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1
Scoville, Christine Beate. "Noun Clauses in Clinical Child Language Samples." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3545.
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Noun clauses are grammatical constructions that are of relevance both to typical language development and impaired language development. These clauses have been part of published techniques for the clinical analysis of language samples, and computer software for the automated analysis of clinical language samples has attempted to identify noun clauses, with limited success. The present study examined the development and clinical use of noun clauses as well as the automated identification of these clauses. Two sets of language samples were examined. One set consisted of 10 children with specific language impairment (SLI) whose age ranged from 7;6 to 11;1 (years;months), 10 peers matched for language development equivalence, and 10 peers matched for chronological age. The second set of samples were from 30 children considered to be typically developing, who ranged in age from 2;6 to 7;11. Language sample utterances were manually coded for the presence of noun clauses (including wh- noun clauses, that- noun clauses, and gerunds.) Samples were then automatically tagged using software. Results were tabulated and compared for accuracy. ANCOVA revealed that differences in the frequencies of WH-infinitive noun clauses and gerunds were significant between the matched groups. "Zero that clauses" (that-noun clauses containing no subordinator that) and gerunds were significantly correlated with age. Kappa levels revealed that agreement between manual and automated coding was high on WH-infinitive clauses, gerunds, and finite wh-noun clauses.
2
Manning, Britney Richey. "Automated Identification of Noun Clauses in Clinical Language Samples." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2197.
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The identification of complex grammatical structures including noun clauses is of clinical importance because differences in the use of these structures have been found between individuals with and without language impairment. In recent years, computer software has been used to assist in analyzing clinical language samples. However, this software has been unable to accurately identify complex syntactic structures such as noun clauses. The present study investigated the accuracy of new software, called Cx, in identifying finite wh- and that-noun clauses. Two sets of language samples were used. One set included 10 children with language impairment, 10 age-matched peers, and 10 language-matched peers. The second set included 40 adults with mental retardation. Levels of agreement between computerized and manual analysis were similar for both sets of language samples; Kappa levels were high for wh-noun clauses and very low for that-noun clauses.
3
Cohen, Maria Antonieta Amarante de Mendonça. "Syntactic change in portuguese : relative clauses and the position on the adjective in the noun phrase." [s.n.], 1989. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/268977.
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Com período co-tutela em University of London (Orientador:Theodora Bynon).
Brasil: Orientador: Fernando Luiz TaralloTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-13T23:31:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cohen_MariaAntonietaAmarantedeMendonca_D.pdf: 4828361 bytes, checksum: 39a43204c664241c50646cec71237f8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 1989
Resumo em portugues não impresso na obra
Abstract: The purpose of this dissertation is the examination of syntactic changes in the Portuguese Noun Phrase. The data on which it is based consist of successive texts which are taken as representative of consecutive periods of the Portuguese language, from the 14th c onwards. Some information about present-day Brazilian Portuguese also given. Firstly, the position of the Adjective with respect to the Noun in the Noun Phrase 15 investigated within a word order change framework. According to the statistical analysis of the Adjective, Old/Middle Portuguese has shown a predominant order adjective/Noun (AN) whereas Modern Portuguese is predominantly Noun/Adjective (NA). The data available show a sharp decrease in the use of of Adjectives around the 18th C. After that time Postposition replaced Anteposition as the preferred order...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
Doutorado
Doutor em Linguística
4
Jessen, Ashlee Marie. "The Effect of the Semantic Depth of Spanish Verbs on Processing Demands of Filler-Gap Relationships in Noun Clauses." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3502.
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This study explored the relationship between syntax and semantics in an effort to provide evidence against a strict theory of the Autonomy of Syntax. The evidence was provided by an acceptability survey given to 20 native, adult Mexicans who ranked both declarative and wh-questions which manifested a filler-gap relationship where the gap was located in an embedded noun clause. The main verbs were controlled for semantic depth by being ranked within verbal categories according to external evidence of markedness or semantic depth. The primary hypothesis was that semantically deeper verbs would add to the already increased strain on working memory associated with filler-gap processing, thereby resulting in decreased acceptability. The results of the survey showed that, while this hypothesis held true to some degree, further research will be required to confirm the results and to further understand the intricate interactions between syntax and semantics.
5
Bahadir, Gozde. "Structural Priming In Turkish Genitive-possessive Constructions." Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614863/index.pdf.
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This study addresses the question of the mental representation and processing of language by investigating &ldquostructural priming&rdquo
in Turkish Genitive-Possessive (GEN-POSS) constructions. Structural priming is the facilitating effect of having already experienced a structural form on its subsequent processing. We investigate this phenomenon on a construction pair in Turkish, which shares the same external GEN-POSS morpho-syntactic template despite having distinct grammatical categories. The structures under scrutiny are possessive noun phrases (e.g. &ldquo
Korsan, [prenses-in(GEN) ö
ykü
-sü
n(POSS.3SG)]-ü
hatirladi.&rdquo
which means: The pirate remembered [the princess&rsquo
s story].) and embedded noun clauses with nominalized verbs as predicates (e.g. &ldquo
Korsan, [prenses-in(GEN) gü
l-dü
g(VN)-ü
n(POSS.3SG)]-ü
hatirladi.&rdquo
which means: The pirate remembered [that the princess (had) laughed/was laughing].) The results of the study which consists of a series of production and comprehension experiments with various methodologies (written sentence completion, self-paced reading and eye-tracking) indicate that structural priming might access the morphosyntactic level of representation in Turkish. Priming seems sensitive to the distinction between the phrasal vs. clausal nature of structures. During the processing of GEN-POSS constructions, the grammatical information regarding the constituents is accessed. Complex forms are further decomposed if processing resources are available. Overall, language production and comprehension seem to operate on the same structural representations but through different mechanisms. In addition, the study also contributes to the understanding of structural priming as a methodological paradigm and to the establishment of a bridge between the processing and theoretical linguistic analysis of Turkish nominalized verbs. To conclude, this study pioneers in exploring structural priming in Turkish and opens way to future research in this line.
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Turan, Eroglu Meltem. "The Effects Of Explicit Input-based Focus On Form On The Comprehension And Use Of Noun Clauses By Intermediate Level Efl Learners At Atilim University." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12610905/index.pdf.
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This thesis investigates the effects of explicit input-based focus on form on the comprehension and production of noun clauses by the intermediate level students studying at Atilim University. To this end, a comparison was made between the comprehension and production scores of two groups of students from this context, one receiving explicit input-based focus on form (Group 1) and the other receiving no additional instruction other than the one suggested in the syllabus they were following (Group 2). Before and after this instructional intervention, both groups were given three different tests, namely an interpretation test (to evaluate how the students comprehended noun clauses), a production test (to evaluate how they used noun clauses), and a grammaticality judgment test (to evaluate the students‟
explicit knowledge of noun clauses). The comparisons between Group 1 and Group 2 revealed that explicit input-based instruction may have a power to influence the L2 learners&
#8223
comprehension and explicit knowledge of noun clauses. However, the results indicated that this type of instruction may not be effective on the production of learners as it is on their comprehension of L2 forms.
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Theledi, Kgomotso Mothokhumo Ambitious. "Descriptive nominal modifiers in Setswana." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52755.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study focused on three descriptive nominal modifiers which specify the attributes of nouns, i.e. the morphological adjective, the relative clause and the descriptive possessive. The morphological adjective appears in an adjectival phrase, which has to consist of a determiner and an adjective. The adjective must have agreement with the head noun in an NP. The adjective root may appear with nominal suffixes such as -ana and -gadi, it can be reduplicated, it may be transposed to other categories and it may even be compounded. The AP may also occur in predicative position as well as in comparative clauses. The relative clause may have the same semantic properties as the adjective. The relative clause in Setswana consists of a determiner in the position of the complementizer followed by an lP. Such an lP may have a copulative or non-copulative verb. Attention in this study has focused on the nominal relative, which appears as a complement of a copulative verb. These nominal relative stems have been divided into two sections, i.e. a section in which the nominal relative stems may not appear in a descriptive possessive construction and a second section where these stems may also appear as a complement of the possessive [a]. The semantic features of these nominal relative stems have been isolated and it is clear that they show a wide variety of semantic features. This type of relative clause represents the most prolific category, which specifies the attributes of nouns. The third category, which displays the semantic feature of an attribute of a noun, is the descriptive possessive construction. The syntactic and semantic structure of this type of phrase has been investigated. A wide variety of complements of the possessive [a] have been isolated in Setswana and some semantic features have received specific attention, i.e. group nouns and partitives.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie fokus op drie deskriptiewe nominale bepalers wat die attribute van naamwoorde spesifiseer nl. die morfologiese adjektief, die relatief en die deskriptiewe possessief. Die morfologiese adjektief kom voor in 'n adjektieffrase wat bestaan uit 'n bepaler en 'n adjektief. Die adjektief moet klasooreenstemming hê met die kernnaamwoord in 'n naamwoordfrase. Die adjektiefstam kan voorkom met nominale suffikse soos ana en gadi, dit kan geredupliseer word, oorgeplaas word na ander kategorieë en selfs samestellings vorm. Die adjektieffrase kan ook voorkom in 'n predikatiewe posisie sowel as in vergelykings. Die relatief kan dieselfde semantiese eienskappe hê as die adjektief. Die relatief in Setswana bestaan uit 'n bepaler in die posisie van die komplementeerder gevolg deur 'n infleksiefrase. So 'n infleksiefrase kan 'n kopulatiewe of nie-kopulatiewe werkwoord bevat. Die aandag in hierdie studie het gekonsentreer op die nominale relatief wat voorkom as 'n komplement van 'n kopulatiewe werkwoord. Hierdie nominale relatiewe stamme is verdeel in twee afdelings nl. 'n afdeling waarin die nominale relatiewe stamme nie kan voorkom in 'n deskriptiewe possessiewe konstruksie en 'n tweede afdeling waar hierdie stamme ook kan voorkom as 'n komplement van die possessiewe [a]. Die semantiese kenmerke van hierdie nominale relatiewe stamme is geïsoleer en dit is duidelik dat hulle 'n wye verskeidenheid van semantiese kenmerke het. Hierdie tipe relatief verteenwoordig In baie wye keuse t.o.v. die attribute van naamwoorde. Die derde kategorie wat die semantiese kenmerk van 'n attribuut van 'n naamwoord vertoon, is die deskriptiewe possessiewe konstruksie. Die sintaktiese en semantiese struktuur van hierdie tipe frase is nagegaan. 'n Groot verskeidenheid komplemente van die possessiewe [a] is geïsoleer in Setswana en sommige semantiese kenmerke het spesifieke aandag gekry nl. groepnaamwoorde en partitiiewe.
8
Oliveira, Juliana Jurisberg de. "As locuções adjetivas como recurso de expressividade nos contos de Clarice Lispector." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-01022010-130321/.
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Este trabalho pretende mostrar os efeitos expressivos gerados pelo emprego das locuções adjetivas nos contos de Clarice Lispector. Para tanto, foi realizada a recolha de sintagmas nominais com locuções adjetivas das narrativas que compõem as duas primeiras obras de contos da autora: Laços de família e A legião estrangeira. Focando-se a análise semântico-estilística na descrição das personagens, as locuções adjetivas revelaram-se como um dos motores da prosa poética, contribuindo para a construção de um mundo ficcional introspectivo. Por meio das relações semânticas entre a locução adjetiva e o substantivo nuclear do sintagma nominal, há o engenho de imagens que demonstram a subjetividade das personagens e arquitetam uma escritura plena de recursos expressivos, entre eles a metáfora, a sinédoque e a antonomásia.This study aims at detailing the expressive effects produced by the use of the adjective clauses in Clarice Lispectors short stories. This objective was achieved by the selection of noun syntagms containing adjective clauses taken from the narratives found in the first two pieces of work of the authors short stories: Laços de família and A legião estrangeira. By focusing on the semanticstylistic analysis of the description of the characters, the adjective clauses presented themselves as one of the driving engines of the poetic prose, thus contributing to the construction of an introspective fictional world. This can be explained by the semantic relastionships, divided up into the adjective clause and the nuclear subject of the noun syntagm, among which there is and inventive production of images that demonstrate the characters subjectivity and build up a writing full of expressive resources such as the metaphor, the synecdoche and the antonomasy.
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Dufour, Maxime. "Clauses contractuelles et non-concurrence : approche de droit des affaires." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0316.
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Dans notre monde actuel, les entreprises utilisent, pour se prémunir de toute atteinte et protéger au maximum leurs intérêts économiques, des techniques contractuelles élaborées par la pratique telles que les clauses de non-concurrence, les clauses de confidentialité, les clauses de non-réaffiliation et les clauses de non sollicitation.Ces clauses occupent de multiples champs de l’activité contractuelle en mêlant le droit des contrats, le droit des affaires et le droit du travail. Elles visent à interdire au cocontractant, d’exercer une activité professionnelle, de divulguer des informations secrètes, ou encore d’embaucher certains collaborateurs. Ainsi, elles viennent limiter une liberté fondamentale, plus spécialement la liberté du commerce et de l’industrie. Dès lors, il semble nécessaire d’élaborer un régime juridique commun à toutes ces clauses afin de préserver d’un coté la protection de l’activité économique des entreprises et de l’autre la sauvegarde de la liberté économique des contractants soumis à de telles clauses. L’intérêt d’un régime commun est d’anticiper les conditions de validité et de mise en œuvre des ce type de clauses. De cette façon, la prévisibilité ne ferait plus défaut aux contractants. L’élaboration de ce droit commun passe par deux étapes. La première est relative à l’identification des clauses limitatives de concurrence. Il s’agit de saisir leur autonomie par rapport aux contrats dans lesquels elles peuvent être insérées et d’en tirer les conséquences au niveau leur validité. La seconde est relative à la mise en œuvre de ces clauses. Leur application est délicate car dépendante pour une grande partie de la précision de leur contenu. En cas de non-respect, un vaste choix de remèdes est offert au contractant déçu pour venir sanctionner le manquement contractuel constatéIn the modern world, to guard themselves from damage and to protect at best their economical interests, companies use contractual techniques developed by usage such as non-compete clauses,confidentiality clauses, non-reaffiliation clauses and non-solicitation clauses. These clauses cover many fields of contractual legality, mixing contract law, labor law and business law. Their aim is to prohibit the co-contractor to practice a professional activity, to disclose secret information, or even to employ specific colleagues, or contributors. Thus, they are brought to restrict a fundamental freedom, specifically the freedom of trade and of industry. As a result, it appears necessary to formulate a common legal system for all these clauses so as to preserve on one side the protection of the economic activity of the companies et on the other side the safeguard of the economic freedom of the co-contractors subject to these clauses. The benefit of a common legal system is the anticipation of the conditions of validity and implementation of this type of clause. In this way, the cocontractants will not lack in foresight. The development of this common right is in two steps. This includes confirming their autonomy relative to the contracts in which they may be inserted and draw the necessary conclusions regarding their validity. The second step is relative to the implementation of these clauses. Their application is sensitive because it depends for the most part on the precision of their content. In case of a breach of contract, a large array of legal remedies is available to the aggrieved contractor to penalize the breach of contract
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Abou, Rawach Eid. "Recherche sur les clauses exonératoires de responsabilité dans les contrats du commerce international." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010278.
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Bien que les clauses exonératoires de responsabilité revêtent une très grande importance dans les contrats du commerce international, la notion souffre d'une certaine imprécision et les différents droits nationaux n'apportent pas la même réponse à la question que pose leur validité. Cette étude a pour ambition de préciser la notion de clauses exonératoires de responsabilité en identifiant un critère uniforme qui permette de qualifier une clause d'exonératoire de responsabilité. D'abord, il importe de régler certaines difficultés liées à la coexistence de deux régimes de responsabilité et à l'existence de clauses voisines qui peuvent se confondre avec les clauses exonératoires. Ensuite, il faut analyser les critères permettant de qualifier une clause d'exonératoire. Il existe un critère qui considère comme clause exonératoire toute clause affaiblissant le régime de responsabilité. Ce critère aboutit à une hypertrophie insatisfaisante de la catégorie des clauses exonératoires. Il se heurte à beaucoup d'inconvénients et fait l'objet de multiples critiques. On se trouve alors amené à proposer un autre critère qui peut constituer une règle uniforme du droit des contrats du commerce international. Ce critère met l'accent sur la volonté des parties de restreindre la responsabilité par rapport à l'exigence du dommage prévisible. Quant à la question de la validité de ces clauses, la recherche dans le droit matériel vise à découvrira la solution uniforme la plus convenable au contexte des contrats du commerce international. Notre point de départ est de démontrer la vigueur du lien qui existe entre la clause et l'équilibre contractuel. Ceci nous conduit à soutenir que la validité de ces clauses doit être subordonnée à une limite qui veille à la préservation de cet équilibre. Les solutions du droit des conflits de lois sont également envisagées pour désigner le droit applicable à la question de la validité et pour démontrer le rôle que peuvent jouer les techniques d'ordre public international et des lois de police pour empêcher l'application d'une clause exonératoireDespite the significance of the exemption clauses in international transactions, the notion of such clauses suffers from great obscurity. In addition, there has been no unified criteria to determine the validity of these clauses. This question of validity is currently left to the authorities of national laws. The goal of study is to define the notion of the exemption clauses by setting a uniform criteria for these clauses. First, the study examines the difficulties surrounding this notion which arise from the existence of two different types of responsibilities as well as the existence of similar clauses that could be wrongly identified as exemption clauses. Second, the study evaluates the criteria used to determine the existence of an exemption clause. This criteria considers any clause that diminishes the contractual responsibility an exemption clause. This approach is criticised as it leads to an exaggerated enlargement of the notion of the exemption clauses and therefore causes many inconveniences. The study suggests a new criteria for the exemption clauses. This criteria can work as a uniform rule of international business law. Our criteria is based on the parties' intentions which can be uncovered from the contracual terms determining the feasible damages. For the question of the validity of an exemption clause, the study attempts to find the most suitable solution given the context and special characters of international business contracts. The study proves that the exemption clause is an essential part of the contractual equilibrium. Therefore, the criteria used to judge the validity of an exemption clause has to consider the effect this clause has on such equilibrium. The solutions of conflict of laws are also examined in order to determine the applicable law on the validity question. Moreover, the study investigates the role of public policy rules in preventing the applicability of certain exemption clauses
11
Serageldin, Sami. "Les clauses ayant effet à l'échelle des groupes de contrats." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30052/document.
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L’objet de cette thèse est de dresser une méthode qui permet d’expliquer, au regard du droit commun, le phénomène de l’extension et la transmission de certaines clauses dans les chaînes de contrats et les ensembles contractuels. Cette méthode devrait aussi justifier certaines dérogations au droit commun.La thèse commence par aborder certaines questions préalables relatives aux groupes de contrats, qui ont une portée directe sur l’objet de cette étude. Les membres de l’ensemble contractuel et de la chaîne de contrats sont des tiers dans leurs rapports respectifs. L’action directe, qui constitue l’élément dynamique de la chaîne de contrats, peut s’analyser en un mécanisme de compensation multilatérale. L’ensemble contractuel multipartite ne peut produire ses effets à l’égard de ses membres que si ces derniers connaissaient l’existence des liens qui unissent leur contrat aux autres contrats de l’ensemble. Enfin, dans les ensembles contractuels bipartites, une distinction s’impose entre le véritable ensemble contractuel et entre le contrat complexe, qui n’est qu’un contrat unique divisé en plusieurs intrumentum. Une méthode chronologique est proposée, prenant en compte le nombre d’échanges de consentements ayant eu lieu entre les deux parties.Après avoir répondu à ces questions préalables, la thèse examine certaines hypothèses dans la jurisprudence dans lesquelles l’effet d’une clause a été étendu ou transmis, dans une chaîne de contrats ou un ensemble contractuel. Les clauses de compétence font l’objet du contentieux le plus abondant mais beaucoup d’autres clauses, telles que la clause limitative de responsabilité, la clause de non-concurrence, la clause de non-garantie et la clause de renonciation à recours font également l’objet d’une extension ou d’une transmission dans les groupes de contrats. L’examen de cette jurisprudence a pu écarter certaines décisions qui ont paru mal fondés et de poser des principes généraux qui peuvent gérer la problématique de l’extension et de la transmission dans les groupes de contrats.Ces règles à caractères générales dégagés après l’examen de la jurisprudence, associées aux réponses qui ont été apportées en premier lieu aux questions préalables, ont abouti à la création de la méthode recherchée. La première étape dans cette méthode est de reconnaître le type de groupe de contrats auquel on fait face : s’agit-il d’un ensemble contractuel bipartite, d’un ensemble contractuel multipartite ou d’une chaîne de contrats ?Si c’est un ensemble contractuel bipartite, la première question qu’on devrait se poser serait de savoir s’il s’agit d’un seul contrat divisé en plusieurs instrumentum, ou d’un véritable ensemble contractuel. Si le groupe prend la forme d’une chaîne de contrats ou d’un ensemble multipartite, la problématique de l’effet relatif des contrats paraît alors sur le devant de la scène. Il a été démontré que l’article 1165 ne fait obstacle qu’à l’extension des clauses à contenu obligationnel. Cinq éléments caractéristiques ont été retenus pour caractériser la clause génératrice d’obligation. Si la clause a un contenu obligationnel, elle ne peut en principe être étendue aux autres membres de la chaîne ou de l’ensemble contractuel. Sinon, la clause est potentiellement opposable.Les dérogations à l’effet relatif des contrats ne sont qu’au nombre de deux. Dans les chaînes de contrats, cette dérogation se manifeste par la transmission des droits à l’ayant cause à titre particulier. Dans les ensembles contractuels une autre dérogation au principe de l’effet relatif des contrats apparaît lorsque le respect de la force obligatoire de la clause exige inévitablement de l’étendre à un autre membre de l’ensemble.Dans les chaînes de contrats, les clauses, sans effet obligationnel, qui affectent l’existence ou le montant de la créance sont de plein droit opposables aux autres membres de la chaîneThe objet of this thesis is to create a method that could explain a phenomenon that has been observed by scholars and practitioners of law for decades; which is the extension end the transmission of certain clauses in chain agreements and contractual sets. Through this method one should be able, on one hand, to justify this phenomenon in regard to general principals of law and, on the other hand, to find an explanation for some necessary derogations to the Law.The first step in this thesis was to find answers for some basic questions about groups of contracts that have a direct impact on our subject. We have demonstrated that the fundament of contractual sets relies in the concept of “economy of contract”. Members of chain agreements and contractual sets should be considered as third parties in their mutual relationships. Direct action, which constitutes the dynamic face of chain agreements, could be analyzed as a multilateral set-off. In multiparty contractual sets, the set could not produce its effects in regard to its members unless it could be proven that the concerned member has knowledge of the existence of the other contracts forming the set and of the links between these contracts and his own one. Finally, in two parties’ contractual sets, it’s mandatory to distinguish between a real contractual set, and complex contract which is merely a contract written in several documents. We have proposed a chronological method to establish this distinction, taking into account the number of times the parties have exchanged their consent. After this preliminary part, we have studied precedents regarding the extension and the transmission of some clauses in chain agreements and contractual sets. Jurisdiction clauses and arbitration clauses are by far the most represented, but other clauses such as clauses of disclaimer of warranty, clauses of limited liability, clauses of waiver of action and clauses of non-competition are also sometimes extended or transmitted to other contracts and/or to other members in the group. Through an analysis of these decisions, we have shown that some of them didn’t have enough legal ground. Using those decisions that seemed to us well-founded, we have deduced a number of rules that could be applied for other cases of extension and transmission of clauses in groups of contracts.The rules that we have deduces from the study of the case law, together with the answers that we have provided for some preliminary questions in the first part of the thesis, have lead us to find the method we are looking for in this study.The first step in this method is to recognize the type of group of contracts involved: is it a chain agreement, a multiparty contractual set or a two parties’ set ?If it’s a contractual set between two parties, the first question should be to decide whether it’s really a contractual set, or if it’s a complex contract. If the group of contracts involved is a chain agreement or a multiparty contractual set, then one should wonder whether the doctrine of privity of contract could form an obstacle against the extension or the transmission of the clause. We have demonstrated in this thesis that article 1165 of the Civil Code is only applicable to clauses that contain an obligation. In order to qualify recognize clauses having an “obligational” content, we have proposed five fundamental elements. If the clause contains an obligation it could not be extended to the other members of the chain agreement or the contractual set. Otherwise, the clause is potentially opposable.There are only two exceptions to the doctrine of privity of contract. The first one, in chain agreements is the transmission of rights to singular successors. This exception could be justified by article 1122 of the Civil Code and by the concept of accessoire. The second exception could be seen in contractual sets where the binding authority of the clause could not be respected unless it is extended to certain third parties
12
Sabockyte, Dagne. "Non-compete clauses as ancillary restraints : are non-compete clauses with an indefinite duration always illegal?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-140733.
Full text
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Pauly, Dennis. "Grenzfälle der Subordination : Merkmale, Empirie und Theorie abhängiger Nebensätze." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7027/.
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Gegenstand dieser Arbeit sind sog. nicht-kanonische bzw. unintegrierte Nebensätze. Diese Nebensätze zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass sie sich mittels gängiger Kriterien (Satzgliedstatus, Verbletztstellung) nicht klar als koordiniert oder subordiniert beschreiben lassen.
Das Phänomen nicht-kanonischer Nebensätze ist ein Thema, welches in der Sprachwissenschaft generell seit den späten Siebzigern (Davison 1979) diskutiert wird und spätestens mit Fabricius-Hansen (1992) auch innerhalb der germanistischen Linguistik angekommen ist. Ein viel beachteter Komplex ist hierbei – neben der reinen Identifizierung nicht-kanonischer Satzgefüge – meist auch die Erstellung einer Klassifikation zur Erfassung zumindest einiger nicht-kanonischer Gefüge, wie dies etwa bei Fabricius-Hansen (1992) und Reis (1997) zu sehen ist.
Das Ziel dieser Studie ist es, eine exhaustive Klassifikation der angesprochenen Nebensatztypen vorzunehmen. Dazu werden zunächst – unter Zuhilfenahme von Korpusdaten – alle potentiellen Subordinationsmerkmale genauer untersucht, da die meisten bisherigen Studien zu diesem Thema die stets gleichen Merkmale als gegeben voraussetzen. Dabei wird sich herausstellen, dass nur eine kleine Anzahl von Merkmalen sich wirklich zweifelsfrei dazu eignet, Aufschluss über die Satzverknüpfungsqualität zu geben.
Die anschließend aufgestellte Taxonomie deutscher Nebensätze wird schließlich einzig mit der Postulierung einer nicht-kanonischen Nebensatzklasse auskommen. Sie ist darüber hinaus auch in der Lage, die zahlreich vorkommenden Ausnahmefälle zu erfassen. Dies heißt konkret, dass auch etwaige Nebensätze, die sich aufgrund bestimmter Eigenschaften teilweise idiosynkratisch verhalten, einfach in die vorgeschlagene Klassifikation übernommen werden können. In diesem Zuge werde ich weiterhin zeigen, wie eine Nebensatzklassifikation auch sog. sekundären Subordinationsmerkmalen gerecht werden kann, obwohl diese sich hinsichtlich der einzelnen Nebensatzklassen nicht einheitlich verhalten. Schließlich werde ich eine theoretische Modellierung der zuvor postulierten Taxonomie vornehmen, die auf Basis der HPSG mittels Merkmalsvererbung alle möglichen Nebensatztypen zu erfassen imstande ist.This study focuses on so-called non-canonical or unintegrated clauses in German. These clauses cannot easily be categorized as either subordinate or coordinate by using classical criteria like the syntactic function or the position of the finite verb. In linguistics in general, this phenomenon has been discussed since the seventies (Davison 1979) and Fabricius-Hansen (1992) brought this topic to German linguistics. Apart from the mere identification of non-canonical clause types, previous studies mostly deal with classification approaches in order to be able to subsume at least some non-canonical clause types under the same category, see Fabricius-Hansen (1992) or Reis (1997). This study aims at providing an exhaustive classification of non-canonical clause types. In order to do so, I will first look at all potential diagnostics that could be used to distinguish between different clause linkage patterns. This needs to be addressed because most previous studies simply assume a certain set of diagnostics to be relevant and valid. Eventually, it will turn out that only a very limited number of criteria can serve as clear diagnostics with regard to a certain clause linkage status. After that, I will present a taxonomy of German clauses that is able to cover all non-canonical clauses only with postulating one additional subcategory. Furthermore, this classification is also able to cover the numerous cases of non-canonical clauses that show idiosyncratic behavior. Besides, I will further show how such a classification can address so-called secondary diagnostics. Finally, the previously established taxonomy will be embedded in a generative framework. By using HPSG and its default inheritance principle, it is possible to capture all non-canonical clause types within one simple classification.
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Gueldi, Zoubida. "Les clauses de non responsabilité en droit marocainf." Perpignan, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PERP0947.
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Gaudemet, Sophie. "La clause réputée non écrite /." Paris : Economica, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/520227751.pdf.
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Gaudemet, Sophie. "La clause réputée non-écrite." Paris 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA020077.
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La clause réputée non écrite n'est-elle qu'une hypothèse de nullité partielle ? Une intuition commence à se faire jour, en jurisprudence et en doctrine, selon laquelle la clause réputée non écrite pourrait être un procédé de sanction original. Historiquement conçue comme un procédé destiné à assurer la sauvetage du contrat, la clause réputée non écrite continue à être comprise comme tel : il est de son essence d'assurer le maintien d'un contrat conforme aux exigences de légalité, alors que ce n'est là qu'un effet possible de la nullité. Et pour ce faire, la clause réputée non écrite opère d'elle-même, en dehors de toute intervention du juge : elle est une sanction extrajudiciaire, ce qui la distingue également de la nullité, laquelle n'existe aujourd'hui en droit français que par son prononcé en justice. La distinction est loin d'être dépourvue de conséquences, tant judiciaires que pratiques. L'identité de la clause réputée non écrite acquise, il convient de procéder à son identification, de rechercher celles des clauses qui sont réputées non écrites. La seule consultation des textes et de la jurisprudence ne saurait suffire : la confusion règne dans l'emploi nominal de l'expression " clause réputée non écrite ". C'est alors la recherche des fonctions de la clause réputée non écrite qui doit permettre de corriger, voire de compléter, l'identification formelle de la notion : à une fonction de police de la cohérence des obligations contractuelle devrait venir s'ajouter demain une fonction de police des valeurs de notre ordre social.
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Cerda, Mario. "Subject determination in Koine Greek equative clauses involving proper nouns and articular nouns." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2005. http://www.tren.com.
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Heycock, Caroline B. "Layers of predication : the non-lexical syntax of clauses /." New York ; London : Garland, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb374549355.
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Jaber, Nagham. "Le contrôle juridictionnel des clauses élusives et limitatives de responsabilité : étude de droit comparé français et libanais." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1G005.
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L’étude du contrôle juridictionnel des clauses élusives et limitatives de responsabilité suppose une réflexion approfondie sur les différents fondements du contrôle juridictionnel des clauses élusives et limitatives de responsabilité ainsi que sur les modalités de l’exercice juridictionnel de telles clauses. Cette étude vise à proposer un aménagement équilibré des pouvoirs du juge en la matière. La surabondance des moyens permettant au juge de faire échec à l’application des clauses limitatives nous a conduit à s’interroger sur la possibilité d’une révision judiciaire de telles clauses. La mise en œuvre d’une disposition législative générale qui consacrerait le principe de validité de ces clauses et ses limites et qui autoriserait les juges à intervenir pour réviser une clause limitative de responsabilité semble indispensableThe study of judicial control over elusive and limiting liability clauses supposes an in-depth reflection on the different foundations of the judicial control over these liability clauses and on the jurisdictional practices in this matter. The purpose of this study is to propose a well-balanced reform on the judge’s powers when it comes to elusive and limiting liability clauses. The overabundance of means that allows the judge to eliminate limiting clauses leads us to question whether or not he has the possibility to propose a judicial review of these clauses. The elaboration of a model legislation that defines the validity and limits of these clauses and authorizes the judges to modify theme sounds inevitable
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O'hUiginn, Ruairi Padraig. "The noun clause in early Irish : a historical and comparative study." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302924.
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Säll, El Kebich Amina. "Adverbial ing-clauses and non-ing initial adverbials in medical translation." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-97954.
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This study investigates how non-ing initial adverbials and adverbial ing-clauses regardless of position are translated from English to Swedish in a medical text. It discusses what different kinds of positions and forms they take in the translation. The primary source is a medical text that is translated wherein the non-ing initial adverbials and adverbial ing-clauses are identified and categorized, and solutions are discussed. The results show that most non-ing initial adverbials keep their form, but are changed in some cases because of stylistic preferences. The most common form of the non-ing initial adverbials is prepositional phrases that mostly also are translated as prepositional phrases. The adverbial ing-clauses, regardless of position, change their form in all cases in the translation and the most common correspondence is subordination. Both non-ing initial adverbials and adverbial ingclauses keep their position in most cases, but are sometimes moved due to stylistic preferences.
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Gontier, Yannick. "Plaidoyer pour une révision judiciaire des clauses limitatives de responsabilité." Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX32026.
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Plaider pour une révision judiciaire des clauses limitatives de responsabilité c'est proposer un aménagement équilibré des pouvoirs du juge en la matière. L'approche consisterait à mettre en place un contrôle judiciaire du caractère " dérisoire ", ou plus largement " déraisonnable ", de ces clauses qui donnerait au juge une possibilité de révision en hausse du plafond prévu. La révision permettrait d'adapter la sanction à la mesure de la stricte illégalité. La clause ne serait donc pas automatiquement supprimée mais retouchée. On verrait alors se substituer au pouvoir d'épuration, un pouvoir de modération. La révision des clauses limitatives par le juge est aujourd'hui possible. D'une part, l'article 1152 du Code civil, ne concernant pourtant a priori que les seules clauses pénales, nous offre un fondement textuel pour revoir à la hausse les plafonds de responsabilité " dérisoires ". D'autre part, la transformation contemporaine du droit des contrats nous invite, par le biais des principes de proportionnalité et de solidarité, à une démarche similaireCreating a judicial revision of limitation clauses can improve judicial power in this particular area of contractual law. The judge, even sua sponte, would be able to increase the agreed-upon liquidated damages limitation if it is ridiculously low. This technique is really suited to the situation because the term of the contract is not eliminated but simply heightened to a reasonable standard. Thus, the judge is allowed to takes a very moderate line. He can adjust the punishment to the right level. Both contemporary transformation in contractual law (element of proportionality and solidarity) and statutary law (French civil code, article 1152) can make this judicial revision of limitation clauses come true
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López, Nieto Sebastián. "The Non-Discrimination Clause in Double Taxation Agreements." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118516.
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This article analyzes the scope of the non-discrimination rule contained in Double Taxation Avoidance Treaties, especially those signed by Argentina. This document considers the OECD and the ILADT Models, which contain provisions designed to ensure that Contracting States do not give any preferential treatment in taxing its own residents or citizens as opposed to the treatment granted to non-residents. Additionally, it analyzes the recent jurisprudence in the Argentine Courts.En el artículo se analiza el concepto y alcance del principio de “no discriminación” contenido en los Convenios para evitar la Doble Imposición, con especial énfasis en aquellos suscriptos por la República Argentina. Se analizan los Modelos de Convenio OCDE e ILADT, los cuales contienen provisiones diseñadas para prevenir que un Estado contratante otorgue a sus residentes o nacionales un tratamiento impositivo preferencial en relación al otorgado a los no residentes. Adicionalmente, se analiza la reciente jurisprudencia de los tribunales argentinos aplicable en la materia.
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Guibert, Georges. "Des CLAUSES D'IRRESPONSABILITE EN DROIT PRIVE MAROCAIN : comparaison avec le droit francais." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05D001.
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La clause d'irresponsabilite s'analyse fondamentalement non comme une convention sur la determination des obligations ou des modalites de la responsabilite, mais comme une convention sur les dommages et interets. De ce fait, le principe de la validite de la clause d'irresponsabilite doit etre admis quand bien meme le dommage atteindrait la personne car elle ne permet nullement la negligence, son objet autant que l'action du droit penal a travers le principe de l'unite de faute s'y opposent. C'est la solution qu'affiche le droit marocain en ce qui concerne le dommage aux biens, malgre une nette hostilite tant legale que doctrinale et jurisprudentielle avec notamment la loi du 10 janvier 1978 sur la protection des consommateurs, tendant a la reduire a sa plus simple expression, la clause d'irresponsabilite semble trouver un souffle nouveau dans l'evolution recente des concepts de groupe de contrats et de stipulation pour autrui avec charge. Au maroc, en l'etat actuel de la legislation et de la jurisprudence, seule la theorie des vices du consentement est capable de moderer les effets des clauses d'irresponsabiliteThe irresponsibility clause is fundamentally analysed not as an agreement about the fixing of obligations or the modes of responsability but as an agreement about damages. Therefore, the principle of the validity of the irresponsibility clause must be accepted even thow the damage affected the individual because it doesn't at all allow negligence, it goes against its subject as well as the criminal law's action through the principle of the unity of offence. It's the solution of moroccan law. As far as the damage to possessions is concerned, despite both the legal and doctrinal and jurisprudencial clear hostility with notably the tenth of january 1978 law about the consumer protection, tending to reduice it to its most simply expression, the irresponsibility clause seems to find a new strength in the recent evolution of concepts of group of contracts and stipulation for others with expenses. In morocco, in the actual state of legislation and jurisprudence, only the consent defects theory is able to moderate the effects or irresponsibility clauses
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Belkacemi, C. "Aspects of noun-modification in Algerian Arabic with reference to the relative clause." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370399.
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Johansson, Caroline. "Adverbial clauses in translation : Translation of finite and non-finite (-ing, -ed and to-infinitive) adverbial clauses from English to Swedish in popular science." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-98437.
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This study investigates adverbial clauses in a translation of a popular science text from English to Swedish. The clauses investigated are both finite and non-finite adverbial clauses. The non-finite adverbial clauses are ing-clauses (present participle), ed-clauses (past participle) and to-infinitive clauses. The results show that finite adverbial clauses are directly transferred with a very high frequency. For the adverbial ing-clauses, translation into finite clauses was the most common correspondence, whereas the frequency of direct transfer was very low due to their semantically indeterminate structure and limited productive correspondences in Swedish. For the adverbial edclauses, the most frequent translation correspondence is also finite clauses with subordination being the dominant one. This was followed by the past participle, showing a higher direct transfer than for adverbial ing-clauses, partly due to expressions with an idiomatic character. The adverbial to-infinitive clauses are the only clauses that kept their infinitive construction in the majority of the cases which seems to be due to the less ambiguous meaning, followed by adverbial finite clauses. In summary, for all adverbial clauses except for adverbial to-infinitive clause, a finite clause construction is the most common translation correspondence. For the ing- and ed-clauses explicitation was briefly investigated. They both showed a degree of explicitation. This was higher for the ing-clauses which were rendered as relative clauses. The ed-clauses showed one occurrence of explicitation into an adverbial subordinated clause.
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Lalloo, Sara. "Translating a cookbook : What happens to non-finite clauses when translating into Swedish?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-55765.
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This paper focuses on English non-finite clauses and their equivalences in a Swedish translation. The aim of the paper is to analyze non-finite clauses in an English cookbook and the methods that can be used for translating them into Swedish. Based on a theoretical background provided mainly by Huddleston and Pullum (2002) and Svartvik and Sager (1996), the non-finite clauses in the source text were identified and categorized according to which one of the three non-finite verb forms they were based on; infinitives, gerund-participles, or past-participles. They were then analyzed from a qualitative perspective in the analysis section, where various examples were discussed. The result shows that the need to restructure the sentences in the translation depends largely on the verb form in the source text. Infinitivals can often be translated directly, retaining the infinitival structure, whereas gerund-participials rarely remain gerund-participials in the translation. When the translation is not a non-finite clause, by necessity or for other reasons, it is commonly translated to a finite clause. When making a non-finite clause finite, it is often necessary to add a subject that has been implicit in the source text. This, however, seldom poses any difficulties.
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Caussin-Zante, Maryse. "L'avenir de la distinction "obligations de resultat-obligations de moyens" dans les contrats." Paris, CNAM, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997CNAM0283.
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La distinction "obligations de resultat-obligations de moyens", fondee sur l'objet du contrat, a induit, pendant plusieurs decennies, un regime distinct tant en ce qui concerne les causes d'exoneration qu'en ce qui concerne le fardeau de la preuve. Concernant les causes d'exoneration : le debiteur d'une obligation de resultat ne pouvait etre exonere que par la cause etrangere de l'article 1147 du code civil, limitee par la jurisprudence a la force majeure et au cas fortuit de l'article 1148, ainsi qu'au fait d'un tiers et a la faute de la victime (en l'occurrence le creancier). Quant au debiteur d'une obligation de moyens, c'est son absence de faute qui etait la cause d'exoneration en cas d'inexecution ou de mauvaise execution de sa prestation. Concernant le fardeau de la preuve : c'etait au debiteur de l'obligation de resultat de rapporter la preuve de la cause d'exoneration qu'il invoquait ; en revanche, en matiere d'obligation de moyens la charge de la preuve de la faute du debiteur incombait au creancier. Cette difference de traitement du debiteur d'une obligation contractuelle inexecutee etait davantage fondee sur une theorie doctrinale que sur les textes, en favorisant le debiteur d'une obligation de moyens au pretexte qu'il n'etait tenu, aux termes de l'article 1137 du code civil, qu'aux diligences d'un bon pere de famille. Cette etude tend a demontrer, tout d'abord, que la notion de "bon pere de famille", qui fonde l'obligation de moyens, definit davantage une regle de fond qu'un regime juridique et que bien des textes qui l'evoquent imposent, cependant, un regime de l'inexecution de l'obligation contractuelle classiquement reserve aux obligations de resultat, tant en ce qui concerne les causes d'exoneration que le fardeau de la preuve. Cette recherche etablit, ensuite, que l'exclusion de l'absence de faute du domaine d'application de la cause etrangere de l'article 1147 du code civil n'a aucun fondement juridique. Elle demontre enfin que lorsque la loi ne reglemente pas la charge de la preuve, c'est aux articles 1315 et 1147 du code civil qu'il faut se referer, textes qui mettent le fardeau de la preuve sur les epaules du debiteur. Cette demonstration repose sur l'evolution de la jurisprudenceFrench law makes a doctrinal distinction between : "obligation de resulat-obligation de moyens". An "obligation de resultat" exists when the creditor should obtain a certain result. There is an "obligation de moyens" when the contract tends towards a result but the debitor cannot guarantee he will succeed. The prototype is the medical obligation : a doctor can be only very careful but he cannot guarantee the recovery. In case of breach of contract, that distinction induces the rules to be applicated in the search of liability out of contract. 1 - if the contract contains an "obligation de resultat", the debitor can only be releaved of his responsability when he proves that some irresistible circumstances outside his control, have prevent him to do what he was engaged to. (art. 1147 et 1148 code civil). 2 - if the obligation is an "obligation de moyens", the creditor must prove the debitor's fault. Usually such "obligation de moyens" is founded on the idea of a of "bon pere de famille'"s behaviour (art. 1137 code civil). This research, through the case-law and the statutory law, leads towards following result : this notion of "bon pere de famille" explains how the debitor has to act : very carefully. But that doesn't signify who must prove what, in case of breach of contract. There is no rule which asks the creditor to prove the debitor's fault. The demonstration is that provisions 1147, 1148 and 1315 code civil, must be applied in every case, because they are general and can rule every obligation. This research proves also that the cases when the debitor is relieved of his responsability are too restricted, and that the absence of fault can be included : if the debitor can prove that he didn't make any mistake, then he could be relieved. This demonstration explains that the distinction is valid to define the content of the contract, but must not lead towards an application of different rules. The statutory law (art. 1147 et 1315 c. Civ) must be applied in every circumstance whether that's an "obligation de resultat" or an "obligation de moyens"
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Evaldsson, Sanna. "From to-infinitives to gerunds : - an essay on the translation of non-finite clauses." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Humanities, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-5732.
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Abstract
Title: From To-infinitives to Gerunds – an Essay on the Translation of Non-finite Clauses
Author: Sanna Evaldsson
The aim of this study is to find out how non-finite clauses are translated into Swedish and what translation strategies are applied in the process of translation. Non-finite clauses are very effective stylistic devises providing condensed and concise language, which is useful in academic texts. Even though English and Swedish are both languages of Germanic origin and share similarities, the translation of these clauses into can be difficult due to the languages’ different uses of non-finites.
To provide with material for this essay, a translation of a text written by Nicholas Cook has been made by the author of the essay and the two texts have been compared in order to make generalizations. The to-infinitive, the present participle, the past participle clauses and the gerund are features which are treated in this study. They are treated separately and their translations are compared with the secondary literature, which include grammars and books on translation theory.
The results for this study show that the translation strategies used for these types of clauses are ‘equivalence’, ‘structural shift’, ‘correspondence’, ‘transposition’ and ‘level shift’. The former three seem to be the most common, while the latter two are less frequently used.
Keywords: non-finite clauses, to-infinitive, present participle, past participle, gerund, translation.
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Nusaire, Yazeed Anees Moh'd. "Excusable non-performance in long term contract-force major clauses in oil concession contracts." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388332.
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MARQUES, FERNANDA MARTINS SANROMA. "COMPLEMENT CLAUSES SELECTED BY NON-FACTIVE VERBS: RULES OF USE AND TEACHING OF P2L." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=24850@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRORecentemente têm-se colocado em questão o uso do subjuntivo na Língua Portuguesa falada no Brasil. Fala-se da morte do subjuntivo, assumindo-se como fato real a hipótese de que as modalidades tradicionalmente expressas por meio do subjuntivo não estão mais sendo expressas por meio deste, ou caminhando para tal fim. O presente estudo busca desmistificar tal assunto analisando o uso de modalidades expressas pelo subjuntivo e pelo infinitivo em orações completivas regidas por verbos não factivos situados nos campos semânticos vontade e pedido/recomendação. Analisam-se, assim, não apenas estruturas em que o subjuntivo e o infinitivo são usados para expressar tais modalidades, tendo-se como critério da escolha de cada modo os sujeitos das orações principais e suas subordinadas, como também estruturas com o uso de Estruturas Alternativas (EAs) para a expressão dessas. Uma vez que tal pesquisa tem como foco a descrição de regras da língua falada, optou-se por realizar tal sistematização de acordo com a Gramática Funcional do Discurso (GDF) e se ter como objeto de estudo o português distenso falado no Brasil, ou seja, o português efetivamente falado pela classe escolarizada brasileira e usado pela mídia. Desta maneira, pode-se contribuir para uma área da descrição da Língua Portuguesa que se encontra, em geral, pouco detalhada e desatualizada em Gramáticas Tradicionais e livros de Língua Portuguesa como Língua Materna e como Segunda Língua.
The use of the subjunctive in spoken Brazilian Portuguese language has been much discussed in the last decades. Much is said about the death of the subjunctive, assuming as real the hypothesis that modalities traditionally expressed by the subjunctive are no longer being expressed by this mood, or on the way. This study aims to analyze the use of modalities expressed by the subjunctive and the infinitive in complement clauses selected by non-factive verbs of the volitive and request/recommendation semantic areas. Thus, in this dissertation, we analyze not only structures in which the subjunctive and the infinitive are used to express these modalities, considering the main and the subordinate clauses subjects as a criteria for mood choice, but also clauses in which these modalities are expressed with the use of Alternative Structures. Since this research focus on spoken language rules description, we did this systematization according to the Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) and selected as object of study the Portuguese language Brazilian educated class and media use. That way, this dissertation contributes to an area of the Brazilian Portuguese language description that, in general, needs to be detailed and updated in Traditional Grammars and Portuguese language as native or second language books.
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Eisele, Jean-Paul. "Les conditions de la clause de non-concurrence en droit allemand et en droit français." Nancy 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN20002.
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Dans le chapitre préliminaire sera présenté l'environnement juridique de la clause de non-concurrence, c'est-à-dire le paysage juridique allemand (la jurisprudence, le rôle de la doctrine et le contrat de travail) et les règles constitutionnelles et internationales. La partie 1 sera consacrée à l'intérêt légitime de l'employeur (droit allemand) ou de l'entreprise (droit français). Seront successivement abordées l'exigence et la notion d'intérêt légitime puis il sera opéré un rapprochement entre l'exigence d'un intérêt légitime et la vie du contrat de travail. La partie 2 étudiera la préservation de l'intérêt du débiteur de non-concurrence en s'intéressant tout d'abord à l'engagement du salarie (validité de l'engagement et limitation de la portée de l'engagement), puis en recherchant quelle est la compensation du respect de l'engagement de non-concurrence par le salarié.
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Telali, Imen. "La clause résolutoire dans le bail commercial statutaire." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU10053.
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La clause résolutoire est une disposition contractuelle permettant aux contractants de rompre unilatéralement le contrat en cas d’inexécution, en dehors de tout recours au juge. Elle peut être prévue au sein de nombreux contrats, l’avantage de rapidité et de prévisibilité de la sanction opérant en dehors du juge, constituant l’intérêt d’une telle clause. Cependant, le juge n’est pas totalement exclu du mécanisme de la clause résolutoire, il interviendra a posteriori pour constater la résolution et le changement de situation juridique. L’intérêt de cette clause en matière de bail commercial se fait d’autant plus ressentir que le droit au bail du preneur est fortement protégé par le législateur à travers notamment le droit au renouvellement illimité du bail. Par ailleurs, la clause résolutoire insérée au bail commercial est abordée par une disposition impérative du statut des baux commerciaux destinée à encadrer son exercice. La présente étude se concentrera ainsi sur le rôle du juge dans l’application de la clause résolutoire dans le bail commercial statutaire. Le bailleur pourra au moyen de la clause résolutoire, rédigée en général dans son seul intérêt, anticiper et organiser la sanction de l’inexécution du preneur sans avoir à souffrir de l’appréciation du juge. Exclu a priori du processus de résolution, le juge appelé à constater postérieurement la mise en œuvre régulière de la clause opérera un contrôle de légalité strict. En parallèle, il disposera également de moyens issus du droit du bail commercial, du droit des entreprises en difficultés et du droit commun des contrats, lui permettant de réaliser un véritable contrôle d’opportunité éloignant ainsi la clause résolutoire de son essence et la rapprochant fortement de la résolution judiciaire. D’une éviction du juge par le contrat, nous assistons à un retour du juge par la loi remettant en cause l’efficience de la clause résolutoire insérée au bail commercial statutaireThe resolutory clause is a contractual provision allowing contractors to unilaterally terminate the contract in the event of non-performance, without recourse to the court. It may be provided in many contracts, the advantages of the speed and predictability of the sanction operating outside the court, constituting the interest of such a clause. However, the judge is not totally excluded from the mechanism of the resolutory clause, he will intervene a posteriori to note the resolution and the change of legal situation. The interest of this clause in the matter of commercial lease is all the more evident since the lessee’s right to lease is strongly protected by the legislator through the right to unlimited renewal of the lease. In addition, the subsequent clause inserted in the commercial lease is addressed by a mandatory provision in the statute of commercial leases to govern its exercise. The present study will thus focus on the role of the judge in the application of the subsequent clause in the statutory commercial lease. The lessor may, by means of the subsequent clause, generally drafted in his sole interest, anticipate and organize the penalty for the lessee’s non-performance without having to suffer from the judge’s judgment. Excluded a priori from the resolution process, the judge called upon to ascertain later the regular implementation of the clause will carry out a strict review of legality. At the same time, it will also have means derived from the law of commercial lease, the law of companies in difficulty and the common law of contracts, allowing it to carry out a real opportunity check, thus removing the subsequent clause from its essence and bringing it very close to the judicial resolution. From an eviction of the judge by the contract, we are witnessing a return of the judge by law questioning the efficiency of the resolutory clause inserted in the statutory commercial lease
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Åkerhage, Jessica. "Complete vs Abridged: A Readability Study of Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för kommunikation och information, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-2787.
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This essay deals with the issue of readability, the term readability referring to what it is that makes a reader perceive a text as difficult or easy. Some factors are related to the reader but there are also those which depend on the text as such, one such factor being style which is the one that will be focused on in this essay. The investigation is based on the analysis and comparison of a complete version and an abridged version of Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre, and the questions to be investigated are whether the author of the abridged version has succeeded in making it less complicated, and if he or she has done so by considering stylistic features said to be affecting readability. Further, this essay is divided into four chapters. The first chapter contains the background for the analysis and is divided into 4 parts dealing with the following aspects: the definition of readability, early research on readability, later research on readability, and difficult and easy language. Chapter two describes the limitations made and the method used for the analysis which involves looking at the noun phrase, the verb phrase, and the clause. Chapter three gives a detailed description of the corpus investigated. Moving on to chapter four, this is where the results of the investigation are presented. This is done by dividing it into four different subchapters, each of them dealing with issues related to the different areas described in the method. Each of the subchapters then begins with the presentation of the results for each edition which is then followed by a comparative discussion. The essay ends with a conclusion part where conclusions regarding the four areas presented in the analysis are made along with the answering of research questions.
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Andjechairi, Sarah. "L'obligation de non concurrence dans les baux commerciaux." Thesis, Perpignan, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PERP1195.
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Il est ancré dans notre droit que le statut des baux commerciaux est un statut protecteur des locataires. Mais certains aspects de la relation locative n’ont pas été pris en considération par ledit statut. Au premier rang de ces aspects se trouve la concurrence. En effet, bien que le statut des baux commerciaux offre une stabilité matérielle nécessaire à la pérennité du fonds exploité, cette stabilité peut être remise en cause par l’existence d’une concurrence de proximité immédiate. Dès lors, les locataires, commerçants ou artisans, peuvent voir l'exploitation de leur activité, et, partant, la fidélisation de leur clientèle quelque peu menacées. Mais cette menace est d’autant plus perceptible lorsque le bailleur est propriétaire de plusieurs locaux au sein d’un même immeuble ou ensemble immobilier. Elle peut bien évidemment émaner du bailleur lui-même s’il décide d’exploiter une activité similaire à celle de son locataire, ou émaner des autres colocataires de l’immeuble. Pour se protéger, une clause de non-concurrence ou d’exclusivité est fréquemment insérée dans les baux commerciaux, afin d’interdire au débiteur d’exercer une activité en concurrence avec celle du créancier. Une certaine ambiguïté apparaît toutefois dans la mesure où de telles clauses ont une double aspiration, à savoir d’une part une efficacité économique en assurant l’attractivité des lieux loués, et d’autre part, sur le plan des rapports individuels, un certain conservatisme en ce qu’elles tendent à « figer » une situation favorable. La question de la licéité d’une telle clause se pose : il importe donc de rechercher la justification de l’obligation de non-concurrence dans les baux commerciauxIt is rooted in our law that the status of commercial leases is a protective status of tenants. But some aspects of the rental relationship have not been considered by that status. Foremost among these issues is competition. Indeed, although the status of commercial leases provides needed for sustainability of land used material stability, this stability can be undermined by the existence of competition in the immediate vicinity. Therefore, tenants, traders and artisans can see the operation of their business, and therefore their loyalty customers some little threatened. But this threat is even more noticeable when the landlord owns several premises within a building or building complex. It can of course come from the lessor himself if he decides to operate a similar business of his tenant, or come from the other housemates of the building. To protect himself, a non-competition or exclusivity clause is frequently inserted in commercial leases, to prohibit the debtor to carry on business in competition with that of the creditor. However, some ambiguity appears insofar as such provisions have a dual aspiration, namely the one hand economic efficiency by ensuring the attractiveness of the premises, and on the second hand, in terms of individual reports, a conservative in that they tend to "freeze" a favorable situation. The question of the legality of such a clause arises: it is therefore important to find a justification of the non-competition obligation in commercial leases
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Leichter, Paola J. "A Bitter Pill to Swallow| The Negative Impact of Non-Compete Clauses in Physician Employment Contracts." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1596166.
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In today's modern world of medicine, most, if not all, physician employment contracts contain non-compete clauses. Non-competes, also known as restrictive covenants, essentially function as restraints on trade. Non-competes act as a restraint in the medical arena by preventing physicians from taking patients with them when physicians begin new employment or, alternatively, depart on a self-employment basis. They also restrain physicians from competitively practicing medicine in a predetermined geographic area for a specified period of time.
Restraints on trade have a long noteworthy history. One case that emphasized the importance of having checks and balances on such restraints is Lochner v. New York. While not relating to the practice of medicine and non-compete provisions, Lochner is nonetheless an important case to the analysis of non-compete provisions in physician employment contracts. Lochner is necessary to the discussion of non-competes because it emphasizes how the history of restrictions on restraints on trade have changed so that now private parties, and not just the government, are allowed to implement restrictions. Additionally, these restrictions vary depending on the profession and where professionals practice.
Non-compete provisions are found in contracts created by both small private medical practices, as well as bigger entities, such as hospitals and managed care organizations. Therefore, this is not an issue limited to the size of the practice. The physician-patient relationship has gradually become more and more of an impersonal one due to managed care organizations and legislation such as the Affordable Care Act (ACA). This does not, however, mean that physicians and patients approve of this interference and push towards an impersonal relationship. Thus, if patients are unhappy with the resulting impersonal relationship from managed care plans and legislation, patients may suffer further from these non-compete clauses interfering with the patients' utilization of physician services.
These clauses hurt not only the physicians trying to practice, but also have the capacity to conflict with patient choice in regard to selecting the physician they want for treatment purposes. More importantly, such non-competes negatively interfere with the continuity of patient care. It is for these aforementioned reasons that it would behoove the American Medical Association (AMA) to model its non-compete guidelines after those found in the American Bar Association (ABA), which strictly limit the use of such non-compete provisions in attorney employment contracts.
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Marshall, Vivian. "Translating between the lines : Decoding the syntactic condensation found in nominalisations and non-finite supplementive clauses." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-86637.
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The aim of this study is to examine how syntactically condensed structures are translated from English to Swedish in a non-fiction text. The analysis covers nominalisations and non-finite ing- and ed-clauses functioning as adverbials. The method for analysis is mainly quantitative, but in order to discuss why certain translation strategies are favoured, a qualitative analysis is also included. The results show that both obligatory and optional structural changes occur in the target text. These changes are induced by both grammatical and preferential differences between the source and target languages. As a result, the target text is often more explicit than the source text. While the most frequent translation strategy for ing-clauses is forming finite main clauses, subordinate clauses are the most frequently used correspondences for ed-clauses. Other strategies include coordination and prepositional phrases. Explicitation occurs by adding features such as finiteness and subordinating conjunctions in the target text structures. In contrast to the translation of non-finite clauses, the most commonly used correspondence when translating nominalisations is noun phrases identical to those in the source text. The second most frequent strategy is paraphrased noun phrases. Together, these two nominal strategies cover approximately two thirds of the translations. Clausal structures, which are generally more explicit, are more than three times less frequent, which opposes the idea of verbal preference in Swedish. When clausal translations are used, however, it is mainly due to the complexity of the noun phrase in which the nominalisation occurs.
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Kliacevič, Dalia. "The use of congruent and non-congruent clauses in Oscar Wilde's play "The importance of being earnest"." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080924_184250-45265.
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The analysis of Oscar Wilde’s play “The Importance of Being Earnest” revealed that of all the non-finite clauses, the infinitival clauses were the most common. They accounted for 81.49% of all the non-congruent clauses used in the play. The author used the following types of infinitival clauses:
1. infinitival clauses in which the infinitive joins with modal auxiliaries or their substitutes;
2. infinitival clauses without explicit subjects;
3. infinitival clauses in which the subjective component is not used in the clause but found in the context;
4. infinitival clauses in which the infinitive its own subject;
5. infinitival clauses in which the infinitive is omitted.
The results of the research demonstrated that modalized infinitives were the most common structures in the play examined. They accounted for 57.41% of the infinitival clauses used in the mentioned play. Speaking of the forms of the infinitive, the speakers gave preference to the simple forms of the infinitive: non-progressive, non-passive, and non-perfect. They accounted for more than 93%.
The corpus showed that the infinitival clauses were accepted by mental, material, and saying processes. The infinitival clauses after mental verbs had the highest frequency of occurrence; they accounted for 11.51%. The infinitival clauses after verbs expressing material processes accounted for 2.63%. The infinitival clauses after verbs of saying were not very common; they accounted for only 1.89%. The most common verbs... [to full text]Šis darbas nagrinėja kongruentinių ir nekongruentinių konstrukcijų vartojimą Oskaro Vaildo pjesėje „ Kaip svarbu būti rimtam“. Tyrimo tikslai buvo šie: 1. išanalizuoti semantinius kongruentinių sakinių bruožus; 2. išanalizuoti nekongruentinių sakinių sintaksinius bruožus; 3. ištirti skirtingų kongruentinių ir nekongruentinių sakinių dažnumą dialoguose; 4. ištirti kongruentinių sakinių galimybes priimti neasmenuojamąsias veiksmažodžio formas. Kongruentiniai ir nekongruentiniai sakiniai Oskaro Vaildo pjesėje buvo nagrinėjami, remiantis aprašomuoju-indukciniu bei statistinės analizės metodais. Tyrimas parodė, kad autorius dažniausiai vartojo paprastus kongruentinius esamojo laiko sakinius. Tyrimas taip pat parodė, kad iš visų pjesėje vartotų nekongruentinių sakinių dažniausiai buvo vartojami sakiniai su vadinamąja paprasta bendratimi. Autorius vartojo tokius beasmenių sakinių tipus su bendratimi: 1. sakinius su bendratimi, kai bendratis yra prijungiama prie modalinių veismažodžių ar jų pakaitalų; 2. sakinius su bendratimi be aiškaus veiksnio; 3. sakinius su bendratimi, kuriuose nėra veiksnio, papildinio, bet kuris yra numanomas iš konteksto; 4. sakinius su bendratimi, kuriuose veiksnio funkciją atlieka pati bendratis; 5. sakinius, kuriuose bendratis yra išleista. Tyrimo metu paaiškėjo, kad beasmenės konstrukcijos su bendratimi sudarė 81.49% visų beasmenių konstrukcijų vartotų pjesėje. Dažniausiai buvo vartojami sakiniai su bendratimi, kuriuose bendratis buvo prijungta... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Görman, Anna. "The long and the short of it : the translation of non-finite adverbial clauses and ly-adverbials." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96866.
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This study investigates the translation of non-finite supplementive clauses and one-word adverbials with a suffix of -ly in an English non-fiction text of academic prose and its Swedish target text. The results show that the non-finite supplementive clauses often are translated into either a new main clause, a coordinated clause or a subordinate clause, where the latter in a majority of cases involves the use of explicitation. The main clause strategy proved the most frequently used, indicating a possible connection between choice of translation strategy and source text sentence length. The ly-adverbials show a clear tendency for translation into one-word open-class adverbials in Swedish, most frequently with a suffix of -t. Clear differences were found between the investigated adverbial structures regarding movement; the supplementive clauses retain their source text positions in a vast majority of cases whereas the ly-adverbials show a higher frequency of movement, most commonly from their original source text position to sentence-final position in the target text. Other factors proven to impact the choice of translation strategies are compliance with Swedish preference regarding adverbial placement (in turn dependent on the type, grammatical structure and length of the adverbial as well as the register of the source text), the clarity and readability of the target text as well as style and level of formality.
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Leveneur-Azémar, Marie. "Etude sur les clauses limitatives ou exonératoires de responsabilité." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020041/document.
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Présentes dans de nombreux domaines, les clauses limitatives de réparation et les clauses exonératoires de responsabilité constituent une pratique très courante. Si elles se rencontrent le plus souvent en matière contractuelle, ces conventions peuvent également aménager la responsabilité extracontractuelle d’un potentiel responsable qui connaîtrait déjà la victime éventuelle, tel un voisin ou un cotraitant dans la réalisation d’un ouvrage. Malgré leur utilité et leur fréquence pratique, ces clauses pâtissent aujourd’hui d’un régime incertain, qui suscite nombre d’interrogations, tant en matière contractuelle qu’extracontractuelle. Pour savoir si une clause limitative ou exonératoire de responsabilité peut jouer en faveur du responsable, il faut dans un premier temps vérifier sa validité. Or, tant les droits spéciaux (droit des transports, droit de la consommation…) que la jurisprudence (notamment l’arrêt Chronopost) ont porté de multiples atteintes aux règles classiques de validité de ces stipulations. Il est dès lors nécessaire d’instaurer des directives renouvelées afin de clarifier cette question primordiale. Dans un second temps, il n’est pas certain que la clause relative à la responsabilité, pourtant valable, puisse déployer tous ses effets. L’efficacité de ces stipulations revêt ainsi une grande importance. Cependant, là encore, les règles de paralysie en cas de faute qualifiée du responsable, ainsi que celles qui gouvernent l’opposabilité des clauses aux tiers victimes d’un dommage causé par un manquement contractuel, méritent d’être rénovées pour balayer les incertitudes qui jalonnent aujourd’hui la matière. À l’heure où le droit de la responsabilité civile est en passe d’être réformé, cette étude propose un nouveau régime applicable aux clauses relatives à la responsabilité pour que la notion recouvre sa fonction de véritable outil de prévisibilité pour les partiesLimitation and exclusion clauses constitute a very common practice in many areas. Although they are more often used in the contractual field, these agreements can also change tort liability of a potential tortfeasor who would already know the potential victim, as a neighbour or a consortium member. Nowadays, despite their utility and practical frequency, these stipulations suffer from an uncertain regime, that gives rise to questions, as much in contractual field as in tort field. Firstly, to know whether an exclusion clause can be invoked by the responsible, we need to verify its validity. Yet, both laws in different fields (transport law, consumer law …) and case law (especially the famous Chronopost case) have affected the classic rules of validity of these stipulations. There is therefore a need to establish new guidelines to clarify this important question. Secondly, it is not certain that the exclusion clause, however valid, will apply. The effectiveness of these provisions is also of great importance. Nevertheless, the rules governing the paralysis in case of gross fault from the responsible and those who regulate the enforceability of clauses to third parties, victims of a damage caused by a breach of contract, should be renovated to sweep away the uncertainties that confuse the subject. At a time when French civil liability law is about to be reformed, this study proposes a new regime for exclusion and limitation clauses in order to restore their true function of foreseeability for parties
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Charaf, Mohammad. "La clause de non-concurrence au carrefour du droit des contrats et du droit de la concurrence." Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100068.
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Le régime juridique de la clause de non-concurrence est caractérisé par son double rattachement : un rattachement contractuel et un autre concurrentiel. Les règles qui régissent la clause de non concurrence sont puisées, soit, dans le droit des contrats, soit dans le droit de la concurrence. Ce double rattachement s’observe sous l’angle les notions fondamentales du droit privé telles les notions de cause, de bonne foi, de loyauté et de proportionnalité. L’entrecroisement des deux régimes au sein de la clause de non-concurrence constitue sa singularité. Alors que les règles concurrentielles obéissent à une logique économique, les règles contractuelles relèvent d’une logique contractuelle. L’interaction des règles concurrentielles et des règles contractuelles affecte les conditions de validité de la clause de non-concurrence et les sanctions applicables en cas de manquement à ces conditions. De telles conditions sont sujettes à une évolution permanente dans les différents types de contrats où la clause de non-concurrence est insérée. Il en est ainsi dans les contrats de distribution, dans les contrats de travail, dans les contrats de cession de fonds de commerce, dans le contrat de commerce électronique et dans les contrats de franchise. La diversité des règles applicables s’est accompagnée d’une construction jurisprudentielle ayant pour but la construction d’un régime général de la clause de non-concurrence. La présente étude a pour objectif de proposer une systématisation du régime général de la clause de non-concurrence. Ce régime est principalement un régime contractuel, composé des règles du droit des contrats, qui emprunte des éléments du régime concurrentiel afin de combler les lacunes du droit des contratsThe non-competition clause is governed by two sets of legal rules: contractual rules and competition rules. The duality of the general regime of the non-competition clause occurs in the context of fundamental notions of private Law such as the notion of cause, good faith, loyalty and invalidity. The intersection of the two regimes within the non-competition clause constitutes its singularity. While competition rules follow an economic logic, contractual rules affects the conditions of contract formation and the sanctions that apply whenever such conditions are not met. These conditions are subject to a continuous development in the different types of contracts where the non-competition clause is inserted. This is the case for example in distribution contracts, labor contracts, business transfers, electronic contracts and franchise contracts. The present study aims to establish a systematization of the general regime of the no-competition clause. This study will show that such a regime is mainly a contractual regime, composed of the rules of contract Law that borrows the rules of competition law in order to fill the gaps of contracts law
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Lopez, Benoît. "Les clauses sociales : contribution à l'étude des rapports entre le droit du travail et le droit international économique." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2067.
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Le droit international économique a pour fonction la réglementation des flux économiques internationaux. Ce dernier émane de la volonté déjà ancienne des nations d’instaurer, dans l’économie mondiale, un ensemble de règles à même de structurer leurs rapports. À la faveur de ces dernières les échanges marchands, les investissements, la circulation des capitaux ont donc progressivement étaient des faits, des réalités économiques saisies dans des qualifications juridiques. Or, l’une des difficultés majeures, qui alimente ces controverses, tient à la relation du droit international économique avec d’autres branches du droit, également appelées à structurer juridiquement le marché. Dans la mise en œuvre de sesnormes, le droit international économique est en effet appelé à rentrer en contact avec de nombreuses branches du droit. Il est toutefois remarquable que dans l’ensemble, celles-ci n’occupent pas un rôle comparable. Si certains ensembles de règles apparaissent primordiaux, en vue d’assurer le fonctionnement d’une économique mondialisée, d’autres entretiennent des rapports plus distendus. Pour les besoins de notre recherche, il convient donc de cerner la nature des liens qui existent entre le droit du travail et le droit international économique. Si la connexité de ces deux branches a induit le développement des clauses sociales, elle n’a pas eu pour conséquence, à l’heure actuelle, une réelle modification du droit international économique. À défaut, certaines des caractéristiques irréductibles du droit du travail continuent à limiter la fécondité de leurs rapports. Pour autant, l’existence de cette connexité permet d’envisager, pour l’avenir, un approfondissement des relations entre ces deux branches par des voies jusqu’ici inexploitées. Loin d’être chimérique, l’avènement de synergies nouvelles entre le droit international et le droit du travail apparaît envisageable à la lueur de la réception juridique qu’a connue le concept de développement durable. Une modification profonde des rapports entre ces deux branches du droit se donne déjà à voir et pourrait se poursuivre. L’explication de l’influence déterminante du concept peut être recherchées dans son positionnement au regard des activités économiques transnationales. Ce dernier se projette en effet sur les répercussions et plus uniquement le développement de l’économie. Se faisant, le développement durable se présente comme une voie alternative pour penser et évaluer la croissance. Au regard de l’apport du droit international économique à l’application du droit du travail, ce changement de perspective est déterminant. Il conduit eneffet à voir dans le premier un outil de diffusion du second. Cette relation se déduit en effet de l’interdépendance des piliers qui fondent le concept de développement durable. L’imbrication du pilier social et économique invite à n’envisager la croissance économique qu’à la condition qu’elle puisse, entre autres, satisfaire à une durabilité sociale impliquant le respect du droit du travail. L’existence de cette synergie est d’ailleurs signalée par l’adoption, au nom du développement durable, de nouvelles clauses sociales.Le développement durable augure également l’évolution vers une prise en compte accrue du droit du travail au vu d’une autre de ses particularités, son positionnement dans le champ juridique. Il ressort en effet des propositions de la doctrine autant que d’interprétations issues d’organes contentieux internationaux que le développement durable est susceptible d’assurer un rôle de matrice conceptuelle. À ce titre, il est en capacité et pourrait à l’avenir conduire à interpréter le droit international économique en prenant également en compte le respect du droit du travail précisément au regard de sa contribution à la recherche de durabilitéThe function of international economic law is to regulate international economic flows. The latter stems from the long-standing will of nations to establish, in the global economy, a set of rules capable of structuring their relations. As a result of the latter, trade, investment and capital movements were gradually becoming facts, economic realities captured in legalqualifications. However, one of the major difficulties, which fuels these controversies, lies in the relationship of international economic law with other branches of law, which are also called upon to structure the market legally. In the implementation of its norms, international economic law is indeed called upon to come into contact with many branches of law. However, it is remarkable that, overall, they do not play a comparable role. While some sets of rules appear essential to ensure the functioning of a globalised economy, others maintain more relaxed relations. For the purposes of our research, it is therefore necessary to identify the nature of the links that exist between labour law and international economic law. While the connection of these two branches has led to the development of social clauses, it has not, at present, led to any real change in international economic law. Failing this, some of the irreducible characteristics of labour law continue to limit the fertility of their relationships. For all that, the existence of this connection makes it possible to envisage, for the future, a deepening of relations between these two branches by hitherto unexploited ways. Far from being a pipe dream, the emergence of new synergies between international law and labour law seems conceivable in the light of the legal reception of the concept of sustainable development. A profound change in the relationship between these two branches of law is already apparent and could continue. The explanation of the decisive influence of the concept can be sought in its positioning with regard to transnational economic activities. The latter projects itself on the repercussions and not only on the development of the economy. In doing so, sustainable development presents itself as an alternative way to think and evaluate growth.With regard to the contribution of international economic law to the application of labour law, this change of perspective is decisive. It leads us to see the former as a tool for disseminating the latter. This relationship can be deduced from the interdependence of the pillars that underpin the concept of sustainable development. The interweaving of the social andeconomic pillar calls for economic growth to be considered only on condition that it can, among other things, satisfy social sustainability implying respect for labour law. The existence of this synergy is also indicated by the adoption, in the name of sustainable development, of new social clauses.Sustainable development also augurs well for the evolution towards greater consideration of labour law in view of another of its particularities, its position in the legal field. Indeed, it emerges from the proposals of the doctrine as much as from interpretations coming from international contentious bodies that sustainable development is likely to ensure a role ofconceptual matrix. As such, it is capable and could in the future lead to interpret international economic law by also taking into account the respect of labour law precisely with regard to it contribution to the search for sustainability
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Ganuza, Natalia. "Syntactic Variation in the Swedish of Adolescents in Multilingual Urban Settings : Subject-verb Order in Declaratives, Questions and Subordinate Clauses." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Centre for Research on Bilingualism, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7457.
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This thesis investigates the use of word order variation, in particular the variable use of subject-verb inversion and non-inversion in main declarative clauses, among adolescents in contemporary multilingual settings in Sweden. The use of non-inversion in contexts that in standard Swedish require inversion is sometimes claimed to be characteristic of varieties of Swedish spoken among adolescents in multilingual urban areas. The present study includes a wide range of data, both spontaneous and elicited, and explores how common the use of non-inversion is among a relatively large group of participants in different contexts, and how the use of non-inversion is influenced by different demographic, linguistic and socio-pragmatic factors.
The results show that non-inversions are used to a limited extent in all types of data in the studied population. Only certain individuals frequently employ non-inversions in some contexts. Further, no direct link is found between second language acquisition and the use of non-inversion in this study. Factors related to the issue of nativeness, for example participants’ reported age of onset of Swedish acquisition, only marginally explain the results. In general, examples of non-inversion are employed more extensively, and by more participants, in peer-peer interaction than with adults. The use of non-inversion appears to be part of some adolescents’ spontaneous language use in certain contexts. More importantly, however, the results suggest that some adolescents employ non-inversions as an active linguistic resource to express their identification with the multilingual environment and the different varieties of Swedish spoken there, to show solidarity with peers, to contest official school discourses, and to play around with linguistic stereotypes.
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McAuliffe, Narelle. "Mood selection in Old Italian : the subjunctive and indicative in complement clauses in non-literary Tuscan of the Quattrocento." University of Western Australia. European Languages and Studies Discipline Group, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0068.
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This thesis explores mood selection in Old Italian, describing the use of the subjunctive and indicative in complement clauses in non-literary Tuscan of the Quattrocento (1375-1499). Using Wandruszka’s (1991) model of the subjunctive, and a Tuscan corpus of merchant letters and ricordi, sermons and other religious writing, based on Tavoni’s (1992) hierarchy of non-literary Quattrocento writings, I quantitatively assess the factors that influence mood selection in complement clauses. I restrict my analysis to complement clauses so as to compare the findings with those of Stefinlongo’s (1977) and Vegnaduzzo’s (2000) similar corpus-based studies of mood selection in thirteenth-century Italian, where possible, in order to suggest any trends in the use of the subjunctive. While I find that the semantics of the governing lexical element still has the predominant influence on the mood of the complement clause in fifteenth-century Italian, I also find that other factors, such as clause type, person and number, and tense and aspect, have a significant role in the modal outcome of complement clauses. However, the influence of these other factors is neither categorical nor equal, and it may be collective in the case of co-present factors. By conducting a quantitative comparison of mood selection in a variety of text types, my study also investigates Stefinlongo’s hypothesis that subjunctive use is not influenced solely by semantic or syntactic factors but also by features at the level of text type. However, I find the modal influence of text type to be largely indirect, influencing the relative incidence of different semantic contexts which in turn influences the incidence of subjunctive and indicative in a text. The findings of this study serve to inform our understanding of the evolution of the subjunctive in Italian.
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Bégin-Robitaille, Maude. "L'impact de l'application des clauses de non-concurrence par voie d'injonction provisoire et interlocutoire sur le droit du travail." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30210/30210.pdf.
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Les clauses de non-concurrence sont des outils puissants prévus afin de protéger les intérêts légitimes de l’employeur en restreignant le droit au travail du salarié, à la fin de son emploi. Au cœur d’une société moderne où la concurrence est féroce, elles sont mises en application par des voies rapides et expéditives : les injonctions interlocutoires et provisoires. Dans ce mémoire, l’auteure souhaite analyser l’impact des clauses de non-concurrence sur le droit au travail lorsqu’elles sont mises en application par le véhicule procédural de l’injonction. L’application des clauses de non-concurrence ayant le potentiel d’entraîner des effets graves sur la capacité d’un travailleur de se retrouver un emploi, l’auteur tentera de répondre, dans une recherche d’efficacité du droit, à la question suivante : le véhicule procédural de l’injonction provisoire ou interlocutoire permet-il de respecter le droit substantiel en matière de clauses de non-concurrence, édicté pour sauvegarder le droit au travail?
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McAuliffe, Narelle. "Mood selection in Old Italian : the subjunctive and indicative in complement clauses in non-literary Tuscan of the Quattrocento /." Connect to this title, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0068.
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Assengone, Nadia. "La qualification d’obligation de non-concurrence." Perpignan, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PERP1272.
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La non-concurrence interdit au débiteur d’exercer une activité concurrente de celle du créancier. Pourtant, la notion d’obligation de non-concurrence provoque des controverses. Afin de définir avec minutie la notion d’interdiction de concurrence, cette étude vise d’abord à déterminer les éléments de la qualification d’obligation de non-concurrence, avant de les éprouver par leur mise en œuvre. La première partie identifie les éléments caractéristiques de l’obligation de non-concurrence, la qualification dépendant principalement de son objet. La seconde partie distingue, ou au contraire assimile, l’obligation de non-concurrence à d’autres stipulations contractuelles. Elle permet également de découvrir que l’obligation de non-concurrence entretient des rapports douteux avec certaines de ces stipulations. Si leur objet est formellement différent de la non-concurrence, l’effet de certaines de ces clauses peut conduire les juges à les requalifier en obligation de non-concurrenceThe non-compete prohibits the debtor to exercise concurrent activity of the creditor. However, the notion of non-compete obligation causing controversies. To define carefully the concept of prohibition of competition, this study aims first to identify the elements of the qualification of non-compete obligation, before experiencing their implementation. The first part identifies the characteristic elements of the non-compete obligation, qualifying dependent mainly on its object. The second part differs, or otherwise treats the obligation of non- competition with other contractual stipulations. It also allows you to discover that the non-compete obligation maintains doubtful relationship with some of these stipulations. If their purpose is formally different from the non-competition, the effect of some of these provisions may lead judges to reclassify them in non-compete obligation
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Scaboro, Romain. "Les conventions relatives à la preuve." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU10072/document.
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Omniprésent dans toutes les matières juridiques, la preuve a une place centrale en droit. En effet, en cas de litige, contestation, les plaideurs doivent avoir comme principal objectif d'apporter la preuve de leurs prétentions. Ne pas avoir de droit ou ne pas arriver à le prouver revient au même. C’est certainement la raison pour laquelle la tentation est grande pour les parties de modifier les règles de preuve, parfois trop contraignantes. Lorsque les règles sont d'ordre public aucune dérogation n'est permise. A l'inverse, lorsque les règles sont supplétives des aménagements sont possibles, encore faut-il respecter l'ordre public. L’ordre public est donc présent à la fois au niveau de la qualification des règles de preuve, mais aussi dans la modification, lorsqu'elle est permise, de ces règles. Il existe un lien étroit entre l'ordre public et la preuve qui mérite un approfondissement. Pourquoi certaines règles sont d'ordre public ? Quelle est la conséquence de cette qualification ?Le résumé en anglais n'a pas été communiqué par l'auteur
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Fredriksson, Carina. "Comment traduire les syntagmes participiaux et infinitivaux français en suédois? : Étude contrastive de deux textes français non-littéraires et de leurs traductions suédoises." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-15485.
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There are many aspects to consider when translating French texts into Swedish. The purpose of the present study is to examine French non-finite constructions, namely participle and infinitive phrases, and to compare them with their Swedish translations. Thus, the method is contrastive. The analysis is based on 213 phrases collected from two non-literary French texts – one economical text and one medical text – and their Swedish translations. The different interpretations have been divided into categories to study the transpositions that have been made, i.e. in what way the two languages differ from each other in this context. The structural differences but also similarities have been illustrated and, to a certain degree, it has been found, according to the hypothesis, that the examined French non-finite constructions often correspond to Swedish main or subordinate clauses, or even other constructions, such as other phrases. On the other hand, it has also been noted that the French infinitive phrase, in most cases, has been translated by an infinitive phrase, which means that no transposition has been made. The Swedish interpretations illustrated in this study are not to be regarded as proof of the occurrence of structural differences and similarities ; the intention is to show how the French constructions in question can be translated into Swedish, and to demonstrate certain tendencies of the two languages respectively.
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Berry, Elsa. "Le fait d'autrui." Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT3012.
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Cette thèse a pour objectif de déterminer si le fait d'autrui produit les mêmes effets en matière contractuelle et délictuelle. En matière délictuelle, le fait d'autrui est double : il est, d'une part, fait générateur de responsabilité car il crée une obligation à la charge du répondant ; il est, d'autre part, cause d'exonération : le fait du tiers et le fait de la victime constitutifs de la force majeure empêchent la création d'une obligation de réparation à la charge du défendeur. En matière contractuelle, le débiteur n'est pas dans la même situation que le défendeur à l'action délictuelle : il est déjà obligé avant qu'autrui n'intervienne dans l'exécution de son contrat. Le fait d'autrui peut alors simplement permettre au débiteur de se libérer de cette obligation, lorsqu'il le place en situation d'impossibilté d'exécution. Le reste du temps, le débiteur reste tenu de fournir à son créancier la satisfaction promise, malgré le fait d'autrui.