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Journal articles on the topic 'Novgorod (Russia) – History'
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1
Kalinina, Liudmila B. "Agaricoid Fungi New to Novgorod Region, Russia." Botanica 25, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/botlit-2019-0010.
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AbstractBrief research history and new records of agaricoid basidiomycetes from Novgorod Region are provided. Twenty-three species of agaricoid fungi are reported for the first time from Novgorod Region, five species (Gamundia striatula, Mycena erubescens, Mycetinis querceus, Pholiotina brunnea, Sagaranella tylicolor) are new to the North West of European Russia, three species (Baeospora myriadophylla, Entoloma strigosissimum, Mycena renati) are threatened.
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Goldfrank, David. "The “Judaic-Reasoning Novgorod Heretics” and Some Echoes of Spain in Late Medieval Russia." Russian History 44, no. 4 (December 23, 2017): 547–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04404003.
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In October 1490 Archbishop Gennadii of Novgorod sent a report from the Imperial (Holy Roman Empire) envoy of the Spanish Inquisition to the new Metropolitan of Moscow Zosima. This was in the light of the upcoming synod trial of the accused “Judaic-reasoning Novgorod Heretics,” some of whom Gennadii was then empowered to subject to a humiliating auto-da-fé, without, however, any executions. The overall manuscript evidence indicates that Gennadii’s “judaizing” charges must be taken cum grano salis, that Russian churchmen were clearly concerned with other challenges to Orthodoxy, and the Russian Church’s relationship to Jewish texts was not uniformly hostile. But the report, if quite inaccurate, did have some effect in Russia, even though Russia’s inquisitional proceedings were unique to local conditions and traditions and evinced little influence from any part of the Roman Catholic world. Gennadii’s report dangled the prospects of several thousand immolations and accompanying lucrative property confiscation to the benefit of the royal fisc, but the Russian authorities of the day actually found few such culprits worthy of imprisonment and execution—this in contrast to the former Novgorod Republic’s immense church lands, many of which the state seized and converted into pomest’ia, that is service tenures.
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Iwanow, Iwan. "Hansische Niederlassungen in Russland um 1600." Hansische Geschichtsblätter 133 (May 30, 2020): 163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/hgbll.2015.77.
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Hanseatic Trading Posts in Russia around 1600When Novgorod was absorbed into the Grand Principality of Moscow in 1478, the traditional medieval framework of Hanseatic trade with Russia was transformed. Henceforth, negotiations and decisions on all important questions took place in Moscow, while the day to day problems of trade lay within the purview of the Great Prince’s (later: the Tsar’s) lieutenant residing in Novgorod. Given the abolition of the medieval structures of communication, Hanseatic representatives suddenly required an intimate familiarity with the Russian court in order to conduct successful negotiations. This article argues that the interaction between Hansards and Russians is best understood as a continuing process of accomodation to one another, and focusses initially on the by-laws (Schra) of the Novgorod Kontor, which were continuously amended and supplemented. Initially, these changes were endogenous, resulting from internal tensions within the Hanse itself. Over time, however, the transformation of the Russian environment became more important. Indeed, many of the new rules and regulations inserted into the by-laws can be best understood if they are conceived to be exogenous, imposed on the Kontor from outside. The article then examines in detail the Hanseatic embassy to Moscow in 1603 and demonstrates how the mutual trust between the Hansards and the Tsars arose and how it was strengthened and developed.
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Pavlov, Kirill V. "Source-historiographical aspects of dating the first laying of the cathedrals of Archangel Michael and the Savior's Transfiguration in Nizhny Novgorod." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 28, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2022-28-1-15-20.
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The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of historiography and sources concerning the early history of the most ancient temples of Nizhny Novgorod – the cathedrals of Archangel Michael and the Savior's Transfiguration – in order to date their first laying in the 13th – 14th centuries. The historiographical part of the research involves both regional Nizhny Novgorod and All-Russia scientific and popular science literature – a number of publications of various types written from the 1840s to the 2010s. The main objects of the source analysis are Nizhny Novgorod chronicle monuments of the 17th century – the Chronicler about Nizhny Novgorod and Nizhny Novgorod Chronicler, as well as the all–Russia chronicle vaults of the 14th – 16th centuries – Laurentian Codex, Simeonov Codex and other chronicles. The analysis of historiography and sources on the initial history of the oldest temples of Nizhny Novgorod allowed us to formulate the following main provisions. Firstly, the laying of the Savior's Transfiguration cathedral in 1225 is an indisputable historical fact. Secondly, the existence of the stone cathedral of Archangel Michael in the 13th century is extremely unlikely. However, thirdly, the laying of a wooden church in honour of Archangel Michael in Nizhny Novgorod in 1221 is quite acceptable, in our opinion.
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Razdorskii, Alexei I. "Customs Book of Veliky Novgorod for 1677/78 as a Historical Source." Herald of an archivist, no. 2 (2020): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-2-331-342.
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Customs books are the major mass source on the history of domestic and foreign trade of Russia in the 17th century. Then one of the most important national centers of trade was Veliky Novgorod. There are several Veliky Novgorod customs books stored in the archives of Moscow and Stockholm: for 1610/11, 1613/14, 1614/15, 1714. In 2019, the author got acquainted with the Novgorod customs book for 1677/78 from the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, no information on which has been cited in historical literature. This document was discovered by archeographer N. Ogloblin among the documents of the Siberian Prikaz in the mid-1890s, but was not included in the inventory of the Novgorod bureau of the Razryad and Siberian Prikazes published in late 19th century. The article presents a brief archaeographic description of the Novgorod customs book for 1677/78: its format, volume, binding. The article lists the names of officials responsible for collecting customs in Veliky Novgorod in 1677/78, the customs head and his assistants (tseloval'niki); it also provides data on the customs head and treasurer (larechnyi) from the Veliky Novgorod census book for 1677/78. The structure of the customs book for 1677/78 and the forms of individual records (information on residence and social status of traders, type and quantity of goods) are analyzed in detail. Unique feature of the Novgorod customs book for 1677/78 is that it contains not only the composition of the goods offered for sale, but also of the purchased goods. The analyzed document is a valuable historical source, containing extensive statistical and factual material on the history of domestic and foreign trade, not only in Veliky Novgorod, but in the whole of Russia. It is to be published as a publication-study, in which the text of the source is to be accompanied by the research essay and biographical and terminological notes.
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Paul, Michael C. "Episcopal Election in Novgorod, Russia 1156–1478." Church History 72, no. 2 (June 2003): 251–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700099844.
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Episcopal election in Western Christianity evolved considerably over the course of the fifth to the twelfth centuries. In the early part of this period, an open electorate consisting of the clergy and the people (clerus et populus), as well as the diocesan clergy and the metropolitan archbishop, all took part in the election and consecration of a new bishop. Over the course of several centuries, the local prince came increasingly to dominate the process due both to Germanic and Roman traditions of the role of the prince and to the growth in power of the local rulers over the course of the Middle Ages. Efforts to harmonize the discordant views of a “democratic” versus an elite (either princely or clerical) electorate with the ideals of canon law, which forbade lay participation in episcopal election, led to assertions that the clergy were to elect the bishop with the people and the prince giving their assent to the bishop-elect. However, with the Gregorian reforms of the twelfth century, the right of the clergy in episcopal elections became preeminent as the reformers sought to enforce the canon laws and exclude the laity from episcopal election, especially in light of past princely abuse. Despite the apparent victory of the reformers in the Investiture Controversy, the local ruler continued to play a preeminent role in episcopal appointments (or elections) into modern times, though the principle of election “by the clergy and the people” fell into disuse.
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Назаренко, Наталья, and Natal'ya Nazarenko. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE CITY GERMAN LAW ON REGULATION OF TRADE RELATIONS IN VELIKIY NOVGOROD IN THE XII—XVII CENTURIES." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 3, no. 4 (August 23, 2017): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_598063fa9740b6.23500509.
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The article examines the nature of the influence of Germany’s urban law on Novgorod’s schras and the development of trade relations between Velikiy Novgorod and the Hanseatic League. The history of the formation of the municipal law of Germany and its variants — the system of law of the cities of Magdeburg and Lübeck — is covered. The foundation of the law of Lübeck, Magdeburg and other cities was the norms on the basis of which relations were built with the emperor or the episcopal administration, therefore the city’s charters of Germany have a number of coincidences. Some legal provisions borrowed from the city charters, as well as the rights of Lübeck and Magdeburg, will subsequently be included in the texts of Novgorod’s trade agreements and Novgorod hiding after the organization of trade representations (courtyards, factories) of the Hansa. Novgorod’s schras — multidimensional collections containing provisions on the organization of the court, the rules of trade, as well as the rules of criminal law and process. The texts of the laws have come down to our time in seven editions. The basis for all subsequent versions of the collections was the text of the secret of the second half of the XII century. Organized nature, benefits, rights and economic interests allowed German merchants to gain advantages in trade and to exist in Novgorod as a corporation for several centuries. Structural changes in the trade relations of Novgorod and the cities of the Hanseatic League led to important changes in law, especially civil and commercial, most related to the economy. Economic interaction initiated the process of legal integration between Russia and the West, stimulated the rapprochement and mutual influence of Russian and European legal institutions, gave rise to new forms of law that are acceptable for today.
8
Bessudnova, Marina. "Hansa Silver Export In the First Half of the 16th Century and It’s Role in the Fate of the Novgorod German Yard." ISTORIYA 12, no. 12-2 (110) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015066-1.
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Silver coming through the Hanseatic trade routes to Livonia and further to Russia, was a constructively significant element of the Russian-Hanseatic system of exchange of goods. As a merchandise — “currency”, it replenished the volume of Hanseatic goods entering the Russian market, insufficient for trading on the barter basis, and provided loans and advance payments for trade transactions in the context of the development of trade cooperation. The restoration of the Hanseatic office in Novgorod (German yard) in 1514 was used by Revel in order to establish its own control over the supply of silver to Novgorod and for the transformation of the German yard into a kind of depository or “money place” (Geldstelle), the existence of which was provided for by the order of Hanseatic trade if credit transactions have taken place. This German yard function explains Hanseatic perseverance in the preservation of their Novgorod office.Revel's strategy was aimed to gain leadership in Russian trade and therefore assumed the suspension of Danzig, closely tied with the Fuggers, from the supply of silver to Russia, blocking the Riga- Dorpat-Pskov channel, as well as the management of the company for the unification of its purity standards and the establishment of standard labeling, which facilitated the use of silver as a merchandise — “currency”. Since the beginning of the 1520s, silver inflow to Novgorod has significantly decreased due to the monetary reform carried out by the Livonian Landsgerrs and the introduction of the restrictions (since 1537 — prohibition) on the export of silver from Livonia.The consequence was the destruction of the traditional order of trade between Novgorod and Hansa through mediation by the Livonian cities, led by Revel who controlled the German yard, and creation of a new system based on Lubeck.
9
Zanozina, Ya S., V. M. Plitkina, and A. A. Fomenkov. "First experience of participation in post-Soviet parliamentary elections in Nizhny Novgorod region: pages of political history." Omsk Scientific Bulletin. Series Society. History. Modernity 6, no. 2 (2021): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2542-0488-2021-6-2-37-41.
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The article is devoted to an important event in the political history of post-Soviet Russia, namely the first parliamentary elections in its history. The aim of the work was to determine the specifics of the results of the first elections of deputies of the Russian Parliament after the collapse of the USSR in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The tasks of the work are related to the study of the elections of deputies of the State Duma (both by single-mandate districts and by party lists), and the Federation Council. A number of conclusions are drawn regarding the political sympathies of residents of different administrative-territorial units of the Nizhny Novgorod region in the first half of the last decade. A kind of Nizhny Novgorod «red belt» is defined geographically, consisting of the southern districts of the region, as well as several districts of the north and east of the region, where voters mostly supported the left. It is revealed that the level of political activity in the elections is quite high, which is not surprising in view of the intense political life during the perestroika period in Gorky, and then in Nizhny Novgorod
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Serukhina, Oksana. "Special features of the anti-church repression in Nizhny Novgorod province and the response of the diocesan authorities in 1918–1921." St. Tikhons' University Review 109 (December 30, 2022): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15382/sturii2022109.106-118.
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The article examines the transformation of relations between the state and the Church in the aspect of the repressive policy of the Soviet government on the example of the Nizhny Novgorod diocese in the period 1918 – 1921. This study reflects issues directly related to the reaction of the church administration to the unfolding full-scale persecution. The author compares the situation in the Nizhny Novgorod diocese with the historical circumstances in other dioceses of the Russian Orthodox Church and finds that the Nizhny Novgorod scenario is typical. Nevertheless, there are some features of the historical picture on the Nizhny Novgorod land, due to certain circumstances and personal characteristics of representatives of both secular and Ecclesiastical authorities. This article hypothesizes that the loyal position of the ruling bishop and the diocesan council in relation to the Soviet government did not lead to the cessation of persecution, but contributed to a partial improvement in the state of church affairs in the field. The analysis of the historical situation shows how the degree of loyalty of the diocesan administration towards the new government has changed, taking into account the aggressive pressure from the ruling circles. Russian Russian Orthodox Church. The results of this study can be used in works aimed at studying the history of the Russian Orthodox Church during the period of the beginning of the persecution to obtain a holistic picture of church life, the life of believers in Russia on the example of the Russian province.
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Пушкарёва, Наталья Львовна. "ON THE ROLE OF WOMAN PERSONALITY IN THE ECONOM-IC HISTORY OF RUSSIA IN EARLY MODERN TIME (MARFA BORETSKAYA)." Тверского государственного университета. Серия: История, no. 4(56) (December 25, 2020): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vthistory/2020.4.050.
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В статье проанализирована роль известной политической фигуры - вдовы посадника Исака Борецкого, знаменитой Марфы Борецкой - в экономической истории Новгорода в последний период его самостоятельности. Благодаря скрупулезным подсчётам владений и получаемого с них дохода доказано, что Марфа Борецкая была крупнейшей собственницей земельных богатств своего времени, не сравнимой ни с одной женщиной не только в Новгороде, но и в Москве. Статья оспаривает ранее сложившееся мнение в историографии о том, что экономическое значение приобретений Марфы Борецкой в годы её вдовства не играло заметной роли и не оказывало влияния на политическую составляющую отношений Новгорода и Москвы. Напротив, считает автор, хозяйствование Марфы Борецкой доказывает её исключительную деловую сметку и удачливость, быстрое богатение её самой и её детей, что объективно способствовало росту могущества всей Новгородчины. Именно экономический вес этой собственницы объясняет исключительную роль, которую она пыталась на себя взять, спасая устойчивую новгородскую политическую систему. The article analyzes the role of a famous political figure - the widow of the mayor Isak Boretsky, the famous Martha Boretskaya - in the economic history of Novgorod in the last period of its independence. Thanks to scrupulous calculations of the properties and the income received from them, it has been proved that Martha Boretskaya was the largest owner of land wealth of her time, incomparable with any woman not only in Novgorod, but also in Moscow. The article disputes the earlier opinion in historiography that the economic significance of the acquisitions of Marfa Boretskaya during the years of her widowhood did not play a noticeable role and did not affect the political component of relations between Novgorod and Moscow. On the contrary, the author believes, the management of Martha Boretskaya proves her exceptional economic savvy and luck, the rapid wealth of herself and her children, which objectively contributed to the growth of the power of the entire Novgorod region. It is the economic weight of this owner that explains the exceptional role that she tried to take upon herself, saving the stable Novgorod political system.
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Angermann, Norbert. "Russian merchants in Livonia in the 17th century." Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, no. 2 (28) (2020): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2020.201.
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The paper describes the trade activity of Russian merchants in Livonia (in the widest sense of the term, including Estonia), which was under the rule of Sweden and Poland in the 17th century and later only under the Swedish rule. The main purpose of Russian merchants in the beginning of the 17th century was Reval (Tallinn) and later Narva. They also visited Riga and much less Dorpat (today’s Tartu). The author was able to identify new evidence of this by working in the archives of Baltic cities. Shopping yards for Russian merchants were established in Riga, Narva and Dorpat, which served as living quarters and a place for storing and selling goods. Interesting information about this is provided by the accounts of German farm administrators in Narva and Derpt, which are analyzed in this article for the first time. Russian guests in Livonia were mainly middle and minor merchants, as well as representatives of the largest trading companies in Novgorod and Pskov, commissioners of the tsars and, on the other hand, artisans, peasants and fishermen. Their activities served the extensive European trade in linen, hemp, leather, fat and fur as the main Russian supplies. The Livonian inhabitants were also supplied with industrial and agricultural products. The number of visitors to Livonia from northwest Russia and beyond was significantly higher than the number of Livonian merchants trading in Novgorod, Pskov and Moscow.
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Halin, Alexey A., Ekaterina A. Akimova, and Alexandra S. Loseva. "TRANSFORMATION OF THE AUTHORITIES IN 1991–1994: FROM THE PUTSCH TO THE NEW CONSTITUTION (based on the materials of the Nizhny Novgorod region)." Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2022-2-123-130.
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The relevance of the article is that it highlights the previously unexplored process of the formation of new authorities in modern Russia in the period before the adoption of the new constitution of the country. The well-established opinion that the construction of a new system of public administration began on the basis of a new Constitution has not been substantiated by historical research. This article is intended to fill this gap.
The material was prepared on the basis of the study of scientific literature and archival materials. The research is based on the documents of the archival funds of the Central Archive of the Nizhny Novgorod region. At the same time, a concrete historical method, methods of comparative analysis, using external and internal criticism of documents are used.
The article reveals the transformation of the authorities in the Nizhny Novgorod region in 1991-1994. After the failure of the August putsch and the Decree of Boris Yeltsin “On some issues of the activities of executive authorities in the RSFSR” dated August 22, 1991, the activities of the CPSU were suspended and the dismantling of the communist leadership began – including in the Nizhny Novgorod region. On August 25, E.V. Krestyaninov was elected to the post of chairman of the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Council of People’s Deputies. On August 27, Boris Nemtsov was appointed the representative of the President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin in the region. On November 30, 1991 it was approved by the head of the administration of the Nizhny Novgorod region.
The Regional Council of People’s Deputies conducted preparatory organizational work on the formation of a full-fledged regional parliament – the Legislative Assembly of the Nizhny Novgorod region. The main part of this work was carried out in the Small Council formed after the events of 1991.
The events of October 1993 led to the radical restructuring of the system of public administration and local self-government. On October 21, 1993, the Regional Council approved the “Basic Principles” of the Regulations on the Legislative Assembly of the Nizhny Novgorod Region”. Early elections of deputies were held on March 27, 1994 and on their outcome, the council of the first convocation of the Legislative Assembly of the Nizhny Novgorod Region was formed. This is how the long-term work of the Regional Council of People’s Deputies ended and the history of the new regional parliament – the Legislative Assembly of the Nizhny Novgorod region – opened.
The article substantiates the opinion that the formation of new state authorities began on the basis of presidential decrees, even before the adoption of the Constitution of 1993. It has important practical and theoretical significance for understanding the political history of modern Russia.
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MITINA, Svetlana Igorevna, Nikolay Alexandrovich SINKEVICH, Vladimir Ivanovich OGORODNIKOV, Irina Yurievna ROZHKOVA, and Victor Viktorovich LUKANIN. "Judicial Practice on Official Malfeasance in the Novgorod Province in the 18th Century." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 10, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v10.2(40).19.
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The research reveals the problem of the realization of officials’ legal responsibility for mercenary abuses in the service during the period of reforms of public administration in Russia in the 18th century on the example of the Novgorod province. The general trends and features of the formation of anti-corruption institutions in the system of provincial authorities and the country as a whole are determined based on the analysis of the history of Russian legislation and the study of the materials of judicial practice.
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Halin, Alexey A., Anna V. Kiseleva, Elena V. Kainova, and Elvira R. Sukhova. "TRANSFORMATION OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN 1991–1994 (based on the materials of Nizhny Novgorod)." Historical Search 3, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-3-44-55.
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The relevance of the article is to highlight previously unexplored process showing evolvement of local self-government bodies in modern Russia when a new system of public relations was created before the adoption of the country’s Constitution in 1993. The claim that creation of the municipal government system began on the basis of the new Constitution is not substantiated by historical research. The presented article is intended to fill this gap.
The material was prepared based on the study of scientific literature and archival materials. The basis of the research is made by documents from the archives of the city of Nizhny Novgorod and the Central Archive of Nizhny Novgorod region. At this, the concrete-historical method, methods of using external and internal criticism of documents, comparative analysis were used.
The article reveals the process of local self-government transformation in Nizhny Novgorod in 1991–1994. The attempts to reform local self-government were initiated as early as within the framework of the Soviet political system. However, drastic changes occurred here only after the August Putsch failure and the beginning of the leading communist party officials’ dismantling.
Changes in the system of local self-government bodies began with the executive branch. On December 24, 1991 By the Decree of the President B.E. Yeltsin the post of head of the Administration of the city of N. Novgorod was taken up by D.I. Bednyakov. This appointment was perceived by the deputies of Nizhny Novgorod City Council of People’s Deputies as an undemocratic step of the new “democratic” government. From that moment, the powers of the city executive committee of the local Council of People’s Deputies were terminated.
Nizhny Novgorod City Council of People’s Deputies functioned until the fall of 1993. After the October events in Moscow, a radical restructuring of the entire system of local self – government began on the basis of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 26 , 1993 “On the Basics of Organizing Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation for the Period of Step-By-Step Constitutional Reform.” In pursuance of this decree, an act was issued by the Head of the Administration dated 29.10.1993, according to which it was prescribed: “to cease the activities of Nizhny Novgorod City Council of People’s Deputies beginning from October 29, 1993.” Preparations began for the election of a new representative body of city self–government – the City Duma of Nizhny Novgorod. Following the results of the elections held on March 27, 1994, the staff of the first convocation of the City Duma was formed.
The article argumentatively shows that formation of new local self-government bodies began on the basis of decrees issued by the President of the Russian Federation and resolutions of local authorities even earlier than adoption of the Constitution of 1993. This conclusion has important practical and theoretical significance for understanding the political history of modern Russia.
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LANGER, LAWRENCE N. "IN THE PATH OF HISTORY: THE PLACE OF NOVGOROD AND PSKOV IN KLIUCHEVSKII'S HISTORY OF RUSSIA." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 20, no. 4 (1986): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221023986x00232.
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Shevchenko, L. B. "History of library websites." Scientific and Technical Libraries, no. 12 (February 18, 2021): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2020-12-173-188.
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The history of foreign and Russian libraries’ websites in 1996—2017 is analyzed on the basis of professional publications and web-archive. The author analyzed the websites of Russian libraries, i. e. RASL Library for Natural Sciences, All-Russia Library for Foreign Literature, Russian State Library, Russian National Library, State National Pedagogical Library, Russian National Public Library for Science and Technology, Central Scientific Medical Library, State Public Scientific and Technological Library of the RAS Siberian Branch and divisions, Central Scientific Agricultural Library, Russian Academy of Sciences Library, Far Eastern State Scientific Library, Nizhny Novgorod Regional Universal Scientific Library, Novosibirsk State Regional Scientific Library. The number of websites was limited due to many changed domain names which disables the analysis. The archive copies of the selected libraries’ home pages obtained through the Wayback Machine service were analyzed. The first (1996–1998) home pages of Russian and foreign libraries are compared and distinctions are identified. The dynamics of Russian libraries’ websites up to 2017 is characterized. The author concludes that the libraries have been regularly changing design, content, representation forms, and navigation and retrieval systems, which is often not welcome by their users. The libraries have to introduce and promote efficiently their content and resources with the focus on user friendliness. Internet technologies and libraries’ representing themselves on the World Wide Web have changed library practice, and the libraries have to think over how to design the website and how to assess it.
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Tomelleri, Vittorio S. "On the role of the Novgorod tradition of Latin translations in the history of Russian language and culture: Lexical borrowings and unconscious fragments." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature 18, no. 1 (2021): 202–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2021.111.
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The Latin influence upon Old Russian language and culture can be detected and studied at different levels (lexical, syntactical and phraseological). In addition to shortly discussing the different fates, on Russian soil, of two etymologically related words, biblija and biblioteka , this paper presents the particular case of an aphoristic quotation taken from the introduction to the Slavic translation of the Donatus . This proposal, pointing to the fundamental position of grammar within the system of the seven liberal arts (основание и подошва всем свободным хитростям — origo et fundamentum omnium liberalium artium), in later centuries has been referred to in different scientific works devoted to grammatical or pedagogical issues. However, there has not been any direct reference to the primary source and, as a consequence, these words have been subjected to different interpretations: from Maximus the Greek’s translation activity in Russia to the orthodox response to the challenge posed by Jesuit schools. The material collected and briefly discussed in the article points once again to the importance of taking into account, when approaching the tradition of Novgorod translations from Latin, not only the identification of the Urtext (direct tradition), but also its later reception and individual history (indirect tradition). Going beyond the temporal and spatial boundaries of Novgorod translated literature, we can examine its relevant and partially still unknown contribution to Russian cultural history within a broader and more stimulating perspective.
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Krasnoperov, Denis V. "ON THE FOUNDATION OF NIZHNY NOVGOROD ASCENSION MONASTERY." Historical Search 3, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-3-38-43.
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The article deals with the formation of the Pechersky Ascension Monastery in the city of Nizhny Novgorod in the first half of the XIII century. The role of Saint Dionysius of Suzdal in the creation of the monastery is traced. The time interval during which the monastery could be formed is determined. The hypotheses of researchers regarding the date of the Ascension Monastery’s foundation are analyzed. The issue concerning the personality of the founder – Saint Dionysius, the place where the monastery was originally founded, is investigated. It is concluded that the foundation of the Ascension Monastery is not only an important milestone in the history of Nizhny Novgorod, but also an important stage in the spread of monastic “cenobia” throughout the Northeastern Russia.
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Lobachev, Sergey. "Media and Message in Medieval Russia: Transition from Parchment to Paper." Canadian–American Slavic Studies 47, no. 3 (2013): 307–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102396-04703007.
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The article examines the changes in the media of communication in medieval Russia. Based on quantitative data of surviving manuscripts and administrative documents, it argues that the introduction of paper in the fourteenth century had limited impact on secularization of knowledge and education. In the long run, however, it stimulated rapid production and dissemination of manuscripts and encouraged a new type of literacy that cherished thoughtful reading and reflection on content. Paper was mostly used in North-East territories, whereas in Novgorod parchment remained the dominant writing material up to the end of the fifteenth century.
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Bogdanov, Andrey P. "Power of the Legend: the Tale of Sloven and Rus in Russian Chronicles of the 17th Century." Studia Litterarum 7, no. 1 (2022): 184–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2500-4247-2022-7-1-184-201.
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The article examines the influence of the 1630s Novgorod literary tale about the descendants of Noah, the Scythian princes Sloven and Rus, the Great City of Slovensk, which later became Novgorod, the empire they founded and their descendant Gostomysl, for the broad circles of scholarly book lovers of the 17th – early 18th centuries. The author tries to explain why this tale became extremely popular among highly educated chroniclers and was included into the largest chronicle and chronographic monuments, from the Code of 1652 to the Russian Chronograph, as well as into works of the annalistic scriptorium of Patriarch Joachim, the Novgorod Zabelinskaya Chronicle, Latukhin’s Book of Degrees, the Synopsis and the Detailed Chronicle from the Beginning of Russia to the Battle of Poltava. The tale remained stable in the writings of the overwhelming majority of authors, who were accustomed in other cases to seriously revise, shorten or supplement the text. The fact that the attempt remake the tale in a scholarly way and to integrate it into the chronographic text was unique and unsuccessful makes us think that ancient scribes and readers of their works, like M.V. Lomonosov later, were attracted by the literary merits of this poetic legend. We see the opposite picture in the history of the similarly conceived scholarly story about Mosokh existence, confirming this conclusion by constant alterations of its text.
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Kovalyova, Natalia I. "Robert Forrer and his Legacy’s Significance for Studying the History of Russian Printed Fabrics Industry." Observatory of Culture 17, no. 4 (September 8, 2020): 380–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2020-17-4-380-393.
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In the context of studying the history of Russian printed fabrics industry, the article analyzes the legacy of Robert Forrer, a Swiss art historian. There are very few publications about this outstanding researcher in Western European historiography. The only sources in Russian telling about R. Forrer are publications by T.A. Dolgodrova. The article deals with issues not covered by T.A. Dolgodrova. In particular, the article analyzes in more detail two R. Forrer’s monumental monographs that laid the foundation for studying printed fabrics. The historian did not study Russian printed fabrics specifically - the analysis of Russian prints production is based on just one item, and even this of only supposedly Russian work. However, the data he studied are very valuable for the subject of our interest. R. Forrer provides sources unknown in Russia that describe the trade in cotton prints at the Nizhny Novgorod fair; valuable information about the first Russian manufactories foundation in Ivanovo and Moscow; information about the technical equipment of the Shlisselburg Manufactory in the 1810s. Special attention should be paid to the process of producing a unique handkerchief ordered by Emperor Alexander I at a Swiss factory owned by Eduard Reiner where R. Forrer’s great-grandfather worked. The information about Russian printed fabrics production collected and presented by R. Forrer is of great practical importance. The printed fabrics of other countries in the works of R. Forrer are also of interest for studying the ways by which the European samples entered Russia.
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Arslanov, Kh A., L. A. Saveljeva, N. A. Gey, V. A. Klimanov, S. B. Chernov, G. M. Chernova, G. F. Kuzmin, T. V. Tertychnaya, D. A. Subetto, and V. P. Denisenkov. "Chronology of Vegetation and Paleoclimatic Stages of Northwestern Russia During the Late Glacial and Holocene." Radiocarbon 41, no. 1 (1999): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200019317.
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We have studied 6 reference sections of bog and lake sediments in the Leningrad and Novgorod provinces to develop a geochronological scale for vegetational and paleoclimatic changes in northwestern Russia during the Late Glacial and Holocene. Every 10-cm layer along the peat and gyttja sections (4–8.5 m thick) was investigated palynologically and the great majority of them were radiocarbon dated. Using the data obtained, standard palynological diagrams were plotted and vegetation history reconstructed. The palynozones indicated on the diagrams were related to the climatic periods and subperiods (phases) of the Blytt-Sernander scheme. On the basis of 230 14C dates obtained, we derived the geochronology of climatic periods and phases, as well as the chronology for the appearance and areal distribution of forest-forming tree species. The uppermost peat layers were dated by using the “bomb effect”. We compared the stages of Holocene vegetation and paleoclimatic changes discovered for the Leningrad and Novgorod provinces with the those obtained for Karelia, which we had studied earlier using the same methodology.
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Jackson, Tatjana N. "Garðaríki and Its Capital: Novgorod on the Mental Map of Medieval Scandinavians." Slovene 4, no. 1 (2015): 170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2015.4.1.9.
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The paper presents data preserved in Old Norse-Icelandic literature on Hólmgarðr, a place that is traditionally identified with Novgorod. Hólmgarðr appears in these writings as a capital of Garðaríki (Old Rus’): all Russian princes familiar from these sources have their seat in this place. Almost all the events occurring in Russia are associated in the sagas with Hólmgarðr: Scandinavians come to Hólmgarðr to seek refuge or service; four Norwegian kings stay in Hólmgarðr for a period of time; Scandinavians return to their homeland or sail to distant lands from this place; and Scandinavian merchants also come to this town. Hólmgarðr is described in a generalized way. It has the prince’s court, the chamber of the princess, a special hall built for the Varangian guards, the Church of St. Olav, and a marketplace; in other words, we are dealing with a traditional set of characteristics of a capital city. Novgorod on the mental map of medieval Scandinavians belongs to the eastern quarter (Austrhálfa) of the oekumene, and to get there travelers had to go austr ‘east,’ to cross the Baltic Sea (Austmarr, Eystrasalt), and to pass Ladoga (Aldeigja, Aldeigjuborg), where they changed from ocean-going ships to river vessels and where they waited for a guaranty of safe travel (grið) from the prince of Novgorod (konungr í Hólmgarði).
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Kuznetsov, Oleg. "To the 80th Anniversary of Professor V.A. Kitaev." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (December 2022): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.5.20.
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The article was prepared for the 80th anniversary of the doctor of historical sciences, professor Vladimir Anatolyevich Kitaev. Student of the outstanding soviet historian P.A. Zaionchkovsky, graduate of Gorky State University V.A. Kitaev is an authoritative expert in the field of social movement and public thought in Russia of the 19th century. V.A. Kitaev revealed and convincingly proved that the Russian thought of the 19th century sought answers to topical political and socio-economic issues on the path of ideological synthesis. Conservatism contained elements of liberalism (slavophiles); Russian liberals have not escaped the influence of conservative ideas (K.D. Kavelin, B.N. Chicherin); the journal “Bulletin of Europe” became the ancestor of social liberalism in Russia; one of the leaders of the decembrists, P.I. Pestel, in his constitutional draft attempted to combine liberalism, conservatism, and socialism. The article suggests that such an ideological synthesis could be a reflection of the ideas of the Russian people, which contained the age-old dreams of freedom and the pursuit of it, commitment to traditional national and state values, thirst for social justice. In 1983–1999 V.A. Kitaev worked at Volgograd State University. He was the first dean of the Faculty of History and permanent head of the Department of Russian History. Under his leadership the traditions of the Faculty of History (now the Institute of History, international relations and social technologies) were laid. Now V.A. Kitaev is a professor at Nizhny Novgorod State University.
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Bekkin, Renat. "Publishing as a Tool for the Formation and Accumulation of Symbolic Capital in Russia." Context: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 8, no. 2 (March 10, 2022): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.55425/23036966.2021.8.2.95.
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Medina Publishing is one of the oldest and largest Islamic publishers in Russia in terms of volume. This article examines its evolution from a project publishing work on local history and the Nizhny Novgorod Tatars to a publisher of modern theological literature written by representatives of the Renovationist movement. Medina characteristically distributes most of its books, newspapers, and magazines free. Its core aims are educational, image-building, and ideological in nature. This article looks at Medina’s role as a tool for the formation and accumulation of symbolic capital by one of Russia’s Islamic religious organisations (muftiates), the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Russian Federation (DUM RF). The author notes Medina’s unique position in the Russian publishing market as a publisher focused on literature for the educated reader with special knowledge in the fields of religious studies, philology, etc. Medina’s publications encourage readers to believe that the centre of Islamic theological thought in Russia is at DUM RF, legitimating the claims of the muftiate and its leader to spiritual leadership of the Russian ummah. Both DUM RF and Medina focus their efforts on building the profile of intellectuals as people government officials, as those whose decisions govern the fate of religious associations in Russia, can work with rather than as representatives of an alien, incomprehensible, and hostile force (which is how bureaucrats in Russia have viewed Islam for centuries).
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Kovalev, Boris, and Sergey Kulik. "The crimes of Nazis and their accomplices in the occupied territory of North-West Russia, 1941—1944." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 03 (March 1, 2021): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202103statyi06.
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The leadership of the Third Reich viewed the North-West of Russia as a region that was supposed to become part of “Greater Germany”. This determined the specificity of the region. From the summer of 1941 to January 1944, the frontline was not far from both Leningrad and Novgorod. Under the conditions of the Nazi occupation regime, monuments of material culture were to be destroyed; local residents and Soviet prisoners of war were to be killed. From the beginning of autumn 1943, the invaders began the mass deportation of the population of the North-West of Russia to the West, behind the Panther line: to the Baltic states and Germany. Latvian and Estonian collaborators were active assistants of the Nazis in the implementation of their criminal policy.
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Shaidurov, Vladimir N., and Tadeush A. Novogrodski. "Authorities and Polish Exiles in the Siberia of the 19th century (Based on Epistolary Sources)." Journal of Frontier Studies 7, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 294–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v7i1.380.
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The Polish movement of national liberation is one of the characteristic features of the history of the Russian Empire in the nineteenth century. Tsarism reacted harshly to the uprising in Poland in 1830–1831 and the January Uprising of 1863–64. Plenty of participants were exiled under police supervision to the inner provinces of European Russia and Siberia. Correspondence became the main channel of communication for the exiles and their loved ones. Additional rules were developed at the end of 1863 in order to strengthen control over the exiled Poles, which included perlustration of postal and telegraphic correspondence by the provincial and county authorities. The purpose of the study is to analyze the extracts and copies of the letters of Polish exiles which are preserved in the State Archive of the Novgorod region and deal with the Siberian theme. The detected documents contain information that makes it possible to reconstruct certain aspects of the daily life of Poles on the way to the exile location and in the new place of their residence, to describe the moods of the exiles and their attitudes towards the events of national and local significance as well as to present individual plots of family history. The article is intended for those interested in genealogy, the history of Polonia in Russia, perlustration in the Russian Empire and the daily life of exiles.
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Saksa, A. "Mediaeval Vyborg — a town built on a rock." Archaeological News 31 (2021): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2021-31-354-358.
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Vyborg is a town unique in the entire region of Scandinavia and Baltic littoral, as well as in North- Western Russia, since it was founded and built on the outcrop of the Baltic Shield with its uneven surface. The founda- tion of the town was related with the construction of the Vyborg Castle in 1293 and the endeavour of the Swedes to strengthen themselves in this territory won from Novgorod. The history of the development of the urban architecture presented in this paper, as well as its peculiarities and the techniques employed by the builders, will interest all those who are concerned with cities of the region of the Baltic Sea and North-Western Russia.
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Badcock, Sarah. "Women, Protest, and Revolution: Soldiers' Wives in Russia During 1917." International Review of Social History 49, no. 1 (April 2004): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859003001366.
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This study explores the role and political impact of soldiers' wives in three Volga provinces of Russia: Nizhnii Novgorod, Kazan, and Tambov between February and October 1917. Despite relatively low levels of formal organization, soldiers' wives made a significant mark on revolutionary politics at a local level. Common grievances, which centred on the inadequacy of state support in the context of rising food prices and shortages, were the defining feature of soldiers' wives as a group. Though they secured little direct representation in government, and did not affiliate with any political parties, they operated collectively to address their grievances, both in petitions and in public demonstrations. Their demands continued to escalate in 1917, and the government was unable to cushion them from Russia's profound economic crisis. Soldiers' wives rejected both Soviet and provisional government leadership as a result, and their alienation contributed to the sense of political crisis that pervaded 1917.
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Stahlberg, Sabira, and Sebastian Cwiklinksi. "Foreword: Tatars in Finland in the Transnational Context of the Baltic Sea Region." Studia Orientalia Electronica 8, no. 2 (May 13, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23993/store.83952.
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The Tatar diaspora in Finland has attracted researchers for over a century, but studies traditionallyfocus on topics such as origins and general Tatar history, religion, identity or language. One of themost important aspects of research on Tatars both historically and today, however, is the transnationalcontext. Migrating from villages in Nizhny Novgorod province, often via the Russian capitalSaint Petersburg at the end of the nineteenth century, the forming Tatar diaspora communities inthe Baltic Sea region maintained, developed and extended their previous networks and also creatednew connections over national borders despite periods of political difficulties. New research aboutTatars in the Baltic Sea region – with the focal point of the Tatars in Finland and their connectionschiefly in Estonia, Russia and Sweden – was presented during a seminar called Tatars in Finland inthe Transnational Context of the Baltic Sea Region at the University of Helsinki in October 2018.Scholars from Finland, Sweden, Russia, Estonia and Hungary spoke about the past and present ofthe diaspora. A result of the seminar, this special issue of Studia Orientalia Electronica is dedicatedto new research on Tatars in a transnational context.
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Irina Isaevna, Bass, and Kolpashchikova Liubov Vladimirovna. "Forming a positive image of Russia based on the experience of SPbGIK." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, no. 2 (51) (2022): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2022-2-19-27.
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The article is devoted to the problem of creating a positive image of Russia in Japan and a positive educational impact on students that is the result of their active participation in various activities aimed at achieving this goal. The conclusions of the article are underpinned by the results of three-week seminar «Russian language and Russian culture» that has been held at SPbGIK for Japanese students from Meiji Gakuin University and Jochi Daigaku (Sophia University) for 15 years already, as well as meetings of SPbGIK students with students at Nihon University, Japan. The program of the seminar in addition to the lessons of the Russian language and sightseeing tours around St. Petersburg and its suburban municipalities included lectures on Russian culture, history and music. The Japanese and Russian students visited the house of the station superintendent in the village of Vyra, Veliky Novgorod and the museum of ancient wooden architecture in the village of Vitoslavlitsy, participated together with folklore groups in old Russian folk games, round dances, etc. The value of this work is multifaceted. On the one hand, because of the immersion in Russian culture, communication with students and teachers of SPbGIK the Japanese students acknowledged to have created an objective and a more complete positive image of Russia. On the other hand, the Russian young people involved in this work deepened their sense of responsibility for the image of Russia, growing aware of the need to make a personal contribution to its creation, understanding that those impressions about Russia that the Japanese take home depend on everyone. It is necessary to search for new forms of work in this direction, to attract the youth to it, to accumulate, to generalize and exchange experience.
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Toshenko, Zhan. "Turning the Pages of History." Science Management: Theory and Practice 4, no. 2 (June 27, 2022): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/smtp.2022.4.2.6.
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The article highlights the experience of the first years of the creation of Soviet science in the conditions of revolutionary upheavals and Russian civil war. It is noted that, despite the difficult internal and international situation of Soviet Russia, in the early 1920s 33 new research institutes were already operating, including those that would become the glory of Russian science in the future - the Institute of Brain and Mental Activity, the Institute of Experimental Biology, the Institute for the Study of the North. Along with laying the foundations for Soviet science, there was an intensive formation of a new - Soviet - scientific and technical intelligentsia, which was achieved through a radical change in the structure of higher education, the classand national composition of students, training personnel for work in various sectors of the national economy, science, culture. It is with the activity of Soviet scientists that the creation of such branches of the national economy that ensured the autonomy and independence of the USSR economy from world capitalism is connected: mechanical engineering and machine tool building, aircraft building. The most direct participation of scientists was manifested in the creation of a metallurgical complex in the Urals (Magnitogorsk), the coal mining industry (Kuzbass), in the creation of automobile factories in Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod, tractorfactories in Stalingrad, Chelyabinsk, and Minsk. Thus, the Soviet experience of creating a scientific and technological sphere in the most difficult conditions of the revolutionary crisis and civil war turned out to be successful. It was precisely the understanding of the role and significance of science for solving current and especially promising tasks that became one of the foundations for the victory of the socialist transformation of the country.
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Олейников, О. М. "FINGER-RINGS WITH HAND IMAGES." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 264 (December 3, 2021): 270–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.264.270-289.
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В статье представлен краткий свод перстней с изображением раскрытой кисти руки, обнаруженных на территории древней Руси и Волжской Булгарии. Более подробно рассматриваются перстни, обнаруженные в Великом Новгороде. Эти изделия представляли серийную продукцию, производившуюся на продажу. Специфика декора и ограниченный период бытования перстней позволяет рассматривать эту категорию украшений как хронологический маркер XIV в. The paper presents a short list of finger-rings featuring an open palm of the hand discovered in Medieval Russia and Volga Bulgaria. It provides a detailed review of the rings found in Velikiy Novgorod. These items were serial products made for sale. Distinctive decorative features and a limited period of such finger-rings use allow consider this category ofjewelry as a chronological marker of the 14th century.
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Tikhovodova, A. V. "Discovery and Arrangement of Nizhny Novgorod Public Widow’s House name of Blinovs and Bugrovs in Late XIX — Early XX Centuries." Nauchnyi dialog 11, no. 8 (October 30, 2022): 488–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-8-488-514.
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The article is devoted to the organization and cherishing of the Nizhny Novgorod city public name of the Blinovs and Bugrovs of the Widow’s House at the end of the 19th — beginning of the 20th century. The relevance of the study is due to the intensification of entrepreneurial activity and private initiative in the field of charity in modern Russia, the emergence of numerous charitable organizations and foundations, and the need to get acquainted with historical experience. The history of the construction and opening of the Widow’s House, active interaction in this process with the Nizhny Novgorod City Duma are traced in the article. Based on the charter and reports of the institution, its goals, objectives, management structure, sources of financial resources, forms of assistance to those in need are considered. The author shows the quantitative, class and age composition of the detainees, their marital status, types of occupations. Expenditure of funds (heating, lighting, repairs, purchase of food and equipment, salaries to employees, school), sources and forms of donations (charitable foundations, contributions from individuals, free meals, events, gifts) are covered in detail. The author comes to the conclusion that the Widow’s House in Nizhny Novgorod is a unique charitable institution of its time, the public need for which only increased. Thus, the second half of the 19th — the beginning of the 20th century was a period of private initiative in the matter of social security with significant support from local governments.
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Semenenko-Basin, Ilya V., and Stefano Caprio. "Russian Liturgical Memories in the Slavic Byzantine-Catholic Menologion (Recensio Vulgata) of the Mid-20th Century." Slovene 10, no. 1 (2021): 368–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2021.10.1.16.
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The article is devoted to the menologion (calendar of saints) compiled in the 20th century for Russian Byzantine Catholics. The latter are a church community with its own Byzantine-Slavic worship and piety, which follow both the Catholic and the Eastern spiritual traditions. Like the entire liturgical literature of the Russian Eastern Catholics, the menologion was created in Rome under the auspices of the Congregation for Eastern Churches, as part of the activities of the Russian Catholic Apostolate, i.e., of the mission of the Catholic Church addressed to Russia and the Russian diaspora in the world. The corpus of service books for Russian, Bulgarian and Serbian Eastern Catholics was called Recensio Vulgata. The menologion under study is contained in the books of Recensio Vulgata and was compiled on the basis of the Orthodox menologia of pre-revolutionary Russia. The compilers of the Byzantine-Catholic menologion did not just select Russian liturgical memories in a certain way, they also included the names of several martyrs of the Eastern Catholic Churches and some additional commemorations of Western saints. According to the compilers of the menologion, the history of Catholic (orthodox) holiness in North-Eastern Russia ended at the turn of the 1440s, when the Principality of Moscow and the Novgorod Republic abandoned the Union of Florence. The menologion reflects the era after the Union of Florence in the events that show the invariable patronage of the Mother of God over the people and the Russian land. The Recensio Vulgata menologion (RVM) contains twelve Russia-specific holidays that honor icons of the Mother of God, nine of which celebrate the events of the period from the late 15th to the 17th centuries. The compilers of the menologion created a well-devised system in which the East Slavic saints, the ancient saints of the Byzantine menologion, the Latin teachers of the Church, the saints of the Byzantine Catholic churches of different eras all are subject to harmonious logic, and harmony serves to organize the whole.
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Burtseva, Alla O. "The Soviet Journal “LOKAF” on Foreign Literature: How not to Become a Remarquable." Slovene 10, no. 1 (2021): 347–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2021.10.1.15.
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The article is devoted to the menologion (calendar of saints) compiled in the 20th century for Russian Byzantine Catholics. The latter are a church community with its own Byzantine-Slavic worship and piety, which follow both the Catholic and the Eastern spiritual traditions. Like the entire liturgical literature of the Russian Eastern Catholics, the menologion was created in Rome under the auspices of the Congregation for Eastern Churches, as part of the activities of the Russian Catholic Apostolate, i.e., of the mission of the Catholic Church addressed to Russia and the Russian diaspora in the world. The corpus of service books for Russian, Bulgarian and Serbian Eastern Catholics was called Recensio Vulgata. The menologion under study is contained in the books of Recensio Vulgata and was compiled on the basis of the Orthodox menologia of pre-revolutionary Russia. The compilers of the Byzantine-Catholic menologion did not just select Russian liturgical memories in a certain way, they also included the names of several martyrs of the Eastern Catholic Churches and some additional commemorations of Western saints. According to the compilers of the menologion, the history of Catholic (orthodox) holiness in North-Eastern Russia ended at the turn of the 1440s, when the Principality of Moscow and the Novgorod Republic abandoned the Union of Florence. The menologion reflects the era after the Union of Florence in the events that show the invariable patronage of the Mother of God over the people and the Russian land. The Recensio Vulgata menologion (RVM) contains twelve Russia-specific holidays that honor icons of the Mother of God, nine of which celebrate the events of the period from the late 15th to the 17th centuries. The compilers of the menologion created a well-devised system in which the East Slavic saints, the ancient saints of the Byzantine menologion, the Latin teachers of the Church, the saints of the Byzantine Catholic churches of different eras all are subject to harmonious logic, and harmony serves to organize the whole.
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Doronin, Andrej V. "THE TALE OF SLOVEN AND RUS AS THE FIRST NARRATIVE OF THE EARLY MODERN MUSCOVITE RUSSIAN NATION: A NEW APPROACH TO THE INTERPRETATION OF THE TALE." Texts and History Journal of Philological Historical and Cultural Texts and History Studies 2 (2022): 121–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/2712-7591-2022-2-121-152.
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Created in the 1630s, the legend of Sloven and Rus illuminates the early history of Rus’ from the Great Flood to the invitation of Rurik. Although this tale is one of the principal pieces of Russian historical writing from the first half of the 17th century, I suggest that it remains misunderstood. It not only stands out from the Old Russian chronicle tradition but is also alien to it. The legend is concerned with the ethno-cultural rather than the dynastic or state origins of Rus’, the beginnings of the Rus’ people rather than the Rus’ state. Focused on Novgorod, it opposes the Kievan Rus’ narrative. The legend is a compilation of borrowed stories about European antiquity synchronized by Renaissance humanists. The Tale of Sloven and Rus offered Muscovite Rus’ a new starting point and set new milestones for its history, adjusted its branches of succession to European ancestry, and in this way opposed the isolationist trend of the “Old Russian tradition”. The Time of Troubles (Smuta), which compelled Muscovite Russia to think about its place in the new Europe, was the very impetus for the creation of this legend. The article considers the legend as the first early modern national narrative of Muscovite Rus’ within the general European ideological and cultural context.
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Грибов, Н. Н., Т. А. Марьенкина, and Н. В. Иванова. "ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS IN THE LOWER PART OF THE NIZHNIY NOVGOROD KREMLIN (PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE 2018-2019 EXCAVATIONS)." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 262 (November 15, 2021): 322–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.262.322-338.
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В статье представлены предварительные результаты первых масштабных археологических исследований в нижней части Нижегородского кремля. Раскоп, заложенный в зоне воссоздания храма Святого Симеона Столпника, вскрыл культурные отложения двух периодов - XIII - начала XV в. и XVI - середины XVIII в. Впервые средневековая усадебная застройка Нижнего Новгорода зафиксирована на таком элементе волжской долины, как береговой склон. Выдающееся значение для нижегородской археологии имеют обнаружение стратифицированных культурных напластований XIII - начала XV в. и зафиксированный на стратиграфических разрезах перерыв в активном освоении городской территории, соответствующий большей части XV в. Предложена реконструкция истории освоения раскопанного участка. Выяснилось, что связанный с храмом малоизвестный нижегородский Симеоновский монастырь вряд ли существовал до строительства Нижегородского кремля. Наиболее раннее, предположительно, монастырское сооружение, возникшее после исчезновения усадебной застройки XIII - начала XV в., датировано концом XV - серединой XVI в. С этим периодом связано строительство деревянного моста, обеспечивавшего транспортное сообщение между «нагорным» и приречным районами города. Обнаружение остатков этого свайного сооружения существенно корректирует известную реконструкцию застройки кремлевской территории начала XVII в., выполненную по письменным источникам. Дано обоснование времени функционирования обнаруженного некрополя Симеоновского монастыря в пределах середины XVI - начала XVIII в., приведена общая характеристика изученных погребений. В общеисторическом контексте материалы исследований представляют интерес для изучения процессов, сопровождающих превращение удельных городских центров в города Московской Руси. The article presents preliminary results of the first large-scale archaeological research in the lower part of the Nizhniy Novgorod Kremlin. The excavation, laid in the area of the reconstruction of the Church of St. Simeon the Stylite, uncovered cultural layer of two periods - the XIII - early XV centuries and the XVI - mid XVIII centuries. For the first time, the medieval estate development of Nizhniy Novgorod was recorded on such an element of the Volga valley as the coastal slope. The discovery of stratified cultural strata of the XIII - early XV centuries and the break in the active development of urban territory recorded on stratigraphic sections, corresponding to most of the XV century, are of outstanding significance for Nizhniy Novgorod archeology. The reconstruction of the history of development of the excavated site is proposed. It turned out that the little-known Nizhniy Novgorod Simeon monastery associated with the temple hardly existed before the construction of the Nizhniy Novgorod Kremlin. The earliest, presumably, monastic structure that arose after the disappearance of the manor buildings of the XIII -early XV centuries., dated to the end of the XV - mid XVI centuries. This period is associated with the construction of a wooden bridge that provided transport links between the «Nagorny» and riverine districts of the city. The discovery of the remains of this pile structure significantly corrects the well-known reconstruction of the Kremlin territory of the beginning of the XVII century, made according to written sources. The justification for the functioning of the necropolis discovered Simeon monastery in the middle of the XVI century - beginning of the XVIII centuries, the general characteristics of the studied burials. In the general historical context, the research materials are of interest for studying the processes that accompany the transformation of specific urban centers into cities of Muscovite Russia.
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Kuznetsov, Sergey V., Nikolay M. Mezhevich, and Vladimir M. Razumovsky. "Some Questions About Evaluating the Role Transport Factor in Economic History the North-West of Russia in the Late XIX – early XX century." Economic History 16, no. 2 (August 20, 2020): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.049.016.202002.101-111.
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Introduction. At present, the understanding that the solution of economic problems facing Russia cannot be based on standard economic approaches and models. It is gradually becoming obvious that attention to the spatial and historical features of the development of the Russian economy has not only academic interest, but also quite obvious practical significance. This can be proved on historical, or more precisely, historical and economic material. In fact, the theory of logic, taken broadly, is based on this. The development of transport and versatile tool to reduce the adverse impacts of space on the eco-economy, physical space turns into economic. The lack of transport connectivity of territories devalues the space of the economy (economic space) to a physical or geographical space. The purpose of the article is to show the role of the city of Saint Petersburg in the economic space of the North-West (understood as Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg, Novgorod, Pskov provinces) and Russia as a whole, through the development of railway transport in a concrete historical way. Materials and Methods. The historical method is used as the main method. In Russia, the spatial analysis method is almost mandatory, and it is also applied in this article. This method has been widely used in economic history, particularly in the study of transport. At the same time, we recognize the existence of research methods and techniques that are not suitable for this work, for example, the practice of economic and demographic analysis, especially in the neo-Malthusian version. The authors involve in the analysis the works of Russian and foreign scientists on the topic of the article. Results. The article shows the role of the city of Saint Petersburg as an economic and transport center taken in historical dynamics. The role of an important but single transport center in the economic development of Russia is revealed. The thesis is proved that the optimal choice of reference points for economic development has a positive impact on the development of the economic space of the entire country. Discussion and Conclusion. The article proves that the spatial scale of Russia contributes to the fact that the financial results of economic activity can be localized at a significant distance from the place of economic activity.
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Ermakov, Dmitry N., Grigory G. Popov, Galina N. Kaninskaya, and Victoria M. Marasanova. "Institutional and political development of the Russian state in the context of the theory of A. Greif." Socialʹnye i gumanitarnye znania 6, no. 4 (December 8, 2020): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/2412-6519-2020-4-324-333.
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The purpose of this article is to test the concept of A. Greif for the operation of the principle of establishing a balance of interests in Russian society in the face of increasing external threats. The article reveals the significance of the Veche as an institution that reflected the desire to establish a balance of interests of elites in Russian society. The author traces changes in the significance of the traditions of self-government in Russian lands with the increase of military threats. The content of the balance of interests in medieval Russian society is determined. The problematic method of historical analysis is applied to the study of the political processes of medieval Russia, and the problem of narodopravstvo is brought to the fore. The conceptual idea of A. Greif is confirmed in Russian medieval history. Deviations from the rule deduced by A. Greif under certain external conditions lead society to crises. The authors point out that the easing of military pressure from the nomads on North-Eastern Russia (1408) allowed the Moscow princes to concentrate their efforts on fighting potential internal opposition and other branches of the Rurik dynasty that occupied the great tables, as well as against the Novgorod Republic, which embodied the ancient Slavic state order. In the course of this struggle, the balance of interests between strata of Russian society was disrupted, which eventually resulted in the establishment of a brutal serfdom and a reactionary form of centralized government - autocracy. In South-Western and North-Western Russia, such conditions did not develop, so the old Slavic order was preserved there for a long time, but, due to military and political reasons, the States in these regions did not manage to maintain independence.
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Kozulin, V. N. "Northern Regions of Russia as Described by the Flemish Knight de Lannoy: "Non-Muscovite" Identity." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 6(122) (December 15, 2021): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2021)6-10.
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The article deals with a unique work of Rossica, the first in Western Europe detailed description of the northern Russian regions of Novgorod and Pskov, written by an eyewitness. Memoirs of the Flemish knight, which contain this description, have been known for a long time and have been repeatedly researched. But in the context of the regional imagology of Russia they are considered for the first time. The relevance of the problem is also related to the importance of the study of francophone Rossica, which has not yet been sufficiently studied, for imagology and the history of intercultural interaction.
The memoirs are valuable because they represent the only work describing these regions even before they were part of the Muscovite principality, and thus the "non-Muscovite" identity of their population is clearly visible. Despite considerable cultural and socio-political similarities between the regions, the observer knight notes well the specificity of each of them separately.
The question is raised that the “muscovite identity” was secondary and by no means the only one in the descriptions of the “Russian character” and Russian state in European Rossica, and that the earliest sources describe just a different alternative identity, apparently especially relevant for the northern regions and closer to the European than to the “Muscovite” identity. It is also concluded that it is necessary to attract more attention to the historical experience of these regions in the teaching of history and in the formation of the historical memory of contemporary Russians.
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Lobanov, Konstantin V., Aleksandr Ya Dokuchaev, Filipp V. Kulakov, and Mikhail V. Chicherov. "History of the First Ore Prospecting Expedition of 1491 in the Arctic Zone of the Russian State." Arctic and North, no. 49 (December 22, 2022): 263–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/issn2221-2698.2022.49.263.
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In the Middle Ages, the Russian state, formed around Moscow, was in dire need of metals. However, only comparatively poor quality swamp iron was mined on the territory of the Russian principalities. There were no deposits of copper, silver, gold, or any other nonferrous metals, and all these metals had to be purchased abroad, paying mainly in furs. At the same time, the supply of metals was constantly threat-ened by bans from Western countries. In the 15th century, during the reign of Ivan III, under the influence and with the active help of his wife Sophia Palaiologina, the Muscovite state was strengthened and developed, which required more and more financial resources. The development of artillery created a need for large quantities of copper. There was an urgent need for own metal deposits, the search for which began in the vast northern Novgorod lands, annexed to the Moscow state. In 1491, the first state ore prospecting expedition was sent to the Pechora River basin, with the participation of ore explorers from Western Europe, which discovered copper and silver ores on the Tsilma River. The Tsilemskoye deposit was the first developed ore deposit in the history of the Russian state. The first copper smelter was built here. Therefore, 1491 is considered to be the beginning of the mining and metallurgical industry in the Russian state. This expedition marked the beginning of prospecting, exploration and mining in the newly annexed lands of the Urals and Siberia, where new ore deposits were later found, which served to create the mineral resource base of Russia.
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Gordin, Alexander M., and Tatiana V. Rozhdestvenskaya. "‘When Going to Saint James’: An Old Russian Graffito from the 12th Century in Aquitania." Slovene 5, no. 1 (2016): 126–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2016.5.1.4.
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In 2015 in Pons, in the former province of Saintonge, an Old Russian pilgrim graffito was found on the wall of the parish church of St. Vivien, a monument of the mid-12th century. It is the second graffito found in France after the one discovered at St. Gilles Abbey. The town of Pons is located on the westernmost route of Santiago de Compostela (via Turonensis) and is noteworthy because of the preserved pilgrim almshouse of the latter half of the 12th century. On the walls of its long archway are horseshoe drawings made by medieval pilgrims, the latest of which, dating from the 16th–17th centuries, bends around a name that is also apparently written in Cyrillic script. The earlier inscription, which appears at the base of the northern end wall of the original façade of the St. Vivien church, is made in the name of one Ivan Zavidovich: “Ivano ps[а]lo Zavi|doviche ida ko | svętomu Ię|kovu” (= ‘Ivan Zavidovich wrote this when going to Saint James’). The most probable palaeographic dating is in the 1160s–1180s. As suggested by birch bark manuscripts, the name of Ivan’s father, Zavid, was popular among Novgorod boyars. Novgorod is also the place with the greatest indirect evidence of the occurrence in Old Russia of the western cult of St. James. This well preserved inscription is an important epigraphic discovery, but its main value lies in the direct evidence of pilgrimages by Russians to the shrine of St. James in Galicia.
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Varenova, Tatyana N., Venera A. Goshadze, Daria I. Akutina, and Oleg N. Pomerantsev. "Long-term undiagnosed tuberous sclerosis." Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii 97, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25208/vdv1237.
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The article presents the history, etiology, pathogenesis and variability of the clinical picture of a rare genetic disease tuberous sclerosis. The clinical and laboratory criteria on the basis of which this diagnosis is made are described. Specialists of the Nizhny Novgorod Branch of the State Research Center of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation carried out treatment and observation of the patient K. Patient was born in 1997, repeatedly turned to dermatologists in different cities of Russia with complaints about formations on the face, hands, legs and spots on the skin of the trunk that appeared in early childhood. The diagnosis was not confirmed. The doctors of the consultative and diagnostic center diagnosed with tuberous sclerosis based of four large and two small diagnostic criteria. Treatment of skin manifestations was carried out by laser destruction, it gave a good cosmetic effect. We recommended further examination by doctors of related specialties for identify lesions of other organs. This clinical case is of interest for dermatologists, because the described dermatosis is rarely found in everyday practice.
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Ousterhout, Robert. "Eastern Medieval Architecture. Russia." Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 17, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 10–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2021-17-2-10-27.
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We publish in this issue the continuation of the translation of the new book of the outstanding historian of the architecture of Byzantium professor of Penn University (USA) and professor honoris causa of the Moscow Institute for Architecture (State academy) “Eastern Medieval Architecture. The Building Traditions of Byzantium and Neibouring Lands (Oxford University Press, 2019). This part of the book of the scholar is devoted to the development of the Byzantine tradition in Russian postrenaissance architecture. The description of Robert Ousterhaut’s scholarly biography and his impact to the study of the history of architecture was published in the previous issue of this magazine in the article of Dmitry Shvidkovsky “Ousterhaut and the Byzantium”. Summary: It is impossible to overestimate the role of professor Robert Ousterhaut in the studies of the history of Byzantine art. At the present day he is the leader in the world studies of the architecture of Byzantium, the real heir of the great Rihard Krauthaimer and Slobodan Curcic, whom he had left behind in his works. His books are known very well in Russia. In his study of Russian architecture of the Middle Ages, the author analyses the artistic image and the design characteristics of church architecture. The author highlights the distinctive features of the largest centres of Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov, Chernigov, and other cities. Much attention is paid to the influence of Italian architecture on the development of Russian church construction, which is associated with the participation of Italian architects in the construction of the main churches in Moscow. The outstanding cathedrals of the Moscow Kremlin — the Assumption, the Annunciation, and the Archangel Michael cathedrals, created with the participation of Italian architects, are considered in detail The author considers St. Basil’s Cathedral, built by Ivan IV (the Terrible) in memory of his victory near Kazan in 1552, to be the most impressive building of this period. The church has a unique composition. It consists of nine adjoining chapels. In his research, the author also highlights one of the unresolved issues in the development of Russian architecture — the appearance of a characteristic onion dome. One of the assumptions put forward by the author is that the domes reflect the shape of the canopy over the Tomb of Christ. The influence of Islamic forms introduced into Russian architecture after the triumphant victory of the Russian troops in the Battle of Kazan, which brought significant territories of Mongolia under Russian control, is the author’s another hypothesis. The author cannot single out a priority version but rightly believes that whatever the initial meaning of domed forms in Russian architecture was, they quickly became popular and acquired their symbolism.
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Hanovs, Deniss, and Valdis Teraudkalns. "Political Theology of Baroque Ruler: The Case of the Coronation Book of Empress Elizabeth of Russia." RUDN Journal of Russian History 21, no. 2 (June 2, 2022): 258–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-2-258-274.
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The study analyses the political theology and imagery of a female Russian ruler in the first half of the 18th century in the context of the European political discourses on feminine rulers during the baroque period. The coronation ritual of Empress Elizabeth (ruled 1741-1761, crowned 25 April 1742) reflected in the coronation book (1744) illustrates the transition of European images of a baroque feminine ruler into the semiotics of westernized Russian absolutism. Elizabeth appears in the court media (sermons, engravings in the coronation book, poems, etc.) as the natural, God-given mother of all Russians, saving Orthodoxy from the political chaos of the previous rule, combining both masculine and feminine images of a ruler. The image of Elizabeth in the sermon by Archbishop of Novgorod Ambrosii illustrates a Russian variation of the political liturgy of absolutist culture in the 18th century.
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Voskresenskaya, N. G. "Effect of Youth's Value Orientation on the Development of Representations about their Country." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 22, no. 2 (July 8, 2020): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2020-22-2-409-417.
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The research featured the effect of collective and individual values of young people on their ideas about their motherland. The study was based on the following hypothesis: the ratio of collective and individual orientation is subject to fluctuations under the effect of socio-economic factors. They affect the specifics of young people's representations of Russia. The sample included students of Nizhny Novgorod aged 21–22. Of these, 120 participants (79 girls and 41 boys) were students in 2010 and 100 (62 girls and 38 boys) – in 2019. The research methods involved Schwartz’s values questionnaire and the method of free associations. The deterioration of the economic situation of most of the Russian society and the growth of foreign policy tensions proved to affect the values of young people. The students in the 2019 study had a more pronounced shift toward collective values than their peers in 2010. The lack of self-confidence suppressed the need for social recognition and increased the importance of reference groups. Students with a pronounced collective orientation had a focus on Russia's heroic past and traditions, as well as pessimistic and poorly formed views of the future. Students with an individual orientation demonstrated a greater optimism in their perception of the future of Russia, as well as a skeptical attitude to traditions and history. The study clarified the role of value orientation in shaping young people's representation of their country.
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Trifilova, Elena S. "Terra Incognita of Russian Bibliology: On Application and Localization of the Concept of “Russian North”." Observatory of Culture 15, no. 6 (December 28, 2018): 729–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2018-15-6-729-739.
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The concept of “Russian North” is actively used in the media and in scientific literature. However, only few people think about its meaning. In the field of bibliology, the uncertainty of the idea of the Russian North territory complicates the selection of material for studying the book culture of this region. Analysis of the practice of using the concept shows that this problem appeared in the 19th century, when researchers differently defined the territory of the Russian North. In most cases, they were directed by the conclusions of historical science, which included in this region all the lands ever and in any way connected with the Novgorod Republic. This stereotype, formed almost 200 years ago, still exists now. However, the data obtained as a result of archeological and historical research carried out over the last 50 years cast doubts on the validity of the Novgorod paradigm.In ethnography, methods of which began to be actively used in book studies in the second half of the 20th century, there is also no unified opinion on the territorial structure of the Russian North. Attempts to combine its borders with the areas of distribution of North Russian dialects and the complex of traditional North Russian household culture have shown ineffectiveness of this method in modern world.On the one hand, new culturological theories that appeared at the cusp of the 20th—21st centuries offered new aspects for studying the Russian North, but on the other hand, they moved it into the field of abstraction, actually depriving it of its geographic boundaries. As long as the issue of the Russian North localization remains open in bibliology, this study attempts to systemize and analyze the accumulated information. As a result, the article raises questions about the necessity of further preservation of the stereotype; about the eligibility to classify to the Russian North the territories that are not related to it in terms of geography, or have a conditional relation from the point of view of history; about the rightness of application of the toponymic form of the concept in relation to the North European part of Russia, without regard to the North of Siberia. In conclusion, the article makes some correction in relation to the authorship of the term “Russian North”, which is traditionally attributed to the Civil Governor of Arkhangelsk A.P. Engelgardt.
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Ушанков, Е. М. "RINCE MSTISLAV'S SILVER: WHAT MONEY WAS USED TO BUILD THE SAINT GEORGE CATHEDRAL?" Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 265 (March 12, 2021): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.265.270-280.
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Статья посвящена денежному обращению Руси начала XII в. Хотя по данной теме существует не одна работа, их авторы уделяли недостаточно внимания периоду спада притока европейского денария на Русь и имеющемуся нумизматическому материалу. На основе количественного и качественного анализа композиций древнерусских кладов показана роль иностранной монеты в данный период. Приведенные в статье данные наглядно демонстрируют, что в денежном обращении Руси первых десятилетий XII в. все еще доминирует чеканенное серебро, европейские, в первую очередь германские, денарии, которые можно распределить на несколько подгрупп. Вероятно, именно эти монеты и представляли собой денежные средства, которыми княжеская власть располагала, реализовывая такие крупные строительные проекты, как сооружение Георгиевского собора Юрьева монастыря. The paper explores money circulation in Medieval Rus early in the 12 century. While there is more than one publication on this subject, their authors did not pay sufficient attention to the period when the flow of the European denarii to Medieval Russia decreased and did not give due consideration to available numismatic material. The quantitative and qualitative analyses of the composition of Medieval Russia hoards have shown the role of foreign coins in this period. The data provided in the paper clearly demonstrate that silver struck coins, European denarii, primarily of Germanic origin, still dominated in circulation in Medieval Rus during the first decades of the 12 century. These coins can be referred to several subgroups. Apparently, it is these coins that the princely authorities had at their disposal to implement major construction projects such as the construction of the St. George Cathedral in the St. George's (Yuriev) Monastery in Novgorod.