Books: 'Noun clauses'

1

Matsumoto, Yoshiko. Noun-modifying constructions in Japanese: A frame-semantic approach. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub., 1997.

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2

Postmodifying clauses in the English noun phrase: A corpus-based study. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1989.

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3

Daiichi, daini gengo ni okeru Nihongo meishi shūshokusetsu no shūtoku katei. Tōkyō: Kuroshio Shuppan, 2008.

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4

The raising of predicates: Predicative noun phrases and the theory of clause structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

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5

Matsumoto, Yoshiko, Bernard Comrie, and Peter Sells, eds. Noun-Modifying Clause Constructions in Languages of Eurasia. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.116.

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6

Serbo-Croatian. München, Germany: Lincom Europa, 1997.

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7

Baysal, Aynur. Yetişkin Türk öğrencilerinin ilgi-tümcelerini öğrenmede izledikleri sıra ve bunun ad öbeklerinin erişimlik sıralaması (NPAH) ile bağlantısı: The noun phrase accessibility hierarchy (NPAH) in the acquisition of English restrictive relative clauses by Turkish adult learners of English. Eskişehir, Turkey: Anadolu Üniversitesi, 2001.

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8

Kordić, Snježana. Relativna rečenica. Zagreb, Croatia: Hrvatsko filološko društvo, 1995.

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9

Kordić, Snježana. Der Relativsatz im Serbokroatischen. München, Germany: Lincom Europa, 1999.

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10

Wörter im Grenzbereich von Lexikon und Grammatik im Serbokroatischen. München, Germany: Lincom Europa, 2001.

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11

Kordić, Snježana. Riječi na granici punoznačnosti. Zagreb, Croatia: Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, 2002.

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12

Lupoi, Michele Angelo. Conflitti transnazionali di giurisdizioni. Milano: A. Giuffrè, 2002.

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13

Japanese pride, American prejudice: Modifying the exclusion clause of the 1924 Immigration Act. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2001.

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14

Herzl, Theodor. L' État des Juifs / par Theodore Herzl ; nouv. trad. de l'allemand et notes de Claude Klein. Suivi de Essai sur le sionisme: De l'État des Juifs à l'État d'Israel. Paris: La Découverte, 1990.

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15

Steele, Gregory K. Employment covenants and confidential information. Markham, Ont: Butterworths, 2002.

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16

Bacchetta, Marc. Post-Uruguay round market access barriers for industrial products. New York: United Nations, 2001.

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17

Église catholique. Diocèse de Québec. Évêque (1825-1833 : Panet). Mandement de Monseigneur l'évêque de Québec: Bernard Claude Panet, par la miséricorde de Dieu ... n'ayant pu jusqu'à présent, nos très-chers frères, vous faire part des réponses que nous avons reçues de la Congrégation de la propagande .. [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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18

Marion, Sylvie. L' école de la vie, ou, La France autodidacte: René Monory, Jean-Claude Coutasse, Jean-Paul Bucher, Sonia Rykiel, Michel Denisot, Jean Bousquet, Olympe, Jean-Paul Goude, Alain Ayache, Pierre Bérégovoy. [Paris]: J.-C.Lattès, 1993.

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19

I'm the real Santa Claus! New York: North-South Books, 1994.

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20

Walsh, Rita. Reindeer surprise. [Mahwah, N.J.]: Watermill Press, 1994.

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21

Cardoso, Adriana. Discontinuous noun phrases and remnant-internal relativization in the diachrony of Portuguese. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0003.

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This chapter investigates syntactic change regarding the availability of split noun phrases in relative clauses in the diachrony of Portuguese. In earlier stages of the language an element that is thematically dependent on the head noun (either as a complement or as a modifier) may not appear adjacent to it but in a relative clause internal position. In Contemporary European Portuguese, noun phrase discontinuity also arises in relative clauses, but only with the modifier/complement in the rightmost position. The word order with the modifier/complement at the left periphery of the relative clause is not allowed. The change is explained as being due to the loss of a left-peripheral position for contrastive focus within relative clauses (and possibly other types of subordinate clauses). Hence, the contraction of clause structure and the concomitant loss of movement are taken to constrain the possibilities of phrasal discontinuity found in earlier periods.

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22

Jarai Clauses and Noun Phrases: Syntactic Structures in an Austronesian Language. De Gruyter, Inc., 2014.

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23

Chamoreau, Claudine. Purepecha, a Polysynthetic but Predominantly Dependent-Marking Language. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.38.

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Purepecha (language isolate, Mexico) has one relevant characteristic that leads to identifying it as a polysynthetic language: productive verbal morphology (in particular locative suffixes). Purepecha is a predominantly dependent-marking language, as its pronominal markers are enclitics, generally second position enclitics. But, in some contexts Purepecha shows head-marking characteristics. Today, pronominal enclitics exhibit variation, tending to move to the rightmost position in the clause; they may encliticize to the predicate itself, showing a head-attraction or polypersonalism strategy and making Purepecha more polysynthetic. But this language lacks noun incorporation. Purepecha has three types of non-finite clause: two subordinate clauses (non-finite complement clauses and purpose clauses) and a syntactically independent clause (the chain-medial clause). This seemingly inconsistent situation (characterized by a correlation of different properties, some of which have not been identified as polysynthetic) calls for addressing the typological classification of Purepecha among the polysynthetic languages.

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24

Bible Translation & Literacy, East Africa. Tharaka Project., ed. The noun phrase in Kîîtharaka: A description of the noun class system, adjectives, demonstratives, numerals, and relative clauses in the Tharaka language of Kenya. [Nairobi]: Bible Translation & Literacy (E.A.), Tharaka Project, 1993.

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25

Queixalós, Francesc. What being a Syntactically Ergative Language means for Katukina-Kanamari. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.42.

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The structure of the basic clause in Katukina-Kanamari is, to a significant extent, conditioned by the internal structure of the verb phrase, which is starkly parallel to that of noun and adposition phrases. Depending on its internal make up, the verb phrase generates, for the same verbs, two patterns of transitive clauses, ergative and accusative, neither of which is synchronically derived from the other, but the latter appears as highly restricted in distribution. It also yields two patterns of intransitive clauses, one primary, the other resulting from an intransitivizing voice process. Since the basic transitive clause shows a clear syntactic hierarchy between its two arguments, intransitivizing voice is seen as of primary formal motivation: promoting the agent participant to subject status, a far more central need in this language than the functional motivation for relegating the patient participant to either adjunct status or no expression at all.

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26

Moro, Andrea. The Raising of Predicates: Predicative Noun Phrases and the Theory of Clause Structure (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics). Cambridge University Press, 2006.

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27

van Schaaik, Gerjan. The Oxford Turkish Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.001.0001.

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The point of departure of this book is the fundamental observation that actual conversations tend to consist of loosely connected, compact, and meaningful chunks built on a noun phrase, rather than fully fledged sentences. Therefore, after the treatment of elementary matters such as the Turkish alphabet and pronunciation in part I, the main points of part II are the structure of noun phrases and their function in nominal, existential, and verbal sentences, while part III presents their adjuncts and modifiers. The verbal system is extensively discussed in part IV, and in part V on sentence structure the grammatical phenomena presented so far are wrapped up. The first five parts of the book, taken together, provide for all-round operational knowledge of Turkish on a basic level. Part VI deals with the ways in which complex words are constructed, and constitutes a bridge to the advanced matter treated in parts VII and VIII. These latter parts deal with advanced topics such as relative clauses, subordination, embedded clauses, clausal complements, and the finer points of the verbal system. An important advantage of this book is its revealing new content: the section on syllable structure explains how loanwords adapt to Turkish; other topics include: the use of pronouns in invectives; verbal objects classified in terms of case marking; extensive treatment of the optative (highly relevant in day-to-day conversation); recursion and lexicalization in compounds; stacking of passives; the Başı-Bozuk and Focus-Locus constructions; relativization on possessive, dative, locative, and ablative objects, instrumentals and adverbial adjuncts; pseudo-relative clauses; typology of clausal complements; periphrastic constructions and double negation.

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28

Whitman, John, and Yohei Ono. Diachronic interpretations of word order parameter cohesion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0004.

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This chapter uses statistical tools to investigate the interrelationship between typological features in the World Atlas of Language Structures Online (Dryer and Haspelmath 2013) in the WALS 201 language sample, with the objective of determining how crosscategorial word order generalizations might emerge as the result of syntactic change. Multiple Correspondence Analysis and a variety of cluster analyses show that word order features tend to group along the familiar lines of the Head Parameter. But there is an important caveat to this, previously noticed by Albu (2006): word order features in NP (e.g. [Order of noun and determiner], [Order of noun and adjective]) group separately from word order features in VP and PP, with the exception of [Order of noun and genitive]. We provide a diachronic explanation for this fact: nouns and their arguments may be reanalysed as PPs, or in the case of reanalysed nominalizations, clauses.

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29

Zick, Timothy. Assembly, Press, and Petition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190841416.003.0004.

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Chapter 3 examines the Free Speech Clause’s interactions with its First Amendment cousins—the Assembly Clause, Press Clause, and Petition Clause. It explains how and why the Supreme Court collapsed these distinctive rights into a general “Free Expression Clause” that is governed primarily by free speech doctrines and principles. The chapter examines in detail the events and influences that led each clause to be subordinated to or supplanted by the Free Speech Clause. It explains the negative consequences of free speech expansionism, for the non-speech rights and the freedom of speech. The chapter considers existing proposals for recovering or reviving the Assembly, Press, and Petition Clauses, but argues that we must rethink and expand the project. We need to work toward a First Amendment pluralism that not only disaggregates the elements of the fictional “Free Expression Clause,” but also reconnects once and still “cognate” rights of speech, assembly, press, and petition.

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30

Moessner, Lilo. The History of the Present English Subjunctive. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474437998.001.0001.

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Based on the definition of the subjunctive as a realisation of the grammatical category mood and an expression of the semantic/pragmatic category modality the book presents the first comprehensive and consistent description of the history of the present English subjunctive. It covers the periods Old English (OE), Middle English (ME), and Early Modern English (EModE), and it considers all contruction types in which the subjunctive is attested, namely main clauses, noun clauses, relative clauses, and adverbial clauses. Besides numerically substantiating the well-known hypothesis that the simplification of the verbal syntagm led to a long-term frequency decrease of the subjunctive, it explores the factors which governed its competition with other verbal expressions. The data used for the analysis come from The Helsinki Corpus of English Texts; they comprise nearly half a million words in 91 files. Their analysis was carried out by close reading, and the results of the analysis were processed with the statistical program SPSS. This combined quantitative-qualitative method offers new insights into the research landscape of English subjunctive use and into the fields of historical English linguistics and corpus linguistics.

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31

Fonteyn, Lauren. Categoriality in Language Change. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190917579.001.0001.

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This study presents the first elaborate attempt to set out a functional-semantic definition of diachronic transcategorial shift between the major classes “noun”/“nominal” and “verb”/“clause.” In English, speakers have different options to refer to an event by using “deverbal nominalization” strategies (e.g., Him guessing her size/His guessing of her size (was incredibly lucky)). Interestingly, not only do these strategies each resemble “prototypical” nominals to varying extents, it also has been observed that some of these strategies increasingly resemble clauses and decreasingly resemble prototypical nominals over time, as if they are gradually shifting categories. Thus far, the literature on such cases of diachronic categorial shift has mainly described the processes by focusing on form, leaving the reader with a clear picture of what and how changes have occurred. Yet, the question of why these formal changes have occurred is still shrouded in mystery. This study tackles this mystery by showing that the diachronic processes of nominalization and verbalization can also involve functional-semantic changes. The aim of this study is both theoretical and descriptive. The theoretical aim is to present a model that allows one to study diachronic nominalization and verbalization as not just formal or morpho-syntactic but also functional-semantic processes. The descriptive aim is to offer “workable” definitions of the abstract functional-semantic properties of nominals and verbs/clauses, and subsequently apply them to one of the most intriguing deverbal nominalization systems in the history of English: the English gerund.

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32

Harriet, Schelhaas. Ch.7 Non-performance, s.1: Non-performance in general, Art.7.1.6. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0133.

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This commentary analyses Article 7.1.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning exemption clauses. According to Art 7.1.6, a clause which limits or excludes one party's liability for non-performance, or which permits one party to render performance substantially different from what the other party reasonably expected, may not be invoked if it would be grossly unfair to do so. The possibility of striking down exemption clauses by virtue of Art 7.1.6 is an exceptional control mechanism. Art 7.1.6 acts as a specific safeguard against unfair exemption clauses. The scope of this provision applies not only to exemption clauses in standard terms, but also to individually negotiated exemption clauses. An exemption clause may not be invoked if it would be grossly unfair to do so. This commentary also discusses the legal consequences of an exemption clause being ‘grossly unfair’.

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33

Cardoso, Adriana. Remnant-internal relativization. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723783.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 investigates a specific configuration (dubbed “remnant-internal relativization”) in which the head noun and some modifier/complement related to it appear discontinuously (as in the so-called split or discontinuous noun phrases). It is argued that the analysis of remnant-internal relativization is of particular interest from the theoretical and diachronic point of view. Theoretically it can illuminate the long-standing debate between the right adjunction and the head raising analyses of RRCs, providing evidence in favor of the latter. From a diachronic perspective, it is argued that the loss of remnant-internal relativization with the modifier/complement in the left periphery of the Portuguese relative clauses might be due to a restriction on movement that emerges inside the DP, which blocks the extraction of the modifier/complement to a left peripheral position.

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34

Arregui, Ana, María Luisa Rivero, and Andrés Salanova, eds. Modality Across Syntactic Categories. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718208.001.0001.

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This volume explores the extremely rich diversity found under the “modal umbrella” in natural language. Offering a cross-linguistic perspective on the encoding of modal meanings that draws on novel data from an extensive set of languages, the book supports a view according to which modality infuses a much more extensive number of syntactic categories and levels of syntactic structure than has traditionally been thought. The volume distinguishes between “low modality,” which concerns modal interpretations that associate with the verbal and nominal cartographies in syntax, “middle modality” or modal interpretation associated to the syntactic cartography internal to the clause, and “high modality” that relates to the cartography known as the left periphery. By offering enticing combinations of cross-linguistic discussions of the more studied sources of modality together with novel or unexpected sources of modality, the volume presents specific case studies that show how meanings associated with low, middle, and high modality crystallize across a large variety of languages. The chapters on low modality explore modal meanings in structures that lack the complexity of full clauses, including conditional readings in noun phrases and modal features in lexical verbs. The chapters on middle modality examine the effects of tense and aspect on constructions with counterfactual readings, and on those that contain canonical modal verbs. The chapters on high modality are dedicated to constructions with imperative, evidential, and epistemic readings, examining, and at times challenging, traditional perspectives that syntactically associate these interpretations with the left periphery of the clause.

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35

Egerland, Verner. On the interpretation of gerundival null subjects and the theory of control. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.003.0008.

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It is generally known that gerunds can have a null subject (NS) that takes the preceding clause as its antecedent. Given certain restrictions independently argued for in the literature, the NS in question cannot be pro, neither can it be maintained that such gerunds have the status of relative clauses. Therefore, the subject in question must be analysed as PRO, which entails that the theoretical status of such a category must be recognized in a theory of syntax. Regardless of whether the case of Clausal Control is to be understood as Non Obligatory Control or Obligatory Control, the data present a serious problem for Hornstein’s (1999) reductionist approach to Control and subsequent work in the same spirit. If the phenomenon of Clausal Control is an instance of Obligatory Control, an analysis formulated in terms of A-binding is a feasible alternative as discussed here.

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36

Laughren, Mary. The Ergative in Warlpiri: A Case Study. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.39.

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The DP subject of a Warlpiri finite clause containing verbs of a certain class is marked with the ergative suffix whereas other DP subjects are morphologically unmarked. This chapter examines the wider distribution in Warlpiri of the ergative morpheme and the varied functions of ergative-marked DPs in both finite and non-finite clauses. Particular focus is on the relationship between the subject-marking and instrument adjunct-marking role of the ergative suffix. Unlike finite transitive clauses in which both an agent subject and an instrument adjunct are marked ergative, in non-finite clauses only one of these can be marked ergative: the instrument adjunct in clauses where the agent subject is realized either as phonologically null PRO or as a dative case-marked DP external to the verb phrase; the agent or instrument subject contained in the infinitival phrase embedded in a stative predicate whose external subject is co-referent with the logical object of the embedded verb.

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37

Jenks, Peter, and Sharon Rose. Documenting Raising and Control in Moro. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256340.003.0010.

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This chapter details classes of raising and control predicates in Moro and the different types of clausal complements for which these predicates select. It is demonstrated that Moro allows raising from both finite and non-finite complement clauses, while control predicates select only non-finite complements, including infinitival clauses and gerunds. Putative finite complements of control predicates are shown to be instances of No Control. In addition, the chapter examines the distribution of different classes of control and raising predicates relative to each other in order to motivate an articulated clausal structure for Moro. More generally, this chapter stands as a proof-of-concept that relatively simple diagnostic tests can be employed during linguistic elicitation to distinguish control from raising constructions. It is suggested that such tests comprise an essential component of linguistic documentation.

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38

Pinkster, Harm. The Oxford Latin Syntax. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199230563.001.0001.

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Volume II of the Oxford Latin Syntax deals with the syntax and pragmatics of complex sentences in Latin and other topics that transcend the simple clause (which is the content of Volume I). The volume starts with a chapter on subordination in general, followed by chapters on subordinate clauses that function as argument or as satellite in their sentence. Separate chapters are devoted to subordinate clauses governed by nouns and adjectives and to relative clauses. In addition there are chapters on coordination, comparison, secondary predicates, information structure of clauses and sentences including the use of emphatic particles, word order, and various discourse phenomena such as sentence connection. As in Volume I, the description of the Latin material is based upon texts from roughly 200 BC to AD 450. The Latin texts that are discussed are provided with an English translation. Supplements contain further examples to illustrate the main text. The grammatical framework used is mainly that of Functional Grammar but the description is accessible for readers without a modern linguistic background.

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39

Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.1: Assignment of rights, Art.9.1.9. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0178.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.1.9 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning non-assignment clauses. Under Art 9.1.9, the assignment of a right to the payment of a monetary sum is effective notwithstanding an agreement between the assignor and the obligor limiting or prohibiting such an assignment. However, the assignor may be liable to the obligor for breach of contract. The assignment of a right to other performance is ineffective if it is contrary to an agreement between the assignor and the obligor limiting or prohibiting the assignment. This commentary discusses rights to payment of a monetary sum and to a non-monetary performance, along with the legal consequences of violating a non-assignment clause.

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40

Nous, fils d'Eichmann : Lettre ouverte à Claude Eichmann. Rivages, 1999.

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41

Suteu, Silvia. Eternity Clauses in Democratic Constitutionalism. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198858867.001.0001.

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This book makes a critical contribution to the growing literature on constitutional unamendability, as well as to the broader scholarship in the field of comparative constitutional change. It represents a unique analysis of unamendability in democratic constitutionalism that engages critically and systematically with its perils, offering a much-needed corrective to existing understandings of this phenomenon. This book takes seriously the democratic challenge that eternity clauses pose and argues that this goes beyond the old tension between constitutionalism and democracy. It adopts a contextual approach that allows for more nuanced understandings of constitutional amendment rules and substantive limits on amendments. It also looks beyond the usual suspects typically discussed in this literature and brings to the fore a variety of case studies from non-traditional jurisdictions. Together, these insights illuminate the prospects of unamendability fulfilling its main intended aim, that of protecting constitutional democracy.

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42

Grinstead, John. Root Infinitives in Child Language and the Structure of the Clause. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.15.

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A central question in the development of the clause is the gradually developing nature of tense marking. This phenomenon has been documented across a wide variety of languages and language typologies. That children’s clauses are syntactically, and not just morpho-phonologically, nonfinite is attested by the wide range of syntactic patterns that vary as a function of finiteness that children follow, including verb-second in Germanic, non-nominative case marking in English, negation-verb order in French. Finiteness also appears sensitive to lexical semantics, as argued in work on the Eventiveness Constraint. Multiple theoretical accounts of the phenomenon are discussed, including generative, usage-based and middle-ground explanations. Nonfinite verbal phenomena in null subject languages and the methodological approaches most appropriate for their study are discussed.

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43

Jeswald W, Salacuse. 11 Treatment of State Obligations (the ‘Umbrella Clause’). Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703976.003.0011.

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A large number of investment treaties contain provisions, often referred to as ‘umbrella clauses’, that require host states to respect non-treaty commitments and obligations made to foreign investment covered by the treaty. This chapter examines the general nature of umbrella clauses, their historical background, the various forms that they can take, and their application by arbitral tribunals. In view of the unsettled state of the jurisprudence on umbrella clauses, the chapter concludes with a suggested framework of analysis for applying umbrella clauses to specific investments, setting out a number of questions which persons applying umbrella clauses should seek to address.

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44

Gerard, McMeel. Part III Particular Contractual Provisions, 26 The Integrity of the Instrument: ‘Entire Agreement’ and ‘Non-Reliance’ Clauses. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198755166.003.0026.

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This chapter examines the approach of the courts to ‘entire agreement’ and ‘non-reliance’ clauses. Such clauses seek to protect the integrity of the instrument. Modern commercial contracts have spawned a cluster of provisions intended to protect the integrity of the written instrument itself. They do so by restricting its easy modification and the parties' recourse to extra-contractual remedies—clauses requiring variations or waivers to be in writing or evidenced by signatures of senior personnel, clauses negating reliance on statements during negotiations, and entire agreement clauses. The chapter shows that whilst these clauses cannot wholly negate the characterization of the question of whether the agreement is integrated in writing as an issue of fact, they may have the effect of making a judge more sceptical of arguments that the agreement is to be found partly inside and partly outside the four corners of a document.

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45

Rice, Brian. A Pictorial History of Santa Clause. Chatto, 1995.

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46

Norah, Gallagher, and Shan Wenhua. 4 Non-Discrimination Treatment. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law:iic/9780199230259.003.004.

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The non-discrimination principle is one of the fundamental principles underpinning international investment treaties. Its most common manifestations are the most-favoured-nation clause (MFN) and the national treatment (NT) clause. All Chinese BITs and FTAs have included some form of non-discrimination requirements—all of them have an MFN clause, whilst fewer than half of them also have an NT clause. This chapter deals with the two standards of non-discrimination treatment: most-favoured-nation treatment and national treatment. For each standard, the general meaning and application by arbitration tribunals of are analyzed. The particularities of such standard under Chinese investment treaties are then examined.

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47

Ippolito, Francesca. Mainstreaming Human Rights in EuroMed Bilateral Relations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190848194.003.0004.

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This article, focusing on the bilateral dimension of the EuroMed relations related to migration conceptualises the existence of a human rights (HR) mainstreaming duty in EU external policies and attempts to examine the related problems of the application and performance of such a duty based on the analysis of the human rights clauses included in the Association Agreements (AAs) within the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) framework, in combination with the mechanism of the “non-affection clause” for formal and informal Readmission Agreements concluded at both the EU (EURAs) and national levels. Just as Pot Luck, Emile Zola’s most acerbic satire, examines the contradictions that pervade bourgeois life to reveal a multitude of betrayals and depict a veritable ‘melting pot’ of moral and sexual degeneracy, so this article will pinpoint a similar ‘Victorian’ hypocrisy underlying the HR mainstreaming conception in EuroMed relations and its implementation through the tool of conditionality. Finally, the work will explore the positive goals of exporting the new conception of an HR mainstreaming duty elaborated for trade agreements into the new generation of AAs and EURAs.

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48

Mahajan, Anoop. Accusative and Ergative in Hindi. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.4.

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This chapter examines the nature of case licensing of the direct object in ergative constructions in Hindi, a split ergative language. Split ergativity in Hindi is conditioned by aspect – perfective transitive constructions display ergative case marking while non-perfective clauses do not. The chapter argues that in Hindi the morphologically bare direct object in an ergative construction is case licensed by T(ense) and not by little v as argued recently by Legate (2008) and others. The evidence for this proposal comes from examining the syntax of perfective and imperfective prenominal relative clauses, an empirical domain in Hindi that has not been previously examined from the perspective of case licensing. The restrictions found on what arguments can be relativized in prenominal relative clauses provide crucial evidence for the nature of case licensing in Hindi participial clauses and that evidence in turn bears upon the nature of object case licensing in ergative constructions.

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Haspelmath, Martin. Formal and Functional Types of Indefinite Pronoun. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0003.

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This chapter examines formal and functional types of indefinite pronoun. It first presents some examples of different indefinite pronoun series in a variety of languages, focusing on a formal element shared by all members of an indefinite pronoun series, such as some and any in English. This element is called indefiniteness marker, an affix or a particle which stands next to the pronoun stem. The chapter proceeds by discussing two main types of derivational bases from which indefinite pronouns are derived in the world's languages: interrogative pronouns and generic ontological category nouns like person, thing or place. It also looks at the main functional types of indefinite pronoun, namely: negative indefinite pronouns and negative polarity (or scale reversal). Finally, it analyses some alternatives to indefinite pronouns, including generic nouns, existential sentences, non-specific free relative clauses, and universal quantifiers.

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Danckaert, Lieven. The Development of Latin Clause Structure. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759522.001.0001.

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The focus of this book is Latin word order, and in particular the relative ordering of direct objects and lexical verbs (OV vs. VO), and auxiliaries and non-finite verbs (VAux vs. AuxV). One aim of the book is to offer a first detailed, corpus-based description of these two word order alternations, with special emphasis on their diachronic development in the period from ca. 200 BC until 600 AD. The corpus data reveal that some received wisdom needs to be reconsidered. For one thing, there is no evidence for any major increase in productivity of the order VO during the eight centuries under investigation. In addition, the order AuxV only becomes more frequent in clauses with a modal verb and an infinitive, not in clauses with a BE-auxiliary and a past participle. A second goal is to answer a more fundamental question about Latin syntax, namely whether or not the language is ‘configurational’, in the sense that a phrase structure grammar (with ‘higher-order constituents’ such as verb phrases) is needed to describe and analyse facts of Latin word order. Four pieces of evidence are presented which suggest that Latin is indeed a fully configurational language, despite its high degree of word order flexibility. Specifically, it is shown that there is ample evidence for the existence of a verb phrase constituent. The book thus contributes to the ongoing debate whether configurationality (phrase structure) is a language universal or not.

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