Journal articles: 'NOX burner'

1

VANDERDRIFT, A. "Low-NOx hydrogen burner." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 21, no. 6 (June 1996): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(95)00105-0.

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Adzic, Miroljub, Marija Zivkovic, Vasko Fotev, Aleksandar Milivojevic, and Vuk Adzic. "Influential parameters of nitrogen oxides emissions for microturbine swirl burner with pilot burner." Chemical Industry 64, no. 4 (2010): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind100319019a.

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Swirl burners are the most common type of device in wide range of applications, including gas turbine combustors. Due to their characteristics, swirl flows are extensively used in combustion systems because they enable high energy conversion in small volume with good stabilization behavior over the wide operating range. The flow and mixing process generated by the swirl afford excellent flame stability and reduced NOx emissions. Experimental investigation of NOx emission of a purposely designed micro turbine gas burner with pilot burner is presented. Both burners are equipped with swirlers. Mixtures of air and fuel are introduced separately: through the inner swirler - primary mixture for pilot burner, and through the outer swirler - secondary mixture for main burner. The effects of swirl number variations for the both burners were investigated, including parametric variations of the thermal power and air coefficient. It was found that the outer swirler affects the emission of NOx only for the air coefficient less than 1.4. The increase of swirl number resulted in decrease of NOx emission. The inner swirler and thermal power were found to have negligible effect on emission.

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3

McVey, J. B., F. C. Padget, T. J. Rosfjord, A. S. Hu, A. A. Peracchio, B. Schlein, and D. R. Tegel. "Evaluation of Low-NOx Combustor Concepts for Aeroderivative Gas Turbine Engines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 115, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906746.

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An experimental program was conducted to evaluate low-NOx combustor concepts applicable to natural-gas-burning aeroderivative gas turbine engines operating at a nominal pressure ratio of 20:1. Gas sampling measurements at the exit of the primary zone of high-shear and lean premixed burners were acquired under elevated entrance pressure and temperature conditions over a range of primary zone equivalence ratios. Piloting systems were incorporated in most of the burner designs to achieve satisfactory burner operability. Both swirl stabilized and perforated-plate (grid) stabilized burners were found to produce NOx levels lower than the current engine goal of 25 ppm (15 percent O2).

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Choe, Kangil. "Review of Wood Biomass Cyclone Burner." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 4807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164807.

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Despite the technology for wood biomass combustion being much more advantageous when compared to traditional burners, such as the Stoker or fluidized burner, there has been scant research on the topic of wood biomass cyclone burners. The purpose of this paper is to review biomass cyclone burner technology, which includes theory, design, and combustion, in terms of the chemistry and properties of wood biomass, emission related to NOx and CO, and application of the burner, such as co-firing with coal and gasification firing. The design factors for type 2 cyclone burners have been identified through the following three dimensionless numbers: swirl intensity (S), Strouhal number (St), and Reynolds number (Re). The lowest CO and NOx of type 2 cyclone burners have been sought for pulverized and non-pulverized wood biomass. The benefits of the co-firing of wood biomass in a cyclone burner with coal, have been presented in respect to combustion efficiency, alkali retention, and the amount of K and Na. The results evidently reveal the reduction in clinker and slag generation, which are the biggest concern to wood biomass combustion. The recent results of gasification studies using type 2 cyclone burners are compared, in terms of producer gases and syngases (H2, CO, CO2, CH4).

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Terada, Shinya, Ryosuke Matsumoto, Isao Ishihara, and Mamoru Ozawa. "F161 Development of Low-NOx Diffusion Burner." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2005 (2005): 255–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2005.255.

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6

Bee´r, J. M., M. A. Toqan, J. M. Haynes, and R. W. Borio. "Development of the Radially Stratified Flame Core Low NOx Burner: From Fundamentals to Industrial Applications." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1688767.

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Research and development of the low NOx radially stratified flame core (RSFC) burner is followed from its fundamental concept through prototype burner design, pilot scale experiments at M.I.T. and scale-up and commercial design by ABB-CE (now ALSTOM Power) to applications in industrial and utility plant boilers. The principle that turbulence can be significantly damped in a rotating flow field with a strong positive radial density gradient was used to increase the fuel rich zone residence time in internally staged low NOx burners. The continuous interaction of ideas from laboratory experimental and computational studies with those from the commercial design and industrial scale tests played a pivotal role in the development of the final product, the commercial RSFC burner. Examples of application in gas, oil, and coal fired industrial and utility boilers are discussed.

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Jia, Zhenzhen, Qing Ye, Haizhen Wang, He Li, and Shiliang Shi. "Numerical Simulation of a New Porous Medium Burner with Two Sections and Double Decks." Processes 6, no. 10 (October 6, 2018): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr6100185.

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Porous medium burners are characterized by high efficiency and good stability. In this study, a new burner was proposed based on the combustion mechanism of the methane-air mixture in the porous medium and the preheating effect. The new burner is a two-section and double-deck porous medium with gas inlets at both ends. A mathematical model for the gas mixture combustion in the porous medium was established. The combustion performance of the burner was simulated under different equivalence ratios and inlet velocities of premixed gas. The methane combustion degree, as well as the temperature and pressure distribution, was estimated. In addition, the concentrations of emissions of NOx for different equivalence ratios were investigated. The results show that the new burner can not only realize sufficient combustion but also save energy. Furthermore, the emission concentration of NOx is very low. This study provides new insights into the industrial development and application of porous medium combustion devices.

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8

Kim, Se Won, Chang Yeop Lee, and Min Jun Kwon. "Studies on the Ultra-Low NOx Burner Technology Using Partial Oxidation Reaction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 704 (December 2014): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.704.93.

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A new concept of low NOx burner, based on a partial oxidation combustion concept, is successfully applied in this research. The burner is designed such that a portion of liquid fuel is heated and pre-vaporized in the furnace then injected into a fuel rich combustion zone so that a partial oxidation reaction occurs. The effects of equivalence ratio, thermal load, and fuel distribution ratio on the emissions of NOx and CO are experimentally investigated. This newly developed burner showed very low NOx emission level, about 12 ppm, when light oil is used as a fuel.

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9

Chen, Weibo, and Guixiong Liu. "Numerical Investigation on the Flow, Combustion and NO Emission Characteristics in a 10 MW Premixed Gas Burner." Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal 8, no. 1 (January 22, 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876973x01508010001.

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The characteristics of the combustion temperature, flow velocity, CO distribution and NOx emissions of a 10 MW gas burner at different primary to secondary air ratios are numerically studied using computational fluid dynamics software Fluent. The results indicate that the primary to secondary air ratio in gas burner determines the combustion quality through influencing some parameters directly, such as the combustion efficiency, combustion intensity, profile and stability of flame as well as emission of NOx. Then two evaluation indexes of combustion quality are summarized after analyzing the flame structure and characteristics of the flow. The detailed results reported in this paper may provide a useful basis for NOx reduction and premixed gas burner design. Finally some proposals are given to choose the optimal primary to secondary air ratio for a gas burner.

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10

Andrews, G. E., H. S. Alkabie, M. M. Abdul Aziz, U. S. Abdul Hussain, N. A. Al Dabbagh, N. A. Ahmad, A. F. Ali Al Shaikly, M. Kowkabi, and A. R. Shahabadi. "High-Intensity Burners with Low Nox Emissions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 206, no. 1 (February 1992): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1992_206_003_02.

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Experimental combustion and NOx emissions results are summarized for a range of jet shear layer combustion systems that have rapid fuel and air mixing, short intense flames, a high turn-down ratio and low NOx characteristics. Two burner sizes of 76 and 140 mm are investigated for propane and natural gas. Three jet shear layer burners are compared with axial and radial swirlers. The combustion techniques were developed for application to low NOx combustion systems for industrial gas turbines, where NOx emissions as low as 10 ppm at 15 per cent oxygen have been demonstrated. It is shown that at one bar pressure, gas turbine combustors and high-intensity burners operate at similar air flow, blockage and pressure loss conditions.

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11

Lambosi, Latip, Amir Khalid, and Bukhari Manshoor. "Emission and Performance Characteristic of Biodiesel Burner System: A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 540–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.540.

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Shortage in hydrocarbon fuel sources, energy preservation and future stringent emission regulations have been a formidable challenge to the most prominent Small and Medium Enterprise (SME ) in Malaysia especially in the burner system of boiler. Therefore, the alternative source of fuel is receiving a lot of attention especially in the application of renewable energy such as biodiesel fuel (BDF) and low quality fuel. The application of biodiesel in the burner system offer not only attractive and more economical fuel but also creates problems of higher toxic emission such as nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matters (PM). This review presents the current status of the several studies that had been carried out on the emission and performance characteristic of biodiesel burners burner in term of the specific fuel type that could be used, type of emissions such as NOx, CO, CO2 and others operating condition that can be used to optimize the performance of the biodiesel burner system and also comment the progress of it in some areas. Based on the review clearly indicated that this form of alternative fuel can be an attractive renewable alternative energy source for burner system.

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12

Sattelmayer, T., M. P. Felchlin, J. Haumann, J. Hellat, and D. Styner. "Second-Generation Low-Emission Combustors for ABB Gas Turbines: Burner Development and Tests at Atmospheric Pressure." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906293.

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Based on fundamental research concerning swirling flows, including the vortex breakdown phenomenon, as well as on stability considerations of premixed flames, a second generation of low-emission burners has been developed. The lean premixing technique provides NOx emissions below 25 ppmv for natural gas. For liquid fuels the oxides of nitrogen are limited to 42 ppmv (oil No. 2). The novel burner technology will be applied to the well-known ABB silo combustor. As a first step the Conical Premix Burner will be used to retrofit the ABB type 11N. For the ABB gas turbine type 8 the design of a novel fully annular combustor is in progress. Most of the conceptual work concerning burner aerodynamics and burner-burner interaction has been carried out on scaled-down burner and combustor models. For a second step a sector of the combustor in 1:1 scale has been tested at atmospheric pressure. Additional high-pressure tests provide information about the combustor performance at engine conditions. The present paper summarizes the results of the first two steps beginning with the early ideas in the conceptual phase up to the 1:1 tests, which prove the low-NOx capability for both gaseous and liquid fuels under atmospheric pressure conditions.

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13

MATSUMOTO, Keigo, Koutarou Fujimura, Kazuhiro DOMOTO, Naofumi ABE, and Jun KASAI. "E110 Development of innovative low NOx coal burner." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2010.15 (2010): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2010.15.191.

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14

Bussman, Wes, Roger Poe, Bob Hayes, Jason McAdams, and Jay Karan. "Low NOx burner technology for ethylene cracking furnaces." Environmental Progress 21, no. 1 (April 2002): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.670210107.

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15

Amano, Iwamaro, Shigeharu Kokuryo, and Keigo Matsumoto. "Low NOx Burner for Coal Fired Steam Generator." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 68, no. 6 (2014): 625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.68.625.

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16

MATSUMOTO, Ryosuke, Mamoru OZAWA, Isao ISHIHARA, Shingo SASAKI, and Masahiro TAKAICHI. "Development of Low-NOx DME Multi-Port Burner." JSME International Journal Series B 49, no. 2 (2006): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeb.49.245.

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17

Altpfart, G. R., and R. Christman. "Gas burner offers less than 10 ppm NOx." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 37, no. 3 (May 1996): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6701(96)88873-4.

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18

Wang, Mingyu, Jing Zhao, Feihong Guo, Lingli Zhu, Dekui Shen, and Xiaoxiang Jiang. "Numerical simulation on the emission of NOx from the combustion of natural gas in the sidewall burner." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2021): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200916061w.

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The NOx produced from industrial facilities is a serious environmental problem in China. In this work, the NOx emission from the combustion of natural gas in the sidewall burner was investigated by using computational fluid dynamics method. To achieve the low-NOx emission, the sidewall burner structure was optimized involving the width of the primary premixed gas outlet, the secondary fuel gas nozzles number and angular spacing. The mixing rate of fuel gas and air could be improved by increasing the width of primary premixed gas outlet, and the lowest NOx emission of 32.8 ppm was achieved at the width of 8 mm. The NOx emission was remarkably reduced with the increasing of nozzles number, where 28.33 ppm of NOx emission and 357.35 ppm of CO were obtained at 4 nozzles. The combustion performance and NOx emission was improved as well as NOx emission was reduced at the angular spacing of 55?, compared to that of 30?, 35?, 40?, 45?, 50? and 60?.

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19

Do¨bbeling, K., H. P. Kno¨pfel, W. Polifke, D. Winkler, C. Steinbach, and T. Sattelmayer. "Low-Nox Premixed Combustion of MBtu Fuels Using the ABB Double Cone Burner (EV Burner)." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 118, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816548.

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A novel combustion technique, based on the Double Cone Burner, has been developed and tested. NOx emissions down to very low levels are reached without the usual strong dilution of the fuel for MBtu syngases from oxygen-blown gasification of coal or residual oil. A limited amount of dilution is necessary in order to prevent ignition during the mixing of fuel and combustion air. The relevant properties of the fuel are reviewed in relation to the goal of achieving premixed combustion. The basic considerations lead to a fuel injection strategy completely different from that for natural gas. A high-speed premixing system is necessary due to the very short chemical reaction times of MBtu fuel. Fuel must be prevented from forming ignitable mixtures inside the burner for reliability reasons. A suitable fuel injection method, which can be easily added to the ABB double cone burner, is described. In common with the design of the standard EV burner, the MBtu EV burner with this fuel injection method is inherently safe against flashback. Three-dimensional flow field and combustion modeling is used to investigate the mixing patterns and the location of the reaction front. Two burner test facilities, one operating at ambient and the other at full gas turbine pressure, have been used for the evaluation of different burner designs. The full-pressure tests were carried out with the original gas turbine burner size and geometry. Combining the presented numerical predictive capabilities and the experimental test facilities, burner performance can be reliably assessed for a wide range of MBtu and LBtu fuels (residue oil gasification, waste gasification, coal gasification, etc.). The atmospheric tests of the burner show NOx values below 2 ppm at an equivalence ratio equal to full-load gas turbine operation. The NOx increase with pressure was found to be very high. Nevertheless, NOx levels of 25 vppmd (@ 15 percent O2) have been measured at full gas turbine pressure. Implemented into ABB’s recently introduced gas turbine GT13E2, the new combustion technique will allow a more straightforward IGCC plant configuration without air extraction from the gas turbine to be used.

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20

Yuan, Jinyan, Mingming Wang, Jihua Li, Yuyu Lin, Xiangyong Huang, and Mingyan Gu. "NOx formation of swirl burner under air-staged combustion with flue gas recycle." E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 01042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019401042.

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Air-staged and flue gas recycle (FGC) combustion are important technologies to reduce NOx emissions. This study explores FGC ratios on the NOx formation in the primary combustion zone under air-staged combustion for a HT-NR3 swirl burner at different air excess coefficients. The coal combustion characteristics including gas velocity, temperature, gas components and NOx emission under different FGC ratios were analyzed. The results show that higher the FGC ratio will larger the gas temperature decrease and lower the NOx emission. Combined FGC technology with lower air excess coefficients technology, the NOx emission at outlet of furnace will be further reduced. When the air consumption excess coefficient is 0.8 with FGC ratio 20%, the NOx concentration at the furnace outlet will decrease from 208ppm to 138ppm, lower 33.6%.

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21

Perpignan, A. A. V., and A. Gangoli Rao. "Effects of chemical reaction mechanism and NOx formation pathways on an inter-turbine burner." Aeronautical Journal 123, no. 1270 (April 23, 2019): 1898–918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2019.12.

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ABSTRACTOne of the main challenges of future aircraft engines is to achieve low pollutant emissions while maintaining high combustion efficiencies and operability. The Flameless Combustion (FC) regime is pointed as one of the promising solutions due to its well-distributed reaction zones that yield low NOx emissions and oscillations. A dual-combustor configuration potentially facilitates the attainment of FC in the Inter-Turbine Burner (ITB). The development of such burner is dependent on knowledge regarding NOx formation and the parameters affecting it. It is known from the literature that the NOx formation mechanisms are different in FC. Therefore, in an attempt to clarify some of the mechanisms involved in NOx formation at relevant conditions, a chemical reactor network model developed to represent the ITB is explored. The role of prompt NOx was previously shown to be dominant at relatively low inlet temperatures and atmospheric pressure. In order to check these findings, five chemical reaction mechanisms were employed. All of them overpredicted NOx emissions and the overprediction is likely to be caused by the prompt NOx subset implemented in these mechanisms. Higher reactants temperatures and operational pressures were also investigated. Overall NOx emissions increased with temperature and the NOx peak moved to lower equivalence ratios. Operational pressure changed the emissions trend with global equivalence ratio. Leaner conditions had behaviour similar to that of conventional combustors (increase in NOx), while NOx dropped with further increase in equivalence ratio due to suppression of the prompt NOx production, as well as an increase in NO reburning. These trends highlight the differences between the emission behaviour of the ITB with those of a conventional combustion system.

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22

Milivojevic, Aleksandar, Miroljub Adzic, Milan Gojak, Mirjana Stamenic, and Vuk Adzic. "Analysis of the performance of a low-power atmospheric burner for gas appliances for households and their impact on the emission and stability of the burner." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2020): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200717302m.

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The paper presents results of theoretical numerical research dealing with CO and NOX emission performed in the process of optimization of the performance of low-power atmospheric burners. The theoretical part of this paper, whose main goals were better understanding of the complex issues of methodology and establishment of performance prediction and optimization of low-power atmospheric gas burner included numerical variation of independent parameters, such as burner geometry, the coefficients of primary and secondary air and different gaseous fuels including biogas. The findings of theoretically obtained performance prediction and optimization of atmospheric burners were experimentally investigated in purpose built test rigs for a number of variable parameters. The obtained results fully justified the proposed models of performance prediction and burner optimization.

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23

Zhang, Yafei, Rui Luo, Yihua Dou, and Qulan Zhou. "Combustion Characteristics and NOx Emission through a Swirling Burner with Adjustable Flaring Angle." Energies 11, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 2173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082173.

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A swirling burner with a variable inner secondary air (ISA) flaring angle β is proposed and a laboratory scale opposed-firing furnace is built. Temperature distribution and NOx emission are designedly measured. The combustion characteristics affected by variable β are experimentally evaluated from ignition and burnout data. Meanwhile, NOx reduction by the variable β is analyzed through emissions measurements. Different inner/outer primary coal-air concentration ratios γ, thermal loads and coal types are considered in this study. Results indicate that β variation provides a new approach to promote ignition and burnout, as well as NOx emission reduction under conditions of fuel rich/lean combustion and load variation. The recommended β of a swirling burner under different conditions is not always constant. The optimal βopt of the swirling burner under all conditions for different burning performance are summarized in the form of curves, which could provide reference for exquisite combustion adjustment.

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24

Srivastava, Ravi K., and James A. Mulholland. "Low NOx, high efficiency multistaged burner: Gaseous fuel results." Environmental Progress 7, no. 1 (February 1988): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.3300070117.

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Mulholland, James A., and Ravi K. Srivastava. "Low NOx, High Efficiency Multistaged Burner: Fuel Oil Results." JAPCA 38, no. 9 (September 1988): 1162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466466.

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26

Spangelo, O., and O. K. Sonju. "CORRELATIONS FOR NOx EMISSIONS FROM A SWIRL BURNER CONCEPT." Clean Air: International Journal on Energy for a Clean Environment 8, no. 1 (2007): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/interjenercleanenv.v8.i1.60.

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27

Sies, Mohamad Farid, Norrizal Mustaffa, Hanis Zakaria, Hamidon bin Salleh, Bukhari Manshoor, and Amir Khalid. "A Review of the Concept of Fuel-Water Internally Rapid Mixing Injector in Burner System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (December 2013): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.296.

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This paper reviews the effects of premix fluids between biodiesel, air, and water for external combustion especially open burner. During burning process, biodiesel combustion involves the fuel-air mixing characteristic such as oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants and viscosity that influences more NOx emissions than diesel fuel. The strategies to reduce NOx emission are acquired with water additional in biodiesel fuel mixing during early stage of burning process. The method to mix biodiesel-water with injector was acquired in burner system. A vast majority of author reported that the variation in mixing of blending biodiesel ratio and water was found to enhance the burning process and mixture formation thus predominantly reducing the NOx emissions.

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Li, Chen, Su Ping Cui, Xian Zheng Gong, Xian Ce Meng, and Hong Tao Wang. "LCA Method of MSC and Low-NOx Burner Technology in Cement Manufacturing." Materials Science Forum 743-744 (January 2013): 802–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.743-744.802.

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LCA method was used to model the life cycle of cement manufacturing with multi-stage combustion and low-NOx Burner technology applied as its low-NOx system. The life cycle is from the coal and raw materials transportation, through the coal and raw meal grinding, to the clinker incineration, and finally the flue gas including NOx to the air atmosphere. The functional unit is 1 tonne clinker. Data for cement produced in MSC and LNB technology is analyzed. The data is collected from the real clinker production situation and the measurement is taken in 12 hours continuously.

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Peta, Sandile, Chris du Toit, Reshendren Naidoo, Walter Schmitz, and Louis Jestin. "Investigations of operation problems at a 200 MWe PF boiler." Chemical and Process Engineering 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cpe-2015-0021.

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Abstract To minimize oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission, maximize boiler combustion efficiency, achieve safe and reliable burner combustion, it is crucial to master global boiler and at-the-burner control of fuel and air flows. Non-uniform pulverized fuel (PF) and air flows to burners reduce flame stability and pose risk to boiler safety by risk of reverse flue gas and fuel flow into burners. This paper presents integrated techniques implemented at pilot ESKOM power plants for the determination of global boiler air/flue gas distribution, wind-box air distribution and measures for making uniform the flow being delivered to burners within a wind-box system. This is achieved by Process Flow Modelling, at-the-burner static pressure measurements and CFD characterization. Global boiler mass and energy balances combined with validated site measurements are used in an integrated approach to calculate the total (stoichiometric + excess) air mass flow rate required to burn the coal quality being fired, determine the actual quantity of air that flows through the burners and the furnace ingress air. CFD analysis and use of at-the-burner static, total pressure and temperature measurements are utilized in a 2-pronged approach to determine root-causes for burner fires and to evaluate secondary air distribution between burners.

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30

Yang, Daolong, Jianping Li, Yanxiang Wang, Chao Tian, and Chi Zhang. "Recent Patents on Boiler Burners for Natural Gas." Recent Patents on Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212797612666181213092622.

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Background: With the development of natural gas and shale gas worldwide, the consumption of gas will continue to increase in the future. Natural gas is flammable and explosive, and the exhaust gas produced during the combustion of natural gas in boiler burners is one of the main sources of NOx in the air. Objective: This paper introduces patents and researches of natural gas boiler burners to improve the safety of natural gas boiler burners and reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides. Methods: In summarizing the existing boiler burner for natural gas, this paper introduces three new patents of natural gas boiler burner: the low-nitrogen burner, the energy-saving leakage-detecting burner and the small boiler burner. Results: The low-nitrogen burner identifies the fixed control of gas flow, enhances the gas flow’s antiinterference ability, and achieves a relatively accurate ratio of the fuel-air flow. The energy-saving leakage-detecting burner enhances the natural gas and air flow stability and improves combustion efficiency and the safety and reliability by optimizing the ratio of natural gas to air. The small boiler burner improves the safety and reliability of the natural gas boiler burner, prolongs the service life of the igniter, and makes up for the shortcomings of high stability in the gas pressure. Conclusion: On the basis of ensuring the safety of the burner, the low-nitrogen transformation of the boiler burner is as energy-efficient as possible in order to maximize the advantages of natural gas resources.

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31

SCHMITT, PATRICK, T. POINSOT, B. SCHUERMANS, and K. P. GEIGLE. "Large-eddy simulation and experimental study of heat transfer, nitric oxide emissions and combustion instability in a swirled turbulent high-pressure burner." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 570 (January 3, 2007): 17–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112006003156.

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Nitric oxide formation in gas turbine combustion depends on four key factors: flame stabilization, heat transfer, fuel–air mixing and combustion instability. The design of modern gas turbine burners requires delicate compromises between fuel efficiency, emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and combustion stability. Burner designs allowing substantial NOx reduction are often prone to combustion oscillations. These oscillations also change the NOx fields. Being able to predict not only the main species field in a burner but also the pollutant and the oscillation levels is now a major challenge for combustion modelling. This must include a realistic treatment of unsteady acoustic phenomena (which create instabilities) and also of heat transfer mechanisms (convection and radiation) which control NOx generation.In this work, large-eddy simulation (LES) is applied to a realistic gas turbine combustion chamber configuration where pure methane is injected through multiple holes in a cone-shaped burner. In addition to a non-reactive simulation, this article presents three reactive simulations and compares them to experimental results. The first reactive simulation neglects effects of cooling air on flame stabilization and heat losses by radiation and convection. The second reactive simulation shows how cooling air and heat transfer affect nitric oxide emissions. Finally, the third reactive simulation shows the effects of combustion instability on nitric oxide emissions. Additionally, the combustion instability is analysed in detail, including the evaluation of the terms in the acoustic energy equation and the identification of the mechanism driving the oscillation.Results confirm that LES of gas turbine combustion requires not only an accurate chemical scheme and realistic heat transfer models but also a proper description of the acoustics in order to predict nitric oxide emissions and pressure oscillation levels simultaneously.

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32

Kolluri, P., A. Kamal, and S. R. Gollahalli. "Application of Noncircular Primary-Air Inlet Geometries in the Inshot Burners of Residential Gas Furnaces." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 118, no. 1 (March 1, 1996): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2792694.

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Experiments with an inshot burner used in residential natural gas furnaces are presented. The concentrations of NOx, NO, and CO in the combustion products of partially aerated natural gas flames were measured in a laboratory combustion chamber. When the conventional circular venturi inlet of the inshot burner was replaced by elliptic venturi inlets, an increase of up to 30 percent in the primary-air entrainment and a decrease of up to 20 percent in the NOx emission index were observed. Temperature field measurements in the flames were in conformity with the emission index measurements.

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33

Soroka, B. S., and V. V. Horupa. "Environmental Characteristics of Modern Systems of Domestic Use of Fuel. Part 2. Pollutants Formation by Natural Gas Combustion in Atmospheric Burners: Experimental Studies." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 63, no. 5 (October 13, 2020): 450–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2020-63-5-450-461.

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The Gas Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine performs comprehensive studies of the formation of toxic emissions in the flame of atmospheric burners and beyond the visible burning cones (“rich” primary flame). The experiments are based on the proven significant content of harmful substances in the combustion products of gas fuel in household appliances and on direct contact of consumers with gas emissions during the operation of the stoves. A methodology for the experimental researches of the harmful emissions formation has been proposed while the computerized firing rig serving as the diagnostic facility has been developed for studying the combustion of hydrocarbon gases in the burners of household stoves. Carbon oxides CO and nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 are considered as toxic emissions, while the primary air excess coefficient and the heat load of the burner are considered as variable parameters. Under operating conditions of a gas stove, its variable characteristics are the gas pressure in front of the nozzle of the atmospheric burner and its thermal power. When optimizing the design of burners, the determinant value of the stability of burning, energy and environmental indicators of fuel combustion is the coefficient of excess of primary air λpr at a given gas pressure before the burner. The influence of this coefficient on the formation of CO, NO, NO2 is established, and the possibility of emissions with a high concentration of nitrogen dioxide is proved. Since the concentration of [NO] decreases with an increase in λpr, and the absolute level of [NO2] concentrations is not significantly affected by the value of λpr, it is determined that the proportion of [NO2] concentration in the [NOx] = [NO] + [NO2] compound increases with an increase in the primary air excess coefficient.

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34

Smart, John P., Willem L. van de Kamp, and Mark E. Morgan. "The effect of burner scale on NOx emissions from a swirl stabilized pulverized coal burner." Fuel 69, no. 11 (November 1990): 1350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(90)90114-6.

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35

Mohd Ismail, Mohd Shuisma, Mohammad Nazri Mohd Jaafar, S. M. Fauzi, Muhamad Roslan Rahim, Mazlan Said, Norazila Othman, Mohd Kamal Ariffin, and Muhammad Syahiran Abdul Malik. "Prestasi Pembakaran Adunan Biodiesel Berasaskan Jatropha Dalam Pembakar Minyak." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 79, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.79.1.3643.

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In this study, pure Jatropha oil (inedible plant oil) was converted into biodiesel (Jatropha Methyl-Ester or JME) through an esterification and trans-esterification process. It is then blended with commercial diesel in various ratios to produce four different blends. The ratio of Jatropha biodiesel to diesel (Jatropha:diesel) is 5:95% (B5), 10:90% (B10), 15:85% (B15) and 20:80% (B20). The letter B indicates the total volume of biodiesel in a mixture with diesel. Each batch of the fuel blend was then tested for their physical properties compared to diesel. Combustion performance tests were performed and temperature and emission (NOx and CO) profiles were measured at five different equivalence ratios. Experimental results are presented and they show that the temperature profile of each mixture does not exceed the value of diesel, and results in lower emissions (NOx and CO) than diesel.

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Paulauskas, Jõgi, Striūgas, Martuzevičius, Erme, Raud, and Tichonovas. "Application of Non-Thermal Plasma for NOx Reduction in the Flue Gases." Energies 12, no. 20 (October 17, 2019): 3955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203955.

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Over the years, ever more stringent requirements on the pollutant emissions, especially NOX, from combustion systems burning natural gas are introduced by the European Union (EU). Among all NOX reduction methods, the flue gas treatment by plasma is widely applied and could be used for both small scale and domestic combustion systems. However, the removal efficiency depends on concentrations of oxygen, water vapor, traces of hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides in flue gas. In order to analyze the application of the NOX reduction for small-scale or domestic combustion systems, experiments of NOX reduction by non-thermal plasma from real flue gases originating from premixed methane combustion at different equivalence ratio (ER) values were performed. It was determined that the residual oxygen in flue gas plays an important role for improvement of NO to NO2 oxidation efficiency when O2 concentrations are equal to or higher than 6%. The power consumption for the plasma oxidation constituted approximately 1% of the burner power. In the case of ozone treatment, the addition of O3 to flue gas showed even more promising results as NO formed during combustion was fully oxidized to NO2 at all ER values.

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Djordjevic, Neda, Peter Habisreuther, and Nikolaos Zarzalis. "Flame Stabilization and Emissions of a Natural Gas/Air Ceramic Porous Burner." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.105.

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Increasingly stringent regulations for limiting pollutant emissions for both aircraft and industrial gas turbines enforce further reduction of NOx emissions while maintaining flame stability. Application of premixed flames offers the possibility to reduce these emissions, but nevertheless it is strongly connected with flame instability risks. A possible solution to ensure the stability of premixed flames is to provide enhanced heat recirculation employing porous inert material. Experimental determination of flame stability and emissions of a porous burner containing a reticulate ceramic sponge structure are reported and the influence of the structural properties of the porous matrix on stable operating range was investigated. It was found, that the flame stability limit was significantly higher compared with free flame burners and nitric oxide (NOx) emissions were below 10 ppm for all cases.

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38

Jirátová, Květa, Lenka Morávková, Jiří Malecha, and Bohumil Koutský. "Ceramic Foam-Supported Perovskites as Catalysts for Combustion of Methane." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 62, no. 6 (1997): 875–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19970875.

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Methane combustion in the presence of various types of perovskites supported on ceramic foams has been studied with respect to the CO and NOx formation. The effect of the catalyst composition and of the air-to-methane ratio on the CO and NOx concentration has been evaluated for different burner capacities.

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39

Ren, Li Ming, Jing Xue An, Chun Yu Wang, and Lei Wang. "Influence of Low NOx Burner Retrofit on the Performances of a Boiler." Advanced Materials Research 1023 (August 2014): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1023.116.

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This paper presents the experimental investigation on the operational performances of a Boiler after a Low NOx burner retrofit. After the retrofit, several operational performances emerge a major change, including the unburned combustible in flying ash raise under higher load, the temperature of reheat steam drop greatly under lower load. As a result, the changes have an influence on the economy of boiler. As for it, a special experimental study was carried out to obtain the best operating mode, and the law of change on the several parameters. The research results are a significant reference to retrofit involved in Low NOx burner utilized to a boiler.

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40

Spangelo, O., T. Slungaard, T. Engebretsen, and O. K. Sonju. "DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW-NOx SWIRL BURNER FOR GASEOUS FUELS." Clean Air: International Journal on Energy for a Clean Environment 7, no. 3 (2006): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/interjenercleanenv.v7.i3.20.

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41

Dupont, V., M. Pourkashanian, A. Williams, and R. Woolley. "The reduction of NOx formation in natural gas burner flames." Fuel 72, no. 4 (April 1993): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(93)90108-e.

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42

Liu, Ya Ming, Fang Yong Li, and Qi Sheng Xu. "Numerical Study the NOx Emission Characteristics of 600MW Opposed Swirling Coal-Fired Utility Boiler." Advanced Materials Research 1010-1012 (August 2014): 847–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1010-1012.847.

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In this paper, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a 600 MW opposed swirling coal-fired utility boiler has been established to numerically study the NOx emission characteristics under different ratios of over fire air (OFA) and modes of in-service burner layers. The current CFD model had adopted a chemical percolation devolatilization (CPD) model and been validated by comparing the simulated results with the experimental data. The numerical simulation results show that, with increasing the ratio of OFA, the carbon content in fly-ash increase somewhat linearly and the NOx emission reduce significantly, and the OFA ratio of 30% is optimal with higher burnout of pulverized coal and lower NOx emission. The different in-service burner layer modes have different influences on the residence time of the pulverized-coal particles, effect of air staging in the burner region and flue gas temperature at the exit of the lower furnace. Stopping the upper burner layers can increases the residence time of the pulverized-coal particles, resulting in the reduction of the carbon content in the fly ash and the increase of the pulverized-coal burnout. The flue gas temperature at the exit of the lower furnace can also decrease, which would be helpful to reducing the slagging tendency on the surfaces of the platen superheaters.

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Mulholland, J. A., and R. E. Hall. "Fuel Oil Reburning Application for NOx Control to Firetube Package Boilers." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 109, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240026.

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Two pilot-scale (0.73 MW or 2.5 × 106 Btu/hr) firetube package boilers were retrofitted for fuel oil reburning application for NOx emission control. When firing distillate fuel oil (0.01 percent nitrogen content), an overall NOx reduction of 46 percent from an uncontrolled emission of 125 ppm (dry, at zero percent O2) was realized by diverting 20 percent of the total boiler load to a second stage burner; a 51 percent NOx reduction from 265 ppm was achieved in a distillate/residual fuel oil mixture (0.14 percent nitrogen content) reburning application. Nitrogen-free fuel oil reburning was found to be slightly more effective at reducing NOx than was natural gas reburning, although longer fuel-rich zone residence times were required to allow for evaporation and mixing of the fuel oil droplets. Key parameters investigated which impact the reburning process were: primary flame NOx, reburn zone stoichiometry, and reburn zone residence time. Reburning applied to firetube package boilers requires minimal facility modification. Reburning can be coupled with other NOx control techniques (e.g., distributed air low NOx burners) to achieve NOx emissions of less than 100 ppm. However, for very low primary flame NOx conditions (i.e., less than 200 ppm), reburning fuel nitrogen content is a limiting factor, and reburning with a low-nitrogen-content fuel, such as natural gas or nitrogen-free distillate oil, may be necessary to achieve 50 percent NOx reduction.

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44

Döbbeling, Klaus, Jaan Hellat, and Hans Koch. "25 Years of BBC/ABB/Alstom Lean Premix Combustion Technologies." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 129, no. 1 (September 28, 2005): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2181183.

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The paper will show the development of lean premix combustion technologies in BBC, ABB, and Alstom gas turbines. Different technologies have been developed and applied in Brown Boveri Company (BBC) before 1990. Considerable improvements with respect to NOx emissions as compared to gas turbines with a single combustor and a single diffusion burner for liquid and gaseous fuel have been achieved with burners with extended premixing sections and with multi-injection burners for annular combustors. Between 1990 and 2005, burners with short but effective premixing zones (EV burners: environmentally friendly V-shaped burners) have been implemented in all new gas turbines of the ABB (and later Alstom) fleet with NOx levels well below 25 vppmd (@15% O2). In addition to this, three variants of premix technologies have been successfully developed and deployed into Alstom GT engines: the sequential EV burners—a technology that allows premixing of natural gas and oil into a hot exhaust stream to reheat the exhaust gases of a first high-pressure turbine; the MBtu EV burners that are used to burn syngas in a premix flame with low NOx emissions; and the advanced EV burners (AEV) that are capable to prevaporize and premix liquid fuel prior to combustion and burn it with very low NOx emissions without water injection. The paper will give an overview of these technologies and their usage in Alstom gas turbines over the last 25years.

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45

Kalb, Jochen R., and Thomas Sattelmayer. "Lean Blowout Limit and NOx Production of a Premixed Sub-ppm NOx Burner With Periodic Recirculation of Combustion Products." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 128, no. 2 (March 1, 2004): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2061267.

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The technological objective of this work is the development of a lean-premixed burner for natural gas. Sub-ppm NOx emissions can be accomplished by shifting the lean blowout limit (LBO) to slightly lower adiabatic flame temperatures than the LBO of current standard burners. This can be achieved with a novel burner concept utilizing spatially periodic recirculation of combustion products: Hot combustion products are admixed to the injected premixed fresh mixture with a mass flow rate of comparable magnitude, in order to achieve self-ignition. The subsequent combustion of the diluted mixture again delivers products. A fraction of these combustion products is then admixed to the next stream of fresh mixture. This process pattern is to be continued in a cyclically closed topology, in order to achieve stable combustion of, for example, natural gas in a temperature regime of very low NOx production. The principal ignition behavior and NOx production characteristics of one sequence of the periodic process was modeled by an idealized adiabatic system with instantaneous admixture of partially or completely burnt combustion products to one stream of fresh reactants. With the CHEMKIN-II package, a reactor network consisting of one perfectly stirred reactor (PSR, providing ignition in the first place) and two plug flow reactors (PFR) has been used. The effect of varying burnout and the influence of the fraction of admixed flue gas has been evaluated. The simulations have been conducted with the reaction mechanism of Miller and Bowman and the GRI-Mech 3.0 mechanism. The results show that the high radical content of partially combusted products leads to a massive decrease of the time required for the formation of the radical pool. As a consequence, self-ignition times of 1 ms are achieved even at adiabatic flame temperatures of 1600 K and less, if the flue gas content is about 50–60% of the reacting flow after mixing is complete. Interestingly, the effect of radicals on ignition is strong, outweighs the temperature deficiency and thus allows stable operation at very low NOx emissions.

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46

Mardani, Amir, Rezapour Rastaaghi, and Fazlollahi Ghomshi. "Liquid petroleum gas flame in a double-swirl gas turbine model combustor: Lean blow-out, pollutant, preheating." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci190623139m.

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In this paper, lean blow-out (LBO) limits in a double swirl gas turbine model combustor were investigated experimentally for Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) fuel. The LBO curve was extracted for different combustor configurations. While burner could operate reasonably under ultra-lean conditions, two different sets of operating conditions, one with a low flow rate (LFR) and another one with high flow rate (HFR), are identified and studied in terms of LBO and pollutant. Results showed that while the flame structure was similar in both cases, the chamber responses to geometrical changes and also preheating are minimal at the LFR. That means confinement and injector type have desirable effects on stability borders but not for the LFR. The channeled injector shifted down the LBO limit around 28 percent at HFR. Measurements on the combustor exhaust gas composition and temperature indicate a region with relatively complete combustion and reasonable temperature and a very low level of exhaust NOx pollutants (i.e., below ten ppm) at about 25-50% above the LBO. In this operating envelope, a burner power increment led to a higher exhaust average temperature and combustion efficiency, while NOx formation decreased. Preheating the inlet air up to 100?C results in an improvement in burner stability in about 10 percent, but NOx production intensifies more than three times. Results indicate that the LBO limit is configured more by the burner design and aerodynamic aspects rather than the fuel type.

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Yoshida, Y., K. Oyakawa, Y. Aizawa, and H. Kaya. "A High-Temperature Catalytic Combustor With Starting Burner." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 123, no. 3 (October 1, 2000): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1373397.

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A catalytic combustion system has high potential to achieve low NOx emission level. When this combustion system is applied to a gas turbine, the required combustor performance must be maintained over a wide range of operating conditions. These conditions range from cold starting to steady-state operation. Particularly during the initial stage of cold starting when the catalyst is not yet activated, the catalyst must be heated by some means. This study proposes a new concept of a catalytic combustor with a direct heating system using vaporizing tube for starting burner in order to downsize the combustor and reduce the warm-up time during cold starts. The effectiveness of this concept is experimentally verified. Furthermore, NOx, CO, and HC emissions during startup can be reduced to a low level so as to achieve ultra-low pollution of the catalytic combustion over a wide range of operating conditions from cold start to steady-state operation. This paper outlines the operation concept covering cold start, verification of the concept through the experiments with flame visualization in the combustor, spray characteristics, construction of the combustor, and combustion characteristics that show low pollution in various operating conditions of the catalytic combustor.

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48

Aigner, M., and G. Mu¨ller. "Second-Generation Low-Emission Combustors for ABB Gas Turbines: Field Measurements With GT11N-EV." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 115, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906740.

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In February 1991, a type GT11N gas turbine (Midland, USA) was retrofitted with ABB’s new EV-Silo-Combustor. Tests were then carried out to examine the operation concept, to demonstrate the technical reliability, and to confirm the low emission performance of this new technology. This paper will describe: the combustor design—one single silo combustor mounted on the turbine and equipped with 37 Ev burners; and the results of the extensive field measurements—the operation concept (lean premix combustion without any pilot diffusion flames, 7 burner groups) is simple and reliable. The emission targets—NOx<25 ppmv (15 percent O2, natural gas), CO<8 ppmv, UHC<5 ppmv—were reached. NOx values are even lower than 15 ppmv at base load. The NOx predictions for the GT11N-EV, based on the results of high-pressure tests in Cologne (ASME Paper No. 90-GT-308), compared very well with the results of field measurements.

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Weber, R., A. A. F. Peters, P. P. Breithaupt, and B. M. Visser. "Mathematical Modeling of Swirling Flames of Pulverized Coal: What Can Combustion Engineers Expect From Modeling?" Journal of Fluids Engineering 117, no. 2 (June 1, 1995): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2817143.

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The present study is concerned with mathematical modeling of swirling pulverized coal flames. The attention is focused on the near burner zone properties of high-and low-NOx flames issued from an Aerodynamically Air Staged Burner of 3.4 MW thermal input. The swirling combusting flows are calculated using the k–ε model and second-order models of turbulence. The Eulerian balance equations for enthalpy and mass fractions of oxygen, volatiles, carbon monoxide and final combustion products (CO2 + H2O) are solved. The Lagrangian particle tracking is accompanied by appropriate models of coal devolatilization and char combustion. Nitric oxide emissions are calculated using a NOx post-processor for thermal-, prompt- and fuel-NO. The objective of this paper is to examine whether the engineering information required for designing industrial burners is obtainable through the mathematical modeling. To this end, the flame computations, including NO emissions, are compared with the measured in-flame data. The guidelines as to the combination of physical submodels and model parameters needed for quality predictions of different flame types are given. The paper is a shorter version of our recent ASME publication (Weber et al., 1993).

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Zakria, Mohamad Hafizi, Mohd Ghazali Mohd Nawawi, and Mohd Rizal Abdul Rahman. "Ethylene Yield from Pyrolysis Cracking in Olefin Plant Utilizing Regression Analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 287 (2021): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128703004.

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Ethylene yield is significant in showing the performance of the steam cracker furnace in the olefin plant. This study was conducted in the actual large-scale olefin plant to see the impact of various variables towards the ethylene yield. The analysis was conducted utilizing Regression Analysis in Minitab Software Version 18 to develop a reliable ethylene yield model. The model concluded that ethylene yield in the studied plant was contributed by the factor of -0.000901, 0.02649, -0.282, 0.16, -0.0834, 0.1268, and 0.0057 of Hearth Burner Flow, Integral Burner Flow, Steam Drum Pressure, Super High-Pressure Steam (SHP) Boiler Feed Water Flow, SHP Flow, Naphtha Feed Flow, and Stack NOx Emission respectively. The Response Optimizer tool also showed that the ethylene yield from naphtha liquid feed utilizing pyrolysis cracking can be maximized at 32.55% with control setting at 9,476.41 kg/hr of Hearth Burner Flow, 608.56 kg/hr of Integral Burner Flow, 112.93 Barg of Steam Drum Pressure, 109.11 t/hr of SHP Boiler Feed Water Flow, 86.42 t/hr of SHP Flow, 63.49 t/hr of Naphtha Feed Flow and 126.23 mg/m3 of Stack NOx Emission.

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Journal articles on the topic 'NOX burner'

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