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1
Panischev, Aleksey. Foreign policy of Ancient Rome during the period of the kings and the early Republic. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1083292.
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The monograph is devoted to the foreign policy of Ancient Rome during the period of the kings and the early Republic. The paper draws attention to the fact that at these stages of its development, Rome did not create a state in the modern sense, but rather a Federation, and with a developed self-government of its participants. Thanks to a system of mutually beneficial treaties, Rome became a political center among the peoples of Ancient Italy. At the same time, remnants of tribal relations were preserved in Ancient Rome for a long time. Attention is also paid to the development of military Affairs in Rome. It is noted that in Ancient Rome for a long time there were no defensive walls, which predisposed the Romans to an offensive type of warfare. The Romans created battle tactics that would be consistent with the characteristics of the soldiers ' weapons and would allow for rapid military training among recruits, which provided the Romans with high mobilization capabilities. However, classically represent the soldier in the Lorica of segmentata in the tsarist period was not.
An important role in the development of Rome as the center of international politics of Ancient Italy, the center of the Federation was played by the high moral standards postulated by the ancient Roman society and invested in the concept of the Republic. All these diplomatic, ethical, and military features of Ancient Rome combined to determine the success of Roman civilization. However, it is worth noting that the disorganization of these principles caused the fall of Rome.
For anyone interested in the historical processes of Ancient Italy and Ancient Rome.
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Miller, Andrew P. Attending to Student Success. Lexington Books, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781666985856.
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The notion of class attendance has largely been ignored, where students, faculty, and administrators substitute assumptions for empirical evidence. The data is clear: attendance matters, more so than any other known contributor to student success. Yet, policies and practices often overlook these data. Attending Student Success is a comprehensive guide for building sustainable cultures of student success in higher education, through the use of attendance data. Andrew P. Miller synthesizes decades of research pertaining to the myriad definitions, trends, and strategies of student success efforts. He explores the various perceptions and misconceptions surrounding attendance and illustrates the impetus for using these data to foster student success. Miller then provides guidance to make these data actionable through policy changes, early-alert strategies, and data-informed decision-making for cultural change management.
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Provins, Nickolas. Learning from Mistakes : How Mistakes Teach Us More Than Success: The Notion of Learning from Mistakes. Independently Published, 2021.
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4
Pinson, Gilles. The French Way to Multi-Level Governance. Edited by Robert Elgie, Emiliano Grossman, and Amy G. Mazur. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199669691.013.6.
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Originally emerging from the field of EU studies, the notion and approach of multi-level governance (MLG) have progressively been transferred to a variety of other subfields. This chapter argues that three particularities characterize the way in which French political scientists have dealt with governance and MLG. First, the notion of governance has not had great success since the existing notion of government has long been used in a sociological and relational way to describe processes and outcomes rather than merely executive institutions. Second, French scholars who adopted the notion quickly departed from the early definition of governance as opposed to government, institutions, or coercion. Third, the use of governance and MLG helped to consolidate a French way of doing political science that was based on a reluctance toward theoretical hastiness, a sensitivity to varieties of situations and processes in time and space, and a shared constructivist stance.
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Sartorio, Carolina. Causation and Ethics. Edited by Helen Beebee, Christopher Hitchcock, and Peter Menzies. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279739.003.0027.
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This article examines potential applications of the concept of cause to some central ethical concepts, views, and problems. In particular, it discusses the role of causation in the family of views known as consequentialism, the distinction between killing and letting die, the doctrine of double effect, and the concept of moral responsibility. The article aims to examine the extent to which an appeal to the concept of cause contributes to elucidating moral notions or to increasing the plausibility of moral views. Something that makes this task interestingly complex is the fact that the notion of causation itself is controversial and difficult to pin down. As a result, in some cases the success of its use in moral theory hinges on how certain debates about causation are resolved.
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Rao, Koneru Ramakrishna. Swadharma and Svabhava in Gandhi’s Social Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199477548.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses Gandhi’s social philosophy. The focus in this chapter is on the concepts of svabhava and swadharma from which we attempt to formulate a synthetic notion of righteousness. We discuss varnashrama dharma and Gandhi’s views on gender, social discrimination, and communal harmony. Gandhi abhorred the caste system but saw merit in varnashramadharma, which posed challenges of interpretation. His views on gender equality, the crusade against untouchability, and his relentless efforts to bring about communal harmony are some of Gandhi’s significant contributions to social change with varying degrees of success.
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Tesón, Fernando R. The Success Condition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190202903.003.0011.
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The success condition for intervention is part of the standard theory of just war. However, in both theory and practice, few people take the condition sufficiently seriously. The success condition holds that justified wars must have a good enough chance of succeeding. This chapter defends the condition on both theoretical and intuitive grounds, explains both the notions of success and of probability that this condition must assume, and defends the success condition against an important objection.
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Pontin, Ben. Nuisance Law, Regulation, and the Invention of Prototypical Pollution Abatement Technology. Edited by Roger Brownsword, Eloise Scotford, and Karen Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.013.73.
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The emerging idea that the private enforcement of nuisance injunctions can facilitate investment in pollution abatement technology raises important questions of the wider regulatory context of this area of tort. This chapter examines the role of the Alkali Inspectorate historically in facilitating progressive improvements in industrial production process standards to an extent comparable with nuisance law. It is argued that regulation in this field has demonstrably shaped the development of pollution abatement technology, but exceptionally so. The notion of ‘voluntarism’, which tort scholars have used to explain the scope and limits of nuisance law’s inventiveness, can be helpfully generalized. Voluntarism accounts for the success with which government inspectors set out to clean up industry through pushing the frontiers of clean technology, and the difficulties of sustaining this success with the passage of time. This is illustrated by a case study concerning cement industry pollution.
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Martin, Brian. The Business of History. Edited by Paula Hamilton and James B. Gardner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766024.013.6.
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This chapter considers the business of history in the context of the common business mission to satisfy customers and employees while generating sufficient profits to sustain the enterprise. It emphasizes the customer’s role in defining markets for history and explores how customers value history to establish identity, to obtain and apply historical knowledge, or for entertainment. It argues that history businesses need professional historians who are competitive, collaborative, and capable while suggesting criteria for good history and skill sets for marketable historians. Finally, it briefly highlights the role of money in fueling and measuring business success while challenging the notion that history produced for a profit is inherently untrustworthy.
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Graham, John L. Culture and Human Resources Management. Edited by Alan M. Rugman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234257.003.0018.
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Culture has a pervasive impact on the management of human resources. Culture influences how blue- and white-collar workers respond to pay and non- pay incentives, how international firms are organized, the success of multinational work teams, and even how executives compose and implement business strategies. This article is organized as follows: First, the central notion of culture is defined including discussion of its dimensions and measurement. Next, culture's influences on interpersonal behaviours and negotiation styles are presented. Third, human resources policies are outlined that take into account cultural differences in employee groups. The final section focuses on culture's impact on managers' and policymakers' strategic thinking.
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Holton, Richard. Crime as Prime. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828174.003.0006.
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This paper develops an account of core criminal terms like ‘murder’ that parallels Williamson’s account of knowledge. It is argued that while murder requires that the murderer killed, and that they did so with a certain state of mind, murder cannot be regarded as the conjunction of these two elements (the action, the actus reus, and the associated mental element, the mens rea). Rather, murder should be seen as a primitive notion, which entails each of them. This explains some of the problems around criminal attempt. Attempted murder cannot be seen simply as involving the state of mind of murder minus success; rather, it has to be seen as a self-standing offence, that of attempting to commit the murder.
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Stroud, Barry. Doing Something Intentionally and Knowing that You are Doing it. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809753.003.0010.
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This chapter examines the philosophy of action, with particular emphasis on the parallel between the competent exercise of conceptual capacities involved in perceptual knowledge of the world and those competences essential to intentionally doing something and knowing that you are doing it. It also considers the ‘philosophical’ notion of ‘an experience’, as well as the difference between being aware of something and knowing something. This difference, it argues, is crucial to the proper understanding of human knowledge. Finally, it explains how monitoring the degree of success of your actions usually takes place through sense perception. It suggests that we understand the possibility of the special knowledge we have of our own intentional actions only to the extent to which we understand the distinctive character—and the rich conditions—of informed human agency.
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Tomlinson, Jim. Austerity to ‘Never had it so Good’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786092.003.0002.
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This chapter charts the intricacies of the Attlee government’s austerity strategy, the attempts to shape opinion around this strategy, and the obstacles faced. Central to persuading the public in these years was a notion of ‘fair shares’, a particular version of equity which was crucial to the politics of the 1940s. The chapter then outlines the grounds for success of the alternative, anti-austerity message from the Conservatives, and assesses who responded most strongly to this stance. Third, it analyses how a new politics of ‘affluence’ emerged during the 1950s, and how this related to public understanding of the economy. Alongside the analysis of the narratives constructed is an account of the means of propaganda employed, especially under the Attlee government when such propaganda was used more intensively than ever before or after.
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Corbett, Jack, and Wouter Veenendaal. Democratization and Institutional Design. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796718.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 interrogates the claim that colonialism and subsequent institutional design shaped the success and failure of democratization. We find that: 1)institutions designed for large states do not always work, or work as expected, in small ones; 2) that this has led to considerable reform and adaptation, especially in the Pacific; and 3) despite attempts to reform institutions, in many small states actors find it easier to circumvent them entirely. That is, the personalization of politics means institutional design and the notion of path dependence is of limited value when seeking to understand how democracy is practiced in small states. This propensity to sidestep or short circuit institutions can help explain why politics in small states is often very similar, despite variations in institutional design and colonial legacy.
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Trondman, Mats. Burning Schools/Building Bridges: Ethnographical Touchdowns in the Civil Sphere. Edited by Jeffrey C. Alexander, Ronald N. Jacobs, and Philip Smith. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195377767.013.15.
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This article demonstrates what ethnography can do for cultural sociology by investigating the struggles of Muslim immigrants for multicultural integration in Sweden, and native Swedish resistance to it. The discussion is based on the presupposition that data can speak to us, even “surprise” us, due to the theoretical attentiveness the ethnographer can bring to them. Such notion makes it possible for the reader to see that all possible aspects of encounters in everyday life “carry a meaning other than the simple fact of their existence.” The article considers the position of “cultural autonomy” in what less culturally musical sociologists take to be merely divisive material conflicts over boundary position. It shows that many Muslim immigrants, despite their anger and resentment, still yearn for recognition and for the success of Sweden’s social democratic ideals.
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Accidental Creative: How to Be Brilliant at a Moment's Notice. Penguin Publishing Group, 2013.
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Koslicki, Kathrin. Ontological Dependence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823803.003.0006.
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This chapter focuses on the question of whether concrete particular objects deserve to be classified as substances within a hylomorphic ontology, despite their metaphysical complexity, and, if so, according to what criterion of substancehood or “ontological privilege.” It is common to conceive of the substances as ontologically independent, following some preferred sense of “independence.” But what is this sense of “ontological independence” and do matter–form compounds qualify as substances when this notion is applied to them? This chapter discusses various relations defined in the literature under the heading of ontological dependence, beginning with existential construals of ontological dependence and turning next to construals of ontological dependence that are formulated in terms of a non-modal conception of essence. When evaluated against various plausible measures of success, it turns out that even the most promising candidate relations are open to objections.
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Bortolotti, Lisa. The Epistemic Innocence of Irrational Beliefs. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863984.001.0001.
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Ideally, we would have beliefs that satisfy norms of truth and rationality, as well as fostering the acquisition, retention and use of other relevant information. In reality, we have limited cognitive capacities and are subject to motivational biases on an everyday basis, and may also experience impairments in perception, memory, learning, and reasoning in the course of our lives. Such limitations and impairments give rise to distorted memory beliefs, confabulated explanations, elaborated delusional beliefs, motivated delusional beliefs, and optimistically biased beliefs. In the book, Bortolotti argues that some irrational beliefs qualify as epistemically innocent, where the notion of epistemic innocence captures the fact that in some contexts the adoption, maintenance or reporting of the beliefs delivers significant epistemic benefits that could not be easily attained otherwise. Epistemic innocence is a weaker notion than epistemic justification, as it does not imply that the epistemic benefits of the irrational belief outweigh its epistemic costs. However, it clarifies the relationship between the epistemic and psychological effects of irrational beliefs on agency. It is misleading to assume that epistemic rationality and psychological adaptiveness always go hand-in-hand, but also that there is a straight-forward trade off between them. Rather, epistemic irrationality can lead to psychological adaptiveness and psychological adaptiveness in turn can support the attainment of epistemic goals. Recognising the circumstances in which irrational beliefs enhance or restore epistemic performance informs our mutual interactions and enables us to take measures to reduce their irrationality without undermining the conditions for epistemic success.
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The accidental creative: How to be brilliant at a moment's notice. New York: Portfolio/Penguin, 2011.
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Kukla, Rebecca. Embodied Stances. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199367511.003.0001.
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This chapter argues that Dennettian stances, including the intentional stance, should be understood as collections of embodied strategies for coping with objects and coordinating with others. A stance is a way of readying your body for action and worldly engagement. The entities that show up from within a stance are loci of norm-governed behavior, resistance, and explanatory power. But there is no separate question to be asked as to whether these entities are literally real. The notion of the literally real only gets a grip from within a specific stance—one that I dub the “interpretive stance.” Outside the interpretive stance, questions about the reality of intrastance entities generally deflate to practical questions about the success of various coping strategies. By these standards, beliefs and desires and intentional systems are straightforwardly real. But there is no extrastance perspective from which to assess the correctness of a stance.
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Brooker, Paul, and Margaret Hayward. Toyota: Ohno’s Toyota Production System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825395.003.0003.
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Taiichi Ohno was never CEO of Toyota—rather he was part of dual-leadership teams—but his pioneering version of ‘lean’ production made significant contributions to Toyota’s success and to global manufacturing. The chapter’s first section also describes the pioneering contribution of Toyota founder, Kiichiro Toyoda, who invented the notion of just-in-time production in the 1930s. In the 1950s–60s Ohno’s emphasis on innovative adaptation—his key rational method—to Japan’s distinctive car market and factory environments would lead to a new production system. It included the internationally famous ‘just-in-time’, ‘continuous flow’, and Kanban information-system aspects of his production system. Ohno also used both strategic and quantitative calculation, particularly in his grand strategy of reducing cost/waste in production. The final section on ‘Toyotaism versus Fordism’ echoes Chapter 2’s and describes a rivalry between the American and Japanese production systems.
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Scanlon, T. M. Substantive Opportunity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812692.003.0005.
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Social institutions are not justifiable to those whose life prospects depend on them unless the positions of advantage that they create are open to all. This means not only that the processes through which individuals are selected for these positions should be procedurally fair but that even those born into poorer families should have substantive opportunity to develop their abilities to qualify for these positions. It is often said that such success should depend only on an individual’s talent and effort, rather than on their family’s wealth or income. But, as was argued in Chapter 4, talent in the relevant sense is an institution-dependent notion so it cannot be used to specify the kind of education and other conditions that substantive opportunity requires. Also, to understand effort as a characteristic that it is just to reward is a form of moralism about equality of opportunity that it is important to avoid.
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Boje, John. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039560.003.0009.
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This book concludes with a discussion of three critical variables that determine the success of any military occupation and whether they were all met in the case of Winsburg after the end of the South African War: the total devastation of a country that compels it to acknowledge its need for help in reconstruction; the perception of a common threat to both parties; and credible guarantees of the occupying power’s intention to withdraw. If an occupying power adds an ideological element to its primary concern of establishing a dispensation that poses no threat to its interests, occupation is prolonged and nationalism is stimulated. This conclusion also shows that blacks continued to suffer after the war, with the Boers and British both blocking any suggestion of advance. Finally, it considers the evolution of a system of racial oppression in South Africa that was to bedevil the country for much of the twentieth century, lending credence to the notion that Britain’s occupation of Winsburg was an imperfect one.
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Walsh, P. G. Augustine: De Civitate Dei The City of God Book V. Liverpool University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9780856687983.001.0001.
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This edition of St. Augustine's The City of God (De Civitate Dei) is the only one in English to provide a text and translation as well as a detailed commentary of this most influential document in the history of western Christianity. In Book V, Augustine searches out and presents an answer to the question which lies behind the earlier books. In spite of the moral bankruptcy of the Roman state, and in spite of the disasters and injustices which have marked her history since the foundation, Rome has extended her imperial sway throughout Europe and the Near East. If the pagan gods have not guided her to this terrestrial eminence, how has this success been achieved? Augustine divides his response into four main sections: addressing the pagan notion of fate; arguing that God aided the Romans to imperial glory because a minority of them were virtuous even though they did not worship him; stating explicitly that the Roman Empire was set in place by God and is governed by his providence; and devoting the final section to the advent of Christian Emperors. The edition presents Latin text with facing-page English translation, introduction and commentary.
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Stratton-Lake, Philip. Reasons Fundamentalism and Value. Edited by Daniel Star. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199657889.013.13.
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Here I address the issue of whether the concept of a reason is a basic normative notion. I do this by considering whether the attempts to analyze this notion in terms of “ought” succeed, as I think these are the most promising accounts. I consider the attempts of Broome, and of Kearns and Star, to attempt to analyze reasons in terms of oughts, and argue that these attempts fail. I defend the view that goodness can be defined in terms of reasons—the buck-passing account of goodness—and defend this view from the most serious objections, the “wrong kind of reasons” objection and the “isolated good” objection. I finish by expressing some doubts about whether “ought” can be defined in terms of reasons. I conclude, therefore, that the notion of a reason is a basic notion, but not the basic normative notion.
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Brogaard, Berit. Other Arguments from ‘Look’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495251.003.0006.
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The notion of phenomenal look has been invoked in various contexts to argue for a range of philosophical positions. Chisholm appealed to his non-comparative looks to argue for the theory of appearing. Jackson made appeal to this notion in an argument for the sense-datum theory. More recently, Susanna Siegel and Susanna Schellenberg have provided arguments that rest on the notion of phenomenal looks to argue for the view that visual experience has content. And Kathrin Glüer has invoked this notion to argue for the view that visual experiences are beliefs with phenomenal-look contents. In this chapter, the author provides an overview of these arguments and offers some reasons for thinking that only the arguments in favor of what Siegel has called ‘the weak content view’ succeed.
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Fielding, Henry. Joseph Andrews and Shamela. Edited by Thomas Keymer. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199536986.001.0001.
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‘I beg as soon as you get Fielding’s Joseph Andrews, I fear in Ridicule of your Pamela and of Virtue in the Notion of Don Quixote’s Manner, you would send it to me by the very first Coach.’ (George Cheyne in a letter to Samuel Richardson, February 1742) Both Joseph Andrews (1742) and Shamela (1741) were prompted by the success of Richardson’s Pamela (1740), of which Shamela is a splendidly bawdy parody. But in Shamela Fielding also demonstrates his concern for the corruption of contemporary society, politics, religion, morality, and taste. The same themes - together with a presentation of love as charity, as friendship, and in its sexual taste - are present in Joseph Andrews, Fielding’s first novel. It is a work of considerable literary sophistication and satirical verve, but its appeal lies also in its spirit of comic affirmation, epitomized in the celebrated character of Parson Adams. This revised and expanded edition follows the text of Joseph Andrews established by Martin C. Battestin for the definitive Wesleyan Edition of Fielding’s works. The text of Shamela is based on the first edition, and two substantial appendices reprint the preliminary matter from Conyers Middleton’s Life of Cicero and the second edition of Richardson’s Pamela (both closely parodied in Shamela). A new introduction by Thomas Keymer situates Fielding’s works in their critical and historical contexts.
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Mountbatten-O’Malley, Eri. Human Flourishing. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350418912.
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In this first systematic reconstruction of the concept of human flourishing, Eri Mountbatten-O’Malley addresses the central problems with the treatment of the concept in psychology, education, policy and science. Drawing on Wittgenstein and his followers, he develops a sophisticated methodology of conceptual analysis and makes the case for paying closer attention to complex human contexts, purposes and uses. Adopting a conceptual approach, informed by fundamental insights adapted from Wittgenstein’s philosophy of language, Mountbatten-O’Malley highlights the key features and connections in the conceptual landscape of human flourishing, such as humanness, agency, personal growth, happiness and meaning. He considers the extent to which any claim to knowledge is reliant on a putative human nature, what that nature is, and how we can better understand such notions. Re-humanizing current research on the concept that is technicalized and detached from ordinary uses, this volume takes the ‘human’ in conceptions of human flourishing seriously. If any concept is subject to the standards of judgement in our human form of life it is the notion of what it is to flourish. Yet what is clear is that in the understandable desire to improve human happiness, well-being, success and satisfaction, researchers often neglect the importance of normativity and context. What researchers are left with is some technical or theoretical, non-normative, concept with the gloss of a normative concept. The problem in the literature is that by technicalizing the concept and dislocating it from its everyday contexts without paying sufficient attention to the dynamic and changeable influence of use, language-games, normativity or occasion-sensitivity, the concept loses its meaning. This is important because of the potential for misapplying the concept in the areas of human knowledge, understanding, education, science and policy. Therefore, the case I make is that the concept demands much greater attention than is currently afforded and this thesis will provide that level of attention. Because there is no finite list of possibilities where someone might be said to flourish, the thesis will aim to strike a proper balance between the clarity needed in order to make sense of the term through connective analyses, whilst also exploring the vital contextual nuances and occasion-sensitivity that give richness, life and meaning to the concept.
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Rowe, David M. Economic Sanctions and International Security. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.160.
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Economic sanctions are a versatile instrument of statecraft used by states to try to influence the behavior of foreign actors by threatening or restricting customary cross-border trade or financial flows to an intended target. Examples of economic sanctions are retaliatory tariffs imposed in trade disputes and the complete cessation of economic flows aimed at undermining a certain regime. The importance of economic sanctions to policy makers has spawned a substantial amount of scholarly work dominated by two questions: whether sanctions “work” and whether states should use them. The long-running scholarly debate about whether sanctions work is essentially a dispute over how to classify cases. However, comparing cases of success and failure is problematic, in part because the very notion of what constitutes the successful use of sanctions is not clear and policy makers rarely seek to influence a single target or pursue a single policy goal when using sanctions. One of the most promising developments in the literature has been the increasing use of game theory to analyze sanctions, but this approach does not adequately determine the appropriateness of sanctions as a policy instrument. Sanctions research should focus instead on the basic strategic dynamics of the sanctions episode in order to identify those factors that contribute most strongly to the effective use of sanctions and to enable policy makers to understand more about the consequences of using sanctions as an instrument of statecraft.
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Gafaranga, Joseph. Bilingualism as Interactional Practices. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748675951.001.0001.
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Research in code-switching, undertaken against the backdrop of very negative attitudes towards the concurrent use of two or more languages within the same conversation, has traditionally been geared towards rehabilitating this form of language use. From being seen as a random phenomenon reflecting the user’s lack of competence, code-switching is currently seen as sign of an advanced level of competence in the languages involved and as serving different interactional functions. However, as a result of its success, the research tradition now faces an entirely new challenge: Where to from here? How can research in code-switching continue to be relevant and interesting now it has largely achieved its original purpose? This books seeks to answer this programmatic question. The author argues that, in order to overcome this challenge, the notion of bilingualism (multilingualism) itself must be redefined. Bilingualism must be seen as consisting of multiple interactional practices. Accordingly, research in bilingualism and in code-switching in particular must aim to describe each of those practices in its own right. In other word, the aim should be an empirically based understanding of the various interactional practices involving the use of two or more languages. In the book, this new research direction is illustrated by means of three case studies: language choice and speech representation in bilingual interaction, language choice and conversational repair in bilingual interaction and language choice and appositive structures in written texts in Rwanda.
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Levy, Helton. Globalized Queerness. Edited by Katherine Byrne, Marianne Kac-Vergne, Helen Davies, David Roche, Julie Anne Taddeo, James Leggott, Julie Assouly, Claire O’Callaghan, and Cristelle Maury. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350292819.
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Has a global queer popular culture emerged at the expense of local queer artists? In this book, Helton Levy argues that global queer culture is indebted to specific, local references that artists carry from their early experiences in life, which then become homogenized by contemporary media markets. The assumption that queer publics live and consume only through a global set of references, including gay parades and rainbow flags, for example, erases many personal complexities. Levy revisits media characters that have caught the attention of the broader public – such as Calamity Jane (1953), the Daffyd Thomas character from the BBC comedy Little Britain (2003-2007), Brazilian drag queen Pabblo Vittar, French singer Christine and the Queens, and the Italian-Egyptian rapper Mahmood – and argues that they have gradually blended in the public's perception. This has often obscured the individual struggles faced by these characters, such as immigration, homophobia, poverty and societal exclusion. Levy also questions what happens when global media flows take queer culture to regions wherein the notion of LGBTQ+ rights are not entirely acceptable. Utilizing insights from media reports published across the world's ten biggest media markets, Levy argues that there are a series of conditions which artists and cultural actors negotiate once they achieve any kind of success in mainstream media, while local queer references remain unseen in the wider media world. For that reason, he argues for stronger incentives for communities to accept and acknowledge the work of queer people before and after commoditization.
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Coope, Ursula. Freedom and Responsibility in Neoplatonist Thought. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824831.001.0001.
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The Neoplatonists have a perfectionist view of freedom: an entity is free to the extent that it succeeds in making itself good. Free entities are wholly in control of themselves: they are self-determining, self-constituting, and self-knowing. Neoplatonist philosophers argue that such freedom is only possible for nonbodily things. The human soul is free insofar as it rises above bodily things and engages in intellection, but when it turns its desires to bodily things, it is drawn under the sway of fate and becomes enslaved. This book discusses this notion of freedom, and its relation to questions about responsibility. It explains the important role of notions of self-reflexivity in Neoplatonist accounts of both freedom and responsibility. Part I sets out the puzzles Neoplatonist philosophers face about freedom and responsibility and explains how these puzzles arise from earlier discussions. Part II looks at the metaphysical underpinnings of the Neoplatonist notion of freedom (concentrating especially on the views of Plotinus and Proclus). In what sense (if any) is the ultimate first principle of everything (the One) free? If everything else is under this ultimate first principle, how can anything other than the One be free? What is the connection between freedom and nonbodiliness? Part III looks at questions about responsibility, arising from this perfectionist view of freedom. Why are human beings responsible for their behaviour, in a way that other animals are not? If we are enslaved when we act viciously, how can we be to blame for our vicious actions and choices?
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Ammen, Sharon. Never Were There Such Devoted Sisters. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040658.003.0002.
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This chapter traces May Irwin’s life from her early move from Canada to America in a vaudeville act with her sister, Flo Irwin. Her apprenticeship with Tony Pastor is reviewed in detail, as is her subsequent split with Flo to work with Augustin Daly. Daly represented a new kind of manager-director in American theatre who used nineteenth century notions of realism on the stage. Irwin’s combined natural ability and technical training assisted her rise to stardom when she left Daly’s company for financial reasons. The chapter considers factors contributing to 1890s theatre growth, the emergence of new theatre audiences, and the success of the Keith-Albee Circuit. The chapter concludes with Irwin’s success in The Widow Jones as she becomes America’s “reigning Queen of Comedy.”
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Çidam, Çiğdem. In the Street. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190071684.001.0001.
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The 2010s were a decade of protests, and if the initial few months of 2020 are any indication, various forms of street politics, including spontaneous protests, demonstrations, acts of civil disobedience, and occupations are here to stay. Yet, contemporary discussions on the democratic significance of such events remain limited to questions of success and failure and the relative virtues of spontaneity and organization. In the Street: Democratic Action, Theatricality, and Political Friendship moves beyond these limited and limiting debates by breaking the hold of a deeply engrained way of thinking of democratic action that falsely equates spontaneity with immediacy. The book traces this problematic equation back to Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s account of popular sovereignty and demonstrates that insofar as commentators characterize democratic moments as the unmediated expressions of people’s will and/or instantaneous popular eruptions, they lose sight of the rich, creative, and varied practices of political actors who create those events against all odds. In the Street counters this Rousseauian influence by appropriating Aristotle’s notion of “political friendship” and developing an alternative conceptual framework that emphasizes the theatricality of democratic action through a critical engagement with the works of Antonio Negri, Jürgen Habermas, and Jacques Rancière. The outcome is a new conceptual lens that brings to light what is erased from contemporary discussions of democratic events, namely the crystallization of political actors’ hopes in the novel ways of being that they staged and the alternative forms of social relations that they created in and through the intermediating practices of political friendship.
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Hickey, Sam, Tom Lavers, Miguel Niño-Zarazúa, and Jeremy Seekings, eds. The Politics of Social Protection in Eastern and Southern Africa. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850342.001.0001.
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The notion that social protection should be a key strategy for reducing poverty in developing countries has now been mainstreamed within international development policy and practice. Promoted as an integral dimension of the post-Washington Consensus that emerged around the turn of the new millennium, all major international development agencies and bilateral donors now include a strong focus on social protection in their advocacy and programmatic interventions, and a commitment to providing social protection was recently enshrined within the Sustainable Development Goals. The rhetoric around social protection, particularly when delivered in the form of cash transfers, has sometimes reached hyperbolic proportions, with advocates seeing it as a silver bullet that can tackle multi-dimensional problems of poverty, vulnerability, and inequality and a southern-led success story that challenges the unequal power relations inherent within international aid. This book examines how the operation of power and politics at multiple levels of governance shapes the extent to which political elites are committed to social protection, the form this commitment takes, and the implications this has not only for the future shape of welfare regimes but also for state–citizen relations on the continent. With a particular focus on cash transfers, the chapters set out how the politics of promoting social protection has played out in countries from all regions of sub-Saharan Africa. The power relations we examine include those that operate within and amongst global development agencies, between global actors and political and bureaucratic elites, and between and amongst political and bureaucratic elites within Africa.
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Lechte, John. Philosophy of the Medium. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350299214.
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Taking the principle of the ‘disappearance of the medium’ into new territory, this book questions the pervasive influence of the principle that the ‘medium is the message’ – that the best we can hope for is a knowledge of the world that is media specific, and that it is this specificity, rather than media content, that should be made an object of study. Bold and investigative, this book argues that we have for too long focused on the technical specificities of media, when we should have been focusing on what it is that mediums do, that is, on their ‘content’ rather than their formal and technical qualities. John Lechte actively delves into the thinking of multiple philosophers in his path to this revelation, with a re-reading of McLuhan, a study of the conflicting views of technics as a medium in Bernard Stiegler’s work as well as an investigation into the extent to which Michel Serres’ work on communication sheds light on the nature of medium. Engaging also with the recently arrived concept of Object-Oriented Ontology (OOO), and the notion of probabilistic objects in quantum physics and climate change, he explores the way in which measurement is perceived to ‘create’ reality. Concluding with a fascinating study of the implications of consciousness as a medium, this book ultimately reconsiders and offers a deeper understanding, in a startlingly original way, of what we mean by the term ‘media’: it is that which comes ‘between’ and which facilitates the transmission of content, essentially a creator of possibilities, yet never present as such in the light of its success as a vehicle for meaning.
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Gunn, Robert W., and Betsy Raskin Gullickson. On the High Wire. Praeger, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400693137.
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You've just been promoted and find yourself questioning your ability to pull off the new job. Now what? Virtually every leader recalls that make or break promotion when success depends on accessing inner capacities that lie just beyond prior experience. Taking on new challenges and responsibilities as a manager can be one of the most exhilarating and rewarding transitions in a businessperson's career. It can also be fraught with stress, self-doubt, isolation, and frustration. Bob Gunn and Betsy Gullickson draw on decades of executive coaching and human resource consulting experience to characterize the process of management promotion as walking the high wire-venturing into the unknown without a safety net. In this highly accessible guide, Gunn and Gullickson address the challenges and opportunities head-on and offer specific strategies and tactics for navigating the transition into leadership, delegation, conflict management, motivation, project management, and problem solving. Featuring thought-provoking questions and a listing of helpful resources,On the High Wirewill engage and inspire new managers to become even more creative and effective leaders. At the heart of the book is the notion that productive and fulfilling management is not simply a collection of skills and techniques, but a mindset. Illustrating this theme through many powerful first-hand examples, the authors guide you toward achieving the clarity of vision and purpose that comes from being aware of context, attuned to the feelings that influence behavior, and respectful of multiple points of view. Featuring thought-provoking questions and a listing of helpful resources,On the High Wirewill engage and inspire new managers to become even more creative and effective leaders.
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Jentges, Erik. Leadership Capital. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783848.003.0014.
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The Leadership Capital Index utilizes the conceptual terminology of Pierre Bourdieu’s field theory. This chapter presents the groundwork for the LCI as it clarifies Bourdieu’s key concepts and traces the evolution from political capital to leadership capital. With an overview of Bourdieu’s three core concepts of economic, cultural, and social capital, plus the more elusive symbolic capital, the chapter assists with an appreciation of the analytical potential of the concept of political capital. The notion of leadership capital integrates many (but not all) aspects of Bourdieu’s field-specific notion of political capital and the LCI succeeds in translating his complex conceptualization into a manageable set of ten indicators. The chapter explains how together Bourdieu’s political sociology and the approach suggested through the LCI create numerous synergies and are promising and useful endeavors in the analysis of political leadership.
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Christoforidis, Michael. Premiere and Revival. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195384567.003.0002.
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Carmen’s 1875 premiere at the Opéra-Comique was an unauspicious launch for a work that became Bizet’s most famous opera. Its controversial subject, Célestine Galli-Marié’s realist performance of the eponymous heroine, and surrounding politics all contributed to the work’s initial failure. Despite this, Carmen quickly became established in theaters around the world, leading to a triumphant revival when Galli-Marié finally returned to the role in Paris in 1883. This chapter examines connections between the opera’s changing fortunes in Paris and a range of issues related to Spain. It explores how fresh notions of local color, including the phenomenal success of the estudiantinas from 1878, transformed the landscape of Spanishness in the French capital at this time.
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Champine, Kirby. Startup Mistakes That Entrepreneurs Should Notice : Optimize Dramatically Survival Rate of Startup: How to Succeed in Business. Independently Published, 2021.
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Herdt, Jennifer A. Assuming Responsibility. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192849205.001.0001.
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This book defends an “ecstatic” or “goodness-prior” eudaimonism found in both ancient pagan and Christian thinkers, distinguishing this from objectionably self-regarding forms of eudaimonism. Ever since Kant, eudaimonism, the doctrine of happiness as highest end, has come under attack as egoistic and as offering the wrong reasons for fulfilling obligations. Today we are witnessing enthusiastic endorsements of eudaimonism, yet it is unclear both whether they can ward off these critiques and whether they succeed in recovering eudaimonism in either its pagan or Christian guise. In this book, Jennifer Herdt examines how happiness, the final end, and obligation are construed by major figures within the Western tradition, arguing that Augustine, Aquinas, Scotus, and Calvin are all best understood as ecstatic eudaimonists, who understand the final end as a good greater than oneself and therefore worthy of one’s commitment and devotion. The book further argues that ecstatic eudaimonism succeeds in accounting for the binding character of obligation, requiring neither a divine command theory nor a notion of sui generis moral obligations. In conversation with a broad array of contemporary moral philosophers, the book characterizes obligation as a feature of accountability relations among agents who track their own and others’ commitments and entitlements. It concludes by exploring the vocation Christians affirm as divine call to a shared life of responsiveness to fragile finite goods and persons, and thereby to a participation in creation’s reditus to God.
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Caps, John. Career Crescendos. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036736.003.0007.
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This chapter details Mancini's continued success. Mancini's success with Blake Edwards, his bestselling albums, and the growing shelf of his awards meant that now other directors, even famous classic veteran directors, the past kings of the cinema, were starting to take notice of his music, trying to get him on the phone to talk about the musical possibilities of their next pictures. Again, he was writing traditionally satisfying music that they could understand, yet it had a modern slant toward the younger audiences they wanted to court. The great Howard Hawks was one of those directors. Hawks was searching for a workable composer for his own new, overlong, under-structured John Wayne adventure film set in Africa about a group of wild game hunters who collect specimens for zoos and circuses around the world, to be called Hatari! Two more veteran director kings from cinema's aristocracy also sought scores from Mancini for their very different romantic tales during this period: Mervyn LeRoy for Moment to Moment (1966) and Delbert Mann for Dear Heart (1964).
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Duma, Ma’Chell. Cardi B's Invasion of Privacy. Bloomsbury Publishing Inc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501389306.
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The elusive apex of critical praise and commercial success is a metric achieved by a select few. In 2020, Cardi B became synonymous with “record breaking” in the new millennium. Whether it’s streaming, charting, views, likes, retweets or shares Cardi dominates. Cardi B’s ascension to stardom is also pure 21st century; from welfare kid to unapologetic stripper, to reality TV persona, to social media maven, to a household name delivering one of the consummately executed albums in Rap History, it’s easy to imagine future critics noting popular music as before and after the rise of Cardi B. This in-depth look at Invasion of Privacy features a track-by-track breakdown of the album, with an accompanying conversation or essay from a collection of voices about a topic each song addresses. It explores the album’s multicultural musical influences, technical elements of production, and the producers on the record. It includes a summation of awards and note the record’s chart shattering success--going 5x Platinum while establishing Invasion of Privacy as the longest charting record by a female rapper in history.
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Schlapbach, Karin. The Mimesis of Dance between Eloquence and Visual Art. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807728.003.0003.
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This chapter shows that pantomime undermines the ostensible dichotomy of art and text by engaging in visual narration. It examines the perception of dance as a superior form of rhetoric, arguing that Lucian’s On Dancing cleverly deploys traditional ideals of rhetorical versatility (Proteus and the octopus) to show that the dancer embodies them more perfectly than the orator, because his skill is physical. The dancer’s body language is situated in the context of ancient theories of gesture and physiognomy as well as in the discourse on works of art (ekphrasis), from which the motif of silent speech and the use of notions such as ēthos and pathos are adopted. Finally, the chapter examines the possible role of Hellenistic sculptural groups emphasizing motion and narrative developments in preparing the path for pantomime’s empire-wide success.
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Tomlinson, Jim. Rolling Back the State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786092.003.0004.
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This chapter begins with the economic crisis of the 1970s, OPEC 1 and Labour’s responses, and the broader ideological challenge presented to social democracy by the economic problems of the mid 1970s. The chapter’s second section looks at the broad growth of anti-state notions amongst a variety of elements in 1970s Britain, including academics, journalists, and think tanks, and how these notions related to the Conservative Party’s developing positions. The third section looks in a more focused fashion at the development of the ‘rolling back the state’ policy agenda as applied to public spending after 1979. The fourth section looks more broadly at the successes and failures of the attempt to roll back the state down to the end of the Conservative government in 1997. The final section looks at how far the state-shrinking agenda reflected or shaped public opinion.
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Manning, Carrie. The Politics of Peace in Mozambique. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400698644.
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Manning examines issues of democratization and conflict resolution through the lens of the Mozambican experience from 1992-2000. Since the end of the Cold War, a formal democratization process has been at the center of virtually every negotiated peace agreement to end a civil conflict. Nearly a decade after the Rome peace accord put an end to 16 years of civil war, Mozambique stands out as one of the world's most unlikely postwar democratization success stories. What accounts for the durability of the postwar political settlement? What lessons does the Mozambican experience hold for other such cases? Relying on original research conducted in Mozambique between 1994 and 1999, Manning argues that the country's relatively successful postwar political settlement depends upon the ability of the system to accommodate conflicting notions of democratic and system legitimacy, through routine recourse to processes of sustained elite bargaining which supplement formal democratic institutions. In building her case, Manning provides a thorough and provocative analysis of the country's civil conflict, presents ground-breaking work on the transformation of the Renamo rebel group into a political party, and the separation of the Relimo party-state into its respecive components, and he presents a clear-eyed analysis of the lessons and limits of Mozambique's postwar success. Of particular interest to scholars, students, and policymakers involved with democratization, conflict resolution, and southern African politics.
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Varol, Ozan O. Cincinnatus. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626013.003.0025.
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This chapter concludes the book. To summarize, in a democratic coup, militaries topple a dictator, assume absolute power during a temporary period, provide a steady hand during a turbulent transition, establish democratic procedures, and hand over power to elected leaders. Democratic does not mean unproblematic. All transitions to democracy, whether led by civilians or the military, are turbulent events and require a rethinking of our idealistic notions of success in moments of regime change. Ideally, of course, civilian, not military, leaders would spearhead democratic regime change. But civilian leaders are often unable to shoulder the momentous task of overthrowing an entrenched dictator without the help of the domestic military. Often the only hope for democracy is to turn the domestic military against the very dictatorship it’s tasked to defend. In our imperfect world, the second best may be the best we can do.
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Jones, Geoffrey. The Green Team. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198706977.003.0009.
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This chapter examines the greening of large conventional firms since 1980, the acquisition of many green entrepreneurial firms, and the rise of “greenwashing.” While noting that this development appeared to signal the success of green business, and the scaling needed for sustainability to make a real impact, there were also major problems. In particular, there were frequent and large gaps between corporate rhetoric and reality, threatening consumer disillusion and making it harder for more genuinely green firms to make their distinctive case. Corporate environmentalism was also constrained by the huge pressure on firms to meet quarterly returns, making it hard for large corporations to pursue truly radical sustainability strategies.
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Narain, Vrinda. Law, Gender, and Nation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788553.003.0009.
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Contemporary democracies have emphasized the recognition of religious and cultural diversity through policies of multiculturalism that recognize minority rights. In this regard, the status of Muslim women in a democracy with multiple legal systems, such as India, is representative of these new forms of democratic politics. While the Indian constitution guarantees equality to all citizens in the public sphere, in the private sphere of the family, the state enforces explicitly discriminatory personal laws as a demonstration of its commitment to minority rights, posing serious challenges for Muslim women’s equality. In this context, evaluating the success of legal pluralism through the implementation of Muslim personal law cannot ignore the negative impact of this understanding of legal pluralism on gender equality. Against this backdrop, this chapter examines how notions of secularism, religious freedom, and the protection of minority rights mediate the legal status of Muslim women in India.