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Moustgaard, Anette, Nanna Marie Lind, Ralf Hemmingsen, and Axel Kornerup Hansen. "Spontaneous Object Recognition in the Göttingen Minipig." Neural Plasticity 9, no. 4 (2002): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/np.2002.255.
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Göttingen minipigs were tested in an object recognition procedure based on spontaneous exploration. Eight pigs were exposed to two similar objects in a sample trial and after a one-hour delay exposed to two objects, one familiar and one novel, in a test trial. The pigs explored the novel object significantly more than the familiar object in the test trial (p<0.05), thereby showing recognition of the familiar object. Furthermore, habituation of exploration of the familiar object between the sample trial and the test trial was found (p<0.05). The procedure can be useful for testing of spontaneous trial-unique memory in pigs.
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Fry, Regan, Jeremy Wilmer, Isabella Xie, Mieke Verfaellie, and Joseph DeGutis. "Evidence for normal novel object recognition abilities in developmental prosopagnosia." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 9 (September 2020): 200988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200988.
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The issue of the face specificity of recognition deficits in developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is fundamental to the organization of high-level visual memory and has been increasingly debated in recent years. Previous DP investigations have found some evidence of object recognition impairments, but have almost exclusively used familiar objects (e.g. cars), where performance may depend on acquired object-specific experience and related visual expertise. An object recognition test not influenced by experience could provide a better, less contaminated measure of DPs' object recognition abilities. To investigate this, in the current study we tested 30 DPs and 30 matched controls on a novel object memory test (NOMT Ziggerins) and the Cambridge Face Memory Test (CFMT). DPs with severe impairment on the CFMT showed no differences in accuracy or reaction times compared with controls on the NOMT. We found similar results when comparing DPs with a larger sample of 274 web-based controls. Additional individual analyses demonstrated that the rate of object recognition impairment in DPs did not differ from the rate of impairment in either control group. Together, these results demonstrate unimpaired object recognition in DPs for a class of novel objects that serves as a powerful index for broader novel object recognition capacity.
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Weible, Aldis P., David C. Rowland, Raina Pang, and Clifford Kentros. "Neural Correlates of Novel Object and Novel Location Recognition Behavior in the Mouse Anterior Cingulate Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 4 (October 2009): 2055–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00214.2009.
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The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a component of the limbic system implicated in a wide variety of functions spanning motor and sensory information processing, memory, attention, novelty detection, and comparisons of expectation versus outcome. It remains unclear how much of this functional diversity stems from differences in methodology or interpretation versus truly reflecting the range of processes in which the ACC is involved. In the present study, ACC neuronal activity was examined in freely behaving mice (C57BL6/J) under conditions allowing investigation of many of the cited functions in conditions free from externally applied rules: tests of novel object and novel location recognition memory. Behavioral activity and neuronal activity were recorded first in the open field, during the initial exposure and subsequent familiarization to two identical objects, and finally during the recognition memory tests. No discernible stable firing correlates of ACC neurons were found in the open field, but the addition of objects led to lasting changes in the firing patterns of many ACC neurons around one or both of the object locations. During the novel location test, some neurons followed the familiar object to its new location, others fired exclusively where the object had been, and yet others fired to both current and former object locations. Many of these same features were observed during tests of object recognition memory. However, the magnitude of the neuronal preference for the novel or the familiar object was markedly greater than that observed during either the tests of location recognition or novel object preferences in animals that did not exhibit the expected behavior. The present study reveals, for the first time, single-neuron correlates of object and location recognition behaviors in the rodent ACC and suggests that neurons of the ACC provide a distributed representation of all of the salient features of a task.
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TIKHOMIROV, G. V., and V. N. GRIGORYEVA. "Visual object agnosia and novel landmarks agnosia in patients with acute supratentorial stroke." Practical medicine 18, no. 5 (2020): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32000/2072-1757-2020-5-163-168.
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The purpose — to estimate the frequency of visual general objects agnosia and novel landmarks agnosia in patients with acute ischemic stroke and to describe the clinical manifestations of these phenomena and association between them. Materil and methods. 75 patients with ischemic stroke were enrolled. Computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance scan to confirm the ischemic lesion, neurological, ophthalmological and neuropsychological examination were performed in all patients. Visual perception skills (gnosis) were measured by Birmingham Object Recognition Battery tests and authors’ Novel landmarks recognition test. Results. 8 out of 75 patients (10,7%) had visual agnosia documented by the neuropsychological testing, of these 3 patients had question-induced complaints («clinically evident» agnosia, group 1) and 5 patients had no complaints («clinically blurred» agnosia, group 2). 67 patients (89,3%) were not agnostic (group 3). The patients of the 1st and 2nd groups performed perception (gnosis) test significantly worse compared with those of the 3rd group while group 1 demonstrated significantly worse test results than group 2. A significant positive correlation was found between the results of Birmingham Object Recognition Battery tests and the Novel landmarks recognition test. Conclusion. General objects and landmarks recognition is impaired in 10,7% patients with acute ischemic hemispheric stroke. As a rule, general object agnosia is associated with landmark agnosia. Visual general objects and landmarks agnosia may be «clinically evident» verified by the patients’ question-induced complaints as well as by the results of neuropsychological testing, or «clinically blurred», verified only by testing. The test results were statistically significantly worse in «clinically evident» than in «clinically blurred» visual agnosia.
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Shimoda, Shota, Takaaki Ozawa, Yukio Ichitani, and Kazuo Yamada. "Long-term associative memory in rats: Effects of familiarization period in object-place-context recognition test." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): e0254570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254570.
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Spontaneous recognition tests, which utilize rodents’ innate tendency to explore novelty, can evaluate not only simple non-associative recognition memory but also more complex associative memory in animals. In the present study, we investigated whether the length of the object familiarization period (sample phase) improved subsequent novelty discrimination in the spontaneous object, place, and object-place-context (OPC) recognition tests in rats. In the OPC recognition test, rats showed a significant novelty preference only when the familiarization period was 30 min but not when it was 5 min or 15 min. In addition, repeated 30-min familiarization periods extended the significant novelty preference to 72 hours. However, the rats exhibited a successful discrimination between the stayed and replaced objects under 15 min and 30 min familiarization period conditions in the place recognition test and between the novel and familiar objects under all conditions of 5, 15 and 30 min in the object recognition test. Our results suggest that the extension of the familiarization period improves performance in the spontaneous recognition paradigms, and a longer familiarization period is necessary for long-term associative recognition memory than for non-associative memory.
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Smith, Cybelle M., and Kara D. Federmeier. "Neural Signatures of Learning Novel Object–Scene Associations." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 5 (May 2020): 783–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01530.
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Objects are perceived within rich visual contexts, and statistical associations may be exploited to facilitate their rapid recognition. Recent work using natural scene–object associations suggests that scenes can prime the visual form of associated objects, but it remains unknown whether this relies on an extended learning process. We asked participants to learn categorically structured associations between novel objects and scenes in a paired associate memory task while ERPs were recorded. In the test phase, scenes were first presented (2500 msec), followed by objects that matched or mismatched the scene; degree of contextual mismatch was manipulated along visual and categorical dimensions. Matching objects elicited a reduced N300 response, suggesting visuostructural priming based on recently formed associations. Amplitude of an extended positivity (onset ∼200 msec) was sensitive to visual distance between the presented object and the contextually associated target object, most likely indexing visual template matching. Results suggest recent associative memories may be rapidly recruited to facilitate object recognition in a top–down fashion, with clinical implications for populations with impairments in hippocampal-dependent memory and executive function.
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HANIM, NISFA, SALMAH WIDYASTUTI, ACHMAD ALFIYAN, MUHAMMAD AZHARI AKBAR, and BERRY JULIANDI. "Kompleksitas Obyek dan Running-Wheel Mempengaruhi Novel Object Recognition Test pada Mencit (Mus musculus)." Jurnal Sumberdaya Hayati 4, no. 1 (October 15, 2018): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jsdh.4.1.7-11.
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This research aimed to confirm the tendency of mice to novel object, effect of exercise (in running-wheel) toward memory of mice and to test tendency of mice in avoiding predator signal in novel object. Novel object recognition test (NORT) used to test the memory the day after acquisition phase (NORT I) and memory one week after exercise was given (running-wheel) (NORT II). The result showed that there was no tendency of mice in exploring toward novel object in both NORT I and NORT II. This might happen because the complexity of familiar object higher than novel object, so the familiar object could accommodate more activities. Exercise using running-wheel in mice had an effect on memory, it could be seen in decreasing duration of object exploration time from NORT I to NORT II. There was no tendency in avoiding predator’s signal on novel object which was attached by urine addition (odor signal).
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Antunes, M., and G. Biala. "The novel object recognition memory: neurobiology, test procedure, and its modifications." Cognitive Processing 13, no. 2 (December 9, 2011): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10339-011-0430-z.
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Matsumoto, Jumpei, Takashi Uehara, Susumu Urakawa, Yusaku Takamura, Tomiki Sumiyoshi, Michio Suzuki, Taketoshi Ono, and Hisao Nishijo. "3D video analysis of the novel object recognition test in rats." Behavioural Brain Research 272 (October 2014): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.047.
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Hamilton, Trevor J., Martin Tresguerres, and David I. Kline. "Dopamine D1 receptor activation leads to object recognition memory in a coral reef fish." Biology Letters 13, no. 7 (July 2017): 20170183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0183.
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Object recognition memory is the ability to identify previously seen objects and is an adaptive mechanism that increases survival for many species throughout the animal kingdom. Previously believed to be possessed by only the highest order mammals, it is now becoming clear that fish are also capable of this type of memory formation. Similar to the mammalian hippocampus, the dorsolateral pallium regulates distinct memory processes and is modulated by neurotransmitters such as dopamine. Caribbean bicolour damselfish ( Stegastes partitus ) live in complex environments dominated by coral reef structures and thus likely possess many types of complex memory abilities including object recognition. This study used a novel object recognition test in which fish were first presented two identical objects, then after a retention interval of 10 min with no objects, the fish were presented with a novel object and one of the objects they had previously encountered in the first trial. We demonstrate that the dopamine D 1 -receptor agonist (SKF 38393) induces the formation of object recognition memories in these fish. Thus, our results suggest that dopamine-receptor mediated enhancement of spatial memory formation in fish represents an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in vertebrates.
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Famitafreshi, Hamidreza, and Morteza Karimian. "Social State Influences Memory in Novel Object Recognition Test Through Oxidative Stress Balance in Male Rats." Open Pharmacology Journal 8, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874143601808010001.
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Objective:Social isolation is associated with adverse effects on brain functions. According to previous studies, the reduction of oxidative stress improves cognitive functions. Memory performance is dependent on hippocampus and prefrontal function. The aim of this study is to show that impairment of memory in object recognition test in isolation state is accompanied by deregulation of oxidative stress balance in related areas.Methods and Materials:In this study, 14 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups as follows: social and isolation. Socialization and isolation plus one week of acclimatization occurred for fourteen days. At the end of the study, after performing behavioral test, (novel object recognition test) rats were anesthetized and sacrificed. After preparation of tissues in controlled condition, oxidative stress status in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex for Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione and nitrite/nitrate was assessed.Results:MDA in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex was higher in isolated rats compared to social rats. Glutathione and nitrite/nitrate in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were lower in isolated rats compared to social rats. Memory performance in novel object recognition test both in short term and long term was better in social rats.Conclusion:Memory performance in novel object recognition test is influenced by social and oxidative stress status. So improving memory is possible through socialization and improvement of antioxidant status.
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LaTourrette, Alexander S., and Sandra R. Waxman. "Naming guides how 12-month-old infants encode and remember objects." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 35 (August 17, 2020): 21230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006608117.
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A foundation of human cognition is the flexibility with which we can represent any object as either a unique individual (my dog Fred) or a member of an object category (dog, animal). This conceptual flexibility is supported by language; the way we name an object is instrumental to our construal of that object as an individual or a category member. Evidence from a new recognition memory task reveals that infants are sensitive to this principled link between naming and object representation by age 12 mo. During training, all infants (n= 77) viewed four distinct objects from the same object category, each introduced in conjunction with either the same novel noun (Consistent Name condition), a distinct novel noun for each object (Distinct Names condition), or the same sine-wave tone sequence (Consistent Tone condition). At test, infants saw each training object again, presented in silence along with a new object from the same category. Infants in the Consistent Name condition showed poor recognition memory at test, suggesting that consistently applied names focused them primarily on commonalities among the named objects at the expense of distinctions among them. Infants in the Distinct Names condition recognized three of the four objects, suggesting that applying distinct names enhanced infants’ encoding of the distinctions among the objects. Infants in the control Consistent Tone condition recognized only the object they had most recently seen. Thus, even for infants just beginning to speak their first words, the way in which an object is named guides infants’ encoding, representation, and memory for that object.
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Schacter, Daniel L., Lynn A. Cooper, Mindy Tharan, and Alan B. Rubens. "Preserved Priming of Novel Objects in Patients with Memory Disorders." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 3, no. 2 (April 1991): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1991.3.2.117.
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Amnesic patients perform poorly on explicit memory tests that require conscious recollection of recent experiences, but frequently show preserved facilitations of performance or priming effects on implicit memory tasks that do not require conscious recollection. We examined implicit memory for novel visual objects on an object decision test in which subjects decide whether structurally possible and impossible objects could exist in three-dimensional form. Patients with organic memory disorders showed robust priming effects on this task---object decision accuracy was higher for previously studied objects than for nonstudied objects---and the magnitude of priming did not differ from matched control subjects or college students. However, patients showed impaired explicit memory for novel visual objects on a recognition test. We argue that priming is mediated by the structural description system, a subsystem of the perceptual representation system, that operates at a presemantic level and is preserved in amnesic patients.
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Liu, Taosheng. "Learning Sequence of Views of Three-Dimensional Objects: The Effect of Temporal Coherence on Object Memory." Perception 36, no. 9 (September 2007): 1320–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5778.
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How humans recognize objects remains a contentious issue in current research on high-level vision. Here, I test the proposal by Wallis and Bülthoff (1999 Trends in Cognitive Sciences3 22–31) suggesting that object representations can be learned through temporal association of multiple views of the same object. Participants first studied image sequences of novel, three-dimensional objects in a study block. On each trial, the images were from either an orderly sequence of depth-rotated views of the same object (SS), a scrambled sequence of those views (SR), or a sequence of different objects (RR). Recognition memory was assessed in a following test block. A within-object advantage was consistently observed—greater accuracy in the SR than the RR condition in all four experiments, greater accuracy in the SS than the RR condition in two experiments. Furthermore, spatiotemporal coherence did not produce better recognition than temporal coherence alone (similar or less accuracy in the SS compared to the SR condition). These results suggest that the visual system can use temporal regularity to build invariant object representations, via the temporal-association mechanism.
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Draschkow, Dejan, Saliha Reinecke, Corbin A. Cunningham, and Melissa L.-H. Võ. "The lower bounds of massive memory: Investigating memory for object details after incidental encoding." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 5 (June 28, 2018): 1176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818783722.
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Visual long-term memory capacity appears massive and detailed when probed explicitly. In the real world, however, memories are usually built from chance encounters. Therefore, we investigated the capacity and detail of incidental memory in a novel encoding task, instructing participants to detect visually distorted objects among intact objects. In a subsequent surprise recognition memory test, lures of a novel category, another exemplar, the same object in a different state, or exactly the same object were presented. Lure recognition performance was above chance, suggesting that incidental encoding resulted in reliable memory formation. Critically, performance for state lures was worse than for exemplars, which was driven by a greater similarity of state as opposed to exemplar foils to the original objects. Our results indicate that incidentally generated visual long-term memory representations of isolated objects are more limited in detail than recently suggested.
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Soukup, Daniel, and Ivan Bajla. "Robust Object Recognition under Partial Occlusions Using NMF." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2008 (2008): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/857453.
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In recent years, nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) methods of a reduced image data representation attracted the attention of computer vision community. These methods are considered as a convenient part-based representation of image data for recognition tasks with occluded objects. A novel modification in NMF recognition tasks is proposed which utilizes the matrix sparseness control introduced by Hoyer. We have analyzed the influence of sparseness on recognition rates (RRs) for various dimensions of subspaces generated for two image databases, ORL face database, and USPS handwritten digit database. We have studied the behavior of four types of distances between a projected unknown image object and feature vectors in NMF subspaces generated for training data. One of these metrics also is a novelty we proposed. In the recognition phase, partial occlusions in the test images have been modeled by putting two randomly large, randomly positioned black rectangles into each test image.
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Yang, Kaichen, Tzungyu Tsai, Honggang Yu, Tsung-Yi Ho, and Yier Jin. "Beyond Digital Domain: Fooling Deep Learning Based Recognition System in Physical World." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 01 (April 3, 2020): 1088–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i01.5459.
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Adversarial examples that can fool deep neural network (DNN) models in computer vision present a growing threat. The current methods of launching adversarial attacks concentrate on attacking image classifiers by adding noise to digital inputs. The problem of attacking object detection models and adversarial attacks in physical world are rarely touched. Some prior works are proposed to launch physical adversarial attack against object detection models, but limited by certain aspects. In this paper, we propose a novel physical adversarial attack targeting object detection models. Instead of simply printing images, we manufacture real metal objects that could achieve the adversarial effect. In both indoor and outdoor experiments we show our physical adversarial objects can fool widely applied object detection models including SSD, YOLO and Faster R-CNN in various environments. We also test our attack in a variety of commercial platforms for object detection and demonstrate that our attack is still valid on these platforms. Consider the potential defense mechanisms our adversarial objects may encounter, we conduct a series of experiments to evaluate the effect of existing defense methods on our physical attack.
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GHOSH, ANARTA, and NICOLAI PETKOV. "EFFECT OF HIGH CURVATURE POINT DELETION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF TWO CONTOUR BASED SHAPE RECOGNITION ALGORITHMS." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 20, no. 06 (September 2006): 913–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001406005046.
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Psychophysical researches on the human visual system have shown that the points of high curvature on the contour of an object play an important role in the recognition process. Inspired by these studies we propose: (i) a novel algorithm to select points of high curvature on the contour of an object which can be used to construct a recognizable polygonal approximation, (ii) a test which evaluates the effect of deletion of contour segments containing such points on the performance of contour based object recognition algorithms. We use complete contour representations of objects as a reference (training) set. Incomplete contour representations of the same objects are used as a test set. The performance of an algorithm is reported using the recognition rate as a function of the percentage of contour retained. We consider two types of contour incompleteness obtained by deletion of contour segments of high or low curvature. We illustrate the test procedure using two shape recognition algorithms that deploy a shape context and a distance multiset as local shape descriptors. Both algorithms qualitatively mimic human visual perception in that the deletion of segments of high curvature has a stronger performance degradation effect than the deletion of other parts of the contour. This effect is more pronounced in the performance of the shape context method.
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Aggleton, John P., and Andrew J. D. Nelson. "Distributed interactive brain circuits for object-in-place memory: A place for time?" Brain and Neuroscience Advances 4 (January 2020): 239821282093347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2398212820933471.
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Rodents will spontaneously learn the location of an individual object, an ability captured by the object-in-place test. This review considers the network of structures supporting this behavioural test, as well as some potential confounds that may affect interpretation. A hierarchical approach is adopted, as we first consider those brain regions necessary for two simpler, ‘precursor’ tests (object recognition and object location). It is evident that performing the object-in-place test requires an array of areas additional to those required for object recognition or object location. These additional areas include the rodent medial prefrontal cortex and two thalamic nuclei (nucleus reuniens and the medial dorsal nucleus), both densely interconnected with prefrontal areas. Consequently, despite the need for object and location information to be integrated for the object-in-place test, for example, via the hippocampus, other contributions are necessary. These contributions stem from how object-in-place is a test of associative recognition, as none of the individual elements in the test phase are novel. Parallels between the structures required for object-in-place and for recency discriminations, along with a re-examination of the demands of the object-in-place test, signal the integration of temporal information within what is usually regarded as a spatial-object test.
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Clarke, Alex, Kirsten I. Taylor, and Lorraine K. Tyler. "The Evolution of Meaning: Spatio-temporal Dynamics of Visual Object Recognition." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 8 (August 2011): 1887–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21544.
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Research on the spatio-temporal dynamics of visual object recognition suggests a recurrent, interactive model whereby an initial feedforward sweep through the ventral stream to prefrontal cortex is followed by recurrent interactions. However, critical questions remain regarding the factors that mediate the degree of recurrent interactions necessary for meaningful object recognition. The novel prediction we test here is that recurrent interactivity is driven by increasing semantic integration demands as defined by the complexity of semantic information required by the task and driven by the stimuli. To test this prediction, we recorded magnetoencephalography data while participants named living and nonliving objects during two naming tasks. We found that the spatio-temporal dynamics of neural activity were modulated by the level of semantic integration required. Specifically, source reconstructed time courses and phase synchronization measures showed increased recurrent interactions as a function of semantic integration demands. These findings demonstrate that the cortical dynamics of object processing are modulated by the complexity of semantic information required from the visual input.
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Rajagopal, Lakshmi, Bill Massey, Mei Huang, Yoshihiro Oyamada, and Herbert Meltzer. "The Novel Object Recognition Test in Rodents in Relation to Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia." Current Pharmaceutical Design 20, no. 31 (August 31, 2014): 5104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612819666131216114240.
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Lucon-Xiccato, Tyrone, and Marco Dadda. "Guppies Show Behavioural but Not Cognitive Sex Differences in a Novel Object Recognition Test." PLOS ONE 11, no. 6 (June 15, 2016): e0156589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156589.
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Nakamichi, Noritaka, Shunsuke Nakao, Misa Nishiyama, Yuka Takeda, Takahiro Ishimoto, Yusuke Masuo, Satoshi Matsumoto, Makoto Suzuki, and Yukio Kato. "Oral Administration of the Food-Derived Hydrophilic Antioxidant Ergothioneine Enhances Object Recognition Memory in Mice." Current Molecular Pharmacology 14, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 220–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874467213666200212102710.
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Background: The enhancement of learning and memory through food-derived ingredients is of great interest to healthy individuals as well as those with diseases. Ergothioneine (ERGO) is a hydrophilic antioxidant highly contained in edible golden oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus), and systemically absorbed by its specific transporter, carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4. Objective: This study aims to examine the possible enhancement of object recognition memory by oral administration of ERGO in normal mice. Method: Novel object recognition test, spatial recognition test, LC-MS/MS, Golgi staining, neuronal culture, western blotting, immunocytochemistry, and quantitative RT-PCR were utilized. Result: After oral administration of ERGO (at a dose of 1–50 mg/kg) three times per week for two weeks in ICR mice, the novel object recognition test revealed a longer exploration time for the novel object than for the familiar object. Oral administration of ERGO also revealed a longer exploration time for the moved object in the spatial recognition test in mice fed ERGO-free diet. The discrimination index was significantly higher in the ERGO-treated group than the control in both behavioral tests. ERGO administration led to an increase in its concentration in the plasma and hippocampus. The systemic concentration reached was relevant to those found in humans after oral ERGO administration. Golgi staining revealed that ERGO administration increased the number of matured spines in the hippocampus. Exposure of cultured hippocampal neurons to ERGO elevated the expression of the synapse formation marker, synapsin I. This elevation of synapsin I was inhibited by the tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitor, K252a. Treatment with ERGO also increased the expression of neurotrophin-3 and -5, and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin in hippocampal neurons. Conclusion: Oral intake of ERGO which provides its plasma concentration achievable in humans may enhance object recognition memory, and this enhancement effect could occur, at least in part, through the promotion of neuronal maturation in the hippocampus.
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Wang, Panqu, Isabel Gauthier, and Garrison Cottrell. "Are Face and Object Recognition Independent? A Neurocomputational Modeling Exploration." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no. 4 (April 2016): 558–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00919.
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Are face and object recognition abilities independent? Although it is commonly believed that they are, Gauthier et al. [Gauthier, I., McGugin, R. W., Richler, J. J., Herzmann, G., Speegle, M., & VanGulick, A. E. Experience moderates overlap between object and face recognition, suggesting a common ability. Journal of Vision, 14, 7, 2014] recently showed that these abilities become more correlated as experience with nonface categories increases. They argued that there is a single underlying visual ability, v, that is expressed in performance with both face and nonface categories as experience grows. Using the Cambridge Face Memory Test and the Vanderbilt Expertise Test, they showed that the shared variance between Cambridge Face Memory Test and Vanderbilt Expertise Test performance increases monotonically as experience increases. Here, we address why a shared resource across different visual domains does not lead to competition and to an inverse correlation in abilities? We explain this conundrum using our neurocomputational model of face and object processing [“The Model”, TM, Cottrell, G. W., & Hsiao, J. H. Neurocomputational models of face processing. In A. J. Calder, G. Rhodes, M. Johnson, & J. Haxby (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of face perception. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2011]. We model the domain general ability v as the available computational resources (number of hidden units) in the mapping from input to label and experience as the frequency of individual exemplars in an object category appearing during network training. Our results show that, as in the behavioral data, the correlation between subordinate level face and object recognition accuracy increases as experience grows. We suggest that different domains do not compete for resources because the relevant features are shared between faces and objects. The essential power of experience is to generate a “spreading transform” for faces (separating them in representational space) that generalizes to objects that must be individuated. Interestingly, when the task of the network is basic level categorization, no increase in the correlation between domains is observed. Hence, our model predicts that it is the type of experience that matters and that the source of the correlation is in the fusiform face area, rather than in cortical areas that subserve basic level categorization. This result is consistent with our previous modeling elucidating why the FFA is recruited for novel domains of expertise [Tong, M. H., Joyce, C. A., & Cottrell, G. W. Why is the fusiform face area recruited for novel categories of expertise? A neurocomputational investigation. Brain Research, 1202, 14–24, 2008].
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Corgan, Megan E., Temple Grandin, and Sarah Matlock. "6 Evaluating the recognition of a large rotated object in domestic horses (equus caballus)." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.002.
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Abstract It is dangerous for both riders and horses when the horse suddenly startles. Sometimes horses do this in a familiar environment, with a possible cause being that familiar objects may look different when they are rotated. The purpose of this study was to determine if a horse that had been habituated to a large object (children’s plastic playset) would perceive the object as novel when the object was rotated 90 degrees. Twenty-four young horses were habituated to one side of the playset and led 15 times by a handler until they showed no behavioral reactions. The behavioral signs observed and analyzed were ears focused on the object, nostril flares, neck raising, obvious exhale, avoid by leaning away, and avoid by moving side. The most common reactions observed were ears focused on the object, nostril flares and neck raising. Reactions were mild, because the horses used were safe to lead and all procedures were done at a walk. When the playset was rotated, the behavioral signs observed were similar to behaviors shown on the first exposure to the playset. An unpaired two-sample Wilcoxon test was performed on the behavioral signs, comparing the number of behavioral signs present on pass 1 compared to pass 16 (rotated). There was a significant difference between the control and rotated group (W = 9.5, P = 0.001572, P < 0.05). Horses previously habituated to a large object perceived the rotated object as novel. Horse safety can possibly be improved by habituating a horse to all sides of a novel object.
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Leek, E. Charles, Irene Reppa, Elly Rodriguez, and Martin Arguin. "Surface but not volumetric part structure mediates three-dimensional shape representation: Evidence from part–whole priming." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62, no. 4 (April 2009): 814–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210802303826.
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The decomposition of three-dimensional (3-D) objects into shape primitives consisting of geometric volumes is a key proposal of some theories of object recognition. It implicitly assumes that recognition involves volumetric completion—the derivation of a three-dimensional structure that comprises inferred shape properties, such as surfaces, that are not directly visible due to self-occlusion. The goal of this study was to test this claim. In Experiment 1 participants memorized novel objects and then discriminated these from previously unseen objects. Targets were preceded by primes containing a subset of object surfaces that either matched those visible in the whole objects or that could only be inferred through volumetric completion. The results showed performance benefits through priming from visible surfaces but not from inferred surfaces. In Experiment 2, we found equivalent priming for part-primes containing two visible surfaces from the same volumetric part and for primes containing one surface from each of two volumes. These results challenge the view that 3-D object recognition is mediated by shape primitives comprising geometric volumes. Instead, the results support an alternative model that proposes that 3-D shapes are represented as a non-volumetric surface-based structural description.
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Gozal, David, Abdelnaby Khalyfa, Zhuanghong Qiao, Isaac Almendros, and Ramon Farré. "Temporal trajectories of novel object recognition performance in mice exposed to intermittent hypoxia." European Respiratory Journal 50, no. 6 (December 2017): 1701456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01456-2017.
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Intermittent hypoxia is one of the major perturbations of sleep-disordered breathing and has been causally implicated in neurocognitive deficits. However, the reversibility of such deficits is unclear.Male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to either intermittent hypoxia or room air for 3–240 days, and then half were randomly selected and allowed to recover in normoxic conditions for the same duration of the previous exposure. A novel object recognition (NOR) test was performed.NOR performance was stable over time in room air. Intermittent hypoxia induced significant reductions in recognition index that progressed over the first 45 days and stabilised thereafter. Normoxic recovery of recognition index was essentially complete and indistinguishable from room air in mice exposed to shorter intermittent hypoxia times (<90 days). However, significant residual deficits emerged after normoxic recovery following prolonged intermittent hypoxia exposures (p<0.01). In addition, gradual attenuation of the magnitude of recovery in recognition index occurred with increasingly longer intermittent hypoxia exposures (MANOVA p<0.0001).Intermittent hypoxia during the resting period reduces NOR performance in a time-dependent fashion. Reversal of NOR performance deficits is unlikely after prolonged intermittent hypoxia duration. These findings suggest that early recognition of sleep apnoea and effective treatment are critical for restoration of the adverse cognitive effects of the disease.
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Mel, Bartlett W. "SEEMORE: Combining Color, Shape, and Texture Histogramming in a Neurally Inspired Approach to Visual Object Recognition." Neural Computation 9, no. 4 (May 1, 1997): 777–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1997.9.4.777.
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Severe architectural and timing constraints within the primate visual system support the conjecture that the early phase of object recognition in the brain is based on a feedforward feature-extraction hierarchy. To assess the plausibility of this conjecture in an engineering context, a difficult three-dimensional object recognition domain was developed to challenge a pure feedforward, receptive-field based recognition model called SEEMORE. SEEMORE is based on 102 viewpoint-invariant nonlinear filters that as a group are sensitive to contour, texture, and color cues. The visual domain consists of 100 real objects of many different types, including rigid (shovel), nonrigid (telephone cord), and statistical (maple leaf cluster) objects and photographs of complex scenes. Objects were in dividually presented in color video images under normal room lighting conditions. Based on 12 to 36 training views, SEEMORE was required to recognize unnormalized test views of objects that could vary in position, orientation in the image plane and in depth, and scale (factor of 2); for non rigid objects, recognition was also tested under gross shape deformations. Correct classification performance on a test set consisting of 600 novel object views was 97 percent (chance was 1 percent) and was comparable for the subset of 15 nonrigid objects. Performance was also measured under a variety of image degradation conditions, including partial occlusion, limited clutter, color shift, and additive noise. Generalization behavior and classification errors illustrate the emergence of several striking natural shape categories that are not explicitly encoded in the dimensions of the feature space. It is concluded that in the light of the vast hardware resources available in the ventral stream of the primate visual system relative to those exercised here, the appealingly simple feature-space conjecture remains worthy of serious consideration as a neurobiological model.
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Anderson, Matthew J., Gary W. Barnes, James F. Briggs, Katie M. Ashton, Erik W. Moody, Robin L. Joynes, and David C. Riccio. "Effects of Ontogeny on Performance of Rats in a Novel Object-Recognition Task." Psychological Reports 94, no. 2 (April 2004): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.94.2.437-443.
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The current experiment investigated ontogenetic forgetting on a novel object-recognition task similar to that of Besheer and Bevins. 18-day-old pups ( n = 49) and adult ( n = 29) rats were tested at two retention intervals (1 min. or 120 min.). By employing exclusion criteria which demanded minimum amounts of object exploration at training and test, the performance of 18-day-old pups but not that of adults was significantly impaired at 120 min. relative to 1 min. Analysis indicated that the ontogeny of the learning and memory measured in novel object recognition follows a developmental trend similar to that of other forms of learning, with older animals remembering more and thus performing better than younger animals. Unfortunately, given the extreme variability inherent to the task and large N necessary to achieve significance, the use of this task in studies of learning, memory, and development is discouraged.
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Hilton, H. J., and L. A. Cooper. "Structural Representations of Objects: Invariance over a Shape-Distorting Transformation." Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (August 1996): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l1101.
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Object perception seems robust over changes in properties such as rotation, reflection, and size. Such changes, however, are shape preserving. To investigate the effect of changes that disrupt overall shape yet keep the global relations among the parts intact, a set of objects was scaled by 50% along just the x-axis. Compression or expansion along a single axis markedly affects the overall shape of an object but leaves the global relations among the parts intact. In an initial encoding phase, subjects viewed images of symmetric and asymmetric three-dimensional nonsense objects and determined whether each faced principally to the left or right. We have previously found that such judgments require subjects to process the objects as global three-dimensional forms. In a subsequent test phase, subjects judged whether a set of both studied and novel objects were symmetric or asymmetric. Half of the studied items were either compressed or expanded along the x-axis in the test presentation. The magnitude of priming was equivalent for the transformed and the untransformed objects. In a second experiment, subjects performed the same initial left/right encoding task followed by a recognition test that assessed explicit memory for the previously presented objects. Although subjects were instructed to disregard changes in scale, recognition performance was reliably better for the untransformed objects. These results support the role of a structural representation system that captures the global relations among the parts and the principal axis of an object and an episodic system which also encodes features of shape.
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Bruzzone, Matteo, Elia Gatto, Tyrone Lucon Xiccato, Luisa Dalla Valle, Camilla Maria Fontana, Giacomo Meneghetti, and Angelo Bisazza. "Measuring recognition memory in zebrafish larvae: issues and limitations." PeerJ 8 (April 27, 2020): e8890. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8890.
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Recognition memory is the capacity to recognize previously encountered objects, events or places. This ability is crucial for many fitness-related activities, and it appears very early in the development of several species. In the laboratory, recognition memory is most often investigated using the novel object recognition test (NORt), which exploits the tendency of most vertebrates to explore novel objects over familiar ones. Despite that the use of larval zebrafish is rapidly increasing in research on brain, cognition and neuropathologies, it is unknown whether larvae possess recognition memory and whether the NORt can be used to assess it. Here, we tested a NOR procedure in zebrafish larvae of 7-, 14- and 21-days post-fertilization (dpf) to investigate when recognition memory first appears during ontogeny. Overall, we found that larvae explored a novel stimulus longer than a familiar one. This response was fully significant only for 14-dpf larvae. A control experiment evidenced that larvae become neophobic at 21-dpf, which may explain the poor performance at this age. The preference for the novel stimulus was also affected by the type of stimulus, being significant with tri-dimensional objects varying in shape and bi-dimensional geometrical figures but not with objects differing in colour. Further analyses suggest that lack of effect for objects with different colours was due to spontaneous preference for one colour. This study highlights the presence of recognition memory in zebrafish larvae but also revealed non-cognitive factors that may hinder the application of NORt paradigms in the early developmental stages of zebrafish.
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Wirasto, Ronny T., Irwan Supriyanto, Arif Prassetyo, Nunu N. Madjid, Susini R. Sari, Baiq R. Rhadiana, Heru Yulianto, Nur Arfian, and Nyoman Kertia. "Impulsivity and novel object recognition test of rat model for vascular cognitive impairment after antipsychotics treatment." Journal of thee Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) 48, no. 03 (August 2, 2016): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.19106/jmedsci004803201604.
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Janczura, Karolina J., Rafal T. Olszewski, Tomasz Bzdega, Dean J. Bacich, Warren D. Heston, and Joseph H. Neale. "NAAG peptidase inhibitors and deletion of NAAG peptidase gene enhance memory in novel object recognition test." European Journal of Pharmacology 701, no. 1-3 (February 2013): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.027.
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Mascalzoni, Elena, Daniel Osorio, Lucia Regolin, and Giorgio Vallortigara. "Symmetry perception by poultry chicks and its implications for three-dimensional object recognition." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1730 (September 14, 2011): 841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1486.
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Bilateral symmetry is visually salient to diverse animals including birds, but whereas experimental studies typically use bilaterally symmetrical two-dimensional patterns that are viewed approximately fronto-parallel; in nature, animals observe three-dimensional objects from all angles. Many animals and plant structures have a plane of bilateral symmetry. Here, we first (experiment I) give evidence that young poultry chicks readily generalize bilateral symmetry as a feature of two-dimensional patterns in fronto-parallel view. We then test the ability of chicks to recognize symmetry in images that would be produced by the transformed view produced by a 40° horizontal combined with a 20° vertical rotation of a pattern on a spherical surface. Experiment II gives evidence that chicks trained to distinguish symmetrical from asymmetrical patterns treat rotated views of symmetrical ‘objects’ as symmetrical. Experiment III gives evidence that chicks trained to discriminate rotated views of symmetrical ‘objects’ from asymmetrical patterns generalize to novel symmetrical objects either in fronto-parallel or rotated view. These findings emphasize the importance of bilateral symmetry for three-dimensional object recognition and raise questions about the underlying mechanisms of symmetry perception.
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Li, Xin Fu, Bo Liu, and Xue Dong Tian. "Research on Automatic Recognition of Separable Words in Modern Chinese." Applied Mechanics and Materials 670-671 (October 2014): 1493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.670-671.1493.
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Separable words have important applications in many fields such as Chinese information processing, Chinese-English translation, teaching Chinese as a foreign language. There are about five thousand separable words distribute in the corpus of Chinese, and the word frequency is greater in the novel, so the study on identification of separable words is significant. This paper selects the higher discrete frequency of verb-object separable words as the object of the study, by examining the manifestation of extended components in different separable words and giving summary and detailed classification of the extended components on the large-scale corpus, a new approach is designed based on the words segmentation and the structure type of extended component. According to the experiments of identification mark to separable words of verb-object type, the average recall is 89.54% and the average precision is 87.43% in open test. The experimental results show that the method is effective.
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Mubashra Salim, Mubashra Salim, Maria Shahzeen Maria Shahzeen, Maryam Nasir Khan Maryam Nasir Khan, Rimsha Tariq Rimsha Tariq, Gul Muhammad Gul Muhammad, Ghulam Shabbir Ghulam Shabbir, Laraib Nisar Laraib Nisar, and Muhammad Naeem Ashiq and Furhan Iqbal Muhammad Naeem Ashiq and Furhan Iqbal. "Induction of Selenium Nanoparticles Disturbs Behavior, Blood and Serum Biomarkers and Oxidative Stress Markers from Vital Organs of Male and Female Albino Mice." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 44, no. 1 (2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000979/jcsp/44.01.2022.
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Current investigation was focused to determine the biological effects of Selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) in mice. Se NPs (50mg/ml saline/Kg body weight) were intraperitoneally injected to 5 week old albino mice (N = 22) for 14 days. Control group was intraperitoneally injected with saline water (N = 22). In all subjects, a series of neurological tests, hematological parameters and markers of oxidative stress in vital organs were determined. We are reporting that rota rod and open field test performance remained unaffected in Se NPs injected mice when compared with saline treated controls. Male mice injected with Se NPs had significantly less line crossing (P = 0.02) while performing light dark box. They approached object A less frequently (P = 0.02) and spent lesser time with it (P = 0.001) during novel object recognition test (trial 1). % lymphocytes were significantly reduced (P = 0.03) in these mice while % monocytes were higher than control (P = 0.03). Concentration of cholesterol (P = 0.02) and LDL (P = 0.003) was significantly decreased in male mice. Female Se NPs treated mice spent less time (P = 0.05) with B object in trial 1 and 2 (P = 0.04) of novel object recognition test. They had significantly reduced cholesterol level (P = 0.02) and significantly increased catalase activity in the liver (P = 0.01) than control. Remaining parameters of behavior, blood chemistry and markers of oxidative stress from vital organs were non-significantly different upon their comparison between Se NPs and saline injected mice.
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Parker, Amanda, Edward Wilding, and Colin Akerman. "The von Restorff Effect in Visual Object Recognition Memory in Humans and Monkeys: The Role of Frontal/Perirhinal Interaction." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10, no. 6 (November 1998): 691–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892998563103.
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This study reports the development of a new, modified delayed matching to sample (DMS) visual recognition memory task that controls the relative novelty of test stimuli and can be used in human and nonhuman primates. We report findings from normal humans and unoperated monkeys, as well as three groups of operated monkeys. In the study phase of this modified paradigm, subjects studied lists of two-dimensional visual object stimuli. In the test phase each studied object was presented again, now paired with a new stimulus (a foil), and the subject had to choose the studied item. In some lists one study item (the novel or isolate item) and its associated foil differed from the others (the homogenous items) along one stimulus dimension (color). The critical experimental measure was the comparison of the visual object recognition error rates for isolate and homogenous test items. This task was initially administered to human subjects and unoperated monkeys. Error rates for both groups were reliably lower for isolate than for homogenous stimuli in the same list position (the von Restorff effect). The task was then administered to three groups of monkeys who had selective brain lesions. Monkeys with bilateral lesions of the amygdala and fornix, two structures that have been proposed to play a role in novelty and memory encoding, were similar to normal monkeys in their performance on this task. Two further groups— with disconnection lesions of the perirhinal cortex and either the prefrontal cortex or the magnocellular mediodorsal thalamus—showed no evidence of a von Restorff effect. These findings are not consistent with previous proposals that the hippocampus and amygdala constitute a general novelty processing network. Instead, the results support an interaction between the perirhinal and frontal cortices in the processing of certain kinds of novel information that support visual object recognition memory.
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Zheng, Lu, Ying Cai, Baoshan Qiu, Linfang Lan, Jing Lin, and Yuhua Fan. "Rosuvastatin Improves Cognitive Function of Chronic Hypertensive Rats by Attenuating White Matter Lesions and Beta-Amyloid Deposits." BioMed Research International 2020 (August 12, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4864017.
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Hypertensive white matter lesion (WML) is one of common causes of vascular cognitive impairment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of rosuvastatin on cognitive impairment and its underlying mechanisms in chronic hypertensive rats. From the 8th week after establishment of stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats (RHRSPs), rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg) or saline as a control was administrated once daily for consecutive 12 weeks by gastric gavage. Cognitive function was assessed with the Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test. WML was observed by Luxol fast blue staining. Aβ deposits, Claudin-5, Occludin, and ZO-1 were determined by immunofluorescence. After rosuvastatin treatment, the escape latencies were decreased and the time of crossing the hidden platform was increased in the Morris water maze, compared with the vehicle-treated RHRSP group. In a novel object recognition test, the recognition index in the rosuvastatin-treated RHRSP group was significantly larger than that in the vehicle-treated RHRSP group. Rosuvastatin treatment presented with the effects of lower WML grades, higher expression of tight junction proteins Claudin-5, Occludin, and ZO-1 in the corpus callosum, and less Aβ deposits in the cortex and hippocampus. The data suggested that rosuvastatin improved the cognitive function of chronic hypertensive rats partly by attenuating WML and reducing Aβ burden.
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Gigg, John, Francesca McEwan, Rebecca Smausz, Joanna Neill, and Michael K. Harte. "Synaptic biomarker reduction and impaired cognition in the sub-chronic PCP mouse model for schizophrenia." Journal of Psychopharmacology 34, no. 1 (October 3, 2019): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119874446.
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Background: Sub-chronic phencyclidine treatment (scPCP) provides a translational rat model for cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). CIAS genetic risk factors may be more easily studied in mice; however, CIAS associated biomarker changes are relatively unstudied in the scPCP mouse. Aim: To characterize deficits in object recognition memory and synaptic markers in frontal cortex and hippocampus of the scPCP mouse. Methods: Female c57/bl6 mice received 10 daily injections of PCP (scPCP; 10 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle ( n = 8/group). Mice were tested for novel object recognition memory after either remaining in the arena (‘no distraction’) or being removed to a holding cage (‘distraction’) during the inter-trial interval. Expression changes for parvalbumin (PV), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67), synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) and postsynaptic density 95 (PDS95) were measured in frontal cortex, dorsal and ventral hippocampus. Results: scPCP mice showed object memory deficits when distracted by removal from the arena, where they treated previously experienced objects as novel at test. scPCP significantly reduced PV expression in all regions and lower PSD95 levels in frontal cortex and ventral hippocampus. Levels of GAD67 and SNAP-25 were unchanged. Conclusions: We show for the first time that scPCP mice: (a) can encode and retain object information, but that this memory is susceptible to distraction; (b) display amnesia after distraction; and (c) express reduced PV and PSD95 in frontal cortex and hippocampus. These data further support reductions in PV-dependent synaptic inhibition and NMDAR-dependent glutamatergic plasticity in CIAS and highlight the translational significance of the scPCP mouse.
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Fialová, Markéta, Jana Šírová, Věra Bubeníková-Valešová, and Romana Šlamberová. "The Effect of Prenatal Methamphetamine Exposure on Recognition Memory in Adult Rats." Prague Medical Report 116, no. 1 (2015): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23362936.2015.43.
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The use of methamphetamine (MA) among pregnant women is an increasing world-wide health problem. Prenatal MA exposure may cause changes in foetus but the exact effects have remained unclear. The aim of this study is to present the effect of prenatal MA exposure on recognition memory in adult rats. Adult female Wistar rats were injected daily with D-methamphetamine HCl (MA; 5 mg/kg, s.c.) during the entire gestation period. Control females were treated with saline in the same regime. Adult male offspring was administrated acutely by MA (1 mg/kg i.p.) or saline 30 minutes before beginning of an experiment. For testing recognition memory two tasks were chosen: Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT) and Object Location Test (OLT). Our results demonstrate that prenatally MA-exposed animals were worse in NORT independently on an acute administration of MA in adulthood. Prenatally MA-exposed rats did not deteriorate in OLT, but after acute administration of MA in adulthood, there was significant worsening compared to appropriate control. Prenatally saline-exposed offspring did not deteriorate in any test even after acute administration of MA. Our data suggest that prenatal MA exposure in rats cause impairment in recognition memory in adult offspring, but not in spatial memory. In addition, acute administration of MA to controls did not deteriorate either recognition or spatial memory.
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Almahozi, Ahmad, Maan Alsaaid, Saeed Bin Jabal, and Amer Kamal. "Retrieval-Induced Forgetting in a Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Epilepsy Model in the Rat." Brain Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8120215.
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The selective retrieval of some information may lead to the forgetting of related, but non-retrieved information. This memory phenomenon is termed retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF). Active inhibition is thought to function to resolve interference from competing information during retrieval, which results in forgetting. Epilepsy is associated with impaired inhibitory control that contributes to executive dysfunction. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether rats in a kindling model of epilepsy demonstrate normal levels of RIF. Rats were divided into two groups: saline and kindling. Pentylenetetrazole was injected intraperitoneally until the rats kindled. RIF was tested using a modified version of the spontaneous object recognition test, consisting of a sample phase, retrieval or interference phase, and a test phase. Exploration time for each object was analyzed. RIF was demonstrated in the saline group when rats subjected to the retrieval phase failed to discriminate between the familiar object and the novel object later in the test phase. Kindled rats, on the other hand, did not suffer forgetting even when they were subjected to the retrieval phase, as they spent significantly longer times exploring the novel rather than the familiar object in the test phase. Therefore, RIF was not observed in the kindling group. These findings indicate impaired retrieval-induced forgetting in kindled rats, which may be suggestive of a deficit in the inhibitory control of memory.
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Wright, Thomas M., Madeleine V. King, William G. Davey, Simon C. Langley-Evans, and Jörg-Peter W. Voigt. "Impact of cafeteria feeding during lactation in the rat on novel object discrimination in the offspring." British Journal of Nutrition 112, no. 12 (October 27, 2014): 1933–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514003134.
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There is increasing evidence that hyperenergetic diets have an impact on memory in rodents. However, it is largely unknown how diets, such as a cafeteria diet (CD), that mimic a Western-type diet act on learning and memory, in particular when fed during early stages of development. Here, we fed lactating dams a CD and exposed both male and female offspring to a novel object discrimination (NOD) task, a two-trial test of recognition memory in which rats exposed to two identical objects during a training/familiarisation trial can discriminate a novel from a familiar object during the subsequent choice trial. The choice trial was performed following inter-trial interval (ITI) delays of up to 4 h. Maternal diet did not have an impact on exploration of the objects by either sex during the familiarisation trial. Control males discriminated the novel from the familiar object, indicating intact memory with an ITI of 1 h, but not 2 or 4 h. The CD delayed this natural forgetting in male rats such that discrimination was also evident after a 2 h ITI. In contrast, control females exhibited discrimination following both 1 and 2 h ITI, but the CD impaired performance. In summary, the present study shows that maternal exposure to the CD programmes NOD in the adult. In better-performing females, dietary programming interferes with NOD, whereas NOD was improved in males after lactational CD feeding.
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Arziqni, Nurita, and Susilo Hadi. "The Effect of Long Photoperiod on The Visuospatial Working Memory in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus)." Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 17, no. 2 (2021): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47349/jbi/17022021/127.
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Nowadays, the boundary between day and night cannot be distinguished clearly because of artificial lighting at night. Artificial light exposure at night effects the circadian rhythm of the organism body. Light is the primary stimulus in determining the circadian rhythm of an organism. Circadian rhythms play an important role in determining the sleep patterns of an organism. Circadian rhythm disruptions can cause negative effects on health, including cognitive function deficits, such as a working memory. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of long photoperiod on the ability of visuospatial working memory of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Total of 16 rats comprising two groups were used. The first group was treated with a normal photoperiod, 12 hours light and 12 hours dark, while the second group was treated with a long photoperiod, 21 hours light and 3 hours dark. In this study two different object recognition methods were used to investigate the visuospatial working memory in rat, namely Novel Object Recognition (NOR) to test the visual working memory and Object Location Recognition (OLR) to test the spatial working memory. The results showed that long photoperiod exposure significantly decreased the ability of the spatial working memory, but did not show any effect the visual working memory of the studied rats.
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Zhang, Ru, Guizhen Xue, Shaodeng Wang, Lihong Zhang, Changjie Shi, and Xin Xie. "Novel Object Recognition as a Facile Behavior Test for Evaluating Drug Effects in AβPP/PS1 Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 31, no. 4 (September 11, 2012): 801–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-2012-120151.
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Krawczyk, M., A. Hogendorf, A. Hogendorf, M. Matłoka, K. Dubiel, R. Moszczyński-Pętkowski, J. Pieczykolan, A. J. Bojarski, P. Zajdel, and P. Popik. "Pro-cognitive effects of a AHN-208, 5-HT6 receptor antagonist, in the novel object recognition test in rats." European Neuropsychopharmacology 29 (2019): S148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.11.264.
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Guo, Tan, Lei Zhang, Xiaoheng Tan, Liu Yang, Zhiwei Guo, and Fupeng Wei. "CoLR: Classification-Oriented Local Representation for Image Recognition." Complexity 2019 (June 20, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7835797.
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Naïve sparse representation has stability problem due to its unsupervised nature, which is not preferred for classification tasks. For this problem, this paper presents a novel representation learning method named classification-oriented local representation (CoLR) for image recognition. The core idea of CoLR is to find the most relevant training classes and samples with test sample by taking the merits of class-wise sparseness weighting, sample locality, and label prior. The proposed representation strategy can not only promote a classification-oriented representation, but also boost a locality adaptive representation within the selected training classes. The CoLR model is efficiently solved by Augmented Lagrange Multiplier (ALM) scheme based on a variable splitting strategy. Then, the performance of the proposed model is evaluated on benchmark face datasets and deep object features. Specifically, the deep features of the object dataset are obtained by a well-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) with five convolutional layers and three fully connected layers on the challenging ImageNet. Extensive experiments verify the superiority of CoLR in comparison with some state-of-the-art models.
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Wang, Hongwei, Dahua Li, Yu Song, Qiang Gao, Zhaoyang Wang, and Chunping Liu. "Single-Shot Object Detection with Split and Combine Blocks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 13, 2020): 6382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186382.
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Feature fusion is widely used in various neural network-based visual recognition tasks, such as object detection, to enhance the quality of feature representation. It is common practice for both the one-stage object detectors and the two-stage object detectors to implement feature fusion in feature pyramid networks (FPN) to enhance the capacity to detect objects of different scales. In this work, we propose a novel and efficient feature fusion unit, which is referred to as the Split and Combine (SC) Block, that splits the input feature maps into several parts, then processes these sub-feature maps with different emphasis, and finally gradually concatenates the outputs one-by-one. The SC block implicitly encourages the network to focus on features that are more important to the task, thus improving network efficiency and reducing inference computations. In order to prove our analysis and conclusions, a backbone network and an FPN employing this technique are assembled into a one-stage detector and evaluated on the MS COCO dataset. With the newly introduced SC block and other novel training tricks, our detector achieves a good speed-accuracy trade-off on COCO test-dev set, with 37.1% AP (average precision) at 51 FPS and 38.9% AP at 40 FPS.
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Hussain, Haya, Shujaat Ahmad, Syed Wadood Ali Shah, Mehreen Ghias, Abid Ullah, Shafiq Ur Rahman, Zul Kamal, et al. "Neuroprotective Potential of Synthetic Mono-Carbonyl Curcumin Analogs Assessed by Molecular Docking Studies." Molecules 26, no. 23 (November 26, 2021): 7168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237168.
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Cognitive decline in dementia is associated with deficiency of the cholinergic system. In this study, five mono-carbonyl curcumin analogs were synthesized, and on the basis of their promising in vitro anticholinesterase activities, they were further investigated for in vivo neuroprotective and memory enhancing effects in scopolamine-induced amnesia using elevated plus maze (EPM) and novel object recognition (NOR) behavioral mice models. The effects of the synthesized compounds on the cholinergic system involvement in the brain hippocampus and their binding mode in the active site of cholinesterases were also determined. Compound h2 (p < 0.001) and h3 (p < 0.001) significantly inhibited the cholinesterases and reversed the effects of scopolamine by significantly reducing TLT (p < 0.001) in EPM, while (p < 0.001) increased the time exploring the novel object. The % discrimination index (DI) was significantly increased (p < 0.001) in the novel object recognition test. The mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition was further validated through molecular docking study using MOE software. The results obtained from the in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo studies showed that the synthesized curcumin analogs exhibited significantly higher memory-enhancing potential, and h3 could be an effective neuroprotective agent. However, more study is suggested to explore its exact mechanism of action.
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Idris, A. T., A. M. Sunday, A. I. Ibrahim, O. N. James, A. K. Musa, and G. Abdullahi. "Effects of oral ingestion of hyoscyamine from Daturastramonium seeds on the hippocampus in adult Wistar rats (Rattusnorvegicus)." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v13i2.5.
Full textAbstract:
The study aimed to evaluate the effects of oral ingestion of hyoscyamine fraction of Daturastramonium seeds on the hippocampus in adult Wistar rats. Fresh seeds of D. stramonium were procured and fractionated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Twenty-four healthy adult Wistar rats weighed 230±0.50 grams, were procured and divided equally into four groups for the experiment. The group one received an equivalent bodyweight of normal saline, while three other groups received 200, 400 and 800 mg/kgbwt of hyoscyamine fraction of D. stramonium respectively for three weeks. At the end of the experiment, the animals were subjected to memory test using Morris water maze (MWM) and Novel object recognition test (NORT) test paradigms. The data obtained were expressed as mean ± SEM and repeated measures ANOVA with Fisher’s multiple comparisons post-hoc tests were used to obtain mean differences using Minitab 17 (LLC., U.K.) statistical package software. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. There was a statistically significant increase in the exploration time (p = 0.031) and escape latency period (p < 0.001) in the novel object recognition and Morris water maze test between the groups in the treated compared to the control group. The CA3 region of the treated group showed significant neuronal lesions, cytoplasmic vacuolations, pyknosis and necrosis. . In conclusion, exposure to hyoscyamine fraction of D.stramonium at adulthood impaired memory in Wistar rats.
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Pang, Qi Qi, Ji-Hyun Kim, Ji Myung Choi, Jia-Le Song, Sanghyun Lee, and Eun Ju Cho. "Cirsium japonicum var. Maackii Improves Cognitive Impairment under Amyloid Beta25-35-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease Model." BioMed Research International 2022 (January 7, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4513998.
Full textAbstract:
Abnormal production and degradation of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain lead to oxidative stress and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Cirsium japonicum var. maackii (CJM) is widely used as an herbal medicine and has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. This study focused on the protective effect of the ethyl acetate fraction from CJM (ECJM) on Aβ25-35-induced control mice. In the T-maze and novel object recognition test, ECJM provided higher spatial memory and object recognition compared to Aβ25-35 treatment alone. In the Morris water maze test, ECJM-administered mice showed greater learning and memory abilities than Aβ25-35-induced control mice. Additionally, ECJM-administered mice experienced inhibited lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide production in a dose-dependent manner. The present study indicates that ECJM improves cognitive impairment by inhibiting oxidative stress in Aβ25-35-induced mice. Therefore, CJM may be useful for the treatment of AD and may be a potential material for functional foods.