered ad a start of active contamination of burn wounds with nosocomial flora. To prevent this, it is necessary as early as possible, from 2–3 days after hospitalization to apply active strategy for treating burn wounds and closing burn surfaces.
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Yaresko, V. G., S. O. Potalov, I. V. Filimonov, Y. O. Mikheev, and A. I. Marousi. "Microbial spectrum and rational antibacterial therapy in treatment of infected forms of necrotic pancreatitis." Modern medical technologies 41 part 1, no. 2 (April 6, 2019): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34287/mmt.2(41).2019.2.

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The most significant areas of scientific and practical research in urgent pancreatology of the last decade are the study of the course of necrotic pancreatitis with the evaluation of the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy at different stages of the disease according to microbiological studies, nosocomial infection and the development of sepsis. Purposw of the study. To study the effectiveness of antibacterial therapy in complex treatment of infected forms of necrotizing pancreatitis, depending on the species composition of the infection, the severity of the pathology and the development of sepsis. Materials and methods. The study included 48 patients with infected forms of necrotic pancreatitis over the past two years undergoing treatment at the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care of Zaporizhzhia 3rd City Clinical Hospital in 2017–2018. Results. Research of the species composition of microorganisms showed that there is predominant gram-negative flora in pancreatogenic infection such as: Pseudomonas aeruginosa – 26,3%, Acinetobacter spp. – 21,1%, the Enterobacteriaceae family: Klebsiella pneumoniae – 10,5% and Escherichia coli – 15,8%. The detected spectrum of microorganisms gives an idea of the main pathogens characteristic of infected forms of necrotizing pancreatitis. Antibiotic sensibility analysis showed that high activity against pathogens was observed in meropenem, taygecycline and tobramycin. In 21% of patients, resistant strains of Ps. Aeruginosa were detected,but in 3 patients there was a positive dynamics in the use of detoxication therapy with inclusion of extracorporal methods (discrete plasmapheresis) in combination with two-component antibiotic therapy (meropenem + linezolid). Conclusion. The analysis of treatment of patients with infected necrotizing pancreatitis and its complication sonthebasis of continuous monitoring of bacterial flora with the provision of adequate antibiotic therapy, prevention of nosocominal infectionand a modern strategy for the use of surgical interventions, especiallynoninvasive, contributes to the reduction of sepsis and, as a result, reduction in mortality and severe postoperative complications. Keywords: necrotizing pancreatitis, combined antibiotic therapy, nosocomial infection, mortality.
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Fijan, Sabina, Sonja Šostar Turk, and Urška Rozman. "Comparison of methods for detection of four common nosocomial pathogens on hospital textiles." Slovenian Journal of Public Health 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2014-0003.

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AbstractIntroduction: Although the most common vehicle for transmission of health-care acquired infections is the personto- person transmission route, the role of environment should not be ignored and hospital linen may contribute to the spreading of nosocomial infections. The contact plate method and swabbing are common methods for sampling microorganisms on textiles; however, results are available after two days as they are based on incubation followed by phenotype identification. An important alternative is using quick wash-off methods followed by PCR detection, which shortens the identification process from two days to a few hours.Methods:The following test microorganisms at different concentrations were inoculated onto textile swatches and dried overnight: Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Clostridium difficile. RODAC plate sampling as well as a non-destructive wash-off method for capturing microorganisms from the textiles using a Morapex device were used. The elution suspension from the Morapex device was used for two methods. In the first method, classical incubation on selective media followed by phenotypic identification was used and in the second method DNA was extracted from the elution suspension followed by amplification and agarose gel electrophoresis to visualize amplified products.Conclusions:All chosen bacteria were found using all methods. However, the most sensitive proved to be detection using PCR amplification as we detected the sample with initial concentration of 102 cfu/mL inoculated onto the textile surface before drying. The final detectable recovered bacterial concentration on textiles was up to 10 cfu/mL.
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Willemsen, Ina, Marlies Mooij, Marsha van der Wiel, Diana Bogaers, Madelon van der Bijl, Paul Savelkoul, and Jan Kluytmans. "Highly Resistant Microorganisms in a Teaching Hospital: The Role of Horizontal Spread in a Setting of Endemicity." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 29, no. 12 (December 2008): 1110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592408.

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Objective.To determine the incidence density of highly resistant organisms (HROs) and the relative contribution of horizontal spread in a setting of endemicity.Methods.Prospective surveillance was performed among hospitalized patients during an 18-month period. Enterobacteriaceae, non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli,Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae,andEnterococcus faecium—all considered highly resistant, according to Dutch guidelines—were included. Epidemiological linkage and nosocomial transmission were determined on the basis of molecular typing and hospital admission data.Results.From 119 patients, we recovered a total of 170 unique HRO isolates, as follows:Escherichia coli,96 isolates;Klebsiellaspecies, 11 isolates;Enterobacterspecies, 8 isolates;Proteusspecies, 9 isolates;Citrobacterspecies, 5 isolates;Pseudomonasspecies, 5 isolates;Aci-netobacterspecies, 3 isolates;Morganellaspecies, 2 isolates;Salmonellaspecies, 1 isolate;Serratiaspecies, 1 isolate;S. pneumoniae,20 isolates; andS. aureus,9 isolates. No vancomycin-resistantE. faeciumwas found. The incidence density was 4.3 HRO isolates per 10,000 patient-days. The majority of HRO isolates were unique, and nosocomial transmission was observed 4 times for highly resistant gram-negative bacilli (case reproduction rate, 0.05) and 4 times for penicillin-nonsusceptibleS. pneumoniae(case reproduction rate, 0.29). A stay on the intensive care unit was the main determinant for the recovery of an HRO.Conclusion.Nosocomial transmission of HROs was observed 8 times during the 18-month period. The intensive care unit was identified as the main reservoir of horizontal spread of HROs. This study shows that nosocomial transmission of HROs is largely preventable using transmission precautions.
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Cruz, Luisa Ferreira da, Israel Lucas Antunes Souza, Larissa Dias de Souza, Marcelo Gonzaga de Freitas Araújo, and Paulo Afonso Granjeiro. "The importance of intestinal microbiota and its role in the nosocomial infection." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 10 (August 16, 2021): e489101019166. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i10.19166.

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The gastrointestinal tract houses the largest and most complex community of microorganisms, and this bacterial colonization of the human intestine by environmental microbes begins immediately after the birth. The intestinal microbiota has several important and unique functions, including metabolic functions such as the biotransformation of drugs and the digestion of dietary compounds; a mucosal barrier function by inhibiting the invasion of pathogens and an immunomodulatory function. On the other hand, some commensal bacteria can be pathogenic, causing infections if the natural host is compromised and, in predisposed hosts, the intestinal microbiota can be involved in nosocomial infection. The translocation of bacteria through the intestinal wall is considered one of the main causes of nosocomial infections. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive view of the human gut microbiota, its main functions, its role in health and disease, addressing the correlation between intestinal microbial composition and nosocomial infections.
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Banerjee, Barnini, Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay, Vandana Ke, Archana Bupendra, and Muralidhar Varma. "“NEWS ON AIR!” - AIR SURVEILLANCE REPORT FROM INTENSIVE CARE UNITS OF A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 9, no. 9 (December 1, 2016): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9s3.14867.

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ABSTRACTBackground: The role of airborne microorganisms in the nosocomial infections is debatable since past. Very limited and inconclusive data availableabout the contribution of the air microflora, especially the multidrug resistant (MDR) one, to the hospital-acquired infections in the Intensive CareUnits (ICUs).Objective: To analyze the microbial population and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the indoor air in relation to the nosocomial infectionsin the different ICUs at different periods in the tertiary care hospital.Methods: Microbial monitoring of the air was performed in 5 different ICUs for 1 year by passive sampling method.Results: A total of 221 air samples were collected for 1 year from five different ICUs. 92.53% were Gram-positive bacteria and 8.11% were Gramnegativebacteria. Staphylococcus spp. (34.21%) and Acinetobacter spp. (63.04%) were the most common isolated bacteria among Gram-positiveand Gram-negative organisms, respectively, and among the fungal isolates, all of them were Aspergillus spp. (5.84%) from the air sample. Ventilatorassociatedpneumonia was the most common nosocomial infection and Acinetobacter spp. was the frequently isolated MDR organism.Conclusion: Air could be the major source of nosocomial infections by MDR Gram-negative organisms in the ICUs which require special attention andsurveillance.Keywords: Air sampling, Intensive Care Units, Multidrug-resistant organisms, Nosocomial infection.
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Moghaddam Arjmand, Masoumeh. "The Potential Effectiveness of Probiotic-Based Sanitation Procedures in Nosocomial Infection Control: A Review Article." Avicenna Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ajehe.2019.16.

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The sanitation of the hospital environment for the purpose of preventing the transmission of nosocomial infections has a major role in reducing the infection of hospitalized patients with the bacteria living on hospital surfaces. The excessive use of chemical detergents in recent decades has led to microbial resistance in nosocomial infectious bacteria. Researchers’ attention has therefore been drawn to the use of probiotics for disinfecting hospital surfaces. The present study was conducted to assess the potential effectiveness of probiotic products in controlling the contamination of inert surfaces in the environment and medical instruments in health centers and investigate the claim that the antagonistic property of probiotic microorganisms offers an effective method for controlling nosocomial infections and a suitable alternative to conventional disinfection methods. A search was carried out for relevant articles published from 2000 to 2018 in databases including ISI, PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, using the keywords "nosocomial infections", "disinfection", "sanitation", "probiotics" and "infected surfaces". The articles published from 2000 to 2018 confirmed the greater effectiveness of probiotic disinfection (by up to 90%) compared to conventional chemical disinfection in controlling nosocomial infections. Nevertheless, more extensive studies are needed on probiotics to determine the possibility of replacing good bacteria with bad bacteria in future decades.
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Tauhid, Syed Ahsan, MAK Azad Chowdhury, Md Mahbubul Hoque, MA Kamal, and Emdadul Haque. "Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections in Children in Intensive Care Unit: Organisms, Sources, Their Sensitivity Pattern and Outcome of Treatment." Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons 35, no. 3 (October 22, 2017): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v35i3.34341.

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Background: Nosocomial bloodstream infection in paediatric ICU is a leading, preventable infectious complication in critically ill patients and has a negative impact on patient’s outcome. This study was done to determine the type of pathogens responsible for nosocomial infections and its sensitivity pattern, to evaluate the probable sources (fomites) of nosocomial infections and also to compare the outcome of treatment between children with and without nosocomial bloodstream infections in terms of length of ICU stay and mortalityMaterial and methods: This study was conducted in the intensive care unit of Dhaka Shishu(children) hospital. Children between 0-5 years of age were included in the study. Blood culture positive case at the time of admission and Children discharged or died within 48 hours of admission were excluded. When children clinically suspected to have nosocomial infections, their blood culture and swab culture of probable sources were done.Results: Out 110 patients, 23(20.9%) patients developed nosocomial BSI. Neonates were found to be more susceptible to develop nosocomial BSI. Most of the organisms (86%) were Gram negative bacilli. Klebsiella was the most common pathogens (30.78%) followed by acinatobacter (21.73%), E-coli (13.04%), Pseudomonas (8.7%). Type of micro-organisms and their sensitivity pattern obtained from blood culture and sources culture of corresponding patient were almost similar which indicate the clue for probable source of nosocomial infection. Microorganisms were almost sensitive to Imipenem but there were high resistance to commonly used antibiotics including third generation cephalosporins. ICU acquired infections increase hospital mortality and duration of hospital stay.Conclusion: Nosocomial bloodstream infections in children in ICU are associated with high mortality rate and prolong hospital stay. Neonates are more susceptible to develop nosocomial BSI than children aged above 28 days. Gram negative organisms are predominant isolates and are developing resistance to commonly used antibiotics including third generation cephalosporin. Imipenem is the most effective and reliable antibiotic option. Fomites especially health care device including IV canula, suction catheter, endotracheal tubes, oxygen mask are the important probable sources of nosocomial infections.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2017; 35(3): 115-122
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Dima, Sofia, Evangelos I. Kritsotakis, Maria Roumbelaki, Simeon Metalidis, Andreas Karabinis, Nina Maguina, Fyllis Klouva, et al. "Device-Associated Nosocomial Infection Rates in Intensive Care Units in Greece." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 28, no. 05 (May 2007): 602–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/513618.

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Site-specific, risk-adjusted incidence rates of intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired infections were obtained through standardized surveillance in 8 ICUs in Greece. High rates were observed for central line-associated bloodstream infection (12.1 infections per 1,000 device-days) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (12.5 infections per 1,000 device-days). Gram-negative microorganisms accounted for 60.4% of the isolates recovered, and Acinetobacter species were predominant. To reduce infection rates in Greek ICUs, comprehensive infection control programs are required.
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Salmanov, Aidyn G., Anna V. Kolesnik, and Dmytro V. Andriuschenko. "EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS IN UKRAINE: RESULTS OF A MULTICENTER STUDY (2014-2015)." Wiadomości Lekarskie 72, no. 4 (April 2019): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek201904101.

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Introduction: Intra-abdominal infections are a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early clinical diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are the cornerstones in the management of all infections. The aim: Aim of our work was to obtain the first national estimates of the current prevalence of intra-abdominal infections and resistance of their causative agents to antibiotics in Ukrainian hospitals. Materials and methods: In total of 1986 patients with microbiologically proven IAI were included in the study. The identification and antimicrobial susceptibility to antibiotics of cultures were determined, using automated microbiology analyzer and Kirby - Bauer antibiotic testing. Results: Among 1986 patients, 1404 (70.7%) community-acquired and 582 (29.3%) nosocomial infections were observed. Death during hospitalization was reported in 4.1% community-acquired cases and 7.7% nosocomial cases. The distribution of the microorganisms differed according to the nosocomial or community origin of the infection but not according to their location. In nosocomial patients were observed with increased proportions of Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The carbapenems and amikacin were the most consistently active against Enterobacteriaceae. Against P. aeruginosa, amikacin, imipenem, ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin were the most active agents in community-acquired infections, while imipenem, cefepime and amikacin were the most active agents in nosocomial cases. Conclusions: The significant risk factors defined should be addressed preoperatively to decrease the risk for nosocomial infections. Antibiotics application tactics should be determined in accordance with the local data of resistance to them in each surgical hospital.
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Azimi, Leila, Abbas Motevallian, Amirmorteza Ebrahimzadeh Namvar, Babak Asghari, and Abdolaziz Rastegar Lari. "Nosocomial Infections in Burned Patients in Motahari Hospital, Tehran, Iran." Dermatology Research and Practice 2011 (2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/436952.

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Burn patients are at high risk of developing nosocomial infection because of their destroyed skin barrier and suppressed immune system, compounded by prolonged hospitalization and invasive therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. Studies on nosocomial infection in burn patients are not well described. The objective of the present study was to identify the causative bacterial of nosocomial infection and to determine the incidence of nosocomial infection and their changing during hospitalization in burned patients admitted to in the Motahari Hospital, Tehran, Iran. During the second part of 2010, 164 patients were included in this study. Samples were taken the first 48 hours and the fourth week after admission to Motahari Burn hospital. Isolation and identification of microorganisms was performed using the standard procedure. Of the 164 patients, 717 samples were taken and 812 bacteria were identified, 610 patients were culture positive on day 7 while 24 (17.2%) on 14 days after admission. The bacteria causing infections were 325Pseudomonas, 140Acinetobacter, 132 Staphylococcus aureus, and 215 others. The percentage of mortality was 12%. All of patients had at least 1 positive culture withPseudomonasand/or withAcinetobacter. Hospitals suggest continuous observationof burn infections and increase strategies for antimicrobial resistance control and treatment of infectious complications.
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El-Baky, Rehab Mahmoud Abd, Eman Mohamed Senosy, Walid Omara, Doaa Safwat Mohamed, and Reham Ali Ibrahim. "The Impact of the Implementation of Culture-based Antibiotic Policy on the Incidence of Nosocomial Infections in Neonates Hospitalized in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in a General Egyptian Hospital in Upper Egypt, 2016-2018." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 14, no. 3 (September 5, 2020): 1879–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.14.3.27.

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Nosocomial infections mainly are due to inefficient cleaning in association with the uncontrollable prescription of antimicrobials resulting in the emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogens in the hospital environment. Objectives:The study aims to evaluate the impact of the implementation of culture-guided antibiotic policy with strict infection control strategies on the occurrence of nosocomial infections and the resistance pattern ofthe isolated clinical and environmental pathogens. The study was done in 2 periods. Firstly, (August 2016 – April 2017), routine disinfection procedures and the applied antibiotic policy were evaluated. Secondly, according to the results a new antibiotic policy depending on the culture sensitivity results were implemented starting from June 2017 to February 2018 in association with strict infection control practices. As a result of this intervention, A change in the type of the isolated microorganisms was observed.Antibiotic resistance was decreased. Mortality rate was reduced from 14.1% to 9.5% of neonates with nosocomial infections, the number of the prescribed antibiotics didn’t exceed 4 antibiotics decreasing the overall cost for neonates’ therapy during their hospital stay. Each hospital should have its own antibiotic policy with the application of strict infection control strategies for the control of nosocomial infection.
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