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1
Connelly, Stephen. Leibniz: A Contribution to the Archaeology of Power. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474418065.001.0001.
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The concept of power has been a major feature of natural law theories. It evolved over the course of several centuries and was arguably the defining notion in both Hobbes’ and Spinoza’s doctrines of natural right. Yet Leibniz appears to effect a reversal in this millennium-long trajectory and demotes power to a derivative term of his philosophy. What was the rationale behind this radical change? And what does this reversal mean for the philosophy that follows?
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Timmons, Mark. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808930.003.0001.
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Oxford Studies in Normative Ethics brings together new work on various dimensions of normative ethical theory. This seventh volume features thirteen chapters dealing with practical reasoning, Bernard Williams’s ‘one thought too many’ complaint about impartial ethical theories, the concept of moral right, the wrongness of lying, moral choice under uncertainty, the notion of subjective obligation, commendatory reasons, desire satisfaction and time, a challenge to contractualism, the nature of creditworthiness, partiality toward oneself, the relation between virtue and action, and monism versus pluralism about non-derivative value....
3
Miller, Elizabeth. Local Qualities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828198.003.0007.
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For Humean atomists, cosmic contents supervene on a spatiotemporal mosaic of modally insulated, freely recombinable local qualities. One piecemeal subspecies of Humean atomism promises more than global supervenience—somehow or other—on a separable base; it constrains how exactly elemental inputs yield everything else. Roughly, the distribution of basic local qualities across elements in one part of our cosmos metaphysically suffices for the complete local physical state of that part: anything sharing this part’s basic elemental decoration should share its more complete contents, regardless of what may be happening elsewhere. On a non-piecemeal alternative, derivative contents can be recognizably local to, or manifest within, one part of our cosmos while reflecting some more global elemental base. To develop this non-piecemeal alternative, Humeans can borrow inspiration from some critics of Humean supervenience, who already distinguish a broader notion of locality from strict Humean intrinsicality.
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Bacon, Andrew. Beyond Vagueness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712060.003.0017.
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On the view of this book, sentential vagueness is a derivative notion: a sentence is vague iff it expresses a vague proposition. According to an alternative account, sentential vagueness consists in semantic indecision: the way in which a sentence is used does not determine which of several candidate propositions it expresses. However, even if ordinary vagueness does not consist in semantic indecision, it does not mean that the phenomenon of semantic indecision doesn’t exist. In this chapter, several putative examples of genuine semantic indecision are investigated. The chapter considers modal and epistemic ways of spelling out the sense in which semantic facts are ‘undecided’, but both are found to be inadequate. It is argued, instead, that semantic indecision can be explained within a theory of propositional vagueness: a sentence is semantically undecided when it is propositionally borderline which of several propositions the sentence expresses. Semantically, indefiniteness arises when some of those propositions are true and others false.
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Isett, Philip. Notation. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174822.003.0004.
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This chapter explains the notation for the basic construction of the correction. It employs the Einstein summation convention, according to which there is an implied summation when a pair of indices is repeated, and the conventions of abstract index notation, so that upper indices and lower indices distinguish contravariant and covariant tensors. It also presents the notation concerning multi-indices which will later prove helpful for expressing higher order derivatives of a composition. In this notation, a K-tuple of multi-indices is said to form an ordered K-partition of a multi-index if there is a partition whereby the subsets are pairwise disjoint and are ordered by their largest elements.
6
Mercati, Flavio. A derivation of Shape Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789475.003.0009.
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By applying the principles of relational field theory to the gravitational field, and using 3D diffeomorphism invariance as our symmetry principle for best matching, it is feasible to reduce the working possibilities to just a few cases. One is a field-theory version of (GR), which is the limit of General Relativity in which the speed of light goes to infinity and the light cones open up to provide a notion of absolute simultaneity. Another is the opposite limit, dubbed ‘Carrollian Relativity’ by Levy–Leblond, in which the speed of light goes to zero and each point is causally isolated from the other. This limit is related to the so-called ‘BKL’ behaviour that appears to be universal near singularities. The penultimate possibility is (GR), while the last one is SD, which emerges as the unique generalization of the theory that allows for an arbitrary value of the one free coefficient in the supermetric.
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Ferrarini, Guido, and Davide Trasciatti. OTC Derivatives Clearing, Brexit, and the CMU. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813392.003.0007.
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This chapter contributes to the debate on the future of European over-the-counter (OTC) clearing and relevant infrastructures in light of the Capital Markets Union and its re-configuration after Brexit. It begins by introducing some basic notions about clearing dynamics. It then analyses the available divorce options between the EU and the UK once Article 50 has been triggered, and their impact on clearing particularly in light of the European Market Infrastructure Regulation's equivalence regime. Next, it examines the worst-case scenario that would materialize if UK central counterparties (CCPs) were excluded from the single market, and considers possible network strategies that CCPs could adopt to remedy the consequences of Brexit.
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Canarutto, Daniel. Gauge Field Theory in Natural Geometric Language. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861492.001.0001.
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This monograph addresses the need to clarify basic mathematical concepts at the crossroad between gravitation and quantum physics. Selected mathematical and theoretical topics are exposed within a not-too-short, integrated approach that exploits standard and non-standard notions in natural geometric language. The role of structure groups can be regarded as secondary even in the treatment of the gauge fields themselves. Two-spinors yield a partly original ‘minimal geometric data’ approach to Einstein-Cartan-Maxwell-Dirac fields. The gravitational field is jointly represented by a spinor connection and by a soldering form (a ‘tetrad’) valued in a vector bundle naturally constructed from the assumed 2-spinor bundle. We give a presentation of electroweak theory that dispenses with group-related notions, and we introduce a non-standard, natural extension of it. Also within the 2-spinor approach we present: a non-standard view of gauge freedom; a first-order Lagrangian theory of fields with arbitrary spin; an original treatment of Lie derivatives of spinors and spinor connections. Furthermore we introduce an original formulation of Lagrangian field theories based on covariant differentials, which works in the classical and quantum field theories alike and simplifies calculations. We offer a precise mathematical approach to quantum bundles and quantum fields, including ghosts, BRST symmetry and anti-fields, treating the geometry of quantum bundles and their jet prolongations in terms Frölicher's notion of smoothness. We propose an approach to quantum particle physics based on the notion of detector, and illustrate the basic scattering computations in that context.
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Berber, Stevan. Discrete Communication Systems. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860792.001.0001.
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The book present essential theory and practice of the discrete communication systems design, based on the theory of discrete time stochastic processes, and their relation to the existing theory of digital communication systems. Using the notion of stochastic linear time invariant systems, in addition to the orhogonality principles, a general structure of the discrete communication system is constructed in terms of mathematical operators. Based on this structure, the MPSK, MFSK, QAM, OFDM and CDMA systems, using discrete modulation methods, are deduced as special cases. The signals are processed in the time and frequency domain, which requires precise derivatives of their amplitude spectral density functions, correlation functions and related energy and pover spectral densities. The book is self-sufficient, because it uses the unified notation both in the main ten chapters explaining communications systems theory and nine supplementary chapters dealing with the continuous and discrete time signal processing for both the deterministic and stochastic signals. In this context, the indexing of vital signals and finctions makes obvious distinction beteween them. Having in mind the controversial nature of the continuous time white Gaussian noise process, a separate chapter is dedicated to the noise discretisation by introducing notions of noise entropy and trauncated Gaussian density function to avoid limitations in applying the Nyquist criterion. The text of the book is acompained by the solutions of problems for all chapters and a set of deign projects with the defined projects’ topics and tasks and offered solutions.
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Jong, Mayke de. The Two Republics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0036.
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According to Chris Wickham, a culture of the public was the strongest inheritance of Rome, and it existed until c.1000. Even in the early medieval West, with its relatively weak states, the notion of a domain that was publicus remained a pervasive one; it was primarily associated with royal property, law courts, royal officials, and assemblies, both great and small (Wickham, The Inheritance of Rome, p. 562). I could not agree more, but I would also include bishops and abbots, episcopal synods, and royal monasteries. This contribution argues that in any conceptualization of public authority in the early medieval West the church cannot be left out. With a focus on narrative and administrative sources from the West Frankish kingdom (c.840–880) the chapter investigates the semantic field of publicus and its derivatives, especially in the increasingly acrimonious debates about church property that emerged during the reign of Charles the Bald. It is in this context that new notions of a public domain and its ensuing obligations were most clearly and actively articulated.
11
Baulieu, Laurent, John Iliopoulos, and Roland Sénéor. General Relativity: A Field Theory of Gravitation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788393.003.0004.
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General relativity. The equivalence principle and the derivation of the Einstein–Hilbert equations. The geometrical notions of curvature and affine connection are introduced. Geodesics and the bending of light by a gravitational field. General relativity as a gauge invariant classical field theory.
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Glanville, Peter John. Words, roots, and patterns. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792734.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 establishes the semantic makeup of word meaning in general, dividing it into semantic structure and conceptual content. It familiarizes the reader with roots and patterns in Arabic morphology, investigating the semantic abstractions discernable in sets of words that share a root, in addition to the semantic structure shared by words formed in the same pattern. The chapter introduces the notion of shape-invariant morphology, arriving at an approach to Arabic morphology in which some derivation is rule-based, with operations being carried out directly on base words, whereas another type of derivation involves root extraction from a source word. Word patterns are created when a morphological operation is carried out on a base word with some regularity. Once the pattern exists, a variety of base words can be mapped to it by root extraction, creating a uniform output regardless of the shape of the input word.
13
Hughes, Gillian. Fiction in the Magazines. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199574803.003.0025.
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This chapter focuses on magazine fiction. Magazine fiction before 1820 has been viewed as irredeemably derivative and ephemeral. Notions of the canon, however, are now wider than they were and there is more interest in the typical as well as in the best fiction of the period. Novelists themselves read magazine fiction, which formed part of the cultural context from which their work developed and in which it may be understood: specific strands of eighteenth-century magazine fiction share ground with the writings of Jane Austen, for instance, or anticipate the subject matter of the Brontës. Indeed, the emergence of the professionally written tale in the 1820s can be seen as meeting a growing desire for more sophisticated magazine fiction and as providing for the needs of those who were attempting to produce it.
14
Coecke, Bob, and Aleks Kissinger. Categorical Quantum Mechanics I: Causal Quantum Processes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748991.003.0012.
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We derive the category-theoretic backbone of quantum theory from a process ontology. More specifically, we treat quantum theory as a theory of systems, processes, and their interactions. We first present a general theory of diagrams, and in particular, of string diagrams, and discuss why diagrams are a very natural starting point for developing scientific theories. Then we define process theories, and define a very general notion of quantum type. We show how our process ontology enables us to assert causality, that is, compatibility of quantum theory and relativity theory, prove the no-signalling theorem, provide a new elegant derivation of the no-broadcasting theorem, unitarity of evolution, and Stinespring dilation, all for any `quantum' type in a general class of process theories.
15
Booij, Geert. Inheritance and motivation in Construction Morphology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712329.003.0002.
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The basic question to be addressed in this chapter is: what is the status of the notions ‘inheritance’ and ‘default inheritance’ in the theoretical framework of Construction Morphology (CM)? This framework, developed in Booij (2010), assumes a hierarchical lexicon with both abstract morphological schemas and stored complex words that instantiate these schemas. The lexicon of a language can be modelled in such a way that the abstract word formation schemas dominate their individual instantiations. Thus, the lexicon is partially conceived of as a hierarchical network in which lower nodes, the existing complex words, can be assumed to inherit information from dominating higher nodes. Advantages of a full-entry theory over an impoverished entry theory are outlined, and the chapter includes discussion of polysemy, allomorphy, and the class of items that fall between derivatives and compounds using ‘affixoids’.
16
Golan, Amos. The Metrics of Info-Metrics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199349524.003.0003.
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In this chapter I present the key ideas and develop the essential quantitative metrics needed for modeling and inference with limited information. I provide the necessary tools to study the traditional maximum-entropy principle, which is the cornerstone for info-metrics. The chapter starts by defining the primary notions of information and entropy as they are related to probabilities and uncertainty. The unique properties of the entropy are explained. The derivations and discussion are extended to multivariable entropies and informational quantities. For completeness, I also discuss the complete list of the Shannon-Khinchin axioms behind the entropy measure. An additional derivation of information and entropy, due to the independently developed work of Wiener, is provided as well.
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Glanville, Peter John. Ground form verb patterns. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792734.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 considers the semantics of the three variants of Arabic ground form verb, distinguished by the quality of their second vowel, termed the theme vowel, in the perfective. The chapter illustrates that the theme vowel indicates the semantic role assigned to the subject of the verb. It relies on the notion of prototypical transitivity that encompasses an agent and a patient, expanding this to cover other related types of prototypical participant order. It argues that one ground form variant consists of verbs whose subject serves an initiator-type semantic role, a second variant is comprised of verbs with subjects assigned an endpoint role, and the third variant simply construes an entity in a state. The conclusion notes that in some cases all three variants containing the same consonantal root are attested, and considers the implications of this for a possible direction of derivation.
18
Thomas, Edmund. Monumentality and the Roman Empire. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199288632.001.0001.
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The quality of "monumentality" is attributed to the buildings of few historical epochs or cultures more frequently or consistently than to those of the Roman Empire. It is this quality that has helped to make them enduring models for builders of later periods. This extensively illustrated book, the first full-length study of the concept of monumentality in Classical Antiquity, asks what it is that the notion encompasses and how significant it was for the Romans themselves in molding their individual or collective aspirations and identities. Although no single word existed in antiquity for the qualities that modern authors regard as making up that term, its Latin derivation--from monumentum, "a monument"--attests plainly to the presence of the concept in the mentalities of ancient Romans, and the development of that notion through the Roman era laid the foundation for the classical ideal of monumentality, which reached a height in early modern Europe. This book is also the first full-length study of architecture in the Antonine Age--when it is generally agreed the Roman Empire was at its height. By exploring the public architecture of Roman Italy and both Western and Eastern provinces of the Roman Empire from the point of view of the benefactors who funded such buildings, the architects who designed them, and the public who used and experienced them, Edmund Thomas analyzes the reasons why Roman builders sought to construct monumental buildings and uncovers the close link between architectural monumentality and the identity and ideology of the Roman Empire itself.
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Avis, Paul. Prayer Book Use and Conformity. Edited by Mark Chapman, Sathianathan Clarke, and Martyn Percy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199218561.013.8.
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This chapter begins by noting the key place of liturgical worship in Anglican identity and reflects on the effect of inculturated and multiple-choice liturgical forms in weakening a common global identity for Anglicans. It then makes a case for the profound ecclesiological significance of the Prayer Book tradition in the absence of either extensive confessions or a living magisterium: the principle that the rule of prayer is the rule of belief. The chapter then outlines the development of the Book of Common Prayer from Thomas Cranmer to the definitive form of 1662 and its derivatives and alternatives in modern Anglicanism. The following section outlines how the Lambeth Conference, as the highest teaching forum of the Anglican Communion, has understood the Prayer Book since its first meeting in 1867. In conclusion, the chapter discusses what, if anything, makes Anglican worship distinctive among Christian practices.
20
Zeitlin, Vladimir. Wave Turbulence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.003.0013.
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Main notions and ideas of wave (weak) turbulence theory are explained with the help of Hamiltonian approach to wave dynamics, and are applied to waves in RSW model. Derivation of kinetic equations under random-phase approximation is explained. Short inertia–gravity waves on the f plane, short equatorial inertia–gravity waves, and Rossby waves on the beta plane are then considered along these lines. In all of these cases, approximate solutions of kinetic equation, annihilating the collision integral, can be obtained by scaling arguments, giving power-law energy spectra. The predictions of turbulence of inertia–gravity waves on the f plane are compared with numerical simulations initialised by ensembles of random waves. Energy spectra much steeper than theoretical are observed. Finite-size effects, which prevent energy transfer from large to short scales, provide a plausible explanation. Long waves thus evolve towards breaking and shock formation, yet the number of shocks is insufficient to produce shock turbulence.
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Booij, Geert. The Morphology of Dutch. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198838852.001.0001.
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This book is the first fully-fledged description of the morphological system of Dutch in English. Inflection, derivation, and compounding are each discussed in separate chapters, following a short exposé on the basic assumptions of morphological theory. The interaction of morphology with phonology and syntax is dealt with subsequently. The chapters also provide access to more detailed studies of Dutch that have appeared in the Dutch and international literature. The book shows that the morphology of Dutch poses many interesting descriptive and theoretical issues. It contributes to ongoing discussions on the nature and representation of morphological processes, the role of paradigmatic relations between words, and between words and phrases, and the interaction between morphology, phonology, and syntax. Crucial use is made of the notion ‘construction’, a systematic pairing of form and meaning. The theoretical implication of this analysis of Dutch morphology is that the grammar of natural languages has to be conceived of a multi-dimensional network of abstract morphological and syntactic patterns and their instantiations as individual words and phrases. The book will be of relevance to students of Germanic languages, general linguists, typologists, computational linguists, and psycholinguists.
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Norcross, Alastair. Morality by Degrees. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844990.001.0001.
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Consequentialist theories of the right connect the rightness and wrongness (and related notions) of actions with the intrinsic goodness and badness of states of affairs consequential on those actions. The most popular such theory is maximization, which is said to demand of agents that they maximize the good, that they do the best they can, at all times. Thus it may seem that consequentialist theories are overly demanding, and, relatedly, that they cannot accommodate the phenomenon of going above and beyond the demands of duty (supererogation). However, a clear understanding of consequentialism leaves no room for a theory of the right, at least not at the fundamental level of the theory. A consequentialist theory, such as utilitarianism, is a theory of how to rank outcomes, and derivatively actions, which provides reasons for choosing some actions over others. It is thus a purely scalar theory, with no demands that certain actions be performed, and no fundamental classification of actions as right or wrong. However, such notions may have pragmatic benefits at the level of application, since many people find it easier to guide their conduct by simple commands, rather than to think in terms of reasons of varying strength to do one thing rather than another. A contextualist semantics for various terms, such as “right,” “permissible,” “harm,” when combined with the scalar approach to consequentialism, allows for the expression of truth-apt propositions with sentences containing such terms.
23
Robinson, Keith. Originary Symbolism: Whitehead, Deleuze and the Process View on Perception. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429566.003.0003.
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Whitehead’s accounts of perception are arguably amongst his most important philosophical legacies. His notions of ‘causal efficacy’, ‘presentational immediacy’, and ‘symbolic reference’ offer a direct challenge to the various schools of thought derived from Hume and Kant, in which causation is seen as a pale derivation from the ‘sensationalist’ vivid impressions of immediate atomic sense-data presented to consciousness. Whitehead ties his account of perception not only to a certain conception of causality and time, but also to a generalized or originary account of symbolism. Originary symbolism is the power to affect or be affected, an exposure to what happens as the condition not just for language, experience, or even God in Whitehead’s sense, but for all becoming and life.This critique of ‘natural perception’ and the generalization of an ‘originary’ differential structure is also taken up and developed in great detail and complexity in the work of the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze. Contrasting Whitehead’s account of originary symbolism with Deleuze will enable the drawing out of some of the radical innovations and variations of the process view with regard to perception and life.