Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Novela china'

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La intención de analizar Nurerdín-Kan, en cuanto documento que ficciona la inmigración asiática al Perú, se centra en la siguiente hipótesis: la novela en mención retrata la constitución multiétnica de la Lima decimonónica y evidencia la descomposición social del sistema de hacienda. Para dicho fin, recurrimos a tres operaciones interpretativas que nos permitirán reforzar nuestra propuesta. En principio, se analizará la presencia de personajes muy similares a los que se observaban en la sociedad peruana del siglo XIX, construidos desde una óptica romántica y sentimental. En segundo lugar, la representación discursiva de los inmigrantes (chinos e italianos) contiene caracteres que dialogan con novelas latinoamericanas contemporáneas al texto en estudio, lo que constata su asimilación al canon de la literatura hispanoamericana del siglo antepasado. Finalmente, nos propone demostrar que se trata de la primera novela peruana en ser construida a través de un discurso narrativo innovador a fin de alcanzar una diégesis más objetiva. Por otro lado, pretende reforzar la tesis de Alberto Tauro, quien sostuvo que Trinidad Manuel Pérez, el director del semanario El Correo del Perú, fue, en efecto, el autor de la novela, hecho que el eminente crítico peruana no detalla.
Tesis

Aquesta investigació consisteix en un estudi empíric i descriptiu de l’tractament dels referents culturals presents en la novel·la clàssica xinesa三国演义 三国演义 (Sānguóyǎnyì: Romanç dels Tres Regnes) i de la recepció de la traducció d’aquests elements culturals. La motivació que ens porta a plantejar aquest estudi parteix de dos interessos principals: el generat pel corpus i el que ens desperta el tema en si mateix. El corpus està format pel text original,三国演义 三国演义 (Sānguóyǎnyì: Romanç dels Tres Regnes) i per quatre textos meta compostos per dues traduccions a l’anglès -Romance of the Three Kingdoms (1925) de C.H. Brewitt Taylor i Three Kingdoms (1992) de Moss Roberts- i dues a l’espanyol -Romance dels Tres Regnes (2013) de Maria Ortega i El romanç dels tres regnes (en procés) de Ricardo Cebrián. Com una de les quatre grans novel·les clàssiques de la literatura xinesa, aquesta obra clàssica no només té una gran influència a la Xina, sinó que també s’ha deixat una profunda petjada per tot el món. Aquesta investigació té per objectiu principal analitzar el tractament dels referents culturals en la novel·la seleccionada i la recepció de les traduccions. En concret, identificar i classificar els referents culturals de l’obra original i de les seves traduccions segons els àmbits culturals; analitzar la manera en què cada traducció ha traslladat els referents culturals emprant com a instrument d’anàlisi les tècniques de traducció; elaborar qüestionaris que fem servir com a instrument per a esbrinar la recepció; analitzar els resultats obtinguts en els qüestionaris i estudiar la preferència dels enquestats per una traducció o una altra, esbrinant si les variables plantejades com a hipòtesi influeixen o no en la preferència. La metodologia emprada segueix els següents passos: en primer lloc, vam realitzar la confecció de el marc conceptual i metodològic. En concret, hem fet una revisió bibliogràfica de les principals teories sobre la cultura, un recorregut per les aportacions sobre la terminologia i la classificació dels referents culturals, hem exposat les tècniques de traducció i hem repassat la teoria de la recepció en el camp de els estudis literaris, així com els estudis realitzats sobre la recepció de la traducció de referents culturals. En segon lloc, hem presentat la novel·la original i les quatre traduccions, centrant-nos en el traductor, la finalitat de la traducció i els destinataris. En tercer lloc, hem identificat i classificat els referents culturals de l’obra original i de les traduccions, recorrent a la classificació dels àmbits culturals de Molina (2001). No obstant això, hem decidit apartar referents històrics de l’àmbit de el patrimoni cultural, per situar-los al nou àmbit independent: el de la història. D’aquesta manera, la classificació s’ajusta de manera més precís a la nostra investigació. A continuació, hem analitzat com s’han traslladat, a cada traducció, els referents culturals. Fem servir les tècniques de traducció de Molina i Hurtado (Molina 1998 i 2011, i Molina i Hurtado Albir 2002) com a instrument d’anàlisi. L’última fase consisteix en l’anàlisi de la recepció de la traducció dels referents culturals. Distribuïm els qüestionaris dissenyats per als participants amb diferents variables: el diferent nivell de coneixement sobre la cultura xinesa i el sexe dels lectors. Un cop analitzades les dades estadístiques de l’qüestionari, sintetitzem els resultats i intentem esbrinar si les variables de competència cultural i de gènere influeixen d’alguna manera en la preferència dels lectors per les diferents traduccions.
Esta investigación consiste en un estudio empírico y descriptivo del tratamiento de los referentes culturales presentes en la novela clásica china 三国演义 三国演义 (Sānguóyǎnyì: Romance de los Tres Reinos) y de la recepción de la traducción de dichos elementos culturales. La motivación que nos lleva a plantear este estudio parte de dos intereses principales: el generado por el corpus y el que nos despierta el tema en sí mismo. El corpus está formado por el texto original, 三国演义 三国演义 (Sānguóyǎnyì: Romance de los Tres Reinos) y por cuatro textos meta compuestos por dos traducciones al inglés -Romance of the Three Kingdoms (1925) de C.H. Brewitt Taylor y Three Kingdoms (1992) de Moss Roberts- y dos al español -Romance de los Tres Reinos (2013) de María Ortega y El romance de los tres reinos (en proceso) de Ricardo Cebrián. Como una de las cuatro grandes novelas clásicas de la literatura china, esta obra clásica no solo tiene una gran influencia en China, sino que también se ha dejado una profunda huella por todo el mundo. Esta investigación tiene por objetivo principal analizar el tratamiento de los referentes culturales en la novela seleccionada y la recepción de las traducciones. En concreto, identificar y clasificar los referentes culturales de la obra original y de sus traducciones según los ámbitos culturales; analizar la manera en que cada traducción ha trasladado los referentes culturales empleando como instrumento de análisis las técnicas de traducción; elaborar cuestionarios que usamos como instrumento para averiguar la recepción; analizar los resultados obtenidos en los cuestionarios y estudiar la preferencia de los encuestados por una traducción u otra, averiguando si las variables planteadas como hipótesis influyen o no en la preferencia. La metodología empleada sigue los siguientes pasos: en primer lugar, realizamos la confección del marco conceptual y metodológico. En concreto, hemos hecho una revisión bibliográfica de las principales teorías sobre la cultura, un recorrido por las aportaciones sobre la terminología y la clasificación de los referentes culturales, hemos expuesto las técnicas de traducción y hemos repasado la teoría de la recepción en el campo de los estudios literarios, así como los estudios realizados sobre la recepción de la traducción de referentes culturales. En segundo lugar, hemos presentado la novela original y las cuatro traducciones, centrándonos en el traductor, la finalidad de la traducción y los destinatarios. En tercer lugar, hemos identificado y clasificado los referentes culturales de la obra original y de las traducciones, recurriendo a la clasificación de los ámbitos culturales de Molina (2001). No obstante, hemos decidido apartar referentes históricos del ámbito del patrimonio cultural, para situarlos en el nuevo ámbito independiente: el de la historia. De este modo, la clasificación se ajusta de modo más certero a nuestra investigación. A continuación, hemos analizado cómo se han trasladado, en cada traducción, los referentes culturales. Empleamos las técnicas de traducción de Molina y Hurtado (Molina 1998 y 2011, y Molina y Hurtado Albir 2002) como instrumento de análisis. La última fase consiste en el análisis de la recepción de la traducción de los referentes culturales. Distribuimos los cuestionarios diseñados para los participantes con diferentes variables: el diferente nivel de conocimiento sobre la cultura china y el sexo de los lectores. Una vez analizados los datos estadísticos del cuestionario, sintetizamos los resultados e intentamos averiguar si las variables de competencia cultural y de género influyen de algún modo en la preferencia de los lectores por las diferentes traducciones.
This research consists of an empirical and descriptive study of the treatment of cultural references present in the Chinese classical novel 三国演义 三国演义 (Sānguóyǎnyì: Romance of the Three Kingdoms) and the reception of the translation of said cultural elements. The motivation that leads us to propose this study is based on two main interests: the one generated by the corpus and the one that awakens the subject itself. The corpus is formed by the original text, 三国演义 三国演义 (Sānguóyǎnyì: Romance of the Three Kingdoms) and by four meta texts composed of two English translations -Romance of the Three Kingdoms (1925) by C.H. Brewitt Taylor and Three Kingdoms (1992) by Moss Roberts- and two in Spanish -Romance of the Three Kingdoms (2013) by María Ortega and The Romance of the Three Kingdoms (in process) by Ricardo Cebrián. As one of the four great classic novels of Chinese literature, this classic work not only has a great influence in China, but it has also left a deep mark all over the world. The main objective of this research is to analyze the treatment of cultural references in the selected novel and the reception of translations. Specifically, identify and classify the cultural references of the original work and its translations according to the cultural fields; analyze the way in which each translation has transferred the cultural references using the translation techniques as an analysis tool; develop questionnaires that we use as an instrument to find out the reception; analyze the results obtained in the questionnaires and study the preference of the respondents for one translation or another, finding out if the variables raised as hypotheses influence the preference or not. The methodology used follows the following steps: first, we make the conceptual and methodological framework. Specifically, we have made a bibliographic review of the main theories about culture, a tour of the contributions on terminology and classification of cultural references, we have exposed translation techniques and we have reviewed the theory of reception in the field of literary studies, as well as studies on the reception of the translation of cultural references. Second, we have presented the original novel and the four translations, focusing on the translator, the purpose of the translation and the recipients. Thirdly, we have identified and classified the cultural references of the original work and the translations, using the classification of the cultural fields of Molina (2001). However, we have decided to separate historical references from the field of cultural heritage, to place them in the new independent field: that of history. In this way, the classification fits more accurately to our research. Next, we have analyzed how the cultural references have been transferred in each translation. We use the translation techniques of Molina and Hurtado (Molina 1998 and 2011, and Molina and Hurtado Albir 2002) as an analysis tool. The last phase consists in the analysis of the reception of the translation of the cultural references. We distribute the questionnaires designed for participants with different variables: the different level of knowledge about Chinese culture and the sex of the readers. Once the statistical data of the questionnaire has been analyzed, we synthesize the results and try to find out if the cultural and gender competence variables influence in some way the readers' preference for the different translations.

En la presente tesis, se examina la traducción del lenguaje no verbal del chino al español en dos versiones del Xi You Ji. El marco teórico-metodológico usado en esta tesis combina de modo interdisciplinar un enfoque lingüístico-literario con otro más traductológico. Por una parte, hemos usado dos de las cuatro categorías propuestas por Poyatos (1994) para estudiar las funciones semiótico-comunicativas de los elementos no verbales de los personajes de ficción. Por la otra, hemos adoptado cuatro de las diez categorías que utiliza Korte (1997) para explicar las funciones y los efectos literarios del lenguaje corporal en el texto narrativo. Finalmente, hemos aportado nuestra propia clasificación dividiendo las técnicas de traducción de los elementos no verbales en cuatro categorías, en función de si se traslada o no el mismo gesto y de si se transmite o no su significado. En concreto son: a) traducción del gesto del original por el mismo gesto manteniendo el significado original; b) traducción del gesto del original por el mismo gesto perdiendo el significado original; c) traducción del gesto del original por otro gesto manteniendo el significado original; y d) traducción del gesto del original por otro gesto perdiendo el significado original (incluyendo la reducción u omisión). La tesis consta de cuatro capítulos: en el primero, presentamos nuestro objeto de estudio, la novela Xi You Ji de Wu Cheng’en; en el segundo, exponemos el marco teórico para nuestro trabajo; en el tercero, ofreceremos distintos ejemplos del lenguaje no verbal en Xi You Ji para analizar su papel literario; finalmente, en el último capítulo, comparamos las técnicas de traducción empleadas en las dos versiones del Xi You Ji al español. Con este trabajo, esperamos haber contribuido a un campo de estudio relativamente poco explorado: el del lenguaje no verbal en la traducción y en la literatura y, especialmente, en el caso de la traducción chino-español.
This thesis examines the nonverbal language translation from Chinese to Spanish of Xi You Ji in two Spanish versions. The theoretical and methodological framework used in this thesis combines the literary-language and another kind of translation, Interdisciplinary approach. First, we had used two of the four categories proposed by Poyatos (1994) to study the semiotic-communicative functions of nonverbal elements of the fictional characters. On the other hand, we had adopted four of the ten categories used by Korte (1997) to explain the functions and literary effects of body language in the narrative. Finally, we have provided our own classification dividing the techniques of translation of the nonverbal elements into four categories, based on whether or not to move the same gesture and whether or not to transmit meaning. Specification: a) The translation of the original act maintains the same gesture and keeps the original meaning; b) The translation of the original act with the same gesture loses its original meaning; c) The translation of the original gesture, by using another gesture, keeps the original meaning; d) The translation of the original gesture, by using another gesture (including the reduction or omission), loses the original meaning. The thesis consists of four chapters: In the first, we present our object of the study, the novel Xi You Ji, written by Wu Cheng'en; in the second, we present the theoretical framework for our work; in the third, we offer different examples of nonverbal language in Xi You Ji to analyze literary roles; finally, in the last chapter, we have compared the translation techniques used in these two Spanish versions of Xi You Ji. With this work, we hope that we have made the contribution to an unexplored study field, the non-verbal language in translation and literature, and especially in the case of Chinese-Spanish translation

The aim of this essay is to point out how Chinua Achebe uses different features of Igbo and Nigerian Pidgin English (NPE) in four of his novels. Firstly, there will be an explanation of the terms code switching and proverb, followed by an overview of Pidgin Languages and Nigerian Pidgin English. This study will then deal with two aspects of code-switching in Achebe’s novels: semantic, which includes intertwined Igbo vocabulary and proverbs; and syntactic, which is a study of Nigerian Pidgin English verb phrase constructions. The study will examine how the Igbo lexicon and proverbs function in the text and if/how it is possible to understand the meaning of the Igbo vocabulary. Further, it will examine how the verb constructions of the NPE dialogues are used and if they follow the norm set up by other linguists, or if Achebe alters their usage according to his own style.

The scope for this project will be to explore, define and satisfy the current need for protection devices against air pollution. The outline for the project will be to explore the matter from an entrepreneurial perspective where the lev­el of feasibility will be of great importance. Cost efficiency, branding and market are all important factors that should align with the product design process and outcome.

English language enjoys a high status in Hong Kong. Many parents enroll their children to language classes at a very young age aiming to get them into well-regarded schools for a better prospect. One way that can help learners improve English proficiency is through reading. However, when local students are streamed into different secondary schools, the motivation to read is lowered. This thesis aims at highlighting the different learning contexts of our students that contribute to reading. A new genre, graphic novel, is used to investigate the effectiveness to motivate secondary school students to read. Factors are also identified which may facilitate the revival of the interest of students of different backgrounds and abilities in reading. The study consists of 8 Form 3 (grade 9) students and 2 secondary English teachers. 5 students are studying in a secondary school with English as medium of instruction (EMI) and the other 3 students are studying in a secondary school with Chinese as medium of instruction (CMI). The 2 teachers are working in these two secondary schools respectively. This research was conducted using an action research approach. Questionnaires, interviews and students’ journals were used to achieve the aim of the study. The results reveal that graphic novel can positively motivate secondary school students to read. Teachers can also make use of the features of the genre to make the lessons more interesting. However, more research needs to be done about the introduction of the genre in classrooms and the value of the genre in improving the language proficiency.
published_or_final_version
Education
Master
Master of Education

Emergency contraception is an effective backup for contraceptive failure. In Hong Kong, levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pill is a prescription drug. In most developed countries, it is provided in advance or over-the-counter to eliminate the barrier to access. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of these novel delivery modes in Hong Kong. Four studies were conducted to study pertinent subject matters. A retrospective review on 11014 clinical records of The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong on emergency contraception prescription between 2006 and 2008 was performed to delineate the characteristics of emergency contraceptive users. One-year follow-up data was available in 4728 records, with 89.4% used emergency contraception once and 8.5% used it twice. The proportion of subjects not using ongoing contraceptives reduced from 20.6% at the emergency contraception visit to 4.5% at post-treatment follow-up, 3.9% at 6th month and 3.3% at 12th month. Young age was not associated with not using ongoing contraceptives and repeat use of emergency contraceptives. A randomized controlled trial with 1030 women was conducted to compare the behavior of those given three courses of levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills in advance against those who had to get them from clinics when needed. After one year, 29.9% of women in the advanced provision group had used the pills versus 12.9% in the control group (odds ratio 2.87, 95% confidence interval 2.07-3.97). The advanced provision group used three times more pills than the control group (278 versus 95 courses, p<0.001). The median coitus-treatment interval in the advanced provision group was significantly shorter than the control group (11 h versus 20 h; p<0.001). Most women used condoms before (90%) and during (89%) the study. In both groups, consistency of use was higher after emergency contraception (65%) than before (60%) (p<0.001). This study confirmed that advanced provision increased the utilization of emergency contraceptive pill, facilitated its early use and did not hamper ongoing contraceptive use. A questionnaire survey was conducted to evaluate the acceptability of novel use of emergency contraceptive pill among women practicing contraception. Of the 1405 questionnaires analyzed, 46.3% of women supported more advertising on emergency contraception; 48.7% supported advanced provision of emergency contraceptive pill and 25.7% supported over-the-counter provision. Another questionnaire survey assessed the attitude of physicians who provide family planning services. Half (54.2%) of them supported advanced provision of emergency contraceptive pill; 32.5% supported advanced provision to girls aged 16 and below and 40.2% supported over-thecounter provision. Among 352 physicians who provided emergency contraception, only 21.7% of private family physicians and 15.9% of private obstetrician-gynaecologists prescribed emergency contraceptive pills in advance. In conclusion, local women used emergency contraception responsibly and remained vigilant with ongoing contraception even when they got pills in advance. Minority of physicians practice advanced provision. The acceptance of advanced provision, among women and physicians who do not know much about it, is around 50%. It is thus possible to improve when more education on advanced provision is provided. The support for over-the-counter provision was too weak to boost.
published_or_final_version
Medicine
Master
Doctor of Medicine

Aquest estudi analitza les (re)traduccions al xinès de novel•la clàssica anglesa en relació als canvis d’estratègia traductora i el boom retraductor dels anys 90. L’estudi es divideix en dos períodes: economia planificada i economia de mercat, i es centra en dos estudis de cas, Orgull i Prejudici de JaneAusten i David Copperfield de Charles Dickens, i en les seves (re)traduccions al xinès. Es comparen les diferents versions en relació a la seva exactitud semàntica i formal mitjançant anàlisis qualitatiu i quantitatiu. A continuació es realitza una anàlisis del mercat traductor i les polítiques governamentals que pugin donar raons dels canvis observats.
Este estudio analiza las (re)traducciones al chino de novela clásica inglesa en relación a los cambios de estrategia traductora y el boom retraductor de los años 90. El estudio se divide en dos períodos: economía planificada y economía de mercado y se centra en dos obras, Orgullo y Prejuicio de Jane Austen y David Copperfield de Charles Dickens, y sus (re)traducciones al chino. Se comparan las diferentes versiones en relación a exactitud semántica y formal mediante análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo. Se procede luego a un análisis del mercado traductor y las políticas gubernamentales que justifiquen los cambios observados.
The research deals with Chinese (re)translations of classic English novels with special reference to changes in translation strategy as well as the retranslation boom in the 1990s. It divides the period into the planned-economy period and the market-economy period. The object of study arePride and Prejudice by Jane Austen and David Copperfield by Charles Dickens, with their Chinese (re)translations of the 50s and 90s. Comparative and descriptive methods are employed to with respect to formal and semantic accuracies, which are analyzed through quantitative and qualitative analyses. The study, then, goes from the text to the translation market to explore the reasons for the changes in translation strategy and the causes of the (re)translation boom from a sociocultural perspective, with special reference to government policy.

Using children’s literature to teach English has been promoted by researchers and educators because of its positive effects on learners – motivation, language learning, and personal growth. It is inline with the Hong Kong SAR government’s view on using literature and language arts in classrooms to motivate and teach reading and learning. However, using literature to teach is quite rarely seen in local schools. This dissertation study aims to research the effectiveness of an innovative reading programme—Novel Study—on motivating young learners to read in a local primary school. An action research was conducted in an grade 5 English class and the data was collected through thirty-six semi-structured interviews, observations from ten video-recorded lessons, students’ reading journals and the teacher-researcher’s teaching journals. This study finds that Novel Study had positive impacts on motivating children to read. One significant finding was that the reading programme brought enjoyment in reading and in working on different tasks in class. The study also shows encouraging effects in giving the teacher the opportunities to implement effective teaching strategies and meaningful tasks.
published_or_final_version
Education
Master
Master of Education

En el presente estudio pretendemos establecer parámetros simbólicos presentes en dos novelas de la primera mitad del siglo XX. Las características de éstas explicarían la débil inserción del deporte como tema en la obra de los creadores nacionales, tanto en la época estudiada como en la actualidad. A su vez, se intenta visualizar las razones y causas que posibilitaron la precaria relación e importancia que se le asignó al deporte en la configuración de la identidad nacional y como elemento importante del proceso de modernización que vivió nuestro país en el período.

This thesis examines four translations and retranslations of novels by British female writers. They are Elizabeth Gaskell’s Cranford, Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, George Eliot’s Silas Marner, and Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre. The translations and retranslations, eight target texts in total, are mapped onto the sociopolitical and sociocultural milieu of China from the late 1920s to 1930s. During the span of time when the eight translations were published, China was undergoing a special period of political turbulence intertwined with literary vibrancy. With the literary field of China segmented into various literary societies or political organizations subscribing to their respective doctrines and principles, Chinese intellectuals including translators from various backgrounds produced literature and translation within the agenda of their respective literary or political societies. The heart of this thesis’s theoretical framework is the role of agents of translation involved the practice of translation production. The interaction amongst the human and nonhuman agents: translators, patrons, intellectuals, literary institutions, publishers and more, are examined in order to identify the translation motivations of the translators. The seven translators covered in the present study are categorized into three distinctive groups: the leftists, the humanists and the commercial translators. A collective analysis of the translators’ behaviour should shed light on the general understanding of the intended social functions of these translated novels written by British female writers published during Republican China.

Notre recherche porte sur la représentation du monde chinois dans la production romanesque du Marquis de Sade (1740-1814). Il s’agira d’une part de rendre compte des écrits historiques sur la Chine depuis l’Antiquité jusqu’au siècle des Lumières ; il conviendra d’autre part de s’interroger sur la portée systématique et polémique que ces textes revêtent. La littérature de voyage (celle des voyageurs, des jésuites et des compilateurs) offre de ce point de vue un champ particulièrement fécond et une matière extrêmement riche : susceptible de soumettre le lointain à d’objectifs divers, dont l’évangélisation et la défense sont les aspects les plus prégnants. Basée sur cette documentation, notre recherche entend plus généralement cerner l’intervention des philosophes dans les débats intellectuels qui ont dominé depuis les Grandes Découvertes : le sauvage, la barbarie, la superstition, etc. Tout cela contribue à la formation et à l’imagination de Sade. Le Divin Marquis transforme les éléments qu’il prélève dans cet ensemble de textes en une utopie sadienne où les vices des Chinois deviennent les vertus des libertins et où le relativisme des mœurs devient l’universalisme de la cruauté. En se référant au pays de l’Extrême-Orient, les libertins mettent l’accent sur le despotisme paternel (l’infanticide gratuit), conjugal (la domination absolue) et politique (l’autorité tyrannique)
Our research focuses on the representation of the Chinese world in the novels of the Marquis de Sade (1740-1814). On the one hand, it reviews historical writings on China from antiquity to the Enlightenment; on the other hand, it analyzes the systematic and polemic scope of these texts. From this point of view, travel literature (that of travelers, Jesuits and compilers) is particularly rich and fertile, because it subordinates the distant world to various objectives, among which evangelization and defense are the most prominent. Based on this documentation, our research intends more generally to investigate the intervention of philosophers in the intellectual debates that have dominated since the Great Discoveries: the savage, barbarism, superstition, etc. They all contribute to Sade’s training and imagination. The Divine Marquis transforms various elements of these debates into a Sadeian utopia in which the vices of the Chinese become the virtues of the libertines and where the relativism of manners becomes the universalism of cruelty. In reference to the country of the Far East, the libertines emphasize paternal, conjugal and political despotism, respectively epitomized as gratuitous infanticide, absolute domination, and tyrannical authority

Various narratives of China and the Chinese have been elaborated in western literature since as early as the 13th century (for example, The Travels of Marco Polo, 1289). Prior to the 18th century, as documented in earlier studies, these narratives largely depicted China from a utopian and positive perspective. From the late 18th century to the early 20th century, China and the Chinese began to be cast in a generally negative light, in both non-translated European – mainly English and French – literature (for example, Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe) and translations of Chinese novels into European languages (for example, Hau Kiou Choaan, translated by James Wilkinson). Both of these periods (pre- and post-18th century to early 20th century) are well documented. By contrast, relatively few studies have been undertaken to date to examine how China and the Chinese are narrated in translations of Chinese novels since the 1980s. Most studies undertaken so far are not based on a large body of empirical data and/or are not theoretically informed. This study set out to examine the role played by translation in negotiating and mediating public narratives of China in the UK and US, with specific reference to the English translations of Chinese novels commissioned and sold in the UK and US literary markets between 1980 and 2010. Drawing on narrative theory, it examines publishers’ choices of source texts for English translation and the marketing strategies they employ in framing and promoting these novels, as well as critical responses to the translations, as articulated in book reviews published in mainstream media outlets in the UK and US during the period under study. The analysis carried out attempted to reveal some of the patterns which the publishing industry and other powerful institutions (such as reviewers, literary prizes, and universities) have given shape to, as these patterns of selective appropriation not only condition the ways in which individual Chinese novels are interpreted and received by English readers, but also evoke and consolidate the broader public narratives of China circulating in the UK and US. The findings of this research confirm the inextricable relationship between politics and the reception of Chinese novels in the Anglophone world during the period under study. English translations of Chinese novels have played a significant role in elaborating public narratives of China as a political and cultural Other, and in perpetuating these narratives across time and space. Adopting a chronological structure to examine these novels and the reviews they received, a crosscutting pattern of novels on personal trauma emerged from the selections of Chinese novels for English translation during the past 30 years. This pattern, which is prioritised and promoted by both UK and US publishers and reviewers, enjoyed a dominant position in the Chinese literary landscape in the Anglophone world and gained increasing currency through the feature of narrative accrual since the 1980s. Novels on personal trauma mainly centred on two specific historical moments in modern Chinese history: the Cultural Revolution, and the 1989 Tiananmen Square event. Focusing especially on narratives of censorship and dissidence, publishers and reviewers further framed the translations of this type of literature as valuable social documents, rather than creative literary works. This generic change makes it increasingly difficult for Chinese literature to be appreciated for its literary merits, independently from its political significance.

本研究以一組香港初中學生為對象，透過建構小說教學融合情意教育的理論，設計有助青少年發展正向情意質素的閱讀教學課程作為干預策略，並結合質性和量性的研究方法，一方面以內容分析探討學生閱讀小說後的多篇相關寫作中反映的情意反應，瞭解這些反應在不同情意範疇的傾向；另一方面以個案研究結合敘事探究的方法，深入地探討這些情意反應的廣度與深度，和哪些元素與交流模式為本的中文課堂互動，對學生在課堂刺激下所產生的情意反應有關鍵作用；再輔以問卷分析，瞭解學生對交流模式的取態，和交流模式對學生情意發展的影響。 研究結果顯示學生以交流模式閱讀三本指定小說產生了情緒、審美、心靈、道德、人際、社會等多面向的情意反應，而以審美和心靈範疇的反應最多。此外，學生的情意內化程度平均介於「賦值」和「價值建構」之間。研究亦發現學生對交流模式的學習活動十分認同，對具有綜合策略的學習模式如「讀者劇場」的認同程度尤其明確。 綜合整個研究，可見學生的不同的先存經驗包括成長背景、性格特徵、閱讀經驗、社會文化的影響等，很大程度上影響著學生對文本的反應傾向和深度，但交流模式有助學生豐富其「接受圖式」，加強閱讀中「想像、詮釋、反省、感悟」等文藝心理活動，以致學生會調整其先存的「回應結構」，從而更能與小說滲透在不同情意範疇的「召喚結構」產生「同構」關係，因此有助促進學生的情意發展。 本研究填補了中國語文與文學教育融合情意教育在研究上的缺乏，和彌補了情意教育及相關研究在定義、範疇釐定、評量架構等方面的困難，透過建構源自Rosenblatt 的學生/讀者作為情意主體和文學作品情意內涵對應的「交流模式」，與修訂Krathwolh 等的情意評量模型，形成理論架構和研究工具，有效地探討少年學生以交流模式閱讀小說的細微經驗。研究者透過探究這些經驗的脈絡，以情意發展的視角予以詮釋、論述，呈現學生在研究過程中創造的意義——主體如何與小說交流通感而建構自我的意象。透過詮釋學生的自我敘說和情意成長經驗，研究者更得以進一步瞭解社會、教育的某些面貌，從而在語文和情意教育的本體論、知識論和方法論等層面提出反省和建議。 Little research has been done on affective education imparted in Chinese language education in Hong Kong. To fill the gap, this research intends to find out whether the affective quality of teens would be positively affected if reader-response protocol could act as a channel between the students and the text. Evaluation standards of affective domains and internalization levels derived from Krathwohl, Bloom & Masia (1964)’s “Affective Taxonomy” and Martin & Reigeluth (1999)’s affective stance have been constructed to categorize and assess students’ affective responses. On the other hand, “The Sun Set” by Shu Xiang-cheng, “The Lubing Flowers” by Zhong Zhao-zheng, and a translated novel “The Heaven Shop” by Deborah Ellis have been prescribed as reading materials for the students. The affective elements in these novels were figured out as tools for assessment and pattern matching. A reading group involved 13 Form two students was formed and an instructional programme was conducted within a school year. Students were expected to be able to have transactions with the text through instruction protocol and extended activities developed from the Transactional Model based on Rosenblatt’s reader-response theory. Data collected from different sources included students’ writings, drawings, in-depth interviews and questionnaires. Qualitative and quantitative methods comprised of narrative inquiry case studies, content analysis and questionnaire analysis were applied to examine students’ affective responses after reading the assigned novels. The research seeks to understand the depth and the breadth of students’ responses, the inclination of these responses in different affective domains, and what factors play key roles in stimulating students’ affective responses when interacting with Transactional Model-based reading lessons. Research results reveal that after reading the prescribed novels, students made positive affective responses in different domains consisted of emotional, aesthetic, spiritual, moral, interpersonal and social, mostly in aesthetic and spiritual domains. Their affective development tended to lie between “valuing” and “organization” internalization levels. It was also discovered that students strongly agree with learning activities developed from the Transactional Model, especially integrated strategies such as readers-theatre. It was found that the existing experiences of students significantly influence the inclination and depth of their responses to the novels. However, the Transactional Model could broaden their receptive schema, and encouraged their psychological activities when reading novels. In this way, students adjusted their responsive structure, making it isomorphous with the evocative structure of the novels, which permeated the different affective domains. As a result, reading experiences of involved students were internalized and affective development was enhanced to a satisfactory extent. This research addresses the gap between integrating Chinese language and literature education with affective education. The outcome of the research is expected to benefit Chinese language curricula by building an example showing how language learning can enhance students’ positive character building and affective growth. By interpreting students’ self narratives and affective development experiences, the researcher could delve deeper into the circumstances of the society and education, hence reflections and suggestions in terms of ontology, epistemology and methodology of Chinese language and literature education could be provided.
published_or_final_version
Education
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

African American Studies
Ph.D.
This study examines the role of African novelists as major sources of historiography of Africa, and the socio-cultural experience of its people. Although many African novelists have over the years reflected issues of social and political significance in their works, only a few scholarly works seem to have addressed this phenomenon adequately. A major objective of this dissertation then is to help fill this gap by explicating these issues in the fiction of Chinua Achebe, a great iconic figure in African Literature. Utilizing the conceptual and analytical framework suggested in C.T. Keto's, Africa-Centered Perspective on History (1989), the contexts, themes, structures and techniques of the following five novels were examined: Things Fall Apart (1958), No Longer at Ease (1960), Arrow of God (1964), A Man of the People (1966), and Anthills of the Savannah (1987). The novels were shown to be replete with cogent social and political insights which provide an accurate portraiture of African/ Nigerian history of the 19th and 20th Century. The study seeks to make a modest contribution to the steadily mounting body of Africa centered criticism of the African novel/fiction within the context of African social and political history.
Temple University--Theses

This thesis examines issues of female power and influence in sixteenth-century China focusing on how women and their roles were perceived in the changing social environment of the mid-late Ming dynasty. Using aspects of a New Historicist approach, information from contemporary literary and historical sources are analysed alongside each other. With its emphasis on the lives of women and preoccupation with the description of material objects, the late Ming novel Jin Ping Mei forms an important element in the thesis. China in the sixteenth century saw expanding urbanisation, the emergence of a new wealthy merchant class, increasing visibility of women and a questioning of traditional morality. Fashion consciousness, as one of the most conspicuous aspects of the new material culture, is a possible indicator of these trends. Traditional Western theories contend that fashion began in the particular context of Renaissance Europe. However, this study argues that a similar fashion awareness existed in China too, and was manifested in a competitive striving for social status, in this case specifically among women. In contrast to previous studies which downplayed the impact women had on defining traditional Chinese culture, this thesis demonstrates how women and their sartorial choices began to redefine the boundaries of material culture, influencing literati discourse which, in turn, re- influenced female behaviour.

La Terre est un seul pays," disent certains écologistes. Si cette formule unificatrice peut servir avec efficacité l'environnement physique et peut-être aussi l'économie internationale qui exigent l'harmonisation voire même la standardisation des moyens d'action, elle ne facilite pas la tâche des défenseurs de l'identité culturelle qui, elle, est une vision subjective de la réalité objective, une intelligence de la vie propre à un peuple ou même à un individu, un cachet identificateur et inimitable et qui, à ce titre, fait de la terre un grand ensemble de mondes distincts que l'on ne peut, ni ne doit uniformiser. Beaucoup de penseurs se sont penchés sur cette question mais la plupart ont eu tendance à voir dans cette marque distinctive un élément diviseur de l'humanité. Fort heureusement cependant, cette vision des choses semble périmée actuellement. C'est ainsi que les philosophes contemporains par exemple, comme le souligne F. Laruelle dans Philosophies de la différence (1986), voient la différence, non comme une force centrifuge ou une source de contradictions mais plutôt une distance positive qui unit immédiatement, et sans négativité ni dialectique les contraires.

Mestrado em Estudos Chineses
A segunda metade do séc. XX é marcante pelas várias transformações que ocorreram por todo o globo. Em solo chinês as mutações não foram exceção e após quase três décadas de um governo Maoísta, Deng Xiaoping sobe ao poder e altera totalmente as políticas económicas do país, concebendo à República Popular da China no final dos anos 70 a abertura do seu mercado ao estrangeiro e a criação polos industriais para atração do investimento estrangeiro. China esta que após a reabilitação interna dos anos 80 e a participação sempre que possível em projetos de requalificação em África, apresenta-se nos anos 90 com uma nova visão de mercado e o restabelecimento das suas instituições de política externa. Nos anos 2000 a Republica Popular da China apresenta-se como um ator importante no panorama internacional. A sua relação com os países do continente africano desde meados do século XX tem vindo a desenvolver-se, assumindo nos dias de hoje uma posição concorrente em relação às grandes potências ocidentais. Ao longo desta dissertação, a comparação entre as políticas e medidas económicas realizadas tanto pela República Popular da China, como pelos principais atores políticos ocidentais serão fundamentais para o entendimento de todos os acontecimentos que vão marcando o novo milénio e esta era global Este trabalho foca-se essencialmente na tentativa de resposta à questão: Será que as ações e presença chinesa no continente africano são consideradas neocolonialismo? Para tentar responder à questão, os dois casos de estudo são elucidativos porque representam dois estados que embora tivessem passado pela segunda fase de Descolonização, têm a República Popular da China como um dos seus principais parceiros.
The second half of the 20th century was marked by several changes that occurred across the globe. On the Chinese soil changes weren’t exception and after nearly three decades of Maoist government, Deng Xiaoping rose to the power and change completely the country’s economic policies conceiving to People’s Republic of China in the late 70’s the opening of its market to foreign countries and creation of industrial poles for attract foreing investments. China after its own internal rehabilitation of the 80’s and the its participation wherever possible in redevlopment projects in Africa, appeared in the 90’s with a new market vision and the restoration of its foreign policy institutions. In 2000’s the People’s Republic of China presented itself as a major player on the international scene. Its diplomatic relations with the african countries since the mid-twentieth century has been developed and today PRC assume a competitive position in relation to major Western Powers. Througth this dissertation, the comparison between the political and economic majors realised by both the People’s Republic of China as the major Western political actors could be an important key to understanding all the events that have been marked the new millenium and this global era. This work is focus prmarily on trying to answer the question: Would the actions and the chinese presence in África be considered neo-colonialism? To try to answer this question, the two cases of studies are elucidative because they represent two states that although they had passed by the second phase of Decolonization, they have the People’s Republic of China as one of the major partners.

Over the 30 years since it was first identified, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has had historically unprecedented severity and impact. There are approximately 33.4 million people living with HIV-1/AIDS which urges to seek novel approaches for HIV-1 diagnosis and HIV-1 therapy. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are severely affected by HIV-1 and constitute a large proportion of HIV-infected individuals. In Hong Kong, the transmission route of homosexual and bisexual contacts accounted for nearly 50% of incidence in 2012. To investigate HIV-1 prevalence among MSM in Hong Kong, the combination of fast antibody test (FAT) and real-time dried-blood-spot-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (DBS-qPCR) was employed for 474 participants chosen randomly from community testing sites of MSM within a one-year period which showed a 4.01% (19/474) rate of HIV-1 prevalence among MSM in Hong Kong with three cases at the acute phase among the newly infected participants. The new survey demonstrated that the risk factors of MSM are mostly correlated with the receptive role during anal sex and syphilis infection. In this study, two traditional Chinese herbal medicines (TCHM), Sanguisorba officinalis (SO) and Spatholobus suberectus (SS), inhibited the infection of model cell lines expressing HIV-1 targets by HIV-1 pseudoviruses, while the anti-HIV-1 properties of SO were demonstrated for the first time. Both SO and SS were able to block not only infection by pseudoviral HIV-1 CCR5-tropic and CXCR4-tropic strains, but also RT and PI drug-resistant strains. Mechanistic studies revealed that SO and SS interact with the viral envelope to prevent the infection of target cells by HIV-1. Two compounds derived from SO and SS, named Gallic acid (GA) and Jiazhi (JZ), retained anti-HIV-1 properties and blocked HIV-1 infection by acting on the viral envelope. Small molecules derived from TCHM were also investigated for their capacity to activate HIV-1 from latency. A small molecule derived from SS, Daidzein (DDZ), demonstrated the potentials to trigger HIV-1 reactivation in latently infected cell lines. DDZ enhanced gene expression from HIV-1 LTR in which the Sp1 binding site plays an important role. The Akt pathway is also involved in the initiation of DDZ-induced activation. Phosflow analysis revealed that DDZ activated the Akt pathway in various subpopulations of T cells, including memory CD4+ T cells which are considered to be a major reservoir for HIV-1. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) study demonstrated the 4'-hydroxyisoflavone as bio-functional core structure. Addition of a hydroxyl group on C-5 position significantly decreases its biological function of HIV-1 latency activation. In summary, this study investigates HIV prevalence and incidence using an assay for early HIV-1 diagnosis and performs an analysis of risk factors of behavior which contributes to the effective control of HIV transmission in Hong Kong and its neighbors in Asia. It also demonstrates a drug research sourced from traditional Chinese herbal medicines that which sheds lights on drug discovery from traditional herbal medicines and facilitates mechanistic drug design for HIV-1 eradication.
published_or_final_version
Microbiology
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

Il s'agit de présenter une étude critique et comparative des romans No Longer at Ease (1960) et A Man of the People (1966), de l'écrivain Nigérian Chinua Achebe, et de A geração da utopia (1992) et Predadores (2005), de l'Angolais Pepetela. Par l'analyse des contextes historique, géographique, politique et littéraire qui tournent autour et quitraversent la tessiture des romans étudiés, l'on propose de montrer comment les deux écrivains africains s'approprient du roman, genre cosmopolite par excellence, pour l'adapter aux conditions locales de production du roman dans l'Afrique postcoloniale, de façon à exprimer littérairement la (dis)jonction entre métropole et postcolonie et le processus de (re)construction de la nouvelle nation. Notre intérêt dans l'analyse de ces romans est de réfléchir sur les types de négociations et concessions que les narrateurs ont besoin de faire pour raconter leurs récits. Pour ce faire, nous étudions le statut du narrateur, la configuration des personnages, la transformation du processus social en forme littéraire, la représentation de la nation et le langage mis en pratique par les auteurs pour représenter cette réalité. Les personnages évoqués sont ceux qui représentent la nouvelle " bourgeoisie " du moment postcolonial du Nigéria et de l'Angola, lesquels font partie de cette nouvelle classe sociale, responsable par la sphère bureaucratique qui surgit dans les pays africains après les processus d'indépendance, à partir des années 1960. La mise en dialogue des écrivains Pepetela et Achebe se fonde dans la proximité de style littéraire présentée par eux et par le rapprochement démontré par l'élection des sujets traités dans leurs ouvrages. Il faut encore préciser qu'ils sont tous les deux des observateurs perspicaces de la réalité de leurs pays et qu'ils se servent d'un langage acéré, rempli d'une ironie subtile. L'on propose, donc, dans cette étude, devérifier la thèse de l'existence d'une articulation entre le thème de l'ascension des personnages corrompus, membres des nouvelles élites bourgeoises, et les modifications progressives des récits analysés, dans la mesure où l'on passe de la lecture des romans dont les trames narratives représentent des moments antérieurs aux mouvements d'indépendances vers la lecture de romans qui mettent en scène des contextes postérieurs aux indépendances. Partant de l'analyse des composantes identitaires et linguistiques, nous examinons les points de confluence et diffluence entre les oeuvres deAchebe et Pepetela dans la représentation des élites postcoloniales