Journal articles on the topic 'Nowell Codex'

AbstractLichfield Cathedral had a scriptorium and library in the early eleventh century. As a non-monastic establishment run by bishops and secular canons, Lichfield was not dissolved during the Reformation and undoubtedly kept some of its books. In 1563, Laurence Nowell, Dean of Lichfield Cathedral, subscribed the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion, the main tenets of the Anglican Church. That year, someone wrote Laurence Nowell and the momentous date 1563 on the first page of the codex. The damage to the beginning and end of the codex suggests that a Reformer, deeming them unsuitable on religious grounds, excised the surviving texts from their original contexts. For a Reformer, the Life of St Christopher supported the Papist superstition of invoking and venerating saints, while Judith unduly showcased a non-canonical story from the Apocrypha. In this light, the Reformers unintentionally saved Beowulf and the rest of the Nowell Codex because they disapproved of them.

Abstract The Codex Argenteus in Uppsala is the most comprehensive Gothic document still extant. Over the years, its various symbolic values have inspired several investigations and experiments, not only in the humanities, but also in the field of science and technology ranging from deciphering and reproducing the worn and corrupted script to solving riddles in the field of book history by analysing the materials that make up the codex. At the same time, new advanced techniques have been put to the test: woodcut carving, photography, spectral analysis, C-14 analysis and DNA testing. This paper provides a historical survey of techniques, investigations and even manipulations to which the Codex Argenteus has been subjected in the course of the last four centuries.

Abstract In the Germanic part of the epigram, Inter eils goticum scapia matzia ia drincan, preserved in Codex Salmasianus, it seems most reasonable to isolate scapia and gloss it as the 1st person sg. of the verb corresponding to Gothic skapjan ‘make’. Intereilsgoticum scapiamatzia iadrincan Non audet quisquam dignos edicere uersus. Calliope madido trepidat se iungere Baccho, Ne pedibus non stet ebria Musa suis. Anthologia Latina 285 (Riese 1869: 187)1

The article talks of an evolution of a Biblical notion of Law. The author shows the way, the meaning of the Hebrew term “Torah” was transformed throughout the Pentateuch, in the prophetic tradition and in the wisdom books. He puts into analysis the relationship between the Judaism as a religious formation and the Law as a code. The Law included basic regulations to the moral, religious and political life of Israel.

Q uam quam lin Codice Iuris Canonici anni 1917 quidam canomes de laicis habebantur, tam en titulus De obligationibus et iuribus christifidelium laicorm libri II Codicis Iuris Canonici Ioannis Pauli II quasi totaliter novus patet. Auctar primum obligationes laicorum refert, deinde ipsorum jura.Hoc in studio isubnotat pecuïilaria muwera et officia laicis agnita obreflexianem thealogicam de natura laiicatus Concilia Vaticani II in novo codice expoeita esse. Quae theologia in documentas oo.nciliiL magisevioluta invenitur, ideoquc novus codex ampliorem disciipliinam hac dmmateria refert. Caipacitas activae partlioipatiionis laicorum in potestate regimimis in Ecclesiia exercenda tamquam maximi momenti eventus in nova legislatione canonica aestimari debet.

Le regard conciliaire porté sur le mariage comme communauté de vie a permis de souligner davantage, dans le nouveau code, sa dimension communautaire. Ceci a été rendu possible par la prise de conscience du fait que tout mariage est la continuation du plan divin et en même temps la participation à la souvelle Alliance du Christ avec l’Eglise, qu’il est un événement ecclésial. C’est ce caractère communautaire du mariage qui est visé par cet article. Dans l’introduction, l’Auteur, en se basant sur la doctrine biblico -théologique du plan divin de la création, présente la communauté de la première femme et du premier homme comme début et modèle pour tous ceux qui concluent l’alliance matrimoniale. Sur le canevas de l’oeuvre de la création apparaît nettement la vocation de l’homme à créer la communauté des personnes, l’existence de lt personne pour la personne comme don désintéressé. Les travaux de la Commission Pontificale du Renouveau du droit canon se réfèrent à la conception du mariage qui réalise le plan de la création et du salut des hommes dans le mariage. Bien des travaux et des projets, qui sont l’objet dec réflexions qui suivent dans l’article, sont un exemple de discussion et de maturation de de l’esprit en ce qui concerne la vision de communauté des personnes du meriage. La définition du mariage et celle de l’objet du consentement dans le nouveau code, qui sont le résultat final de la Commission citée plus haut, expriment parfaitement le caractère communautaire du mariage. La formule: „consortium totius vitae” souligne le plan de communauté des personnes du problème et correspond à la compréhension plus large de l’objet du consentement matrimonial qui embrasse l’ensemble des questions spécifiques du mariage. Dans la partie suivante, l’article présente l’aspect ecclésial du mariage. La communion des personnes qui devient communauté de salut est soulignée dans la réalité de ,,l’Eglise domestique”. Le salut se réalise à travers la réalisation de la fin que le législateur voit actuellement dans le bien des époux et dans la procréation et l’éducation de la progéniture (can. 1055 § 1).

The Plan for the New Civil Code and the project for the establishment of the Codification Commission prepared for the Civil Reform Committee (1814–1815). Historical Source Edition As part of the source publication series begun in the second fascicle of the twelfth volume of Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa [Krakow Studies in History of State and Law], we are publishing this time documents related to the preparation of the Civil Reform Committee, which operated in 1814–1815, to develop a new national civil code to replace the Napoleonic Code: 1. Wstęp przy wprowadzeniu planu do kodeksu cywilnego [Introduction to the Plan of Implementation of the Civil Code], 2. Plan Bieńkowskiego do nowego kodeksu cywilnego [Bieńkowski’s Plan for the New Civil Code], 3. Projekt Linowskiego do uformowania komisji mającej wygotowaćKsięgęprawa cywilnego i procedury [Linowski’s Plan for Forming a Commission to Prepare a Book of Civil Law and Procedure] and fragments of minutes of the Civil Reform Committee sessions regarding this draft. Source material on matrimonial law published in two last issues of the „Krakow Studies”in 2019 differed from the documents published in this fascicle because they were intended to serve only a partial reform of the Napoleonic Code envisaged for a temporary period, until a new civil code was developed. Antoni Bieńkowski presented his Plan for Implementation of the Civil Code at the session held on 20th November, 1814, less than a month after presenting the drafts of matrimonial law to the Civil Reform Committee (23rd October). The introductory part of the Plan presents the general assumptions regarding the works. They are followed by a list of the planned chapters and a justification of the adopted order. The actual Plan itself (second document) lists the same titles of chapters, along with the issues that should be regulated in a given place, and then it indicates where the models to follow could be sought. The debate related to the presentation of Bieńkowski’s Plan and the scope of activities in this field entrusted to the Committee by Emperor Alexander, took place at sessions held from 17th to 24th November. It ended with the preparation of Aleksander Linowski’s Plan for Forming a Commission to Prepare a Book of Civil Law and Procedure on 27th November. This document planned three stages of codification works: first, a 9-member commission was to draft both codes, and then departmental deputies were to work on them (first personally, and then representatives of them, with some Committee members). The last stage of preparatory works was to be comprised of meetings of five senators and members of the Council of State with selected Committee members and a representatives of departmental deputies.

There are various appeals in the enforcement proceedings, such as a complaint against a bailiff, a complaint against the decision of the court, a complaint against the decision of the court referendary, and a charge against the plan for splitting the sum obtained from the enforcement. This article refers to the issue of doubts to date and new reservations concerning the complaint against a bailiff. The attention was paid to the consequences of the amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure made by the Act of 10 July 2015 on the amendment to the Civil Code, the Code of Civil Procedure and some other acts. It should be noted that the presented subject matter is of considerable practical value, since the distortion of the correct course of the enforcement proceedings often involves the breach by the bailiff of the rights of the debtor, creditor or third parties.

CRIME VICTIMS AND THE POLISH POSTPENITENTIARY ASSISTANCE FUND: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF A NEW INSTITUTION FOR EXECUTIVE PENAL LAW Summary The paper describes and analyses the regulation of a Fund which has been in operation since January 1st, 2012. The idea behind the Fund was to establish a centralised system for the management and fair distribution of financial resources allocated to assist crime victims and persons discharged from penitentiary institutions. Paradoxically, however, the two parts of the Fund come from separate sources. In the author’s opinion it is completely unacceptable to incorporate a regulation concerning victims of crime in the executive code of penal law, which regulates the execution of penalties imposed on perpetrators of crime and is not concerned with crime victims at all. The analysis of the details of the Fund shows that the legislator’s main intention was to find financial justification for his own activity and to create a means of control over non-governmental organisations assisting crime victims.

The paper makes a distinction between criminal law protection of collective property and that of individual property. It discusses both the amendments of the Polish Criminal Code made on 10 February 2017 and arguments for their introduction. In conclusion, the paper points to some similarities between more severe criminal liability for crimes against collective property under the communist regime and stricter criminal liability for invoice frauds.

The mission of Church directed to non- believers didn’t finish. It still lasts. The mission ad gentes is topical, because 4 million people hadn’t believed in Jesus Christ. Also series of Magisterium of the Church documents from the last decades affirm the need to continue missionary work, including traditional distinguishing countries or missionary areas. At the same time the change of the modern world significantly influence on other parallel picture of the mission ad gentes. The processes of developing large cities and agglomerations as well as migrations of people constitute new challenge to Church and its Gospel ministry. These are new horizons of the mission ad gentes. Also the world of social mass media and other cultural areopaguses of the modern world belong to those new missionary spaces. The missionary work of Church (ad gentes) is present for a long time in common law (e.g. The Code of Canon Law 1983 and numerous instructions about above mentioned) and in particular law. Whereas the issue considering new missionary horizons, pointed out in Magisterium of the Church documents, is only partly regulated by the canon law. Pastoral activities have to respond to new challenges (large cities and the migration) as well as to presence of non- Christians in traditionally Christian countries. The Church uses social mass media in evangelization. It finds it response additionally in the canon law. The idea (on a legal ground) of introducing the Gospel into the media environment or other cultural spaces is less noticeable.

NEW PROCEDURES OF PUBLIC ECONOMIC LAW. THE PROBLEM OF PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES FOR BUSINESS ENTITIESThe basic subject of research within the article are new procedures, regulated by the provisions of public economic law, and the main purpose of the article is to determine their legal nature, with reference to the general administrative procedure. The procedures used in the sphere of the economy that regulate relations between public administration and entrepreneurs are very different. Some of them are based on the model of jurisdictional proceedings, regulated by the provisions of the Code of Administrative Procedure. Ther should also be distinguished proceedings whose main function is the implementation of specifi c public interests — these proceedings do not constitute a uniform category, and the relations between the public administration entity and the entrepreneur are regulated in different ways.

Contemporary linguistic situation in Lithuania: geolinguistic aspects and new descriptive possibilitiesThe purpose of this article is to present the latest dialectological research conducted in Lithuania based on the achievements of dialectology as a science. Primary attention will be devoted to the presentation of the latest research project, carried out in 2011–2014, and headed by prof. Danguolė Mikulėnienė at the Institut of the Lithuanian Language. The project involved 33 dialectologists, including specialists in Slavic dialects. This project is a continuation of earlier studies conducted in Lithuania by well-known Lithuanian dialectologists. The project takes advantage of their accomplishments and achievements, but at the same time it considers new aspects of the research and applies contemporary methodologies; thus, it gives rise to a new stage of the dialectological research in Lithuania. Lithuanian dialects are described in the context of the complicated language situation in many dialectal regions of Lithuania. What is more, the research project takes into account the effects of other language codes on dialects of Lithuanian in terms of synchronic and diachronic dimensions, and aims at description of the consequences of such interactions. This project is based not only in traditional dialectology, but also on methodologies developed by other branches of linguistics, such as sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics and geolinguistics. Современная языковая ситуация в Литве: геолингвистический аспект и новые перспективы исследованияЦелью данной статьи является презентация новейших диалектологических исследований, проводимых в Литве. Основное внимание уделено представлению научно-исследовательского проекта, реализуемого в 2011–2014 годах в Институте литовского языка под руководством проф. Дангуоле Микуленене. В проекте принимают участие 33 исследователя-диалектолога, в том числе представители славянских языков. Этот проект является продолжением предыдущих исследований, проводимых литовскими диалектологами, использует их успехи и достижения, а также предлагает новые аспекты исследований, использует новейшие методологии, таким образом знаменуя начало нового этапа в изучении народных говоров в Литве. Литовские диалекты описаны в контексте языковой ситуации, которая исторически сложилась во многих областях Литвы, с учётом влияния других языковых кодов на литовский язык. В процессе исследования используются не только методы традиционной диалектологии, но и методы, разработанные в русле других научных дисциплин – социолингвистики, этнолингвистики, геолингвистики.

The Post-sephardic Belgrade Narrative: The Case of David AlbahariThe paper attempts to establish a literary and historical continuity between the literary works of David Albahari and the pre-WWII Sephardic cultural context of Belgrade. The war and the Holocaust interrupted the natural development of this culture. The interruption in development caused by the Holocaust did not result in an effort to build bridges to the past, but rather to redefine basic identity codes, as is evident in Albahari’s oeuvre. This indicates the appearance of a new and qualitatively different status of cultural patterns, into which events preceding the catastrophe were integrated after the fact. Postsefardski narativ Beograda – slučaj Davida Albaharija U radu ćemo nastojati da uspostavimo književni i istorijski kontinuitet između sefardskog kulturnog konteksta koji je u Beogradu postojao pre Drugog svetskog rata i književnog dela Davida Albaharija. Prirodni razvoj sefardske kulture prekinuli su rat i Holokaust. Taj prekid u posleratnom periodu, u slučaju teritorije bivše Jugoslavije, nije rezultirao naporom da se kontinuitet reuspostavi, nego je doveo do procesa redefinisanja temeljnih identitetskih postavki, što je očigledno upravo u Albaharijevom delu. Ovo ukazuje na pojavu novog i kvalitativno različitog statusa kulturnih obrazaca, u odnosu na koje su se one pojave koje su prethodile katastrofi, post festum, saobražavale. Postsefardyjska narracja Belgradu – przypadek Davida AlbahariW artykule postaramy się ustanowić literacką i historyczną ciągłość między sefardyjskim kontekstem kulturowym, który istniał w Belgradzie przed II wojną światową, a literacką twórczością Davida Albahari. Naturalny rozwój kultury sefardyjskiej został przerwany przez wojnę i Holokaust. Przerwa w okresie powojennym, w przypadku terytorium byłej Jugosławii, nie zaowocowała próbami przywrócenia ciągłości rozwoju tej kultury, lecz uruchomiła proces redefiniowania podstawowych założeń tożsamościowych, co odzwierciedla właśnie twórczość Davida Albahari. Wskazuje ona na pojawienie się nowego, jakościowo odmiennego statusu wzorców kulturowych, w odniesieniu do których post festum wyrażano zjawiska poprzedzające katastrofę.

The Russian Language of the 1920s and 1930s in the Distorting Mirror of the Three Translational DictionariesThe author compares key word entries of three translational dictionaries: Russian-German, Russian-Polish, and Russian-Lithuanian. These are moderately-sized dictionaries published about 1930. For their respective authors (a German, a Pole, and a Lithuanian), Russian was not their native language, and yet they each mastered it wonderfully, having spent part of their lives in the Russian Empire and in the USSR.The dictionaries studied were compiled in a period of unprecedented growth in new Russian lexis. Lexical resources expanded rapidly due to violent socio-political changes and the new phenomena they brought about that needed to be named, as well as the concomitant, equally dynamic scientific and technical advances, which also caused a sub­stantial increase in new lexis. The level of difficulty in constructing a list of key words was increased by the lack of current Russian definition dictionaries at the time.The author has shown that the editors of the Russian-German and the Russian-Polish dictionaries, that appeared in Moscow, included abundant neologisms: the most variegated Sovietisms (e.g., агитпункт, cоциал-предатель), scientific and technical vocabulary (авиация, автомобиль), acronyms (нэп, Главрепертком), as well as borrowings from the national languages of the USSR (арык, аул). At the same time, the Russian-Lithuanian dictionary published in Kovno (Kaunas) does not include a single Sovieticism, no acronyms, no “Soviet” orientalism, even a suprisingly modest showing of scientific and technical lexis (merely a few percent of the resources included in the Moscow dictionaries). This dictionary includes numerous archaic and regional vocabulary units (e.g., чаемый, чапыжник), omitted in the remaining dictionaries.These dictionaries present a false picture of the Russian vocabulary of the 1920s and 1930s. Whereas the Kovno (Kaunas) lexicographer reflected lexis that was to a large degree anachronic, belonging to another, irrevocably past era, the Moscow lexicographers were overzealous in the inclusion of political neologisms, often quite fresh, impermanent, even “for a day,” overloading the list with the code of the new authorities disproportionately. Język rosyjski przełomu lat 20. i 30. XX wieku w krzywym zwierciadle trzech słowników przekładowychAutorka porównuje siatki haseł trzech słowników przekładowych: rosyjsko-niemieckiego, rosyjsko-polskiego i rosyjsko-litewskiego. Są to słowniki średniej wielkości, opublikowane na przełomie lat 20. i 30. XX w. Dla ich autorów (Niemiec, Polak, Litwin) rosyjski nie był językiem ojczystym, opanowali go jednak doskonale, spędziwszy część życia w Imperium Rosyjskim i ZSRR.Badane słowniki powstawały w okresie niebywałego przyrostu nowej leksyki rosyjskiej. Zasoby słownikowe powiększały się szybko z powodu gwałtownych przemian społeczno-politycznych i wywołanych przez nie nowych zjawisk, które należało nazwać, oraz ze względu na towarzyszący im równie dynamiczny postęp naukowo-techniczny, także powodujący znaczny przyrost nowej leksyki. Skalę trudności w konstruowaniu siatek haseł powiększał brak w owym czasie aktualnych słowników definicyjnych języka rosyjskiego. Autorka wykazała, że redaktorzy słownika rosyjsko-niemieckiego i rosyjsko-polskiego, które ukazały się w Moskwie, obficie włączali leksykę neologiczną: najrozmaitsze sowietyzmy (np. агитпункт, cоциал‑предатель), słownictwo naukowo-techniczne (авиация, автомобиль), skrótowce (нэп, Главрепертком), a także pożyczki z języków narodów ZSRR (арык, аул). Tymczasem w słowniku rosyjsko-litewskim wydanym w Kownie nie ma żadnego sowietyzmu, żadnego skrótowca, żadnego „radzieckiego” orientalizmu, zaskakująco skromnie jest w nim reprezentowana leksyka naukowo-techniczna (zaledwie kilka procent zasobów umieszczonych w słownikach moskiewskich). Słownik ten zawiera bardzo dużo słownictwa przestarzałego i regionalnego (np. чаемый, чапыжник), z którego pozostali słownikarze słusznie zrezygnowali.Badane słowniki prezentują fałszywy obraz słownictwa rosyjskiego lat 20. i 30. XX w. Leksykograf kowieński odzwierciedlił leksykę w znacznym stopniu anachroniczną, przebrzmiałą, z innej, bezpowrotnie minionej epoki, słownikarze moskiewscy zaś nadgorliwie wprowadzali polityczną leksykę neologiczną, nierzadko bardzo świeżą, nieutrwaloną, „jednodniową”, przeciążając siatki kodem nowej władzy i naruszając proporcje.

Virtual communities as breathing spaces for minority languages: Re-framing minority language use in social mediaConsidering that social media is increasingly present in our daily communicative exchanges, digital presence is an essential component of language revitalization and maintenance. Online communication has modified our language use in various ways. In fact, language use online is often described as hybrid, and boundaries across languages tend to blur. These are also characteristics of translanguaging approaches, which see language as fluid codes of communication. “Breathing spaces” are needed in order to achieve “sustainable translanguaging” practices for minority languages. The establishment of communities of performing minority language speakers in a digital environment raises the question whether these emerging virtual communities can take up the role of breathing spaces for minority languages. Społeczności wirtualne jako przestrzeń życiowa dla języków mniejszościowych. Nowe spojrzenie na używanie języków mniejszościowych w mediach społecznościowychPonieważ media społecznościowe są coraz bardziej obecne w codziennej komunikacji, obecność języków mniejszościowych w świecie cyfrowym jest niezbędnym elementem dla ich zachowania i rewitalizacji. Komunikacja online przyniosła zmiany wielu aspektów użycia języka. Używanie języka w Internecie często określa się jako hybrydowe, a granice między językami często się zacierają. Te zjawiska cechuje również transjęzyczność (translanguaging), podejście które postrzega język jako płynne kody komunikacji. W przypadku języków mniejszościowych, osiągnięcie „zrównoważonej transjęzyczności” (sustainable translanguaging) wymaga „przestrzeni życiowej” do ich używania. Tworzenie wirtualnych społeczności posługujących się językami mniejszościowymi w świecie cyfrowym rodzi pytanie, czy mogąone pełnić rolę takiej przestrzeni.