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Journal articles on the topic 'Novice therapists'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Black, Lisa L., Gail M. Jensen, Elizabeth Mostrom, Jan Perkins, Pamela D. Ritzline, Lorna Hayward, and Betsy Blackmer. "The First Year of Practice: An Investigation of the Professional Learning and Development of Promising Novice Physical Therapists." Physical Therapy 90, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 1758–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20100078.

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Background The goal in studying expertise is not merely to describe ways in which experts excel but also to understand how experts develop in order to better facilitate the development of novices. The study of novice progression helps us to understand what successful versus unsuccessful learning looks like. This understanding is critical, as autonomous practice places increased demands for advanced clinical judgments and the ability to assume professional responsibilities. Objectives The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences, learning, and development of promising novice therapists throughout their first year of practice in the United States. Design and Methods A longitudinal, multiple-site qualitative case study method was used for within-case and across-case analysis. A purposive sample of 11 promising new graduates from 4 physical therapist education programs participated. Investigators followed the graduates throughout their first year of practice. Data sources included: (1) semistructured interviews conducted at baseline and every 3 months thereafter for 1 year, (2) reflective journals completed at regular intervals, and (3) review of academic and clinical education records and résumés. Results Four themes emerged: (1) the clinical environment influenced the novice physical therapists' performance, (2) participants learned through experience and social interaction and learning was primarily directed toward self, (3) growing confidence was directly related to developing communication skills, and (4) therapists were engaged in professional identity formation and role transitions. Conclusions The findings suggest there are common experiences and themes that emerge as novice physical therapists develop. Although research has been conducted on expertise in physical therapy, few longitudinal investigations have explored the development of therapists across transitions from graduate to novice to expert practitioner. This study explored and described the learning and development of graduates during their first year of practice.

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Hayward, Lorna M., Lisa L. Black, Elizabeth Mostrom, Gail M. Jensen, Pamela D. Ritzline, and Jan Perkins. "The First Two Years of Practice: A Longitudinal Perspective on the Learning and Professional Development of Promising Novice Physical Therapists." Physical Therapy 93, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20120214.

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Background Physical therapists work in complex health care systems requiring professional competence in clinical reasoning and confidence in decision-making skills. For novice physical therapists, the initial practice years are a time for developing professional identity and practical knowledge. Objectives The study purpose was to extend previous research describing the experiences, learning, and professional development of 11 promising novice therapists during their first year of practice. The present study examined the continued development of the same therapists during their second year of clinical practice. Design Seven researchers from 4 physical therapist educational programs in the eastern and midwestern United States used a longitudinal, qualitative, multiple case study approach. Methods Eleven physical therapist graduates identified as “promising novices” were recruited using purposive sampling. Participants ranged in age from 24 to 29 years and entered varied practice settings. Data were collected for 2 years using semistructured interviews, reflective journals, and participant observation. Results A conceptual model describing the participants' ongoing development during the second year of practice emerged. The 3 themes were formal and informal learning, increasing confidence and expansion of skills, and engagement in an environment characterized by collaborative exchange and opportunities for teaching. The second year represented consolidation and elaboration of practice-based learning and skills. The expansion of confidence, skills, and responsibilities and the externalization of learning the participants experienced promoted professional role formation. Learning previously directed inward and self-focused turned outward, fueled by growing self-confidence. Conclusions Research illuminating the professional role formation experienced during early clinical practice is not widely available. The current study and further research into the learning and development of novice practitioners may assist educators in the design of pedagogical strategies and learning environments that enhance the professional development of physical therapists.

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Greenfield, Bruce H., Adam Anderson, Brittany Cox, and Michelle Coryell Tanner. "Meaning of Caring to 7 Novice Physical Therapists During Their First Year of Clinical Practice." Physical Therapy 88, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 1154–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20070339.

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Background and Purpose Caring has been identified as a rules-based approach to good patient care, as a core value in physical therapist professional behavior, as a part of experienced and expert practice, as a virtue, and as a moral orientation. Previous research showed that experienced and expert female physical therapists value compassion and caring in clinical practice. However, little is known about how novice physical therapists care for their patients. The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning of caring from the perspectives of novice physical therapists. Subjects Seven novice physical therapists (with less than 1 year of clinical experience) working in either an outpatient or an inpatient facility were recruited. Methods A qualitative method (phenomenology) was used, with data being obtained from retrospective interviews of the novice physical therapists regarding their experiences in the clinic. Results Three common themes relating to the nature of caring emerged: learning to care (with the following subthemes: barriers to caring, the “difficult” patient, finding a balance, and time constraints), patients as subjects, and the culture of the clinic. Discussion and Conclusion The novice physical therapists in this study expressed difficulty in dealing with difficult patients, with time management, and with balancing their professional and personal lives. However, despite the barriers to caring, many of these participants viewed caring not just as a rules-based approach but as a core value and, in some cases, a moral orientation that guided their first year of clinical practice. The findings suggest that caring requires certain skills and attitudes that accrue over time and that physical therapist education programs should integrate learning experiences (including clinical experiences) throughout the curriculum that foster caring behaviors in order to prepare students for the first-year transition in the clinic. In addition, experienced clinicians should appreciate how their clinic's culture and their behaviors can help model caring attitudes in novice physical therapists.

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Zamorano Díaz, Claudio, Carolina Fuenzalida Muñoz, and Javiera Cornejo Valenzuela. "Using the Therapist's Inner Conversation in Teamwork with Novice Therapists." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy 41, no. 2 (May 23, 2020): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anzf.1411.

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Mitchell, Robyn, and Carolyn A. Unsworth. "Clinical Reasoning during Community Health Home Visits: Expert and Novice Differences." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 68, no. 5 (May 2005): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802260506800505.

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Very little is known about the differences between novice and expert clinical reasoning in community health practice. This article presents the findings of a study of the clinical reasoning of five expert and five novice community health occupational therapists (CHOTs) during the conducting of home visits. A head-mounted video camera was used to record the visits, followed by the participants reporting their clinical reasoning verbally using a video-assisted debriefing method. The transcripts from these verbal reports were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. The quantitative results demonstrated many differences between experts and novices in terms of the amounts and types of clinical reasoning used. For example, the novices used more procedural reasoning whereas the experts used more conditional reasoning and mixes of different reasoning types. The qualitative results demonstrated that the experts used a free-flowing conversational approach when reasoning during home visits whereas the novices depended on external structures such as assessment forms to guide the process. Given their experience and familiarity with the process, the experts were confident and clear in their reasoning whereas the novices were more awkward and self-conscious. The experts handled sensitive issues whereas the novices seemed to avoid them. The study findings may provide insights for student and novice therapists concerning expert CHOTs' practice and promote reflection in general on the attainment of expertise in clinical practice.

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Zielińska, Beata. "Novice therapists difficulties. A literature review." Psychoterapia 172, no. 1 (2015): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12740/pt/30476.

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Stadelmaier, Julia, Bernhard Reichert, and Jutta Räbiger. "Job strain in German novice physical therapists." International Journal of Health Professions 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijhp-2021-0002.

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Abstract Introduction International research shows high levels of job demands and psychological resources for physical therapists, and job strain is considered to be moderate. So far, publications are based on therapists with varying length of service. Little is known about job strain during the first year in the profession. Aim To investigate the level of job strain of German novice physical therapists and to identify common workplace stressors. Methods We conducted a web-based survey among physical therapists who had been working for 12 month or less. Using a self-administrated questionnaire, job strain was measured by its effects on work commitment, general health, job satisfaction, burnout and turnover intention. Subgroup analyses based on age, sex and rating of professional training were performed. Stressors at work were evaluated by priority and frequency of appearance. Results Data of 153 physical therapists was analysed. Low levels of job strain were reported. Novice physical therapists showed high levels of workplace commitment and general health, and low levels of turnover. Moderate ratings were recorded for job satisfaction and symptoms of burnout. Inadequate compensation for work, high caseload, time pressure and physical stress were the most common stressors mentioned. Therapists who rated their professional training as positive reported lower levels of job strain. No significant differences between women and men or between therapists of different age were found. Conclusion Although many workplace stressors are reported, novice physical therapists show low levels of job strain. Vocational training may be one important protective factor with regard to job strain.

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Mayer, Kirby P., Sanjay Dhar, Evan Cassity, Aaron Denham, Johnny England, Peter E. Morris, and Esther E. Dupont-Versteegden. "Interrater Reliability of Muscle Ultrasonography Image Acquisition by Physical Therapists in Patients Who Have or Who Survived Critical Illness." Physical Therapy 100, no. 9 (April 17, 2020): 1701–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzaa068.

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Abstract Objective Previous studies have demonstrated that muscle ultrasound (US) can be reliably performed at the patient bedside by novice assessors with minimal training. The primary objective of this study was to determine the interrater reliability of muscle US image acquisition by physical therapists and physical therapist students. Secondarily, this study was designed to elucidate the process for training physical therapists to perform peripheral skeletal muscle US. Methods This was a cross-sectional observational study. Four novices and 1 expert participated in the study. Novice sonographers engaged in a structured training program prior to implementation. US images were obtained on the biceps brachii, quadriceps femoris, and tibialis anterior muscles in 3 groups: patients in the intensive care unit, patients on the hospital ward, and participants in the outpatient gym who were healthy. Reliability of image acquisition was analyzed compared with the expert sonographer. Results Intraclass correlation coefficient values ranged from 0.76 to 0.97 with an average for all raters and all muscles of 0.903, indicating excellent reliability of image acquisition. In general, the experienced physical therapist had higher or similar intraclass correlation coefficient values compared with the physical therapist students in relation to the expert sonographer. Conclusions Excellent interrater reliability for US was observed regardless of the level of experience, severity of patient illness, or patient setting. These findings indicate that the use of muscle US by physical therapists can accurately capture reliable images in patients with a range of illness severity and different clinical practice settings across the continuum of care. Impact Physical therapists can utilize US to obtain images to assess muscle morphology. Lay Summary Physical therapists can use noninvasive US as an imaging tool to assess the size and quality of peripheral skeletal muscle. This study demonstrates that physical therapists can receive training to reliably obtain muscle images in patients admitted to the intensive care unit who may be at risk for muscle wasting and may benefit from early rehabilitation.

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Wainwright, Susan Flannery, Katherine F. Shepard, Laurinda B. Harman, and James Stephens. "Novice and Experienced Physical Therapist Clinicians: A Comparison of How Reflection Is Used to Inform the Clinical Decision-Making Process." Physical Therapy 90, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090077.

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Background Prior experience informs clinical decision making and shapes how reflection is used by novice and experienced physical therapist clinicians. Objectives The aims of this research were: (1) to determine the types and extent of reflection that informs the clinical decision-making process and (2) to compare the use of reflection to direct and assess clinical decisions made by novice and experienced physical therapists. Design Qualitative research methods using grounded theory were used to gain insight into how physical therapists use reflection to inform clinical decision making. Methods Three participant pairs (each pair consisting of one novice and one experienced physical therapist) were purposively selected from 3 inpatient rehabilitation settings. Case summaries of each participant provided the basis for within- and across-case analysis. Credibility of these results was established through member check of the case summaries, presentation of low-inference data, and triangulation across multiple data sources and within and across the participant groups. Results Although all participants engaged in reflection-on-action, the experienced participants did so with greater frequency. The experienced participants were distinguished by their use of reflection-in-action and self-assessment during therapist-patient interactions. An intermediate effect beyond novice practice was observed. Conclusions The results of this study may be used by educators and employers to develop and structure learning experiences and mentoring opportunities to facilitate clinical decision-making abilities and the development of the skills necessary for reflection in students and novice practitioners.

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Frediani, Gianina, and Peter Rober. "What Novice Family Therapists Experience During a Session… A Qualitative Study of Novice Therapists' Inner Conversations During the Session." Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 42, no. 3 (January 20, 2016): 481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12149.

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Wagner, Mary, Renee Causey-Upton, Dana Howell, and Melba Custer. "Experiences of Occupational Balance Among Novice Occupational Therapists." American Journal of Occupational Therapy 72, no. 4_Supplement_1 (November 1, 2018): 7211510174p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2018.72s1-po3019.

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Brown, Lily A., Michelle G. Craske, Daniel E. Glenn, Murray B. Stein, Greer Sullivan, Cathy Sherbourne, Alexander Bystritsky, et al. "CBT COMPETENCE IN NOVICE THERAPISTS IMPROVES ANXIETY OUTCOMES." Depression and Anxiety 30, no. 2 (December 5, 2012): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22027.

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Wainwright, Susan Flannery, Katherine F. Shepard, Laurinda B. Harman, and James Stephens. "Factors That Influence the Clinical Decision Making of Novice and Experienced Physical Therapists." Physical Therapy 91, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20100161.

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Background The depth and breadth of prior experience informs clinical decision making in novice and experienced physical therapist clinicians. Objectives The aims of this research were to identify differences in clinical decision-making abilities and processes between novice and experienced physical therapist clinicians and to develop a model of the factors that influence clinical decision making. Design Qualitative research methods and grounded theory were used to gain insight into the factors and experiences that inform clinical decision making. Methods Three participant pairs (each pair consisted of 1 novice physical therapist and 1 experienced physical therapist) were purposively selected from 3 inpatient rehabilitation settings. Case summaries from each participant provided the basis for within- and across-case analyses. The credibility of the results was established through checking of the case summaries by the participants, presentation of low-inference data, and triangulation across multiple data sources and within and across participant groups. Results The factors that influenced clinical decision making were categorized as informative or directive. Novice participants relied more on informative factors, whereas experienced participants were more likely to rely on directive factors. An intermediate effect beyond novice practice was observed. Conclusions The results of this study may be used by educators and employers to develop and structure learning experiences and mentoring opportunities for students and novice learners with the aim of facilitating the development of skills and abilities consistent with expert clinical decision making.

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Unsworth, Carolyn A. "The Clinical Reasoning of Novice and Expert Occupational Therapists." Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy 8, no. 4 (January 2001): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/110381201317166522.

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Jackson, Jonathan M., and George Stricker. "Supervision and the Problem of Grandiosity in Novice Therapists." Psychotherapy Patient 5, no. 3-4 (October 4, 1989): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j358v05n03_12.

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Tanner, Zoe, and Richard D. Mathis. "A child-centered typology for training novice play therapists." International Journal of Play Therapy 4, no. 2 (1995): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0089316.

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Milne, Derek, Shona Dickson, Ivy M. Blackburn, and Ian James. "All in the Head? A Content Analysis of Cognitive Therapy by Trainees and Experts." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 13, no. 3 (January 1999): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.13.3.203.

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Although cognitive therapy (CT) has gained considerable ground as a treatment of choice for a number of clinical conditions, it is not without its detractors. Criticisms include the predilection for ‘mentalistic’ explanations (e.g., schemata) over environmental ones. Following on from prior analyses that found some support for this criticism in relation to published research and the routine practice of cognitive behavioral psychotherapists, the present analysis offers a systematic content analysis of 10 video recordings of novice and expert cognitive therapists. As predicted, these novice therapists overlooked environmental factors significantly more than the experienced therapists. Implications are drawn for a more environmental and potentially more effective form of CT, and for training in CT.

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McKay, Elizabeth Anne, and Susan Ryan. "Clinical Reasoning through Story Telling: Examining a Student's Case Story on a Fieldwork Placement." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 58, no. 6 (June 1995): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802269505800602.

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This article considers narrative (story telling) as the way In which human experience Is made meaningful. Narrative reasoning has been Identified as a means of enabling occupational therapists to explain their practice. A review of the literature Includes the concepts of the professional artist, narrative reasoning, expert and novice practitioners, and experiential learning and reflection. A single case study looked at the use of narrative reasoning by a second year occupational therapy student (novice) on a fieldwork placement and an experienced therapist (expert) who was supervising her. During the routine fieldwork visit of the academic staff member to the student, both novice and expert were asked to tell their story about one particular client with whom they were working. The findings highlighted the fact that the expert and the novice told different narrative stories but that, by asking probing and reflective questions, the student's story could be enhanced to Include more narrative. This study has Implications for the education of students in both university and the fieldwork setting.

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Anișoara Geamănu. "The supervision protocol in integrative psychotherapy." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 1, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 055–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2020.1.1.0033.

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The beginning of any profession is difficult, as for the novice therapist, who undergoes supervision to get support and advice. Thus, the objective is to offer an example of support instruments for beginner therapists, for colleagues under professional supervision, which can help them keep track of cases, of the case evolution, of the client’s change and of the therapist’s self-analysis. The tools proposed are used in Romania, being proposed by the authors of the strategic integrative model of the self and of the strategic integrative model of supervision (Vîşcu Loredana-Ileana and Popescu Oana-Maria). The instruments proposed were also used in the case of the client A.C. underlined in this paper.

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van Stormbroek, Kirsty, and Helen Buchanan. "Novice therapists in a developing context: Extending the reach of hand rehabilitation." Hand Therapy 22, no. 4 (August 13, 2017): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1758998317720951.

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Introduction Hand rehabilitation needs in some parts of the world extend beyond the impact of specialised hand therapists. This study aimed to establish what hand rehabilitation services novice occupational therapists in South Africa were providing; the supports and barriers for such services; and, therapists’ perceptions of being equipped for hand rehabilitation. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted, and an online questionnaire was sent to all occupational therapists in their first year of practice (n = 240). Data were analysed with Stata 12 and IBM SPSS Statistics, version 21.0. Responses to open ended questions were post-coded. Results A 43.3% response rate was obtained. Participants (n = 104) treated an average of 20 clients requiring hand rehabilitation per month often without adequate equipment (73%). Central nervous system (91.3%), bone and joint (72.8%) and arthritic conditions (72.4%) were treated most frequently. Most participants felt confident (64%) and competent (79%) in hand rehabilitation. Conclusion Participants were undertaking hand rehabilitation that in other contexts is considered to require specialised skills. To ensure quality rehabilitation, supervision and mentoring of novice therapists and appropriate professional development opportunities are required.

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Šuc, Lea, Andreja Švajger, and Urša Bratun. "Goal Setting Among Experienced and Novice Occupational Therapists in a Rehabilitation Center." Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 87, no. 4 (July 22, 2020): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008417420941979.

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Background. Collaborative goal setting is an important part of client-centered occupational therapy. However, not all therapists have comparable skills when it comes to setting goals. Purpose. The aim of our study was to explore the experiences of novice and expert occupational therapists who use the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure in the process of goal setting. Method. This study followed a focused ethnography approach. Four beginners and four experienced occupational therapists were interviewed about their experiences with goal setting. We also observed them during a goal setting session. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings. The four main themes that emerged from the analysis showed both similarities and differences between novice and experienced therapists, especially in the areas of communication, guidance, and flexibility, as well as dilemmas they were facing. Implications. Our findings challenge the client-centeredness of the participants and the relevance of work experience when it comes to collaborative goal setting.

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Williams, Chris, Steve Williams, and Kevin Appleton. "Mind Maps: An Aid to Effective Formulation." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 25, no. 3 (July 1997): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800018555.

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The production of a cognitive formulation is an essential skill for both novice and expert cognitive behaviour therapists. It provides the focus for therapy, and helps prevent important parts of the case being over-looked. One problem faced by therapists is that the production of such a written formulation may be time consuming and difficult to amend as new information comes to light. The use of Mind Maps allows a flexible summary of the case to be created. This may be of use to both the therapist and their supervisor in providing a clear, structured and easily updated statement of the essential features of the case.

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Solomon, Patricia, and Patricia A. Miller. "Qualitative Study of Novice Physical Therapists' Experiences in Private Practice." Physiotherapy Canada 57, no. 3 (July 2005): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ptc.57.3.190.

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Ahn, Seung-Hee, and Soon-Young Chun. "The Difficulties and Necessary Competencies Experienced by Novice Art Therapists." Journal of Arts Psychotherapy 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 245–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32451/kjoaps.2018.14.3.245.

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Stormbroek, Kirsty, and Helen Buchanan. "Novice occupational therapists: Navigating complex practice contexts in South Africa." Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 66, no. 4 (January 30, 2019): 469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.12564.

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Hunt, Kate, and Mary Kennedy-Jones. "Novice occupational therapists’ perceptions of readiness to undertake fieldwork supervision." Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 57, no. 6 (October 19, 2010): 394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1630.2010.00859.x.

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Johnston, Venerina, Mandy Nielsen, Marc Corbière, and Reneé-Louise Franche. "Experiences and Perspectives of Physical Therapists Managing Patients Covered by Workers' Compensation in Queensland, Australia." Physical Therapy 92, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 1306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20110194.

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BackgroundPhysical therapists have an active role in the rehabilitation of injured workers. However, regulations in Queensland, Australia, do not afford them the opportunity to participate in return-to-work (RTW) decisions in a standardized way. No prior research has explored the experiences and perceptions of therapists in determining work capacity.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate physical therapists' experiences with and perspectives on their role in determining readiness for RTW and work capacity for patients receiving workers' compensation in Queensland.DesignA qualitative design was used. Participants were physical therapists who manage injured workers.MethodsNovice (n=5) and experienced (n=20) therapists managing patients receiving workers' compensation were selected through purposeful sampling to participate in a focus group or semistructured telephone interviews. Data obtained were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were thematically analyzed. Physical therapists' confidence in making RTW decisions was determined with 1 question scored on a 0 to 10 scale.ResultsThemes identified were: (1) physical therapists believe they are important in RTW, (2) physical therapists use a variety of methods to determine work capacity, and (3) physical therapists experience a lack of role clarity. Therapists made recommendations for RTW using clinical judgment informed by subjective and objective information gathered from the injured worker. Novice therapists were less confident in making RTW decisions.ConclusionTherapists are well situated to gather and interpret the information necessary to make RTW recommendations. Strategies targeting the Australian Physiotherapy Association, physical therapists, and the regulators are needed to standardize assessment of readiness for RTW, improve role clarity, and assist novice practitioners.

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Bochkareva, Tatiana A. "On the issue of diagnostic techniques in speech therapy." Science and School, no. 4, 2020 (2020): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/1819-463x-2020-4-117-124.

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The article presents the experience of structural analysis of diagnostic speech therapy techniques. The productivity of their use by novice speech therapists is considered. A multi-component methodical model is offered. Its components and their representation in speech therapy methods are analyzed on the example of the structure of methods of examination of lexical system of speech. Conclusions are made about the difficulty of full use of the analyzed methods by novice specialists. The „internal” and „external” factors are singled out, which reduce the effectiveness of the application of speech therapy methods by the novice speech therapists. Ways of solving the problem are suggested: unification of speech therapy terminology, improvement of mechanisms for evaluation of diagnostic data: development of clear criteria of qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the received data with obligatory consideration of extra-linguistic factors: specifics of the child’s social environment (presence/absence of deprivation; character of the language environment), its localization (city, village, remote areas) etc.

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An, Qi, Yuki Ishikawa, Wen Wen, Shu Ishiguro, Koji Ohata, Hiroshi Yamakawa, Yusuke Tamura, Atsushi Yamashita, and Hajime Asama. "Skill Abstraction of Physical Therapists in Hemiplegia Patient Rehabilitation Using a Walking Assist Robot." International Journal of Automation Technology 13, no. 2 (March 5, 2019): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2019.p0271.

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Improving the walking functions of hemiplegia patients after a stroke or brain injury is an important rehabilitation challenge. Recently, walking assist robots have been introduced in advanced rehabilitation facilities as a way to improve the efficiency of patient rehabilitation and restore their walking functions. Expert therapists can apply this device on different patients; however, such application mainly depends on the therapist’s tacit knowledge. Thus, it is often harder for novice therapists to apply such devices on different types of patients. Consequently, effective use of a walking assist robot has become a new patient rehabilitation skill. Taking rehabilitation as a service provided by medical doctors or therapists to their patients, this study aims to improve the quality of the rehabilitation service. In particular, the objective of this study is to abstract the rehabilitation skill of expert therapists in using a walking assist robot by applying a service science methodology known as skill education. Skill abstraction was performed by interviewing an expert therapist. From this interview, it was found that the expert therapist classified hemiplegia patients into four different classes. Using videos of patients walking, further analysis revealed the expert’s tacit knowledge, which was indicated by differences observed among these four groups in particular phases of the patients’ walking patterns. This study shows that by successfully obtaining explicit knowledge of part of a rehabilitation skill by using a walking assist robot (which until now was a tacit knowledge of experts), and then organizing the acquired explicit knowledge, even non-experts can easily reproduce the skill of experts in new patient rehabilitation.

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Hagedorn, Rosemary. "Clinical Decision Making in Familiar Cases: A Model of the Process and Implications for Practice." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 59, no. 5 (May 1996): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802269605900508.

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This qualitative study describes the clinical reasoning and decision-making processes used by experienced occupational therapists in physical practice when deciding on the first intervention in a familiar type of case. The main finding was that therapists use schematic processing to speed the identification of problems and to indicate potential solutions and actions. Such processing is rapid and automated. Theory appears to become embedded in practice to the point where the therapist is no longer conscious of using it. A model of the mental problem space generated by therapists during decision making is proposed and the implications for practice are discussed. This model may help to explain some of the differences observed in the reasoning of novice and experienced practitioners. The sample is too small to permit generalisation, but the findings are compatible with theories of cognition and problem solving and also with the results of studies into medical decision making.

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YAMADA, Yoichi, Yukari HORIMOTO, and Hitoshi MARUYAMA. "Line of Sight Characteristics of Novice Physical Therapists in Motion Analysis." Rigakuryoho Kagaku 28, no. 5 (2013): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/rika.28.589.

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Jeong, Som-Yi, You-Jin Han, and Boo-Jin Park. "A Qualitative Study on the Difficulties Experienced by Novice Play-therapists." Journal of Korean Home Management Association 35, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7466/jkhma.2017.35.3.127.

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Westervelt, Karen C., Wayne Hing, MaryClaire McGovern, Lora Banks, Carolyn Carney, Katrina Kunker, Ashley Magoon, Jeremy Sibold, and Linda Crane. "An online model of international clinical mentoring for novice physical therapists." Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy 26, no. 3 (April 16, 2018): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10669817.2018.1447789.

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Holland, Kathlyn Elena, Lyn Middleton, and Leana Uys. "Professional Confidence: Conceptions Held by Novice Occupational Therapists in South Africa." Occupational Therapy International 20, no. 3 (January 25, 2013): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oti.1340.

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Mojta, Carl, Mariana K. Falconier, and Angela J. Huebner. "Fostering Self-Awareness in Novice Therapists Using Internal Family Systems Therapy." American Journal of Family Therapy 42, no. 1 (December 23, 2013): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2013.772870.

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Folli, Anna, Alessandro Schneebeli, Simone Ballerini, Francesca Mena, Emiliano Soldini, César Fernández-de-las-Peñas, and Marco Barbero. "Enhancing Trigger Point Dry Needling Safety by Ultrasound Skin-to-Rib Measurement: An inter-Rater Reliability Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 1958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061958.

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Dry needling (DN) is a minimally invasive treatment technique widely used by physical therapists to treat myofascial trigger points (MTrP). Even if its safety has been commonly declared and the majority of adverse events are considered mild, serious adverse events cannot be excluded and DN treatments of several trunk muscles can potentially result in pneumothorax. Ultrasound imaging (US) skin-to-rib measurement could ensure the safety of this treatment procedure. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the inter-rater reliability of depth measurement of different trunk muscles (i.e., rhomboid, lower trapezius, iliocostalis, and pectoralis major) between an expert and two novice physiotherapists. Skin-to-rib distance of 26 asymptomatic and normal weights subjects was consecutively, independently, and randomly measured for each muscle by the three examiners (1 expert and 2 novice physical therapists) with a handheld US wireless probe. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC3,k) and standard error of measurement (SEM) were used to assess inter-rater reliability. Inter-rater reliability of skin-to-rib measurements between the three examiners was good to excellent or excellent for every muscle, with an ICC3,k ranging from 0.92 and 0.98 (95% CI 0.86–0.99). The SEM never exceeded 10% of the skin-to-rib distance. In conclusion, skin-to-rib US measurements of the trunk muscles can be reliably performed by novice physical therapists using a handheld US device. These measures could be used as an innovative and reliable technique to improve the safety of some potential dangerous DN treatments.

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Williams, Elizabeth Nutt, Ann B. Judge, Clara E. Hill, and Mary Ann Hoffman. "Experiences of novice therapists in prepracticum: Trainees', clients', and supervisors' perceptions of therapists' personal reactions and management strategies." Journal of Counseling Psychology 44, no. 4 (1997): 390–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.44.4.390.

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김미지. "The Development of the Scale about Novice Therapists' Difficulty Experienced in Counseling." Korea Journal of Youth Counseling 17, no. 2 (November 2009): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35151/kyci.2009.17.2.002.

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Sump, Layla A., David M. Richman, Anna Marie Schaefer, Laura M. Grubb, and Adam T. Brewer. "Telehealth and in-person training outcomes for novice discrete trial training therapists." Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 51, no. 3 (April 23, 2018): 466–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jaba.461.

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Embrey, David G., and Nancy Hylton. "Clinical Applications of Movement Scripts by Experienced and Novice Pediatric Physical Therapists." Pediatric Physical Therapy 8, no. 1 (1996): 3???14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001577-199600810-00003.

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Embrey, David G., and Brett Nirider. "Clinical Applications of Psychosocial Sensitivity by Experienced and Novice Pediatrie Physical Therapists." Pediatric Physical Therapy 8, no. 2 (1996): 70???79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001577-199600820-00004.

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Embrey, David G., and Lauren S. Adams. "Clinical Applications of Procedural Changes by Experienced and Novice Pediatric Physical Therapists." Pediatric Physical Therapy 8, no. 3 (1996): 122???132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001577-199600830-00005.

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Embrey, David G., and Linda Yates. "Clinical Applications of Self-Monitoring by Experienced and Novice Pédiatrie Physical Therapists." Pediatric Physical Therapy 8, no. 4 (1996): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001577-199608040-00004.

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Kivlighan, Dennis M., and Susan T. Quigley. "Dimensions used by experienced and novice group therapists to conceptualize group process." Journal of Counseling Psychology 38, no. 4 (1991): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.38.4.415.

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Nutt-Williams, Elizabeth, and Clara E. Hill. "The relationship between self-talk and therapy process variables for novice therapists." Journal of Counseling Psychology 43, no. 2 (1996): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.43.2.170.

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Royle, Liz, and Catherine Kerr. "From the General to the Specific— Selecting the Target Memory." Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 6, no. 3 (2012): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.6.3.101.

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This article is an excerpt from the book Integrating EMDR Into Your Practice (Royle & Kerr, 2010), which is a hands-on guide to facilitate the successful integration of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) training into therapists’ practice while recognizing that trainees come from a range of theoretical backgrounds. This excerpt focuses on identifying the appropriate target memory and its related negative cognition (NC) in preparation for desensitization. Clients and therapists need to understand the rationale for selecting a particular target utilizing prioritization and clustering techniques. The importance of the belief system is discussed and methods of identifying the initial targets are offered, including the floatback technique. Many practitioners experience difficulty in getting the right NC, and methods for drawing this out are illustrated. Final preparations prior to desensitization are considered as well as the importance of addressing client anxieties and expectations. Throughout the excerpt, case vignettes are used to outline cautions and common pitfalls encountered by the novice EMDR therapist.

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강세정 and Kim Gab Sook. "A Phenomenological Study on Novice Art Therapists' Experience of Early Termination of Therapy." Korean Journal of Art Therapy 26, no. 1 (February 2019): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35594/kata.2019.26.1.001.

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Rushanan, S., and E. C. Wang-Hsu. "DEVELOPING A RESIDENCY PROGRAM FOR NOVICE THERAPISTS IN HOMECARE PRACTICE: THERAPY GATEWAY PROGRAM." Innovation in Aging 1, suppl_1 (June 30, 2017): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.1628.

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Church, Elizabeth. "Reading the transference in adolescent psychotherapy: A comparison of novice and experienced therapists." Psychoanalytic Psychology 10, no. 2 (1993): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0079462.

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Liese, Bruce S., and Kate M. Esterline. "Concept mapping: A supervision strategy for introducing case conceptualization skills to novice therapists." Psychotherapy 52, no. 2 (2015): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038618.

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