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1
De Cuba, Carlos. "Manner-of-speaking that-complements as close apposition structures." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2018): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4320.
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An elusive property of that-clauses following manner-of-speaking verbs is that they do not behave like that-clauses following other non-factive verbs when it comes to the availability of wh-extraction, main clause phenomena and complementizer drop. Non-factive that-clauses allow wh-extraction, main clause phenomena and complementizer drop, but manner-of-speaking that-clauses resist them. In addition, the behavior of manner-of-speaking that-clauses patterns with noun complement clauses and that-clauses following the pronoun it. In this paper, I argue that the referential and adjunct status of manner-of-speaking that-clauses, noun complement clauses and that-clauses following the pronoun it is responsible for their shared restrictions on wh-extraction, main clause phenomena and complementizer drop. Specifically, I argue all three of these that-clauses are referential adjuncts in a close apposition relationship with a nominal object.
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KARLSSON, FRED. "Constraints on multiple center-embedding of clauses." Journal of Linguistics 43, no. 2 (June 18, 2007): 365–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226707004616.
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A common view in theoretical syntax and computational linguistics holds that there are no grammatical restrictions on multiple center-embedding of clauses. Syntax would thus be characterized by unbounded recursion. An analysis of 119 genuine multiple clausal center-embeddings from seven ‘Standard Average European’ languages (English, Finnish, French, German, Latin, Swedish, Danish) uncovers usage-based regularities, constraints, that run counter to these and several other widely held views, such as that any type of multiple self-embedding (of the same clause type) would be possible, or that self-embedding would be more complex than multiple center-embedding of different clause types. The maximal degree of center-embedding in written language is three. In spoken language, multiple center-embedding is practically absent. Typical center-embeddings of any degree involve relative clauses specifying the referent of the subject NP of the superordinate clause. Only postmodifying clauses, especially relative clauses and that-clauses acting as noun complements, allow central self-embedding. Double relativization of objects (The rat the cat the dog chased killed ate the malt) does not occur. These corpus-based ‘soft constraints’ suggest that full-blown recursion creating multiple clausal center-embedding is not a central design feature of language in use. Multiple center-embedding emerged with the advent of written language, with Aristotle, Cicero, and Livy in the Greek and Latin stylistic tradition of ‘periodic’ sentence composition.
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Ningsih, Rahmi Yulia, and Chandra Kurniawan Wiharja. "Noun Phrase in Bahasa Indonesia." Humaniora 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v8i1.3698.
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This article contained research about the analysis of the text of Bahasa Indonesia speech with the Systemic Functional Linguistic approach (LFS). The aim of this article was identifying elements of forming noun phrases as the participants which represented processes in clauses, functions, as well as the distribution of its position in the clause. The research method used was qualitative research with the method of data analysis in the form of 60 clauses through the approach of LFS. The 60 clauses data were taken from the text of the speech of UNJ Rector, which was then analyzed into 100 phrases in the noun. According to the LFS method, it finds that the noun phrase is formed by elements of the noun classes. From the 100 noun phrases analyzed, there are 100 nouns that have different functions in each process. There are 86 nouns represent the material process, 5 nouns represent the relational process, 4 nouns represent the verbal process, 3 nouns represent mental processes, and 2 nouns represent the existential process. The study also finds that in the form of the lexicon, the same noun with the different distribution of its position will result in different functions in the representation process.
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Iskandar, Denni, Mulyadi Mulyadi, Khairina Nasution, and Ridwan Hanafiah. "A Study of types and core constituents of Acehnese relative clauses." Studies in English Language and Education 8, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v8i1.18164.
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This research aims to determine and explain the types and the core constituents of Acehnese relative clauses which so far have not been thoroughly discussed. To collect data for this study, a direct elicitation technique is used, and the data is then analyzed through a qualitative descriptive technique. The results showed that the relative clauses in Acehnese were clauses embedded as modifiers of noun phrases. Similar to the relative clauses’ theory proposed by experts in the Acehnese, there are five types of relative clauses: relativization of subject, relativization of predicate, relativization of object, relativization of possessive, and relativization of noun. Relative clauses in Acehnese are formed by connecting core nouns and relative clauses through the connecting word ‘nyang’, except for the relative clause of the predicate element through the ellipsis of the predicate element. The basic structure of the Acehnese relative clauses is the arrangement of the main constituents preceding (postnominal) the relative clauses. The constituents that described the relative clauses could form words or phrases depending on the reference to the meaning of the relative clauses. In the Acehnese, the following elements do not exist: (1) relative clauses that can be reduced by adverbials such as in English, (2) relative pronouns as in German and relative particles such as in Chinese Mandarin; and (3) the attachment of relative suffixes to verbs as in Korean.
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Rohdenburg, Günter. "Rivalling Noun-Dependent Complements in Modern English: that‑Clauses and ‘Complex’ Gerunds." Anglia 137, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 217–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2019-0023.
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Abstract This corpus‑based paper explores the history and present status of the contrast between noun‑dependent that‑clauses and ‘complex’ gerunds containing their own subjects. With seven of the fifteen nouns under scrutiny, the emergence of the that‑clause either follows that of the gerund or the two complement types emerge at about the same time. This suggests that we will have to qualify the general assumption that since the eighteenth century English has promoted non‑finite subordinate clauses at the expense of finite ones. More crucially, with by far most of the nouns investigated, the that‑clause has gained much further ground over the last few centuries, with American English spearheading this development since the early nineteenth century. In line with the Complexity Principle, the grammatical environments favouring the more explicit that‑clause over the complex gerund include subject complexity and different types of structural discontinuity. Intriguingly, however, the easy‑to‑process there‑clause containing the nouns in question is also found to favour the that‑clause at the expense of the complex gerund.
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Knyazev, Mikhail Yu. "The effect of coordinate structure on the licensing of čto-clauses in noun complement constructions: An experimental study." Rhema, no. 1, 2020 (2020): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2953-2020-1-56-69.
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Previously, čto-clause complements of nouns were found to be more acceptable in constructions with collocations as opposed to non-collocations, which was taken to support the hypothesis whereby čto-clauses are introduced by a silent preposition licensed by incorporation into a complex predicate (created in collocational constructions). The paper presents the results of an acceptability rating study testing the prediction of this account, namely, that embedding the noun in a coordinate structure should block the incorporation and hence licensing of čto-clauses. In addition, an alternative hypothesis is examined according to which čto-clauses are more acceptable in collocations due to their higher frequency.
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Nurhasanah Purba and Mulyadi. "Subordinate Clauses Used in Anak Boru Sanina in Simalungun Wedding Ceremony." Lakhomi Journal Scientific Journal of Culture 1, no. 1 (December 3, 2020): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/lakhomi.v1i1.340.
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The aims of this study is to find out subordinative clause in Anak boru sanina utterances in simakungun wedding ceremony. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. The result shows that the study is found only adverbial clause while noun clause and relative clause are do not found. The kind of adverbial clause that found are 13 clauses containing of purpose, 9 clauses are containing of manner, 4 clause are containing of causes, 2 clauses are containing of effect, and 2 clauses are containing of condition. The discussion shows that adverbial clause most appear in Anak Boru Sanina utterances in Simalungun wedding ceremony because in this position Anak Boru Sanina as the leader of wedding ceremony so all the utterances containing of adverb clause and the most is purpose to carry out the role of Simalungun culture.
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Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė, Laura, and Ingrida Balčiūnienė. "The use of attributive clauses in spoken Lithuanian." Taikomoji kalbotyra, no. 8 (March 22, 2016): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/tk.2016.17506.
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The syntactic features of spoken Lithuanian are still under-researched due to insufficient data bases, limited technologies, and research methodologies. During the last years, the "Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian" (developed at Vytautas Magnus University; 225,000 words; 80 hours of digitalized audio recordings) has been syntactically annotated, and this has enabled complex automatized syntactic analysis. In the present paper, one of the first such studies is presented and its results are discussed. The corpus linguistics methodology has been employed.The paper deals with the frequency and basic types of attributive clauses in spoken Lithuanian language. The results of the study have highlighted that attributive clauses tend to be more frequent (up to 15% of all subordinate clauses) in public speech, and they are significantly less frequent (up to 7% of all subordinate clauses) in private spontaneous speech.The position of a subordinate clause after the head noun is unmarked and the most frequent in public speech and spontaneous private speech. Consequently, 65% and 88% of all attributive adjectives followed the head noun in private spontaneous speech and in public speech. Since in Lithuanian the word order is not so strict, in private spontaneous speech constructions with a subordinate clause before the head noun are used.The analysis of subordinating conjunctions and relative pronouns has revealed that in public speech the link between a subordinate clause and an independent clause tends to be expressed by the relative pronoun "kuris", "kuri" (‘which’). Namely, in public speech, this pronoun is employed in 85% of all attributive clauses. The number of relative pronouns in private spoken speech reaches only 30%, whereas the subordinating conjunction "kur" (‘where’) has been used in the majority of attributive clauses (51%).The findings of the study reveal the main tendencies in the distribution and frequency of attributive clauses and suggest that the usage of attributive clauses depends, to a large extent, on the register of spoken language.
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Immonen, Sini, and Jukka Mäkisalo. "Pauses Reflecting the Processing of Syntactic Units in Monolingual Text Production and Translation." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 23, no. 44 (October 23, 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v23i44.97266.
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This study explores how the process of translating relates to other types of writing processes by comparing pause lengths preceding syntactic units (words, phrases and clauses) in two types of writing task, a monolingual text production and a translation. It also discusses the grounds for interpreting pause length as a reflection of the cognitive demands of the writing process. The data was collected from 18 professional translators using the Translog keystroke logging software (Jakobsen/Schou 1999). Each subject wrote two texts: an expository text in Finnish and a translation from English into Finnish (Immonen 2006: 316-319). Firstly, phrase boundary pauses were categorised according to type, function and length of phrase. All three features correlate with pause length. On average, predicate phrases are preceded by short pauses, adpositional phrases by long pauses, and pauses preceding noun phrases grow with the length of the phrase. These fi ndings suggest that the processing of the predicate begins before written production of the clause is started, whereas noun phrases and adpositional phrases are processed during writing. Secondly, pauses preceding clauses were categorised with respect to clause type. In monolingual text production, pauses preceding subordinate clauses are on average shorter than those leading to main clauses. In translation, pauses preceding subordinate and main clauses are almost the same length. It seems therefore that, in translation, the main clause and subordinate clause are processed separately despite the fact that the subordinate clause functions as a syntactic unit within the main clause.
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Barus, Windi Sahputra, Mhd Pujiono, and Hesti Fibriasari. "CODE MIXING USED BY STUDENTS OF FRENCH STUDY PROGRAM STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN." Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 3, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ll.v3i1.980.
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The communication process involving a code mixing is an alternative to avoid misunderstandings in a bilingual community, a community having the phenomenon of speaking and understanding two or more languages, referring either to individuals or the entire society. This study aims to analyze the forms of code mixing using qualitative method. The data were obtained from recording of conversational discourse. The data collection strategy used the referral method, supported by basic techniques, namely tapping and advanced techniques, the skillful in-flight listening technique (SBLC). The results show that there are code mixing with the insertion of morphological elements in forms of nouns, numerals, verbs (infinitive and conjugation), adverbs (question and time), and adjectives; the insertion of phrase in terms of noun phrases (objects and numerals), verb phrases, and adverb phrases); the insertion of clause in the forms of noun clauses, numeral clauses, verb clauses, and adverb clauses; and the insertion of idiomatic forms. Code mixing of students of French language is also found in English language.
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KIM, CHAE-EUN, and WILLIAM O'GRADY. "Asymmetries in children's production of relative clauses: data from English and Korean." Journal of Child Language 43, no. 5 (August 12, 2015): 1038–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000915000422.
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ABSTRACTWe report here on a series of elicited production experiments that investigate the production of indirect object and oblique relative clauses by monolingual child learners of English and Korean. Taken together, the results from the two languages point toward a pair of robust asymmetries: children manifest a preference for subject relative clauses over indirect object relative clauses, and for direct object relative clauses over oblique relative clauses. We consider various possible explanations for these preferences, of which the most promising seems to involve the requirement that the referent of the head noun be easily construed as what the relative clause is about.
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Epps, Patience. "Escape from the noun phrase." Diachronica 26, no. 3 (November 9, 2009): 287–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.26.3.01epp.
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This paper deals with the evolution of certain subordinating constructions in Hup, a Nadahup (Makú) language of the northwest Amazon. Internal reconstruction, informed by close resemblances among synchronically attested clause types, suggests that Hup’s headless relative clause has given rise to a converb construction, a subtype of adverbial in which a dedicated verb form modifies a main clause. This development provides new insight into the origins of converbs and sheds light on the crosslinguistically common resemblance between relative and adverbial constructions more generally. Additionally, the Hup converbal clause has itself developed a main clause function, and the subordinating morphology employed by the relative and converb constructions is associated with topicalization. The transitions undergone by these structures in Hup contribute to our understanding of the diachronic pathways that may be taken by clauses once they have attained syntactic complexity.
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Maisak, Timur. "Relative clauses in Agul from a corpus-based perspective." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 73, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 113–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2019-0029.
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AbstractThis paper gives an account of participial clauses in Agul (Lezgic, Nakh-Daghestanian), based on a sample of 858 headed noun-modifying clauses taken from two text corpora, one spoken and one written. Noun-modifying clauses in Agul do not show syntactic restrictions on what can be relativized, and hence they instantiate the type known as GNMCCs, or general noun-modifying clause constructions. As the text counts show, intransitive verbs are more frequent than transitives and experiencer verbs in participial clauses, and among intransitive verbs, locative statives with the roots ‘be’ and ‘stay, remain’ account for half of all the uses. The asymmetry between the different relativization targets is also significant. Among the core arguments, the intransitive subject (S) is the most frequent target, patient (P) occupies second place, and agent (A) is comparatively rare. The preference of S and, in general, of S and P over A also holds true for most other Nakh-Daghestanian languages for which comparable counts are available. At the same time, Agul stands apart from the other languages by its high ratio of non-core relativization which accounts for 42% of all participial clauses. Addressee, arguments and adjuncts encoded with a locative case, as well as more general place and time relativizations show especially high frequency, outnumbering such arguments as experiencers, recipients, and predicative and adnominal possessors. Possible reasons for the high ratio of non-argument relativization are discussed in the paper.
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Ito, Akihiro. "Japanese EFL Learners' Sensitivity To Configurational Distinction In English Relative Clause Comprehension." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 147-148 (2005): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/itl.148.0.2002064.
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A variety of studies have reported that the order of Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy can be a valid predictor of difficulty of relative clauses, but it is unclear whether the difficulty of relative clauses should be attributed to the grammatical function of noun phrases (grammatical relation) or to configurational differences in the relative clause structure. A few articles have reported that learners of English are more sensitive to configurational distinctions than grammatical relation distinctions in relative clause production. However, not much research on this issue has been conducted. The results of a grammaticality judgment test conducted with 77 Japanese learners of English point toward a stronger sensitivity to configuration than to grammatical relation, favoring the configurational account.
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SARILAR, AYŞE, DANIELLE MATTHEWS, and AYLIN C. KÜNTAY. "Hearing relative clauses boosts relative clause usage (and referential clarity) in young Turkish language learners." Applied Psycholinguistics 36, no. 2 (March 11, 2013): 175–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716413000192.
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ABSTRACTOn account of both their functional and their morphosyntactic characteristics, relative clauses are often viewed as indicators of complexity in child language. Morphosyntactic properties of Turkish make use of particularly arduous relative clauses in spontaneous early discourse. A matching sticker selection task was used to determine whether Turkish-learning 3- and 4-year-olds can be trained to use subject relative clauses and uniquely identifying constructions. Upon their selection of the accurate sticker, the children were exposed to relative clause constructions (relative clause condition), sentences with demonstrative pronouns (demonstrative noun phrase condition), or a general approval (positive feedback condition). The number of relative clauses increased from pretest to posttest only in the relative clause condition; the rate of using adequately discriminating forms increased in all the three conditions, albeit with a steeper increase in the relative clause condition. The results are discussed in the framework of both structural and pragmatic priming.
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Fauconnier, Stefanie. "Internal and External Relative Clauses in Ancient Greek." Journal of Greek Linguistics 14, no. 2 (2014): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15699846-01402001.
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In this paper I argue that Ancient Greek has two distinct strategies for relative clause formation, corresponding to what is known in typology as externally and internally headed relative clauses. Furthermore, I explore two differences between these constructions. First, in comparison with their external counterparts, internal constructions are more restricted semantically. They can only be interpreted as restrictive relative clauses, while external constructions can also be interpreted as non-restrictive. Second, internal constructions are more restricted syntactically, given that they are not used when the domain nominal is subject in the relative clause. For external constructions there is no such syntactic restriction. Finally, I point out a number of convergences between internal relative clauses and noun phrases with an attributive participle. The findings presented in this paper are based on a study of Xenophon.
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Kanté, Issa. "Mood and modality in finite noun complement clauses." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 15, no. 2 (May 21, 2010): 267–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.15.2.06kan.
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The present paper presents a corpus-based contrastive analysis of modality in English and French finite noun complement clauses. On the one hand, we claim on the basis of cross-linguistic and semantic evidence that modality is a common intrinsic feature of nouns that license that/que complement clauses, and, as a consequence, that head nouns are modal stance markers. On the other hand, this paper shows that indicative-subjunctive alternation in that/que noun complement clauses is determined by the modality type of the governing noun. Contrastive analysis of French and English provides evidence to substantiate these claims.
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Sari, Anggun Melati, Andayani Andayani, and Sumarlam Sumarlam. "PENGGUNAAN KLAUSA RELATIF PADA PEMBELAJAR BIPA DI UNIT PELAKSANA TEKNIS (UPT) BAHASA UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET SURAKARTA." Diglossia: Jurnal Kajian Ilmiah Kebahasaan dan Kesusastraan 9, no. 1 (September 24, 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26594/diglossia.v9i1.957.
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Anggun Melati Sari1, Andayani2, Sumarlam31Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakartaanggun07melati@gmail.com 2Universitas Sebelas Maret SurakartaBu_anda09@yahoo.co.id 3Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakartasumarlamwd@gmail.com AbstractThis study aimed to describe the use of relative clauses Indonesian learners for Foreign Speakers (BIPA) grade-level academic scholarship at the Technical Implementation Unit (UPT) Language of Sebelas Maret University. The subject matter is the form of the use of relative clauses and the types of errors in relative clause. The data used in this study is the form of oral’s data and writing’s data. The data derived from the oral-speech BIPA’s learners in which there is relative clause while the writing’s data derived from the sentences in BIPA learner’s essay in which there is relative clause. The data were analyzed using agih methods and advanced technique of agih methods. The results of this study indicate that the use of relative clauses in BIPA learners using the perelative words “yang”. Acquisition of the relative clauses that relativize the thermic elements and errors in the relative clause that removes the noun element occupying the highest level as well as describe the highest degree of mastery in relative clauses. This study concluded that the form of the use of relative clause also describe the mastery level of difficulty of each type of relative clause learners BIPA.Keywords: clause, relative clause, Indonesian for foreign speakers (BIPA)
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Ariffani, Amanda, Irnella Nopriyanti, and Shinta Desti Wulandari. "ANALYZING MAIN AND SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN THE WEVERSE MAGAZINE." MIMESIS 2, no. 2 (July 27, 2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/mms.v2i2.4257.
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AbstractReading is activities that always do by EFL students; through reading, students can gain knowledge or get information from text like a printed textbook, E-book, magazine, article, news, and others. However, EFL students must understand what they read and the structural grammar of the text they already read. In grammar, there are term clauses that are divided into five parts: Main clause, Subordinate clause, Noun clause, Adjective clause, and Adverb clause. This article will focus on the main and subordinate clauses applied in the sentence on every Weverse magazine. Weverse itself is an online website that includes some hot news about K-pop idols under HYBE labels like BTS, TXT that a worldwide superstar boy group. This article uses descriptive qualitative research that aims to analyze the main and subordinate clauses in Weverse Magazine. This study will show how the main and subordinate clause is applied and used in the sentence on every news item written on Weverse magazine.
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Fonteyn, Lauren. "From nominal to verbal gerunds." Structure of the English NP 23, no. 1 (June 9, 2016): 60–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.23.1.04fon.
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This paper provides a detailed comparison of the referential behaviour of noun phrases and nominal and verbal gerunds from Middle to Late Modern English. It will be shown that in earlier stages of English, nominal and verbal gerunds to a large extent resemble prototypical noun phrases in their referential functioning, but also exhibit ‘non-nominal’ uses that depend on clausal rather than nominal grounding strategies. It is argued that the study of (diachronic changes in) the semantic and functional behaviour of nominal and verbal gerunds in Middle and Modern English should take into account that these are functionally hybrid constructions, showing referential traits of both prototypical noun phrases and clauses. This functional hybridity, then, was gradually sorted out, with nominal gerunds specializing to nominal reference and verbal gerunds continuing to adhere to the functional apparatus associated with subordinate clauses.
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Weinert, Regina. "Postmodifying verb-second clauses in spoken German." Functions of Language 19, no. 2 (October 2, 2012): 235–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.19.2.04wei.
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This usage-based and corpus-based study examines the use of verb-second clauses as restrictive postmodifiers of noun phrases in spoken German (ich kenn leute die haben immer pech ‘I know people they are always unlucky’) in relation to verb-final relative clauses. Previous accounts largely work with de-contextualised and constructed data and stop short of accounting for the discourse function of verb-second postmodifying structures. The ratio of verb-final relative clauses to postmodifying verb-second clauses does not indicate a shift towards main clause syntax. Rather, the verb-second clauses form part of a set of existential or presentational and ascriptive copular constructions which serve to highlight properties of entities and/or introduce discourse topics. Relative clauses can be used for such functions, but this is not as common. The syntactic and semantic features associated with postmodifying verb-second clauses can be seen as a direct result of their discourse function, which only a corpus analysis could reveal. The paper also comments on the wider related aspects of verb position, clause combining and pronoun use in spoken German from the perspective of a usage-based language model.
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Grove, Julian, and Emily Hanink. "Article selection and anaphora in the German relative clause." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 26 (October 15, 2016): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v26i0.3806.
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German definite articles are able to contract with prepositions under certain conditions. When a noun phrase is discourse anaphoric, contraction is blocked. In the current paper we present a puzzle: restrictive relative clauses require the use of the non-contracted (strong) article form, despite their apparent lack of anaphoricity; both the determiner of the head noun and the relative pronoun (which is, in most cases, syncretic with the definite article) surface with the strong form. We provide a uniform analysis of discourse anaphoric and relative clause uses that makes use of contexts, as defined in the dynamic framework of de Groote (2006). We argue that a lexical item, which we call “anaph”, whose purpose is to make reference to an individual provided by the context, intervenes between the noun and the article in the strong form. anaph makes reference to an individual provided by the global context in cases of anaphora, and to an individual provided by an updated local context in the case of relative clauses.
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Jiang, Xiangyu, Liang Chen, and Qin Zhou. "Literate and linguistic features of Chinese EFL learners’ narrative versus expository writing." Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech 2, no. 1 (September 26, 2020): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jmbs.14572.
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This study evaluated the narrative and expository English writing corpus from 20 Chinese English learners at three linguistic levels: the use of literate words (elaborated noun phrases, conjunctions, adverbs, and mental state verbs), the degree of sentence complexity, and the use of subordinate clauses (nominal, adverbial and relative clauses). Results first showed a genre effect on literate word use but not on utterance length and clausal density. Specifically, there were more elaborated noun phrases and conjunctions in expository texts, but more adverbs in narrative texts. Results also revealed a genre effect on the use of relative clauses but not on other clauses. Finally, a strong correlation between literate word use and the production of complex syntax was found after controlling for the effects of genre. These results highlight the need for genre-dependent writing instruction to make students aware of the different language resources expected across genres as specific contexts of communication.
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Andersen, Torben. "External possession of body-part nouns in Dinka." Linguistics 57, no. 1 (January 26, 2019): 127–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2018-0033.
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Abstract In Dinka, a Western Nilotic language, body-part nouns may be externally possessed. External possession is possible and the default option if the body-part noun is semantically part of a transitive object, an unaccusative subject, or a copula subject. With transitive and ditransitive verbs, the external possessor is object, and with intransitive and copulative verbs, it is subject. Externally possessed body-part nouns have no grammatical relation to the verb, and they are restricted to occurring in dedicated syntactic slots of the clause, adjacent to a slot used by the main verb when the finite verb is an auxiliary. In transitive clauses, the body-part noun occurs immediately after that slot. In intransitive and copulative clauses, it occurs immediately before the same slot, and here a phonologically determined subset of the body-part nouns are morphologically marked by tone shift as being externally possessed. These facts suggest that the possessum forms some kind of unit with the verb that is reminiscent of noun incorporation. In Dinka, the referent of virtually any noun can be conceived of a having a body part, and therefore virtually anything can be an external possessor: pronouns, animate nouns, and inanimate nouns, including abstract nouns.
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de Haan, Pieter. "Relative clauses in indefinite noun phrases1." English Studies 68, no. 2 (April 1987): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00138388708598504.
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Kapeliuk, Olga. "Notes on relative and correlative constructions in Gǝʿǝz." Aethiopica 6 (January 20, 2013): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.6.1.376.
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ዘሞትነ ንሕነ ወዘነገሥነ ንሕነ: The relative verb accompanied by its headnoun, forming a relative clause which functions as the equivalent of an adjective, is the normal construction in the Semitic languages. In Gǝʿǝz, however, it is the substantivized relative clause, in which the headnoun is missing, that is the most diversified in its function and probably statistically more frequent. These are the correlative clauses. They present some specific morpho-syntactic features; thus the feminine relative pronoun is not encountered in them and the number of the relative pronoun is consistently accorded with the putative headnoun. In the regular relative clauses the headnoun is a noun or an independent pronoun but also suffixed pronouns and whole sentences may be qualified by a relative clause. Nominal sentences are common as relative or correlative clauses. In case the predicate of the nominal clause is a substantive, a pronoun with copulative function is introduced preventing the confusion between the construction in question and a possessive complex with nota genetivi.
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AIKHENVALD, ALEXANDRA Y. "Versatile cases." Journal of Linguistics 44, no. 3 (October 16, 2008): 565–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222670800532x.
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Case markers are thought of primarily as nominal morphemes, indicating the function of a noun phrase in a clause. In a few languages of the world case markers also appear on verbal forms. Such ‘versatile’ cases can express (i) temporal, causal and other relationships between clauses, and (ii) aspectual and modal meanings within a clause. Core cases tend to express aspectual and modal meanings, while oblique cases tend to be used as clause-linkers. The recurrent semantic differences between case morphemes as nominal markers, as clause-linking devices, and as exponents of clausal categories are rooted in the inherent polyfunctionality of these ‘chameleon’ morphemes: the specific meaning of any instance is affected by the morphosyntactic context in which it occurs. The conclusions are corroborated by a case study of Manambu, a Papuan language with extensive use of cases on nouns and on verbs, as exponents of aspectual and modal meanings and as clause-linking devices.
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Shahriari, Hesamoddin, Farzaneh Shadloo, and Ahmad Ansarifar. "An Examination of Relative Clauses in Argumentative Essays Written by EFL Learners." Journal of Language and Education 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2411-7390-2018-4-4-77-87.
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Syntactic complexity has received a great deal of attention in the literature on second language writing. Relative clauses, which function as a kind of noun phrase post-modifier, are among those structures that are believed to contribute to the complexity of academic prose. These grammatical structures can pose difficulties for EFL writers even at higher levels of proficiency, and it is therefore important to determine the frequency and accuracy with which relative clauses are used by L2 learners since understanding learners’ strengths and weaknesses in using these structures can inform teachers on ways to improve the process of their instruction in the writing classroom. This paper reports on a corpus-based comparison of relative clauses in a number of argumentative essays written by native and non-native speakers of English. To this end, 30 argumentative essays were randomly selected from the Persian sub-corpus of the ICLE and the essays were analyzed with respect to the relative clauses found in them. The results were then compared to a comparable corpus of essays by native speakers. Different dimensions regarding the structure of relative clauses were investigated. The type of relative clause (restrictive/non-restrictive), the relativizer (adverbial/pronoun), the gap (subject/non-subject), and head nouns (both animate and non-animate) in our two sets of data were manually identified and coded. The findings revealed that the non-native writers tended to use a greater number of relative clauses compared to their native-speaker counterparts.
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Manus, Sophie. "prosody of Símákonde relative clauses." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 53 (January 1, 2010): 159–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.53.2010.397.
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Símákonde is an Eastern Bantu language (P23) spoken by immigrant Mozambican communities in Zanzibar and on the Tanzanian mainland. Like other Makonde dialects and other Eastern and Southern Bantu languages (Hyman 2009), it has lost the historical Proto-Bantu vowel length contrast and now has a regular phrase-final stress rule, which causes a predictable bimoraic lengthening of the penultimate syllable of every Prosodic Phrase. The study of the prosody / syntax interface in Símákonde Relative Clauses requires to take into account the following elements: the relationship between the head and the relative verb, the conjoint / disjoint verbal distinction and the various phrasing patterns of Noun Phrases. Within Símákonde noun phrases, depending on the nature of the modifier, three different phrasing situations are observed: a modifier or modifiers may (i) be required to phrase with the head noun, (ii) be required to phrase separately, or (iii) optionally phrase with the head noun.
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Shahriari, Hesamoddin, Farzaneh Shadloo, and Ahmad Ansarifar. "An Examination of Relative Clauses in Argumentative Essays Written by EFL Learners." Journal of Language and Education 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2411-7390-2018-4-4-87-97.
Full textAbstract:
Syntactic complexity has received a great deal of attention in the literature on second language writing. Relative clauses, which function as a kind of noun phrase post-modifier, are among those structures that are believed to increase the complexity of academic prose. This grammatical structure can pose difficulties for EFL writers even at higher levels of proficiency, and it is therefore important to determine the frequency and accuracy with which relative clauses are used by L2 learners; understanding learners’ strengths and weaknesses in using these structures can inform the process of their instruction in the writing classroom. This paper reports on a corpus-based comparison of relative clauses in a number of argumentative essays written by native and nonnative speakers of English. To this end, 30 argumentative essays were randomly selected from the Persian sub-corpus of the ICLE and the essays were analyzed with respect to the relative clauses found in them. The results were then compared to a comparable corpus of essays by native speakers. Different dimensions regarding the structure of relative clauses were investigated. The type of relative clause (restrictive/non-restrictive), the relativizer (adverbial/pronoun), the gap (subject/non-subject), and head nouns (both animate and non-animate) in our two sets of data were manually identified and coded. The Findings revealed that Iranian EFL writers tend to use a greater number of relative clauses compared to their native-speaker counterparts.
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Zerbian, Sabine. "relative clause and its tones in Tswana." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 53 (January 1, 2010): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.53.2010.400.
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The morpho-syntax of relative clauses in Sotho-Tswana is relatively well-described in the literature. Prosodic characteristics, such as tone, have received far less attention in the existing descriptions. After reviewing the basic morpho-syntactic and semantic features of relative clauses in Tswana, the current paper sets out to present and discuss prosodic aspects. These comprise tone specifications of relative clause markers such as the demonstrative pronoun that acts as the relative pronoun, relative agreement concords and the relative suffix. Further prosodic aspects dealt with in the current article are tone alternations at the juncture of relative pronoun and head noun, and finally the tone patterns of the finite verbs in the relative clause. The article aims at providing the descriptive basis from which to arrive at generalizations concerning the prosodic phrasing of relative clauses in Tswana.
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Desmet, Timothy, Marc Brysbaert, and Constantijn De Baecke. "The correspondence between sentence production and corpus frequencies in modifier attachment." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 55, no. 3 (August 2002): 879–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980143000604.
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We examined the production of relative clauses in sentences with a complex noun phrase containing two possible attachment sites for the relative clause (e.g., “Someone shot the servant of the actress who was on the balcony.”). On the basis of two corpus analyses and two sentence continuation tasks, we conclude that much research about this specific syntactic ambiguity has used complex noun phrases that are quite uncommon. These noun phrases involve the relationship between two humans and, at least in Dutch, induce a different attachment preference from noun phrases referring to non-human entities. We provide evidence that the use of this type of complex noun phrase may have distorted the conclusions about the processes underlying relative clause attachment. In addition, it is shown that, notwithstanding some notable differences between sentence production in the continuation task and in coherent text writing, there seems to be a remarkable correspondence between the attachment patterns obtained with both modes of production.
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Afrianto, Eva Tuckyta Sari Sujatna, Nani Darmayanti, Farida Ariyani, and Jessamine Cooke-Plagwitz. "Clause and predicative constituents in an Austronesian language: Lampung language." Topics in Linguistics 21, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/topling-2020-0010.
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Abstract This research is conducted qualitatively and aimed at patterning and describing clause and sentence structure in Lampung language through the configuration of its constituents. Regarding the constituents, Lampung has two types of clause: minor and major clauses. A minor clause is indicated by only one constituent, which is commonly a subject, predicate or adjunct. Regarding its function, it can be classified as vocative, shown by exclamation (Wuy!, Huy!); a greeting, as shown by an expression (tabikpun ngalam pukha); and an Arabic greeting (assalamualaikum). On the other hand, a major clause minimally consists of a subject and predicate, and apart from these there can also be an object, complement and adverbial. Furthermore, this research finds various categories that can act as predicative constituents: they are a verb/verbal phrase, adjective/adjective phrase, and noun/nominal phrase. Additionally, a copular verb (iyulah) and existential marker (wat) can also be the predicate. This research also reveals that in a sentence two or more clauses are connected by a conjunction, and then this conjunction becomes an indicator of dependent clauses. Also, a dependent clause can be found after the subject or the object of the independent clause.
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Ngonyani, Deo. "Evidence for head raising in Kiswahili relative clauses." Studies in African Linguistics 30, no. 1 (June 1, 2001): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v30i1.107362.
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The author presents evidence from Kiswahili supporting a head-raising analysis recently proposed in Kayne (1994) and Bianchi (1999), in which the relative clause is generated as a complement of the determiner. Three kinds of evidence are presented: (1) selectional relations between demonstratives and some relative clauses; (2) quantified noun phrase-pronoun binding, in which the bound pronoun appears inside the head of the relative clause while its binder is located in the relative clause; and (3) relativization of objects comprising part of idiomatic expressions. The evidence supports both the head-raising hypothesis and the determiner complementation hypothesis.
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Man, Lu, Jeroen van de Weijer, and Zhengguang Liu. "Nominalization and relativization in Tujia." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 42, no. 1 (June 14, 2019): 82–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.16021.man.
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Abstract This paper presents a preliminary investigation of nominalization and relativization in Tujia from a typological perspective. We show that there are several nominalizers in Tujia, only two of which are multifunctional: ɕi and ɲie. ɕi can function as a nominalizer, a relativizer, a complementizer, a converbal clause marker or a stance marker. ɲie can function as a genitive marker, a nominalizer, a relative clause marker, a non-relative attributive marker or a stance marker. Relative clauses in Tujia can be head internal and pre-nominal. The head internal relative clauses are marked by ɕi, while the pre-nominal relative clauses are marked by ɲie.1 We point out that ɲie manifests typical genitive-relative-nominalization syncretism, whereas ɕi manifests extended nominalization functions, both of which are widely attested in other Tibeto-Burman languages. We argue that ɕi originates from a general noun, of unknown etymology. The nominalizer ɲie originates from a genitive marker. These findings should prove useful to future typological or comparative research with respect to nominalization in Tibeto-Burman languages.
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Mazzoleni, Marco, and Paolo Scampa. "Come et ses propositions subordonnées en italien contemporain." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 46, no. 2 (December 31, 2011): 238–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.46.2.04maz.
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This paper describes the syntactic behaviour, the different possible semantic values and some pragma-textual functions of dependent clauses introduced by come in contemporary Italian. These clauses may occur as arguments of a predicative element (a verb, or a relational noun or adverbial element) or as sentence margins — i.e. adverbial clauses, in traditional terms: in the first case they are embedded as objective/subjective clauses or indirect wh-questions, with a modal meaning ; in the second case the subordinating conjunction come expresses an inter-clausal link between the two connected propositions, with a modal or “analogy” comparative meaning, but it may be also inferentially interpreted in a range of other values. Finally, at the discourse level these clauses may be used by the speaker to comment upon his/her utterance, and assume an inter- or intra(meta)-textual function.
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CHEN, JIDONG, and YASUHIRO SHIRAI. "The acquisition of relative clauses in spontaneous child speech in Mandarin Chinese." Journal of Child Language 42, no. 2 (March 20, 2014): 394–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000914000051.
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ABSTRACTThis study investigates the developmental trajectory of relative clauses (RCs) in Mandarin-learning children's speech. We analyze the spontaneous production of RCs by four monolingual Mandarin-learning children (0;11 to 3;5) and their input from a longitudinal naturalistic speech corpus (Min, 1994). The results reveal that in terms of the syntactic role of the head noun in the matrix clause, isolated noun phrase RCs dominate, followed by those that modify the subject or object of the matrix clauses and predicate nominal relatives. This pattern differs from those observed in English (Diessel & Tomasello, 2000), German (Brandt, Diessel & Tomasello, 2008), and Japanese (Ozeki & Shirai, 2007). Regarding the syntactic role of the head noun inside the RC (i.e. subject, object, or oblique relatives), the early RCs are dominated by object relatives. This pattern also differs from those observed in English and Japanese. We propose a multifactorial usage-based learning account for the developmental patterns.
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Майсак, Тимур Анатольевич. "PARTICIPIAL RELATIVE CLAUSES IN UDI FROM A CORPUS PERSPECTIVE." Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology, no. 2(28) (September 18, 2020): 46–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2020-2-46-65.
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В статье на материале текстов исследуются частотные характеристики определительных причастных клауз в удинском языке (лезгинская группа нахско-дагестанской семьи). В удинском имеются две формы причастий (перфективное и имперфективное); причастные обороты располагаются в препозиции к вершине, а само причастие занимает в клаузе конечную позицию. Как и в других нахско-дагестанских языках, удинские причастные клаузы являются близкими аналогами относительных предложений, однако допускают более широкий круг ассоциаций между вершинным именем и причастной клаузой, благодаря чему могут быть отнесены к выделяемому в литературе типу «обобщенных клаузальных конструкций, модицифирующих имя» (general noun-modifying clause constructions, GNMCCs). Основной задачей являлось изучение частотности различных типов ассоциаций между вершиной причастной клаузы и описываемой этой клаузой ситуацией (в терминах аргументов, адъюнктов или иных типов). Было рассмотрено около 1 тыс. употреблений причастных клауз в трех корпусах 2000-х гг. на ниджском диалекте – устном, переводном письменном (Евангелие от Луки) и оригинальном письменном (два сборника фольклорных текстов). Удинские данные были также сопоставлены с данными по частотности релятивизации, имеющимися для нескольких других нахско-дагестанских языков (арчинский, агульский, лезгинский и пр.). Были получены следующие основные выводы: в причастных клаузах непереходные глаголы, особенно глагол ‘быть’, используются чаще, чем переходные; подавляющее большинство употреблений (более 80%) приходится на релятивизацию одного из трех ядерных аргументов, причем непереходный субъект с большим отрывом опережает агенс и пациенс (то же отмечалось и для других нахско-дагестанских языков); удинский отличается от родственных языков преобладанием агенса над пациенсом по частоте релятивизации; частотность релятивизации неядерных аргументов и адъюнктов для удинского мала (менее пятой части употреблений) по сравнению с некоторыми из родственных языков; среди типов «неядерной» релятивизации наиболее значительное место занимает локативная и темпоральная; для удинского находит подтверждение высказывавшееся ранее суждение о том, что при наличии «расширенных» употреблений с несинтаксической ассоциацией между вершинным именем и причастной каузой их частотность крайне невысока. The paper presents quantitative data on the modifying participial clauses in Udi (Lezgic, Nakh-Daghestanian), based on text corpora. There are two participles in Udi, a perfective and an imperfective one; modifying participial clauses precede nominal heads, and the participle is clause-final within its clause. Like in other Nakh-Daghestanian languages, modifying participial clauses in Udi are close equivalents of relative clauses proper. However, as they allow a wider range of possible associations between a head noun and a clause, they can be rather assigned to what is known as general noun-modifying clause constructions (GNMCCs). The main goal of the paper is the analysis of frequencies of different associations between participial clauses and head nouns in terms of arguments, adjuncts or otherwise. In total, about 1,000 occurrences of participial clauses in the Nizh dialect of Udi were taken into account, drawn from three corpora: one spoken, one written comprising a translated text of the Gospel of Luke, and another written corpus comprising two collections of original folklore. The Udi data were compared to the data on relativization frequencies available for a few other Nakh-Daghestanian languages, including Agul, Archi, Lezgian, etc. The main generalizations which can be made from the counts are as follows. In participial clauses, intransitive predicates (especially the verb ‘be’) turned out to be more frequent than transitive ones. Relativization of the three core arguments S, A and P accounts for the vast majority of all occurrences (more than 80%), with the intransitive subject S by far outnumbering agent and patient (the same is true for the other languages of the family). Unlike in some other related languages, relativization of the agent is more frequent than that of the patient in Udi. Relativizations frequencies for peripheral arguments and adjuncts is small compared to some other languages of the family (less than one fifth of all occurrences). Among the non-core relativizations, the locative and the temporal ones are the most common. Also, the Udi data confirms the impression that although “extended” uses (i.e. non-syntactic associations) typical of GNMCCs are indeed attested, their frequency is very low.
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Flowerdew, John. "Use of signalling nouns across L1 and L2 writer corpora." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 15, no. 1 (March 22, 2010): 36–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.15.1.02flo.
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A signalling noun is the use of an abstract noun the full meaning (realisation) of which can only be made specific by reference to its linguistic context. Examples of nouns which can function as signalling nouns are attitude, consequence, difficulty, effect, process, reason and result. The realisation of a signalling noun may occur across clauses or within the clause. Using the ICLE Locness (L1 writers) corpus as a reference corpus and a learner English corpus written by Cantonese-speaking learners of English, this paper presents a comparison of the use of signalling nouns by these two L1 and L2 writer groups. Use of different functions, realisation patterns and selection and range of individual nouns are compared. In this way a profile is built up of the use of signalling nouns by the two target groups and areas for pedagogic intervention are identified.
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Prawinanto, Adityo, and Barli Bram. "ADJECTIVE AND NOUN CLAUSE LEXICAL DENSITY IN AN ENGLISH TEXTBOOK FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS." Getsempena English Education Journal 7, no. 2 (November 19, 2020): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46244/geej.v7i2.1019.
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This paper analyzed the lexical density of the adjective and noun clauses in an English textbook for senior high school students in Indonesia. It aimed to discover whether or not the textbook was suitable for the students in terms of lexical density. The researchers employed a content analysis approach to analyze data. There were 116 sentences, containing adjective and noun clauses, which were investigated. The researchers implemented the lexical density theory and the lexical density indicators to determine the average level of the lexical density measurements. Results showed that there were three lexical density levels found in those adjective and noun clauses. The three levels were low, medium, and high. The average level of the lexical density obtained from the adjective and noun clauses in the textbook was 47%, which was categorized as low lexical density. Thus, the researchers concluded that the English textbook for the tenth-grade students published by the Indonesian Government was appropriate for the students.
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Ito, Akihiro. "Japanese EFL Learners' Sensitivity to Configurational Distinction in English Relativization." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 131-132 (January 1, 2001): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.131-132.02ito.
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Abstract The present study investigated what determined the difficulty of English relative clauses. Grammatical relation, configuration and thematic role in relative clause structures were selected as variables determining the English relative clause difficulty. The results indicated that Japanese learners of English were more sensitive to configurational distinction than grammatical relation distinction and thematic distinction. Based on the research results, the recent treatment of Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy in second language acquisition re-search was criticized.
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Chaiyapho, Palida, and Wachiraporn Kijpoonphol. "THE EFFECT OF EXPLICIT INSTRUCTION BY USING PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES ON ACQUISITION OF NOUN CLAUSES." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i6.2018.1382.
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The aim of the study was to examine the effect of explicit instruction by using phrase structure rules on acquisition of noun clauses functioning as a subject, an object of a verb and an object of the preposition since they are considered a complex structure that poses difficulty for students learning English. The participants were one class of 12th grade students studying at a secondary school in Surin, Thailand. The instruments used to collect the data were a pretest and posttest and a semi-structured interview. There were 16 training sessions. Each session was conducted within the 50-minute class period. The results of the tests showed that the explicit instruction using phrase structure rules helped improve the participants’ knowledge of noun clauses and helped the participants acquire noun clauses. The results of the semi-structured interview revealed that the participants’ opinions toward the explicit instruction using phrase structures rules were mostly positive. Many of them said that phrase structure rules helped them understand the structures and functions of noun clauses, which also helped improve their reading skills.
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Dhakal, Dubi Nanda. "Nouns and noun phrase structure in Nubri." Gipan 4 (December 31, 2019): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gipan.v4i0.35455.
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This paper is a preliminary investigation of the nominal morphology and noun phrase structures of Nubri, a Tibetan variety spoken in the northern Gorkha. Nubri shares a number of inflectional and derivational features with Tibetan languages, such as Kyirong Tibetan. Like its close Tibetan varieties, a number of modifiers such as, genitive-marked nouns, demonstratives, relative clauses etc. precede the head nouns, whereas some other modifiers, such as article, emphatic marker, numerals etc. follow them in the noun phrase.
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Xu, Xiaodong, Meizhu Pan, Haoyun Dai, Hui Zhang, and Yiyi Lu. "How referential uncertainty is modulated by conjunctions: ERP evidence from advanced Chinese–English L2 learners and English L1 speakers." Second Language Research 35, no. 2 (February 8, 2018): 195–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658318756948.
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Conjunctions play a crucial role in the construction of a coherent mental representation by signaling coherence relations between clauses, especially for second language users. By using event-related potentials (ERPs), this study aimed to investigate how different conjunctions ( so, and, although, or a full stop) affect the interpretation of a following ambiguous pronoun for both native and non-native speakers, in sentences such as Lily disappointed Nina, so she …. ERP results showed that relative to so, and, and full stop sentences, the pronoun in although clauses elicited a larger Nref (sustained negativity) response in both native (L1) readers and second language (L2) readers, irrespective of whether the verb in the first clause biased towards a particular noun phrase (NP) referent. Moreover, larger Nrefs to pronouns were seen in L2 than L1 readers when clauses were connected by so, although or a full stop. Additionally, larger Nref responses were evoked by pronouns in NP2- than NP1-biased conditions when the clauses were connected by the conjunction so or when sentences contained no overt conjunctions ( full stop). These findings indicate that different conjunctions exert different modulating effects on resolving referential uncertainty/ambiguity. Relative to native speakers, non-native speakers are more likely to encounter referential uncertainty when the sentences are conjoined by conjunctions with more complex semantics.
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Weber, Elizabeth G. "The Bondei object pronoun in clefts and pseudo-clefts.pdf." Studies in African Linguistics 19, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): 233–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v19i2.107464.
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Verbs in Bondei, a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, have crossreferencing pronouns which agree in noun class with the subject and object of the clause. This paper will examine the distribution of the syntactic category object pronoun in four grammatical constructions: (a) basic affirmative declarative clauses; (b) relative clauses; (c) clefts; and (d) pseudo-clefts. In declarative and relative clauses, the presence of the object pronoun does not require a definite interpretation of the object noun; the absence of the object pronoun does not preclude a definite interpretation of the object noun. In both cleft and pseudo-cleft constructions, however, the object pronoun obligatorily functions to grammatically mark clef ted and pseudo-clef ted objects as definite. In the cleft constructions, the definiteness of the clef ted NP forces a contrastive interpretation. Thus, a judgement concerning the function of this grammatical construction with regard to contrastive function will be made on the basis of the distribution of the syntactic category object pronoun. possible to make the same judgment. Contrastive function is unambiguously signaled by the relative morphology on the verb of the pseudo-cleft. In this constuction, the object pronoun serves only to force a definite interpretation of the NP. In the pseudo-cleft constructions, it is not possible to make the same judgment. Contrastive function is unambiguously signaled by the relative morphology on the verb of the pseudo-cleft. In this constuction, the object pronoun serves only to force a definite interpretation of the NP.
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Tuhai, O. "THE STUDY OF COMPLEMENTARY COMPLEXES IN MODERN GRAMMAR SCHOOLS." Studia Philologica, no. 2 (2019): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-2425.2019.13.12.
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The article focuses on the basic theoretical approaches to the analysis of complementary complexes in modern grammar paradigms. The phenomenon of clausal complementation has been presented. Subordinate sentences are characterized as object clausal complements with the status of a core internal argument of the main predicate. Grammatical configuration and functioning of finite/infinitive complementary sentences in English have been revealed. Grammatical status of clauses under the study is postulated as object predication or the internal verbal complement in the function of an object. Grammatical indicators of finite sentences are analyzed considering specific that/wh- markers of complementation, semantics of matrix verbs as well as temporal tense-form feature in a verbal phrase. Grammatical configuration of infinitive sentences is denoted by to-/wh-markers and noun phrases in a certain case. Identifying criteria of verbal clausal complements have been distinguished. Morphology of the predicate, internal/external syntax of a complementary construction are grounded as leading features of their definition. Typology of verbal complementation in terms of transitivity, complement attachment to the perculia part of speech, functional communicative approach has been reviewed. General monotransitive, complex-transitive and ditransitive complementation has been outlined. When being attached to a particular language constituent a clause is determined as nominal, adjective or verbal complement. Due to communicative peculiarity finite subordinate clauses are positioned as content declarative, interrogative and exclamative.
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Guérois, Rozenn, and Denis Creissels. "The relative verb forms of Cuwabo (Bantu P34) as contextually oriented participles." Linguistics 58, no. 2 (April 26, 2020): 463–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0046.
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AbstractCuwabo (Bantu P34, Mozambique) illustrates a relativization strategy, also attested in some North-Western and Central Bantu languages, whose most salient characteristics are that: (a) the initial agreement slot of the verb form does not express agreement with the subject (as in independent clauses), but agreement with the head noun; (b) the initial agreement slot of the verb form does not express agreement in person and number-gender (or class), but only in number-gender; (c) when a noun phrase other than the subject is relativized, the noun phrase encoded as the subject in the corresponding independent clause occurs in post-verbal position and does not control any agreement mechanism. In this article, we show that, in spite of the similarity between the relative verb forms of Cuwabo and the corresponding independent verb forms, and the impossibility of isolating a morphological element analyzable as a participial formative, the relative verb forms of Cuwabo are participles, with the following two particularities: they exhibit full contextual orientation, and they assign a specific grammatical role to the initial subject, whose encoding in relative clauses coincides neither with that of subjects of independent verb forms, nor with that of adnominal possessors.
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Ito, Akihiro. "Japanese EFL Learners' Processing in English Relativization." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 133-134 (January 1, 2001): 325–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.133-134.07ito.
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Abstract The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of branching type (Factor 1) and grammatical function of noun phrase (NP) (factor 2) of English relative clauses on interlanguage performance among Japanese learners of English as a foreign language (EFL). The sentence combining test was administered to Japanese learners of English. Results indicated that both of the two factors significantly determine the difficulty of English relative clauses. Left-branching (center-embedded) relative clauses have a tendency to be more difficult than right-branching ones. Moreover, it is implied that subject-relative clauses are answered more accurately than object-relative clauses. These findings suggested that branching type and grammatical function of the noun phrase are complimentary determine the difficulty level of English relative clauses. The results implied the validity of KAWAUCHl's (1988) hypothesis that the difficulty order of relative clauses is as follows : OS > 00 > SS > SO. The results are also discussed with the recent theoretical frameworks in psycholinguistic research. The limitation of the present investigation and the directions of the further research are also discussed.
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Ambarita, Rosmita, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "INDONESIAN RELATIVE CLAUSES AND ITS SIMILARITIES IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 3, no. 6 (November 13, 2020): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v3i6.p722-729.
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This article discusses several points on the topic of Indonesian relative clauses and some foreign languages. The method used in this research is descriptive contrastive analysis. The focus is on finding some results from previous papers on how the languages share similarities and differences as well as how they differ with English. In this case it was found that Indonesian relative clauses are known as being distinctive and different from structured English counterparts. Meanwhile, there is a tendency that relative Indonesian clauses always use passive constructs to relate noun phrases or nouns in complex sentences. Keywords: Relative Clauses, Foreign Language
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Tamaredo, Iván. "Syntactic complexity and language contact: A corpus-based study of relative clauses in British English and Indian English." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 30 (December 15, 2017): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2017.30.06.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the present paper is to test the claim that contact simplifies language (cf. Kusters, 2008) by comparing the domain of relative clause formation in British English, a L1 variety, and Indian English, a L2 variety. According to Hawkins (1999), the processing cost of relativizing a noun phrase increases down the Accessibility Hierarchy (Subject > Direct Object> Indirect Object > Oblique > Genitive> Object of Comparison) proposed by Keenan and Comrie (1977). Subject relative clauses are thus easier to process than direct object relatives, and so on. The results of a corpus study of the British and Indian components of the International Corpus of English show that the Accessibility Hierarchy has an indirect effect on the production of relative clauses in British English and Indian English: whereas the distribution of relative clauses with respect to the hierarchy is very similar in both varieties, the number of complex relatives, i.e., with coordination or further embedding, decreases in the lower positions in Indian English. These results thus suggest that language contact plays a significant role in relative clause use and accounts for certain differences between L1 and L2 varieties of English in this grammatical domain.