Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Notation financière'
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Moreau, Ludovic. "Agence de notation et architecture financière internationales. Perspectives historiques." Thesis, Paris 10, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA100079.
Full textBond ratings are relatively new in bond market history. They have then been hardwired into financial architecture first in the United-States and then over the world after the 1970’s. This dissertation comes back on the American experience to bring light on this social choice. Chapter 1 shows that rating firms did not get any particular windfall in the coming of the first American regulation using ratings and suggests paying more attention to the coming of a modern business model where issuer pay for ratings. Reviewing the structure of the American credit market borrowing provides a better understanding on why these “modern” ratings became to matter more over the last quarter of the twentieth century. Chapter 3 investigates the relationship between bond yields, ratings and standard control variables. Replicating a test on a number of cross-sections evidence a possible impact of financial regulations relying on ratings introduced in the 1930’s and in the 1970’s. Chapter 4 criticizes regulatory interventions towards the rating business, which have focused on oversight strategies. Since regulatory bodies use ratings, they are entitled to implement a monitoring framework that would focus on the overall consistency of ratings and that would prevent unchecked reliance. This critical activity should be better identified as a policy response and could be easily centralized and publicized. The concluding remarks discuss on what is at stake when financial regulators decide to rely on ratings and muse on the possible evolutions of the financial architecture
Desban, Marc. "Modèles d'évaluation des actifs financiers, anomalies et notation extra-financière." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC0106.
Full textDo the prices of financial assets reflect all previous information as well as all that is public? The efficient market hypothesis (EMH), in a semi-strong form (Fama, 1970), states that securities prices represent, at all times, their respective intrinsic values. Testing this EMH requires the use of an asset pricing model, the CAPM. However, it does not explain significant portions of the returns: the market anomalies. What to conclude? Is it a misspecified model or a valid one that, in its failures, indicates that markets are inefficient? Fama and French (1992) argue that the risk of an asset is a combination of several risk factors. Market anomalies, according to these authors, do not exist. They result from the omission of risk factors that influence the formation of the price that the beta of the market does not capture. The authors formalize a three (1993) and a five factor model (2015) to explain the completeness of the ex post returns in time series as well as in cross section. Despite their shortcomings in theoretical foundations, can ad-hoc models gain some form of legitimacy by integrating broad informational content and appearing as relevant and effective solutions for risk estimation of financial assets. From a French sample of 1,163 individual securities over the period 1990-2016 and from a European one of 12,144 stocks between 2002 and 2015, three empirical studies are done. The first interrogates the generalizability of multifactorial models at the national level and more specifically to the French market. The second study seeks to overcome the limitations of the CAPM by adding co-moments of orders three and four in the combinations of factors tested. In an axis of generalization of the CAPM, do the co-skewness and the co-kurtosis constitute an informational contribution likely to explain the market anomalies, which consequently makes the risk premiums outdated? In a third essay on the European market, we test the EMH through the extra-financial rating. This rating is a public information integrated into the prices. In this regional context, what about the ability of multifactor models to integrate a dimension of the risk associated with the extra-financial rating? We show that this rating of environmental, social and governance (ESG) dimensions approximates information content perceived by investors as a risk factor. Ad-hoc models show a higher explanatory power than the ex post CAPM. They succeed in integrating broad and disparate information contents not captured by the beta and find in this, a form of legitimacy for estimating the risk of financial assets
Dammak, Neila. "Notation financière et comportement des acteurs sur le marché financier." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST0048.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to analyze the role of rating agencies on the financial market. Our contribution consists in a better understanding of the impact of rating announcements on the agents on the French financial market (both investors and analysts).First we focus on the information content of announcements by rating agencies and the impact of theirs decisions in the market. To answer this question, we made an event study at the rating announcements, by identifying them by nature, type and category.This research highlights the fact that the rating announcements generally have an impact on the stock market. This impact depends on the nature of the announcement, the information provided in the reports as well as score changes between categories and within the speculative category. Moreover, the rating level depends on the firm financial and accounting characteristics.Second, we intend to understand the beneficial role of rating agencies on the financial markets. To answer this question, we analyzed the evolution of the information asymmetry and stock market liquidity around rating announcements.Our results show that positive announcements (respectively negative) lead to a decrease (respectively increase) of information asymmetry. We also found that positive and neutral announcements, unlike the negative ones, lead to a reduction of bid-ask spread and to an increase of transactions volumes. Both effects reflect higher (respectively lower) stock market liquidity when the announcements are positive or neutral (respectively negative).Finally, we focus on the study of the impact of rating announcements on analysts' forecasts. For this purpose, we studied the evolution of the analysts' forecasts dispersion and errors around rating announcements.Our results indicate an inverse relationship between the characteristics of financial analysts' forecasts and the nature of the rating announcement. Indeed, positive and neutral announcements reduce the error and the dispersion of analysts' forecasts.This research shows the informative content of rating announcements on the stock market and the real contribution of the announcements by improving financial communication
Guehair, Nourreddine. "La notation financière : cas des collectivités locales françaises." Pau, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PAUU2005.
Full textThe modernization of public finance of major french local authorities questioned credit rationg. We discuss their motivations for using their practical utilities and purposes, beyond the role of access to financing. We have recourse to a wide theoretical framework : the theory of the agency, the signal, the stakeholders, as well as the learning and the neo-institutional theories. The work is based on a questionnaire plus public data originating from 149 communities among which 20 are rated. The results show that the motivations for the use of credit rating are mainly : size, the level of risk control and financial reporting, tax and financial variables, the perceived shortcomings of the DGCO and DGCL risk prevention devices, as well as the image of the rating agencies. Beyong the role of certification, credit ratings also appears as a tool for learning, controlling, legitimating, obtaining and disseminates financial information both in internally and externally. It would became a managerial tool contributing to improving local governance
Bergier, Charles. "Le contrôle international des agences de notation financières." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR0014/document.
Full textTo control credit rating agencies, some national and regional initiatives are concrete, but they do not are harmonized. This situation is not, however, prohibitive. For example, while the EU and the US both have a separate registration system for credit rating agencies to exercise on their territory, it makes sense to think, and therefore ultimately consider, that a universal registration or aggregation would be a strong first step towards regulatory harmonization. It is in this context that the harmonization of US and European regulations could be a first step towards a supra-state regulatory framework for credit rating agencies. It remains to be defined whether European standards would apply, or those of the potentially less ambitious American regulation. And this line of thought would be perfectly fair if it was not also necessary to take into account the rise of emerging countries that want to change the situation. It would therefore be necessary to agree first and foremost on a system that is suitable for everyone, a very difficult hypothesis that deserves questioning. In addition, in order to control credit rating agencies in an effective and binding manner (which is unfortunately not the case for the IOSCO Code of Conduct Fundamentals for Credit Rating Agencies), the possibility of emerging international economic law made from financial standards. This process would thus not only be beneficial in the context of creating international control for credit rating agencies, it would also be beneficial in the development of a international financial law. In the context of credit rating agencies, the development of financial standards has been in response to the needs of national regulatory authorities seeking a balance between maintaining the competitiveness of their financial centers and the need of stability for the financial system. These standards allow cooperation institutions to position themselves as international standardization authorities for the sectors concerned
Seffar, Meriem. "Impacts de la notation financière surévaluée sur la création de valeur de l’entreprise." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE0008/document.
Full textRating agencies could not anticipate the collapse of several companies. Researches have focused on ratings impacts on stock prices and yield spreads. They investigated, more on the use of ratings by investors and banking regulators. This thesis is an extension of this work. Nevertheless, it investigates, particularly, the impacts of rating overvaluation on issuers. The main expected theoretical contribution of this work is to analyze ratings accuracy, and rating contribution to the value creation for the issuing company. We will study whether the rating of a company can be considered as a factor behind its excessive reliance on debt market, and we will analyze the impact on its financial situation
Mécemmène, Céline. "Analyse terminologique trilingue du langage des agences de notation financière et analyse de divers aspects de la traduction économique et financière." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2004.
Full textThe subject of our thesis is based on the study of two complementary essential points: a presentation of the main rating agencies and a terminology research in the economic and the financial field. We aim firstly to establish clearly the economic and financial concepts and terms in French with their equivalents in English and Arabic. The second point deals with the analysis of the economic and financial translation in the three languages (French-English-Arabic). Our goal is to analyze the characteristics of this specialized field, to compare translation results in the three languages then try to find out and analyze the problems encountered by economic and financial translators. Finance is a very broad field that represents many sub-domains however, terminology research in the financial rating sub-domain has been little developed, we decided then to introduce the financial rating agencies and to study their termionology. The reality is that until today, the economic and financial terminology is not clearly established in the French and Arabic languages which borrow a lot from the English language. We aim then to perform a theoretical and practical research, as we believe that the two approaches are complementary and enrich each other. In fact, terminology and translation are complementary and economic and financial translation requires numerous skills such as linguistic skills, and knowledge of the field of economy and finance
Ben, Hmiden Oussama. "Contribution à la connaissance du rôle des agences de notation dans l'information comptable et financière." Bordeaux 4, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR40031.
Full textThe aims of this research is to demystify the methodology of credit rating agencies (CRA) in a context of tensions between the various actors in the operation of rating, through an analysis of the influence of CRA on accounting and financial information diffused by rated companies. An empirical analysis is intented to study the importance of accounting and financial adjusted in the methodology of the CRA. An evaluation of the explanatory capacity of the accounting and financial variables adjusted makes it possible to better understand the relation between the adjustments of the CRA and the level of the ascribed rating. Pointing out the weight of the adjustments of the accounting and financial information displayed by CRA, this research allows to illustrate better the determinants of ratings. Indeed, adjustments of the accounting and financial information can really change the informative power of the models of determinations of credit ratings
Seve, Margot. "La régulation financière après la crise." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010308.
Full textMillette, Alexandre. "Dette publique, notation financière et nationalisme: le cas de la province de Québec de 1970 à 2012." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6059.
Full textDongmo-Kengfack, José Nadège. "Les relations de long terme entre la notation des banques par les agences et leur valorisation." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0319/document.
Full textThe distinctiveness and uniqueness of this research lies in the fact that it studies the long-term effects of credit rating on the value of banks rather than its immediate impact on the shares’ market price. The context of this research is the subprime crisis period of 2007-2008 during which banking stocks declined dramatically. This crisis caused a reawakening of interest in the study of credit rating and its impact on rated companies, especially when the rated companies are banks. The central question is to know how and to what extent credit rating helps to explain the long-term valuation of banks. How does the bank rating affect their performance, their governance, their capital structure, and therefore their value? Reciprocally, how does banks valuation impact their credit ratings? Our research follows the path of previous studies showing the impact of credit rating on the value of companies, but our approach is different. On one hand we focus only on the banking sector which is particular, and where the impact of credit rating can be different and stronger than on the other companies or industrial groups. On other hand we mobilize corporate governance approach that highlights the link between governance and valuation (Charreaux G., 1997; Gompers et al., 2003, Rob Bauer et al., 2003; Barth, Caprio and Levine, 2004; Levine, 2004). We also mobilize the neo-institutional theory developed by Meyer and Rowan (1977), Scott and Meyer (1983), DiMaggio and Powell (1991, 1997) and North (1990) that highlights the impact of institutions on organizations, their management and performance. These two approaches allow us to describe and analyze the ways and means by which credit rating can impact banks values in the long term, particularly by inspiring banks to use the “best practices” disseminated in the rating methodologies for banks. We try to empirically validate this analysis through a quantitative and econometric approach, using data from international databases such as Bloomberg, Bankscope and Fininfo about 161 large banks from 18 countries over the period 2001 to 2010. After building uniform credit rating indicators, we use bivariate analysis, regressions on panel data, Granger causality tests and multinomial logit model to test our assumptions. Our results show that one notch downgrade of a bank financial strength rating seems to cause a significant decrease of its valuation. This impact is not significant in a crisis period. The effect of the issuer credit rating on bank valuation is not significant. However, Granger causality tests show a feedback loop between the issuer credit rating, the weighted average cost of debt and the size of banks. The results of a logit multinomial model show that the bank financial strength ratings assigned by the rating agencies are influenced by the bank valuation indicators only for the years 2008 and 2009
Orpiszewski, Tomasz. "Le marché des dettes souveraines dans la globalisation financière." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090052/document.
Full textThis PhD dissertation presents the analysis of the link between the government debt market, sovereign risk, financial stability and development of the local currency debt in emerging economies. The reserch contribution to the academic literature lies in the empirical analysis of capital flows in bond markets and, for this purpose, I constructed a novel database covering domestic and foreign holdings of government bonds in developed and emerging economies. As a result, this disertation projects a complete and coherent image of the globalisation of sovereign bond markets
Lantin, François. "Impacts de la notation financière sur le prix des actions : le cas des entreprises européennes cotées sur la période 1998-2006." Lyon 3, 2009. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2009_out_lantin_f.pdf.
Full textThe research identifies the circumstances that lead to a real decrease in stock prices of companies facing a negative credit rating announcement. In addition to an effort of structuring and comparing previous results, the theoretical contribution is to confirm and bring new lines of inquiry relating to the surplus informational announcements that is actually given by the rating agencies, for financial different players in the stock market. Based on a hypothetical-deductive approach, the study deals with 1 035 rating changes made by Standard and Poor's for 212 European listed companies over the 1998-2006 period. The results confirm asymmetry average reaction of European stock market and bring several deepenings. First, stock prices fluctuations, taken individually, seem to be negatives in only half the cases, but with a large magnitude. Secondly, the impact on the stock market following downgrades is high when the rating class is low and the number of notches is important. It is also more important if the degradation changes a rating starting with “A” to a rating starting with “B” and a rating in investment grade to a rating in speculative grade. The magnitude of the reaction would also depend on the size of the firm and the beta of its equity. Nevertheless, it is totally independent of the initial rating, the existence of a creditwatch, the downgrade justification, the importance of the financial markets and the financial context
Jaballah, Jamil Sadok. "Essais sur l'impact des crises financières sur la réputation et le comportement des agences de notation." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU10040/document.
Full textThis thesis studies the impact of the reputation of rating agencies on investors’ perception of ratings, and on rating agencies ability to disclose accurate and timely information. It consists of four chapters. In the first and second chapters, we study changes in investors’ perception of rating agencies’ ratings following the observation of rating failures. The results show that investors either ignore or react less to ratings after such failures, which suggests that rating agencies poor performance affects negatively their reputation. In the third and fourth chapters, we study the determinants of ratings timeliness and accuracy disclosed by credit rating agencies. The results suggest that the reputation of the rating agency affects the quality of ratings. In particular, the higher the rating agency s reputation, the less accurate and timely the rating is
Chacornac, Jérôme. "Essai sur les fonctions de l'information en droit des instruments financiers." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020019.
Full textInformation constitutes the element or the stake of many a legal rule in financial Law. These rules dictate disclosure obligations to issuers, financial intermediaries and investors. Furthermore, they sanction market abuses, insofar as they undermine the qualities of the information, and provide a legal framework for the elaboration process of opinions voiced by financial analysts and credit rating agencies. In such a heterogeneous body of rules, diverse legal qualifications are applicable to information. The conistency of the discipline lies in the necessity to inform the participants of the risk inherent to financial instruments. From its intellectual functions, information can be studied as transmittable intelligence permitting a better understanding of the risk financial instruments entail. While some data allows for the description of the investment risk, other data enables its assesment over time in order to realize predictions. Substantive law evolves by drawing on the two intellectual functions of information: its descriptive function and its predictive function. This analysis helps to reinforce the intellegibility of constantly evolving legislation, which implies the joint study of company law, contract law and criminal business law. The law of financial instruments can thus be the subject of an analysis stemming from information as a requirement to the taking an investment risk
Trouillet, Julien. "Credit Rating Agencies." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED045/document.
Full textCredit rating agencies have recently been under a lot of scrutiny. Their responsibility in the last financial crisis has been questioned. They received much attention from the media. The credit rating agencies have been blamed for their too generous ratings before the crisis and also for being too severe during the European debt crisis. In this thesis, after an overlook of the recent literature, I look at two specific issues related to their activity: • What issues arise when public information is released by a private entity on financial markets? • Can reputation explains why a credit rating agency can be caught underrating (respectively overrating)
Shi, Xucheng. "Three Essays on Information Intermediaries in Capital Markets." Thesis, Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021EHEC0003.
Full textThis dissertation consists of three chapters that empirically investigate the economics of information intermediaries. The first chapter investigates whether a proxy advisory firm’s parent company has a vested interest in proxy votes. The second chapter presents a joint work with Han Wu, examining whether proxy advisors exert an active role in influencing executive compensation or merely a passive role as information intermediaries. The third chapter, joint with Zhang Zhang, explores whether credit reports from investor-paid rating agencies provide incremental information of corporate debt issuers’ credit risk
Shen, Jun. "Les législations concernant les marchés financiers en France et aux Etats-Unis - Approche comparée." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30010.
Full textThe legislations concerning financial markets govern not only the markets, but also the participants, the products and the activities as well in the markets. By using these indispensable legal tools, the legislators of both sides of Atlantic aim at, among others, protecting the investors whose confidence is of top priority to the markets, on the one hand, and reducing the systemic risk which would occur in a more and more globalised financial context, on the other. Indeed, after the global financial crisis of 2008, systemic risk has drawn more legislative attention. From the abovementioned objectives which the legislators would like to achieve, we try to find and analyze the particularity of the legislation concerned, both in France or in the European Union and in the USA, by way of comparison of legislative dispositions or legislative initiatives across the Atlantic, with the consideration about their respective legislative evolution. We also give our reflections on the insufficiencies or the deficiencies with regard to the legislative measures or efforts taken by the transatlantic legislators to realize those objectives. Facing the actual and unprecedented financial crisis, and thus a requirement of dynamic, appropriate, timely and refined legislative reaction, it seems to us that it is the time for legislators in France, in the EU and in the USA to deepen their knowledge about financial products of non-stop innovation, to better adapt their legislative strategies to the development of financial activities and financial entities, to reinforce their cooperation and coordination in depth and in width in the field of financial regulation and supervision, and finally, to better fulfill their pursuing goals
Bouvard, Matthieu. "3 essais en finance d'entreprise." Toulouse 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU10032.
Full textThe first essay shows that adverse selection on the capital market affects incentives of entrepreneurs to engage in information acquisition through education or experience. The second essay models innovation financing as a sequential investment problem. Adverse selection on the capital market distorts investment timing and creates inertia. Optimal contracts can be implemented through stock options with a vesting period and severance payments. The third essay studies ratings or certification agencies and shows that reputational concerns have an ambiguous effect. When the perceived reliability of ratings is deficient, reputation has a disciplining effect and the precision of reports improves. However, agencies with a good reputation are too lenient
Bihr, Marie-Hélène. "L'intégration de la responsabilité sociale de l'entreprise et des informations extra-financières par le marché financier." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENG012.
Full textThis dissertation deals with the use of extra-financial information by the financial markets. We review the foundations of CSR, give a definition and bring up the measurement issue. Then, we focus on a new actor in the financial markets: extra-financial rating agencies on particular KLD, leader in the US and Vigeo, leader in France. They seem to answer the ever growing investors’ need of information on the level of CSR of their portfolio. In our empirical section, we are searching to assess the importance and use of extra-financial information in the financial markets. The first study deals with the impact of social index changes on stock returns. We use two different index: the ASPI (Vigeo) and the DS400 (KLD) to show that investors tend to value more information about an addition than a deletion in these social index. The second study verifies whether financial and extra-financial information are linked or not and whether it is possible to use the first one to obtain the second. It appears that extra-financial information has a real added-value and that extra-financial rating agencies have a genuine role. The third study examines the importance given to ESG information by investors, buy-side and sell-side analysts and investor relation officers. This survey reveals that if governance seems to be significantly valued, environmental and social issues are less important for the different actors
Ramdani, Mohamed. "Notation : cours boursiers et efficience du marché financier." Paris 10, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA100160.
Full textIn france, the rating agencies have existed since 1986. The reasons for their creation analyzed in the first part of our research work are the following : -deregulation, financial innovation and development market were the main factors having helped their development. - the theoretical reasons for their activity are the asymetric information characterized by selection adverse and moral hazard. The origin and process and analysis method of the rating agencies have then been studied. The demand for an issue rating on the capital market is a demand divided into three poles : issuer, rating agency and investor. This leads to the second part of our work : the representation of the relationship issuer-rating agency. The possible behaviour of the rating agency, taking into account the demand, the environment and its attitude to risk have thus been underlined. Its credibility and its reputation depend on the pressure on the demand which is the inciting factor forcing the rating agency to behave as a perfect agent. In the relationship rating agency-investor, the rating is universal information. It is a means of communication which enables the issuer of signal, certify, guarantee and secure the investor of the quality of the stock issues
Raimbourg, Philippe. "La notation des créances sur les marchés financiers français." Paris 9, 1988. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1988PA090007.
Full textRaimbourg, Philippe. "La Notation des créances sur les marchés financiers français." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37617815h.
Full textTaccola-Lapierre, Sylvie. "Le dispositif prudentiel Bâle II, autoévaluation et contrôle interne : une application au cas français." Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00348300.
Full textTaccola-Lapierre, Sylvie. "Le dispositif prudentiel Bâle II, autoévaluation et contrôle interne : Une application au cas français." Toulon, 2008. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00348300/fr/.
Full textThe operations of banks have profundly changed in recent years, due to financial liberalization and technological innovations. The development of new financial instruments and globalization of capital markets has generated new risks and forced supervisors to changing regulatory requirements to ensure the resilience of the financial system. With the entry into force in December 2006 of the reform of Basel II, banks have had to adapt their tools for selecting and measuring credit risk and taking into account operational risks in computing requirements equity. This thesis focuses on the passage of agreements Basel I to Basel II and explains the development of prudential based reform. The shift between the ratio Cooke and the ratio Mac Donough, is presented and analyzed to illustrate the "rise" of the self and demonstrate that internal control emerged as the cornerstone of the new device. A study of the internal control in force in France, particulary via regulation No. 97-02 modified of Comittee on Banking and Financial Regulation, is conducted. Then, from a qualitative study conducted in a french cooperative bank, we offer guides to key controls, in terms of governance and by type of risk
Marsaud, Guillaume. "Les agences de notation : l’appréhension juridique d’un pouvoir privé économique." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR0031/document.
Full textAs a result of their involvement in the subprime crisis and pro-cyclical role in the sovereign debt crisis,the credit rating agencies have been, since 2007, subject to the specific attention of the lawmaker whichhad to ensure integrity of the financial market and restore investors’ confidence in the aftermath of a realfinancial cataclysm. The criticisms against the oligopoly that dominates the rating industry were manyand include, inter alia, conflict of interest, opacity, deficient methodologies, lack of credibility and anticompetitivebehaviours. The successive adoption of regulatory and legislative measures was not enoughto achieve emancipation from the influence of this economic private power which maintains rootswithin the market regulatory framework since the aftermath of the Great Depression of 1929 and whosedevelopment is closely linked to securitization. Instead, the new regulations that should have governedan “activity” rather than “structures” have, alongside some commendable initiatives, resulted in theconsecration of a specific regime. Even the violations of the economic public order were rarely punishedby a justice which, except for anecdotic cases, was missing adequate legal weapons to address thosesituations or by a regulator still too immature. However, due to an environment constantly changing, thefew benefits obtained in terms of the rating agencies’ transparency and control, are already in the processof being jeopardised. The lawmaker seems to have moved on to other topics, while on the horizonappear new bubbles in new markets where rating agencies are very active
Damak, Mohamed. "Implication des systèmes de notation sur les cours boursiers." Paris 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA020025.
Full textAdeimi, Jessica. "Le cadre juridique de supervision bancaire et de régulation prudentielle : Du risque souverain aux politiques budgétaires d'austérité." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR0020/document.
Full textWhile the 2008 crisis has plunged the economy into a difficult period full of uncertainty, it can at least boast of having launched reforms of the financial sphere. In a context where international regulation is increasingly a matter of soft law, the Basel Committee plays an important role in developing rules to build a more secure banking sector, especially as the Basel III rules aim to restore confidence in the banking and financial system that was shaken, but also to prevent the occurrence of a new crisis. By means of stricter rules and innovative tools, regulation has gone further than in the past. However, the dangers arising from the circumvention of prudential rules by banks are indeed present. The question of the effectiveness of prudential regulation strategies, which may again be overwhelmed and taken aback by another crisis, is seriously raised. Regulatory responses usually come afterwards, whereas action should be taken upstream. Countries have often helped their banks, but they will not necessarily have the same resources in every new crisis. In this context, issues related to the interconnection between sovereign and banking risks and austerity policies were discussed, as were issues related to rating agencies, securitization and public-private partnerships. In a changing world, new challenges arise and a look at further horizons has led us to take an interest in the new deregulation policy of the new President of the United States, but it was also timely to take an interest in Lebanon, whose banking system has managed to escape the global crisis. Moreover, the banking and financial system will probably have to deal with phenomena such as "bitcoin" or "Islamic finance", which, despite their fragility, are developing. Finally, the thesis aims to show the limits of the current system and the measures envisaged
Touboul, Samuel. "The strategic value of sustainability and its disclosure : Three essays on the Impact of Sustainability Performance, Disclosure & Reputation on Firms’ Financial Performance." Thesis, Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHEC0004/document.
Full textThe signaling perspective argues that when a firm limits the extent of its sustainability disclosure, it prevents stakeholders from evaluating its achieved degree of sustainability performance, and may thus reach higher financial returns. However, transparency is an institutionalized norm that stakeholders value, and firms may not be able to limit their disclosure without being penalized. This thesis therefore raises the question of whether firms can strategically limit their sustainability disclosure to reach higher profits, or if pressure for conformity to the norm of transparency exists and weakens such strategies. Using econometrical methods, this thesis empirically shows that sustainability raters do not converge in their assessment of firms’ sustainability performance, supporting the assumption that firmsmay prevent stakeholders from evaluating their actual degree of sustainability. It also shows that less sustainable and more reputed firms are more likely to limit their sustainability disclosure, that highly sustainable firms encounter higher short and long term financial returns when they adopt an extensive disclosure, and that less sustainable firms, on the contrary are more profitable in the short term when theylimit their disclosure. This thesis therefore shows that in line with the signaling perspective, firms may strategically adjust the extent on their disclosure to reach higher returns in the short term. However, in the long term, normative pressure for transparency is too high and weakens the benefits of such strategies
Bourgoin, Christophe. "Risque souverain : contributions empiriques à l’analyse des déterminants des spreads obligataires souverains de pays émergents." Cergy-Pontoise, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CERG0463.
Full textThis thesis aims to examine sovereign risk in emerging markets. We analyze specifically determinants of sovereign bond spreads. The recent financial crisis shows that this subject is in the throes of international financial stability issues. The thesis is composed by four chapters. The central role of sovereign risk and bond spreads for emerging markets is described in an introductive chapter. In an first chapter, the existence of emerging bond spreads comovements is examined in using two multivariate analysis (an factorial analysis and an cointegration analysis) on a recent period (1998-2006). One of interests of such an analysis is to evidence the importance of global and common factors in the determination of sovereign bond spreads and to identify their factors. In a second chapter, using an event study, we investigate the impact of sovereign credit ratings changes on emerging market bond spreads. In the third chapter, we use a recent econometrical methodology, the FAVAR approach, which we enable to summarize information of a fifty financial, macroeconomic and political variables, for finding what are common and idiosyncratic factors of sovereign brazilian spread and studying the reactions of spread to domestic and global shocks
Tong, Xuheng. "L'environnement institutionnel influence-t-il le rôle, la stratégie et l'impact des agences de notation financières ? Application à la Chine et éléments de comparaison avec l’Europe." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0196.
Full textIn this Ph.D. thesis, we aim to contribute to the entire research on CRAs, with theoretical, conceptual and empirical aspects. We used the New-institutionalism as a theoretical frame of reference to justify the importance to have a good understanding of Chinese institutional characteristics. Chinese State-capitalism and Socialist-market economics, along with the interaction of CRAs with regulators, issuers and investors are devoted to setting the stage. We implemented various methodological approaches that seemed the most appropriate, on the sample that the most suitable, according to each of the objectives that we set, to better comprehend CRAs’ role, strategy and impact, under Chinese market context.Firstly, we found that CRAs were not expected to play “their main role” in assessing the credit default risk for market investment in China, as they are usually assigned to do so in Europe, and other developed countries. After running the frequency test, to register the words most used in the written regulatory and normative documents, we concluded that the expectation of roles of CRAs was also different in Continental China and in Hong Kong. At the expectation of issuers, CRAs also seem to play a role in rating “shopping”, in split rating, and even in rating inflation. Investors are very cautious to the multiple ratings. Secondly, by using logistic models, we found that global CRAs tend to rate more strictly than local CRAs, ceteris paribus. We also realized that the strategical behaviors of Chinese local CRAs are distinctive one from the other, when we studied the determinants “behind” initial issuer ratings. These findings confirmed the preliminary quantitative tests that we executed on the descriptive data. Thirdly, we failed to find informative impact of credit rating changes on the stock market, through a classic event study relying on the market model. Even if we refined the methodology by completing GARCH to OLS estimation model, and non-parametric tests to parametric tests, we only found significant outcomes in some subsamples, and for negative watch-lists.In the end, the analyses we led and the findings we reported from each of these empirical chapters have contributed to enrich, in return, our discussion of Chinese institutional characteristics
Msahazi, Abdillah. "La préservation du système bancaire par la régulation : l'exemple du système bancaire comorien." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05D012.
Full textThis thesis on busness management, aims to elucidate the difficulties faced by the stakeholders of the Comorian banking system and to provide solutions to ensure its soundness, stability and sustainability. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first focuses specifically on the national and international context of the Comorian banking system. The second, highlights how the Comorian banks should adapt to the financial transparency and prudential supervision requirements. The first title of the first part, tries toshed light on the current organization of the Comorian banking system based on the French model (Chapter 1) and the contribution of the recent development of Islamic finance (Chapter 2) to close the gap in conventional banking. The reorganization of the Central Bank of the Comoros and the establishment of the local Islamic bank can contribute to a radical change in the Comorian banking system. The second title allows the regulator and lender of last resort (Central Bank of the Comoros ) to take the model of international prudential standards proposed by the Basel Committee (Basel II and III) to regulate the Comorian banking system in order to guarantee its soundness, stability and finally sustainability (Chapter 1). Through these recommendations of the Basel committee, we have provided solutions by developing Msahazi Credit Scoring Matrix Corporation, intended to analyse data of Comorian banks against endogenous risk (Chapter 2). We have also developed matrices other than Comorian banks used for internal rating of the counterparty risk (companies and individuals) to fight against exogenous risk. The second part of this thesis suggests two alternatives: the first is the requirement of financial transparency for Comorian banks (Pillar 3: Basel Conventions 2 and 3) in order to fight against embezzlement orchestrated by certain agents (Title I). The first chapter introduces the objective of financial reporting in general, and how the Basel Committee (Basel 2 and 3) asks banks to disclose their financial information (methods of risk assessments and equity). The second chapter provides credit rating techniques practiced at international level to the Comorian banks and supervisory authorities in order to distinguish the level of creditworthiness of companies and clients concerned. The second alternative we have given to the Central Bank of the Comoros is the techniques for strengthening prudential supervision (Pillar 2, Basel 2 and 3), (Title II) . The first chapter requires both the management and the bank's board of directors to define control techniques, identifications, assessments, risk managements and core capital goals. On the other hand, the supervisory authority (Comoros Central Bank) has to go through all these control tools. In the second and final chapter of the research, we propose to the Central Bank of the Comoros new prudential supervision methods to ensure the soundness, stability and sustainability of the banking system. We hope that all of these suggestions will help to preserve the soundness, stability and durability of the Comorian banking system in order to finance the development of the Comorian economy and lift the country out of poverty
Slimani, Zakaria. "La mise en place d'un modèle d'évaluation des actifs financiers dans le paradigme de finance islamique." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENG018.
Full textThe Islamic investor differs from its counterpart type, the homo-economicus, in its approach to the act of investment. Indeed, the first is not based solely on financial criteria to prioritize its investment choices, but also uses moral and ethical criteria to assess the effectiveness of its financial allocations. This particular behavior is explained by the fact that, performing acts of investments consistent with Islamic business ethics generates a pleasure of piety to this type of investor. The neo-classical financial theory ignores the existence of the pleasure of piety and its potential impact on the process of selecting investments. Also, portfolio theory and its corollary, the theory of CAPM do not take into account the preferences of the Islamic investor. Therefore, it is not able to use them to assess the effectiveness of its investment choices. To overcome this theoretical failure, we offer through our research, a model of asset pricing that takes into account the specificities of Islamic investment, for example, the inability to achieve a short selling and taking into account ethical and moral aspects of investment portfolios. This model should allow the homo-islamicus to achieve optimal allocation of its financial resources. The main results of our research show that unlike conventional socially responsible investment, Islamic investment is ethical and altruistic types. This specificity requires Islamic rating agencies, to take into account the levels of charitable giving that makes every business, when calculating its ethical note. We therefore develop a rating model for companies and investment portfolios that takes into consideration the specificity of Islamic investment. Subsequently, we propose two alternatives that enable Islamic investors to circumvent the prohibition to perform conventional short selling transactions. Finally, we build our Islamic assets pricing model
Aziz, Saqib. "Three Essays on Mergers and Acquisitions and Bank Stability." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1G005/document.
Full textThis dissertation consists of three essays on mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity of banks and various dimensions of their stability. The first essay delves upon whether and how acquisitiveness of large European banks over an extensive period of 1990-2006 relate to their bailouts and credit ratings during the financial crisis of 2007-2009. Three important findings emerge from the performed analysis. First, the intensity of bank M&A activity positively relates to the likelihood and extent of their bailout support during the financial crisis. Second, the ex-ante acquisitiveness of banks relates in a significantly positive manner with the deterioration in bank issuer ratings – suggesting towards higher default risk of acquisitive banks during the crisis period. Third, a positive link between the external support and the joint effect of M&A activity and “too big to fail” factor substantiates that banks may pursue M&A activity to exploit safety net benefits associated with “too big to fail” status in the market. The second chapter analyzes the relation between M&A activity of large European banks and their vulnerability to the financial crisis using Merton (1974) based distance to default (DD) and the Z-score ratio as a measure of bankruptcy risk and solvency. The results suggest that a greater focus of samples banks towards acquiring investment banking operations over a time span of 1990-2006 significantly relates to the increase in their risk default (measured by DD) and insolvency (measured by Z-score) during the recent financial crisis. Moreover, relatively limited evidence indicates towards the positive stability effects of the acquisitions performed in the retail banking segment of industry by the sample banks. The third and final essay of this dissertation provides M&A centric evidence on bank deregulation, consolidation, and stability in the U.S. banking industry. We primarily analyze the effects of two significant deregulatory acts of the 1990s that permitted U.S. banks to expand across states (the Riegle-Neal act of 1994) and functions performed (the Gramm-Leach-Bliley act of 1999). We employ difference-in-difference approach over M&A activity of U.S. (treatment group) and European (control group) banks over a time span of 1990-2009 in an unbalanced panel setting. We find a significantly positive effect of deregulation in spurring M&A centric consolidation in the U.S. banking industry. However, such effects are not fully reflected in the types of diversification aimed at in the two deregulatory acts. Moreover, we also show that M&A intensity and deregulation jointly cast a negative effect on the stability of U.S. banking industry –thus substantiating “Concentration – Fragility” view over banking
Caputo, Nicolas. "Ressources économiques et pouvoir politique : intégration semi-périphérique au système financier mondial et son impact sur la coalition socio-politique au pouvoir en Argentine de 1989 à 2001." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00814376.
Full textPatatouka, Eleni. "Étude des mutations sociospatiales, système financier et marché immobilier en Grèce : tendances de financiarisation du système du logement à Athènes au cours des années 2000." Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080026/document.
Full textThe present thesis concerns the sociospatial mutations produced by the financialization trends of the Greek housing system in the past two decades. How are the global processes of financialization accommodated in a local context in order to generate a Greek version of financialization? Aim of the thesis is to shed light on the transformation of a self-financing economy, based on family networks to a mortgage market. The hypothesis is that these changes in the field of financing the residential urban fabric, or the emergence of finance as a "new actor" on housing production circuits, are associated with the precarization of housing and new sociospatial geographies.During the postwar decades, Athens, a Mediterranean city and, at the same time, a south European peripheral urban center, is characterized by strong social mobility, when housing production circuits functioned as a “social elevator”. Since the early 1990s, Athens is facing both new challenges and the persistence of pre-existing structures. It is the first time of a crucial expansion of housing credit in Greece, when housing prices have significantly increased. The quantitative and qualitative analysis, the case study and the semi-structured interviews highlight new actors, their actions, representations and practices as well as tendencies of financial exclusion. This study highlights the importance of the geography as well as the significant role of family networks, the scale of neighborhood and everyday life in analyzing finance and the interconnections of the financial system with the informal economy
Pénet, Pierre. "Calculating and governing risk in times of crisis : the role of credit ratings in regulatory reasoning and legal change (1930s - 2010s)." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0053.
Full textLocated at the intersection of economic sociology, financial history, and the sociology of knowledge, this dissertation examines the role of credit ratings in financial regulation, and more broadly, the role of financial uncertainties and legal incompleteness on financial actors’ anticipatory decisions. The framework set forth in this study can be summarized as follows. First, this study breaks with an intellectualist approach of public action to analyze financial regulation from the perspective of its instruments. As such, this research draws on a pragmatist agenda developed in social studies of finance and recent work in economic sociology. Second, the main hypothesis of this dissertation is to approach regulatory instruments as technologies of knowing and tools of government. From this double viewpoint, I hypothesize that the frictions generated by the two competing activities of calculating and governing impart the regulatory activity with both its structural features and historical dynamics. Third, using the example of regulatory reliance on ratings, I propose a longue durée historical analysis (1865-2010) of the regulatory activity in the U.S. and Europe through the examination of five regulatory regimes (statutory, appeal, disciplinary, fictional, and contractual). Four, one original feature of this dissertation is to combine a macroscopic analysis of regulatory change with a meticulous approach of several short historical sequences during which important regulatory innovations came into being, notably the New Deal in the U.S. and the European sovereign debt crisis. Thus, in addition to setting the contours of five regulatory frameworks, this dissertation analyses the ways in which regulators used ratings as “clutching” devices to operationalize the legal transition from one regime to another
Alshammari, Turki. "The composition and characteristics of stockholders in GCC markets, and their response to the released information : an application to credit rating agencies' and Imams' announcements." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0098.
Full textWe examine the possible influence of the domination of individual investors on stock markets’ behaviour in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, with respect to the credit rating agencies’ and Imams’ “Islamic scholars” announcements. We assume that the English language used by the international Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) to publish their news may fail to reduce the asymmetric information in GCC markets, due to the low level of English knowledge amongst the individual investors. We also assume that Sharia law (Islamic law) is an essential characteristic that is likely to affect the formulation of investment decisions in GCC countries. Hence, we suggest, in Saudi Arabia, the Imams’ announcements (the announcements that classify the listed firms in Saudi Stock Exchange to Sharia and non-Sharia compliant firms) are likely to affect the stock prices and the firms’ financial health. Arguing that the religious status of a firm may control the market reaction to CRAs’ decisions, as Sharia legitimacy might come first compared to the default risk. To examine our assumptions, we firstly apply a questionnaire to investigate the behaviour of individual investors in the Saudi market. We tend to investigate how the individual investors reach the financial information concerning the stock market, and how these individuals treat the foreign news (announced in the English language). We find that the majority of individual investors tend to rely only on the Arabic sources and pay attention to the translated news, whereas following the English news directly from the source is appeared to be only amongst the individual investors who understand the English language. Regarding the Imams’ announcements, we also aim in our questionnaire to find out whether the religion factor plays a role in their investment’ decisions, and to which extent the religious status of a firm can affect the individual investors’ desire to hold and purchase its securities. This investigation will allow us to examine whether the religion factor has the power to impact the firms’ financial health in high religious markets, which also allows us to suggest taking into consideration this factor when assessing firms for a credit rating in high religious areas. Based on the survey, the findings indicate an essential role played by the religion amongst the individual investors, where the religion factor is likely to affect the market as much as other financial indicators could do. Secondly, we apply an event study methodology and find positive (negative) abnormal returns following the positive (negative) credit rating events, indicating that the market participants see the positive (negative) rating events as good (bad) news. Interestingly, the stock reaction on markets characterised with lower individual investors’ domination is found to occur faster than on the markets characterised with higher individual investors’ domination. We assume the language used by the CRAs to publish their decisions is likely to be one cause of the lag, due to the low level of English knowledge amongst the individual investors. Then, we use the raw data of a previous Meta-Analysis study with respect to the CRAs’ announcements, to examine the difference in times of reactions in markets located in Anglophone countries and non-Anglophone countries. The results provide insights about a faster response in Anglophone countries than non-Anglophone countries. Furthermore, the event study applied on the Imams’ announcements in the Saudi market proves the influence of the religion factor on the stock prices, as the market immediately reacts positively (negatively) to the Imams’ announcements.Therefore, we suggest that international CRAs should 1- choose the proper language to deliver their opinions (not only in English), and 2- take into consideration the religion factor when assessing firms in high religious areas, especially the ones characterized by a high proportion of individual investors
Balima, Weneyam Hippolyte. "Essays on economic policies and economy of financial markets in developing and emerging countries." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAD024/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on some critical issues of the access to international financial markets in developing and emerging market economies. The first part provides a general overview of the macroeconomic consequences of one of the most market-friendly monetary policy regime—inflation targeting—using a meta-regression analysis framework. The second part analyses government bond market risk and stability. The last part investigates the disciplining effects of government bond market participation—bond vigilantes. In Chapter 1, the results indicate that the literature of the macroeconomic effects of inflation targeting adoption is subject to publication bias. After purging the publication bias, the true effect of inflation targeting appears to be statistically and economically meaningful both on the level of inflation and the volatility of economic growth, but not statistically significant on inflation volatility or real GDP growth. Third, differences in the impact of inflation targeting found in primary studies can be explained by differences in studies characteristics including the sample characteristics, the empirical identification strategies, the choice of the control variables, inflation targeting implementation parameters, as well as the study period and some parameters related to the publication process. Chapter 2 shows that the adoption of inflation targeting regime reduces sovereign debt risk in emerging countries. However, this relative advantage of inflation targeting—compared to money or exchange rate targeting—varies systematically depending on the business cycle, the fiscal policy stance, the level of development, and the duration of countries’ experience with inflation targeting. Chapter 3 shows that remittances inflows significantly reduce bond spreads, whereas development aid does not. It also highlights that the effect of remittances on spreads arises in a regimes of lower developed financial system, higher degree of trade openness, lower fiscal space, and exclusively in non-remittances dependent regimes. Chapter 4 indicates that countries with credit default swaps contracts on their debts have a higher probability of experiencing a debt crisis, compared to countries without credit default swaps contracts. It also finds that the impact of credit default swaps initiation is sensitive to several structural characteristics including the level of economic development, the country creditworthiness at the timing of credit default swaps introduction, the public sector transparency, the central bank independence; and to the duration of countries’ experiences with credit default swaps transactions. Chapter 5 shows that bond markets participation encourages government in developing countries to increase their domestic tax revenue mobilization. Finally, it finds that bond markets participation improves the mobilization of internal taxes, compared to tax on international trade, and reduces their instability. Chapter 6 shows that the presence of domestic bond markets significantly reduces financial dollarization in domestic bond markets countries. This effect is larger for inflation targeting countries compared to non-inflation targeting countries, is apparent exclusively in a non-pegged exchange rate regime, and is larger when there is a fiscal rule that constrains the conduct of fiscal policy. Finally, it finds that the induced drop in inflation rate and its variability, nominal exchange rate variability, and seigniorage revenue are potential transmission mechanisms through which the presence of domestic bond markets reduces financial dollarization in domestic bond markets countries
Sawadogo, Pegdéwendé Nestor. "Fiscal policy and financing for development in developing countries." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAD007.
Full textThe central question of this thesis is how fiscal policy could be used for development finance purposes. Indeed, we identify and investigate pathways through which developing states can mobilize resources to improve sustainable development. For this purpose, we conduct policy-oriented researches (using suitable statistical and econometrical tools) and provide advices for developing countries. The first part of the dissertation addresses the issue of external resources mobilization in developing countries (Chapter 1 and Chapter 2). In Chapter 1, we investigate the effects of public expenditures on sovereign bond spreads in emerging market countries. We show that developing countries could have a better access to international financial market by supporting public investment and reducing current spending. Specifically, spending on human capital (education and health) and other public infrastructures significantly reduce bond spreads. They should also improve the quality of governance since financial markets award well-governed countries with better borrowing conditions. We examine, in Chapter 2, the strength of fiscal rules in terms of improving financial markets access for developing countries. We find that the adoption of fiscal rules reduces sovereign bond spreads and consequently improve financial market access. Indeed, this result is explained by the credibility of fiscal policy channel: more credible governments are rewarded in the international financial markets with low sovereign bond spreads and high sovereign debt ratings. Our findings confirm that the adoption and sound implementation of fiscal rules is an instrument for policy makers to improve developing countries’ financial market access. The second part of the dissertation focuses on what developing countries could do to improve internal resources mobilization (Chapter 3 and Chapter 4). As a matter of fact, we explore the relationship between fiscal rules and inequality (Chapter 3) and find that fiscal rules adoption contributes to reduce inequality in developing countries. The policy implication is that developing countries could finance their development in a sustainable way (via the reduction of inequalities) by adopting fiscal rules. Moreover, we assess the effects of combating illicit financial flows on domestic tax revenue mobilization in developing countries (Chapter 4). We highlight that countries which cooperate with international standards for anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) are more able to mobilize tax revenue than countries which do not cooperate. Consequently, developing countries could mobilize more domestic tax revenue by implementing policies to curtail illicit financial flows. They should establish sound institutions