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Piasecki, S., L. M. Larsen, A. K. Pedersen, and G. K. Pedersen. "Palynostratigraphy of the Lower Tertiary volcanics and marine clastic sediments in the southern part of the West Greenland Basin: implications for the timing and duration of the volcanism." Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 154 (January 1, 1992): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v154.8166.
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Volcanic rocks, forming hyaloclastites and subaqueous lava flows, were deposited intercalated with clastic sediments in a water-filled basin in West Greenland in the Early Tertiary. Three main stages of basin infilling occurred in the Disko-Nuussuaq area. The distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in the sediments shows that the basin was marine in the first stage and non-marine in the second stage of infilling. In the third stage the basin was displaced towards the south and was marginally marine. The dinoflagellate cysts form a typical mid-Paleocene assemblage which may be correlated with the calcareous nannoplankton (NP) zonation. The stratigraphically lowest investigated localities are coeval with the uppermost part of nannoplankton zone NP4, whereas the overlying localities within the marine basin (first stage) may be correlated with NP5-6. The localities from the non-marine second stage cannot be correlated with the NP zonation because they do not contain dinoflagellate cysts. Localities from the third stage are coeval with NP7-8. Younger volcanics are subaerially deposited. The total known range of the volcanics now falls within the NP3 to NP8 interval, giving a minimum duration for the main plateau-building stage of the volcanism of 4–6 million years. The subaerial basalts have previously been found to be mainly reversely magnetised, with one normally magnetised sequence which can now be stratigraphically correlated with NP4, and thereby identified as anomaly 27. The basalts in East Greenland started erupting during the NP9 zone, so that the volcanic activity in East Greenland largely succeeded that in West Greenland. In relation to the postulated mantle plume in the North Atlantic this means that the volcanic activity started in the peripheral part of the plume and only later switched to the central part.
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Armbruester, Vivienne, Marlies Sauter, Klaus Roemer, Barbara Best, Steffen Hahn, Achille Nty, Andreas Schmid, Stephan Philipp, Anja Mueller, and Nikolaus Mueller-Lantzsch. "Np9 Protein of Human Endogenous Retrovirus K Interacts with Ligand of Numb Protein X." Journal of Virology 78, no. 19 (October 1, 2004): 10310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.19.10310-10319.2004.
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ABSTRACT We have recently identified Np9 as a novel nuclear protein produced by the human endogenous retrovirus K and were able to document the exclusive presence of np9 transcript in tumors and transformed cells. With the aim of studying whether Np9 has a role in tumorigenesis, a systematic search for interacting proteins was performed. Here, we identify the RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase LNX (ligand of Numb protein X) as an Np9-interacting partner. We furthermore show that the interaction involves N- and C-terminal domains of both proteins and can affect the subcellular localization of LNX. LNX has been reported to target the cell fate determinant and Notch antagonist Numb for proteasome-dependent degradation, thereby causing an increase in transactivational activity of Notch. We document that LNX-interacting Np9, like Numb, is unstable and degraded via the proteasome pathway and that ectopic Numb can stabilize recombinant Np9. Combined, these findings point to the possibility that Np9 affects tumorigenesis through the LNX/Numb/Notch pathway.
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Havrylov, I. O., and S. Yu Shtrygol’. "The study of the antidepressant and actoprotective activity of a synthetic analog of the terminal region of neuropeptide Y." Ukrainian biopharmaceutical journal, no. 1(66) (April 12, 2021): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24959/ubphj.21.301.
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Topicality. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), which is significantly widespread in the human body, is responsible for various physiological processes, in particular it is involved in the regulation of the emotional behavior, memory and metabolism. The modified short fragment of NPY proposed – NP9 nonapeptide for intranasal administration – shows certain biological properties of the native peptide, in particular the anxiolytic and antiamnesic action. The effect of NP9 on affective disorders of depressive nature and physical endurance remains unknown. Aim. To study the antidepressant and actoprotective activity of NP9 in models of tail suspension, reserpine-induced depression, and forced weighted swimming. Materials and methods. The antidepressant properties of NP9 were studied in the immobilization tail suspension test in mice and on a model of reserpine-induced depression with registration of the body temperature, ptosis, and behavior in the Porsolt forced swimming tests and the open field test. The actoprotective properties of NP9 were studied in the swimming test with a load (10 % of the weight of the animal). Results and discussion. In the tail suspension test, NP9 significantly increased the latent time of the first immobilization compared to the indicators of intact animals (3.2 times) and the imipramine group (2.7 times). NP9 did not significantly affect the manifestations of reserpine-induced depression. These results indicate the weak antidepressant properties of NP9. Nonapeptide significantly increased the swimming time to exhaustion by 2.5 times, indicating actoprotective properties, according to which NP9 exceeded the reference drug Semax. Conclusions. In the tail suspension test, nonapeptide NP9 exhibits dose-dependent antidepressant properties after the first administration, but this effect is practically not manifested in the rigid reserpine-induced model of depression. NP9 increases the physical endurance of animals in the forced weighted swimming test and is superior to the reference drug Semax by its effectiveness.
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Shi, Linqi, Zipei Sun, Jiajie Tian, Yaodong Huang, and Jiben Meng. "Study of naphthopyran derivatives: structure and photochromic properties in solution and in polymer film." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 77, no. 7 (June 16, 2021): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229621005969.
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Four naphthopyran derivatives, namely, 3,3-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran, C33H22O, NP1, 3,3-bis([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran, C37H26O, NP2, 3,3-bis(4-phenoxyphenyl)-3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran, C37H26O2, NP3, and 3,3-bis(4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran, C29H26O3, NP4, were synthesized and their photochromic properties investigated. NP1–NP4 exhibited good photochromism in different solutions and in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film under UV light irradiation. Solvatochromism and the electronic and steric effects of the substituent group on photochromism were analyzed and decolouration curves were found to fit a monoexponential kinetic decay in most cases. Single-crystal X-ray analysis of NP1 and NP2 revealed the structure–property relationships. Good fatigue resistance of NP1, both in solution and in the PMMA film, endows it with potential value for applications.
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Denne, Miriam, Marlies Sauter, Vivienne Armbruester, Jonathan D. Licht, Klaus Roemer, and Nikolaus Mueller-Lantzsch. "Physical and Functional Interactions of Human Endogenous Retrovirus Proteins Np9 and Rec with the Promyelocytic Leukemia Zinc Finger Protein." Journal of Virology 81, no. 11 (March 14, 2007): 5607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02771-06.
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ABSTRACT Only few of the human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) sequences in the human genome can produce proteins. We have previously reported that (i) patients with germ cell tumors often make antibodies against proteins encoded by HERV-K elements, (ii) expression of the HERV-K rec gene in transgenic mice can interfere with germ cell development and induce carcinoma in situ, and (iii) HERV-K np9 transcript is overproduced in many tumors including breast cancers. Here we document that both Np9 and Rec physically and functionally interact with the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) tumor suppressor, a transcriptional repressor and chromatin remodeler implicated in cancer and the self-renewal of spermatogonial stem cells. Interaction is mediated via two different central and C-terminal domains of Np9 and Rec and the C-terminal zinc fingers of PLZF. One major target of PLZF is the c-myc proto-oncogene. Coexpression of Np9 and Rec with PLZF abrogates the transcriptional repression of the c-myc gene promoter by PLZF and results in c-Myc overproduction, altered expression of c-Myc-regulated genes, and corresponding effects on cell proliferation and survival. Thus, the human endogenous retrovirus proteins Np9 and Rec may act oncogenically by derepressing c-myc through the inhibition of PLZF.
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Hasseli, R., M. Tschernatsch, N. Heimann, E. Neumann, T. Gerriets, J. Allendörfer, T. Ruck, A. Schänzer, and U. Müller-Ladner. "POS0015 PREVALENCE OF NEUROPATHIES IN RHEUMATIC AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 209.1–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.3931.
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Background:In rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs), peripheral neurons can be affected, which can result in sensory symptoms like pain, burning, tingling, numbness and motor symptoms like muscle-atrophy or even paresis. More detailed knowledge about the prevalence and the cause of neuropathy (NP) in RMD are urgently needed, especially as RMD patients may develop different subtypes of NP.Objectives:The aim of this project was to assess the prevalence and the individual types of NP in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondyloarthritis (SpA) and systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients, and to elucidate the clinical, neurophysiological and neuropathologic features of associated NP.Methods:Baseline questionnaires and neurological and physical examination were used to elucidate the presence of neuropathic pain and autonomic dysfunction. Laboratory tests were performed to exclude other causes for NP. Electrophysiological tests were performed to differentiate demyelinating from axonal large fiber (LF)NPs. Additionally, skin biopsies were used to detect an involvement of small fibres (SF).Results:A total of 31 patients (median age 64 years (range 43-75)) were included. The majority of patients were female (90%). The mean disease duration was 10 years (1-41 years). More than 50% of the patients were diagnosed with RA, 7 with SpA and 6 with SSc. Of 31 patients, 48% (15/31) had clinical signs of NP and of those, neurophysiological examination showed 14 axonal 2, demyelinating and 4 mixed types. A combined LFNP and SFNP was present in 35% (11/31) of the patients. In 4 patients, only a SFNP was detectable, and in only two patients, no NP was detectable.Conclusion:NP was detectable in 94% (29/31) of the RMD patients, with LFNP predominating. This high proportion of NP in RMD suggests a surprisingly high coincidence of both diseases.Table 1.Subtypes of NP in RMDNumber of patientsAxonal NP14/31 (45%)Demyelinating NP2/31 (6%)Mixed axonal and demyelinating NP4/31 (12%)Sensory NP9/31 (26%)Sensorimotor NP5/31 (10%)Motor NP1/31 (3%)Disclosure of Interests:None declared.
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Tavakolian, Shaian, Hossein Goudarzi, Elena Lak, and Ebrahim Faghihloo. "The evaluation of HERV-K env, np9, rec, gag expression in normal, polyp and cancerous tissues of gastric and colon." Future Virology 14, no. 12 (December 2019): 805–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fvl-2019-0114.
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Aim: Gastrointestinal cancer is one of the most alarming cancers worldwide. Infections exert an impact on tumor progression in gastrointestinal tissues. The alteration in the expression of human endogenous retrovirus-K ( HERV-K) genes could remarkably induce oncogenic activity. Materials & methods: In 22 gastric and 23 colon cancer patients, the expression level of HERV-K env, rec, gag and np9 were evaluated. Results: While there was a slight increase in the expression of HERV-K env in colon cancer tissues, the expression level of this gene decreased in gastric tissues. Moreover, the expression of both np9 and gag HERV-K were upregulated only in colon cancer. Nevertheless, rec HERV-K was downregulated in gastric cancer tissues. Conclusion: HERV-K-associated genes can be used as a possible biomarker for cancers diagnosis.
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Ersson, Eugenia Olavarría de, and Philip Shaw. "Verb complementation patterns in Indian Standard English." English World-Wide 24, no. 2 (December 5, 2003): 137–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.24.2.02ers.
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Where English has two or more alternative complementation patterns for the same verb, their relative frequencies might vary among national varieties. This article investigates the relative frequencies of various complementation patterns among nine verbs whose complementation may differ between British and Indian English: provide, furnish, supply, entrust and present ; pelt, shower, pepper, bombard. A method was devised to use on-line Indian and British newspaper archives as a source of more examples than could be obtained from corpora. The results showed consistent differences between varieties. The construction “NP1-V-NP3-NP2” (he provided them money), though not common, was more likely to occur in Indian than in British newspaper English. The construction “NP1-V-NP3-with-NP2” (he provided them with money) was considerably more common for most verbs in British English than in Indian, relative to the alternative “NP1-V-NP2-to/for/at-NP3” (he provided money to them), illustrating the systematic nature of structural nativisation.
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Magioncalda, Roberto, Christian Dupuis, Dominique Blamart, Muriel Fairon-Demaret, Michel Perreau, Maurice Renard, Janine Riveline, Marc Roche, and Edward Keppens. "L'excursion isotopique du carbone organique (delta 13 C org ) dans les paleoenvironnements continentaux de l'intervalle Paleocene/Eocene de Varangeville (Haute-Normandie)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 172, no. 3 (May 1, 2001): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/172.3.349.
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Abstract The late Palaeocene carbon isotope excursion (C.I.E.) is often regarded as the best means of correlating marine and continental deposits. The few isotopic studies carried out in continental environments were based on pedogenic carbonate [Koch et al., 1992], or on organic matter. Sinha [1997] took up this subject starting from the outcrops on the coast of the English Channel at Varangeville, where marine sequences biostratigraphically constrain the isotopic excursion. His work documents a negative delta 13 C org excursion value approximately -27 per mil PDB. The present work points out that it is necessary to study more complete sections than those studied by Sinha. A section named Phare d'Ailly has been sampled in detail (figs. 1, 2, 3). In this section, for which detailed analysis of sedimentology, palaeontology and organic matter facies establish the continental nature of the palaeoenvironment, isotopic analysis of organic matter reveals a very negative delta 13 C org excursion value approximately -30 per mil PDB. The P/E interval synthesized in figure 2 shows three main groups, the stratigraphy of which is strongly constrained between the calcareous nannofossil Zones NP8 and NP11. The marine Thanetian facies belong to Zones NP8 and NP9. Above, the "Sparnacian" (Mont Bernon Group) is divided into 5 units referred to as SP. Unit SP2 is attributed to the Peckichara disermas Charozone, equivalent to Zone NP9. For unit SP4, an indirect correlation with Zone NP10 may be deduced. The upper part of the Varangeville Formation is known for its nannofossil association attributed to Zone NP11. We may conclude from these observations that the sparnacian sediments are synchronous with NP9-10 Zones and that they are effectively located in the time interval of the delta 13 C excursion. The SP1 and SP2 sediments were analysed for carbonate content, grain size distribution, clay mineralogy and total organic content (T.O.C.), using standard laboratory methods (fig. 3). An optical specification of the organic matter has been obtained from semiquantitative analysis of the organic matter facies. The survey of macro- and microfossils has supplied complementary supports for isotopic analysis (seed, wood and charcoal). The isotopic measurements were carried out on the bulk sediment and on complementary supports with a mass spectrometer in continuous flow delta + (Finnigan Mat). The measurement precision is better than 0.1 per mil and the reproducibility is about 0.15 per mil. Washing residues provide Gasteropoda, Bivalvia, Ostracoda, Characea, as well as fruits and seeds, microcodiums and otolith. All the palaeontological data illustrate a continental biota of a pure lacustrine environment, quiet and shallow, in a hot and humid climate. The organic matter facies analysis confirms the absence of any marine influence and documents a palaeoenvironment of lakes and ponds having an anoxic floor. Thus the carbon of the organic matter is considered to be continental and their isotopic variations linked to those of the atmospheric carbon.
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Ihnat, Havrylov, and Shtrygol’ Sergіy. "Investigation of the effect of a modified fragment of neuropeptide Y on memory phases and extrapolation escape of animals." Česká a slovenská farmacie 70, no. 3 (2021): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/csf2021-3-91.
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The article presents a study of the effect of a modified fragment of neuropeptide Y (H-L-Ile-L-Asn-L-Leu-L-Nle-L-SerL-Arg-L-Asn-L-Arg-L-Tyr-NH2 ) named nonapeptide NP9 on the memory phases and extrapolation escape of animals. The study was performed in th
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Teran-Garcia, Margarita, Amber Hammons, Kimberly Greder, Norma Olvera, Nancy J. Correa Matos, Maria Plaza-Delestre, Angela Wiley, and Barbara H. Fiese. "NP9 “Abriendo Caminos”: Opening Opportunities for Healthy Pathways." Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 51, no. 7 (July 2019): S13—S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2019.05.333.
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Egger, Hans, Claus Heilmann-Clausen, and Birger Schmitz. "The Paleocene/Eocene-boundary interval of a Tethyan deep-sea section (Austria) and its correlation with the North Sea basin." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 171, no. 2 (March 1, 2000): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/171.2.207.
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Abstract The Anthering-section is one of the most expanded upper Paleocene - lower Eocene sedimentary sequences known to date and records several of the Paleocene/Eocene boundary events, including the delta 13 C isotope excursion. Within 250 m of abyssal-plain deposits, calcareous mud-turbidites originating from the basin slope alternate with hemipelagic claystones. The average rate of sedimentation for the lower part of Zone NP9 is calculated at 22.7 cm/ky and for the upper part of Zone NP9 and Zone NP10 at 9.1 cm/ky. In the lower part of Zone NP10 closely spaced bentonite layers occur which mainly display immobile element concentrations typical for alkaline basalts. However, the thickest bentonite (X1), situated at the base of the ash series, plots into the trachyte field. Dinoflagellate stratigraphy strongly suggests that the ash-series at Anthering is synchronous with the main occurrence of ash layers in the North Sea region which display a comparable chemical composition. The biostratigraphical and geochemical correspondence of both ash-series point to a common source of magma. Especially, a correlation of layer +19 of the North Sea region with layer X1 at Anthering seems probable. We therefore consider the bentonites from the Anthering-section as distal deposits of the "positive" ash-series of the North Sea region which obviously represent unique and widespread correlation tools.
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Fracchiolla, Mariano, Massimiliano Renna, Massimiliano D’Imperio, Cesare Lasorella, Pietro Santamaria, and Eugenio Cazzato. "Living Mulch and Organic Fertilization to Improve Weed Management, Yield and Quality of Broccoli Raab in Organic Farming." Plants 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020177.
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Living mulch gives many benefits to agro-ecosystems such as erosion control, nitrogen fixation and nutrient recycling, increasing of organic matter, weed and pest control, and increasing of soil organism. The experiment, carried out in Puglia, Southern Italy on transplanted broccoli raab (cv. Grossa fasanese), evaluated four soil management systems (SMSs): Trifolium subterraneum and T. repens used as living mulch, undisturbed weedy, and conventional tillage. For each SMS, four rates of nitrogen and phosphorous (NP0, NP1, NP2, and NP3) were supplied, using an organic fertilizer. The following data were collected: weed infestation, leaf chlorophyll in the plants (as SPAD units), weight, diameter, and colour of the inflorescences, anion and Mg, Fe, Na, K, Ca content. Fertilization showed prominent effects on most of parameters evaluated. The Sufficient Index of broccoli raab plants was higher in fertilized plots. With the increasing of fertilization rates, weight of primary inflorescences and the marketable yield linearly increased, confirming the great influence of nitrogen fertilization on the yield of Brassicaceae vegetables and highlighting the importance of combining living mulch and fertilization. By increasing fertilization rates, some elements, such as Mg and Fe, increased, whereas a decrease of Na, K, and Ca was observed. The nitrate content in the inflorescences was different only between the fertilized and unfertilized plots, although it was very low. In NP2 and NP3 a greener colour was found. Living mulch did not clearly affect quality and yield of broccoli raab but was effective in weed control. Results show the positive effects of living mulch and organic fertilization in the sustainable production of broccoli raab.
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Chan, Yanqi, Seyed Davoud Jazayeri, Babu Ramanathan, and Chit Laa Poh. "Enhancement of Tetravalent Immune Responses to Highly Conserved Epitopes of a Dengue Peptide Vaccine Conjugated to Polystyrene Nanoparticles." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (July 25, 2020): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030417.
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Vaccination remains the major approach to the prevention of dengue. Since the only licensed live attenuated vaccine (LAV) lacked efficacy against all four serotypes, other vaccine platforms, such as synthetic peptide vaccines, should be explored. In this study, four multi-epitope peptides (P1–P4) were designed by linking a universal T-helper epitope (PADRE or TpD) to the highly conserved CD8 T cell epitope and B cell epitope (B1 or B2) against all four DENV serotypes. The multi-epitope peptides were conjugated to polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs) and four nanovaccines (NP1–NP4) were constructed. Mice immunized with NP1–NP4 elicited significantly higher titers of IgG and neutralizing antibodies when compared to immunization with naked P1–P4. The immune responses in mice immunized with peptide vaccines were compared with nanovaccines using ELISA, ELISPOT, and a neutralization test based on FRNT50. Among the four conjugated peptide nanovaccines, NP3 comprising the TpD T-helper epitope linked to the highly conserved B1 epitope derived from the E protein was able to elicit significant levels of IFN-γ and neutralizing antibodies to all four dengue serotypes. NP3 is a promising tetravalent synthetic peptide vaccine, but the selection of a more effective CD8+ T cell epitope and adjuvants to further improve the immunogenicity is warranted.
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Yosmaniar, Yosmaniar, Hessy Novita, and Eri Setiadi. "ISOLASI DAN KARAKTERISASI BAKTERI NITRIFIKASI DAN DENITRIFIKASI SEBAGAI KANDIDAT PROBIOTIK." Jurnal Riset Akuakultur 12, no. 4 (January 18, 2018): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jra.12.4.2017.369-378.
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Senyawa nitrogen yang tinggi pada limbah budidaya perikanan intensif dapat memperburuk kualitas air, sehingga perlu diatasi dengan penambahan probiotik untuk proses bioremediasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan bakteri nitrifikasi dan denitrifikasi yang berpotensi sebagai kandidat probiotik pengendali senyawa nitrogen pada budidaya ikan air tawar. Tahap penelitian terdiri atas: 1) koleksi sampel air dan sedimen dari kolam budidaya ikan patin di kawasan minapolitan Desa Pudak Kecamatan Kumpeh Kabupaten Muaro Jambi Provinsi Jambi dan Desa Koto Mesjid Kecamatan XIII Koto Kampar Kabupaten Kampar Provinsi Riau; 2) pengujian sampel secara in vitro yang meliputi: a) Isolasi dan seleksi bakteri nitrifikasi dan denitrifikasi; b) Karakterisasi morfologis bakteri terpilih; c) Karakterisasi fisiologi/biokimia isolat bakteri terpilih; d) Karakterisasi genetika isolat bakteri terpilih dengan sekuensing 16S-rRNA. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh empat isolat bakteri nitrifikasi dan empat isolate bakteri denitrifikasi. Isolat bakteri nitrifikasi Pandoraea pnomenusa strain 1318 (NP1); Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PSE12 (NP2); Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PSE12 (NP3); Burkholderia vietnamiensis strain NE 7 (NP4); dan denitrifikasi Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain TPL14 (DP1); Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila strain BTY (DP2); Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain BHWSL2 (DP3); Ochrobactrum intermedium strain: SQ 20 (DP4) Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain TPL14 (DP1); Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila strain BTY (DP2); Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain BHWSL2 (DP3); Ochrobactrum intermedium strain: SQ 20 (DP4); yang berpotensi digunakan sebagai kandidat probiotik pengendali senyawa nitrogen pada budidaya ikan air tawar. Wastes from an intensive aquaculture contain nitrogen compounds which, if untreated, could rapidly reduce water quality condition within the system. The addition of probiotics as bioremediation to aquaculture system has been used to improve water quality with promising results. The aim of this study was to obtain potential nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria that could be used as probiotic candidates to control excessive nitrogen compounds in freshwater culture. This study consisted of two steps, 1) the collection of water samples and sediments from catfish ponds at ‘Minapolitan Area” in Pudak Village, Jambi Province and Koto Mesjid Village, Riau Province; 2) in vitro tests consisting of isolation and selection of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria; morphological characterization of the selected nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria; characterization of physiological/biochemical selected nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria; genetic characterization of the selected nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria with 16SrRNA sequencing. All data were analyzed descriptively. The study had found four nitrifying bacteria isolates: Pandoraea pnomenusa strain 1318 (NP1); Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PSE 12 (NP2); Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PSE12 (NP3); Burkholderia vietnamiensis strain NE 7 (NP4). The study also found four isolates of denitrifying bacteria isolates: Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain TPL14 (DP1); Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila strain BTY (DP2); Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain BHWSL2 (DP3); Ochrobactrum intermedium strain: SQ 20 (DP4). All the identified nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria isolates have the potential to be used as probiotic candidates to control nitrogen compound in freshwater aquaculture.
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Abrosimov, M. B., S. V. Kostin, and I. V. Los. "The maximum number of vertices of primitive regular graphs of orders 2, 3, 4 with exponent 2." Prikladnaya Diskretnaya Matematika, no. 52 (2021): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/20710410/52/6.
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In 2015, the results were obtained for the maximum number of vertices nk in regular graphs of a given order k with a diameter 2: n2 = 5, n3 = 10, n4 = 15. In this paper, we investigate a similar question about the largest number of vertices npk in a primitive regular graph of order k with exponent 2. All primitive regular graphs with exponent 2, except for the complete one, also have diameter d = 2. The following values were obtained for primitive regular graphs with exponent 2: np2 = 3, np3 = 4, np4 = 11.
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Jiang, Shaoyu. "A Further Consideration of the Pattern “NP1, NP2 + shi ye/shi” in Chinese Translations of Indian Buddhist Text." Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 3, no. 2 (January 24, 2009): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405478x-90000054.
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The pattern “NP1, NP2 + shi ye”, as found in the Chinese translations of Buddhist texts in the Han Dynasty, is not a direct imitation of, or derivation from, the pattern “NP1, NP2 (Subj) + shi (Pron) ye” of the pre-Qin era. Rather, it comes from the pattern “NP1, NP2 (Predicate N) + shi (Copula)” of the Western Han, Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties periods. In the Chinese Buddhist translations of the Han Dynasty, “NP1, NP2 + shi” is a variant of “NP1, NP2 + shi ye”. The copious use of the two grammatical patterns in the Chinese translations is not intended to render the sentence-final copula in the original Sanskrit texts. Rather, when narrating stories that tell “the NP1 in the previous existence is in fact the NP2 in the present existence”, the Buddhist writings place a specific emphasis on the NP2 of the present existence. The Predicate NP appearing before the copula in these two patterns serves precisely that purpose. Hence, the use is most suitable for stories of this nature.
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Fischer, Sabrina, Natalia Echeverría, Gonzalo Moratorio, Ana Inés Landoni, Guillermo Dighiero, Juan Cristina, Pablo Oppezzo, and Pilar Moreno. "Human endogenous retrovirus np9 gene is over expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients." Leukemia Research Reports 3, no. 2 (2014): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lrr.2014.06.005.
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Chan, Susana M., Tamar Sapir, Sung-Soo Park, Jean-François Rual, Rafael Contreras-Galindo, Orly Reiner, and David M. Markovitz. "The HERV-K accessory protein Np9 controls viability and migration of teratocarcinoma cells." PLOS ONE 14, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): e0212970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212970.
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Dai, L., Y. Cao, Y. Chen, C. Parsons, and Z. Qin. "P0157 Role of HERV-K NP9 protein transactivation in AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma." European Journal of Cancer 51 (July 2015): e30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2015.06.089.
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Teterin, Yury, Stepan Kalmykov, Alexander Novikov, Yury Sapozhnikov, Labud Vukchevich, Anton Teterin, Konstantin Maslakov, Igor Utkin, Ikule Hasanova, and Natalia Shcherbina. "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of interaction of Np5+ with goethite α-FeOOH." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 20, no. 1 (2005): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp0501038t.
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Neptunyl NpO2n+ complexes on the surface of goethite ?-(FeOOH) resulted from the interaction of neptunyl nitrate (NpO2NO3, 10-6 M) in the aqueous media with the background electrolyte (NaClO4) of ionic force 0.1 M (pH = 7.0 ? 0.2) were formed and studied with the X-ray photo electron spectroscopy. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ionic and elemental quantitative analysis of the goethite and products of its interaction with neptunyl and plutonyl nitrates was carried out. It was established that during the studied neptunyl nitrate - goethite interaction Np4+ and Np6+ com pounds did not to form, while the complexes of neptunyl group NpO21+ containing Np5+ ions with oxygen, water and/or car bon ate ions in the equatorial planes did.
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Beconcini, Denise, Angela Fabiano, Ylenia Zambito, Roberto Berni, Tatiana Santoni, Anna Piras, and Rossella Di Stefano. "Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles Containing Cherry Extract from Prunus avium L. to Improve the Resistance of Endothelial Cells to Oxidative Stress." Nutrients 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 1598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10111598.
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Cherries are known for their nutraceutical properties, in particular for their antioxidant ability due to their polyphenol content, which causes a reduction of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. However, once ingested these molecules are degraded in the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract before reaching the blood, which is the action site. The object of the present work is to evaluate the ability of cherry extract (CE), encapsulated in nanoparticles (NPs) based on different chitosan (Ch) derivatives, to promote a protective effect of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) involved in vascular dysfunction against oxidative stress. CE-loaded NPs based on quaternary ammonium chitosan (NP1) and an S-protected thiolated derivative thereof (NP2) were prepared. The mean particle size (NP1 344.9 ± 17.8, NP2 339.9 ± 68.2 nm), the polydispersity index, the encapsulation efficiency (NP1 78.4 ± 4.5, NP2 79.8 ± 0.6%), and the zeta potential (NP1 14.8 ± 0.3, NP2 15.8 ± 0.5 mV) did not appear to be significantly different. Both NP types improved the CE apparent permeation parameters with respect to the control. Conversely, CE-loaded NP2 protected HUVECs from oxidative stress and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production more than CE-loaded NP1 and free CE. In addition to promoting HUVEC resistance, NP2 could be a useful tool to overcome the problem of cherry seasonality.
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BÉJAR, SUSANA, and ARSALAN KAHNEMUYIPOUR. "Non-canonical agreement in copular clauses." Journal of Linguistics 53, no. 3 (May 15, 2017): 463–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222671700010x.
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In this paper we investigate cross-linguistic variation in the morphosyntax of copular clauses, focusing on agreement patterns in binominal structures [NP1 BE NP2]. Our starting point is the alternation between NP1 and NP2 agreement, which arises both within and across languages. This alternation is typically taken to be confined to specificational (i.e. inverted) clauses, and previous analyses have strongly identified NP2 agreement with the syntax of inversion. However, we show that NP2 agreement is attested in a broader range of contexts, specifically in (assumed identity) equative structures, suggesting that it should not be correlated with specificational syntax. We present contrasting data from two languages – Persian and Eastern Armenian – for which the syntax of copular clauses is understudied. Whereas in Persian we see NP2 agreement in specificational structures but NP1 agreement in assumed identity equatives, in Eastern Armenian both types of structure yield NP2 agreement. We argue that the contrast between Persian and Eastern Armenian supports an approach that takes the NP1–NP2 alternation to arise as a phi-sensitivity in the probe–goal mechanics of Agree in a minimalist framework. Under this view, NP2 agreement is independent of syntactic inversion and is the result of the probe structure being articulated in such a way that certain NPs fail to Agree.
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Bousquette, Joshua. "You Take the Low Road and I’ll Take the High Road: Variation in Agreement Structure in Wisconsin Heritage German." Journal of Language Contact 11, no. 3 (October 18, 2018): 525–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01103006.
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This article presents on interviews with 10 bilingual speakers of American English and Wisconsin Heritage German (WHG), with respect to their licensing of high (NP1) versus low (NP2) agreement. In terms of linguistic typology, English copular constructions license only NP1 agreement, in which the verb agrees in person and number with the first—or syntactically high—nominal element in the clause; Standard German copular constructions license NP2 agreement with the lower nominal element in the clause (though subsequent topicalization of this element is also licit). As a second variable, a subset (7) of these speakers license complementizer agreement (C-agr) in WHG, which obtains from a second, syntactically high agreement structure in the complementizer field, in addition to the canonical German NP2 structure. These data were compared to a control group of the remaining three WHG speakers who did not license C-agr. Data presented here suggest a bi-directional transfer of both NP1 and NP2 agreement structures for both groups of heritage language (HL) speakers. The control group produced a majority of forms consistent with both English and German language-specific grammars. Evidence of NP2 structures in the control group’s English, however, suggests that these speakers are HL-dominant—since NP2 is categorically prohibited in English. WHG speakers with C-agr, in contrast to the control group, produced a majority of NP1 forms in both languages, with the presence of C-agr being a predicting factor in the presence of NP1 agreement in the English of WHG speakers. It is here argued that the presence of C-agr in the HL is similar to the canonical NP1 structures of Standard English, allowing for overlapping licit NP1 structures in both varieties. Data from Assumed Identify Constructions (AICs) suggests that canonical NP2 agreement in C-agr WHG may have been weakened as a result. This research suggests that even superficially English-like grammar may obtain not from a direct transfer from the L2 into the HL, but rather from the interaction of English grammar with the autochthonous grammatical structures of non-standard HLs.
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HARTMANN, JUTTA M., and CAROLINE HEYCOCK. "A remark on Béjar & Kahnemuyipour 2017: Specificational subjects do have phi-features." Journal of Linguistics 54, no. 3 (March 6, 2018): 611–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226718000117.
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In a number of languages, agreement in specificational copular sentences can or must be with the second of the two nominals, even when it is the first that occupies the canonical subject position. Béjar & Kahnemuyipour (2017) show that Persian and Eastern Armenian are two such languages. They then argue that ‘NP2 agreement’ occurs because the nominal in subject position (NP1) is not accessible to an external probe. It follows that actual agreement with NP1 should never be possible: the alternative to NP2 agreement should be ‘default’ agreement. We show that this prediction is false. In addition to showing that English has NP1, not default, agreement, we present new data from Icelandic, a language with rich agreement morphology, including cases that involve ‘plurale tantum’ nominals as NP1. These allow us to control for any confound from the fact that typically in a specificational sentence with two nominals differing in number, it is NP2 that is plural. We show that even in this case, the alternative to agreement with NP2 is agreement with NP1, not a default. Hence, we conclude that whatever the correct analysis of specificational sentences turns out to be, it must not predict obligatory failure of NP1 agreement.
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Fagiuoli, Stefano, Matteo Ruggeri, Filipa Aragao, and Rob Blissett. "Clinical and Economic Benefits of a New Paradigm of HCV Diagnosis and Treatment." Global & Regional Health Technology Assessment 8 (April 15, 2021): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33393/grhta.2021.2183.
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Introduction: The current paradigm (CP) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) diagnosis and treatment in Italy’s National Health Service system has numerous steps. The European Association for the Study of the Liver recommends initiation of a pan-genotypic direct-acting antiviral regimen after a simple diagnostic process. The present study estimated the efficiency gains resulting from two simplified pathways from diagnosis to treatment of chronic hepatitis C patients in Italy over the next 5 years from a societal perspective.
Methods: The CP, a New Paradigm 1 (NP1), and a New Paradigm 2 (NP2) were evaluated in a Markov model. The NP1 model simplifies monitoring and laboratory test requirements in the diagnosis and treatment phases. The NP2 model also eliminates the primary care referral requirement.
Results: Treatment process time for non-cirrhotic patients was 48, 43, and 25 weeks in the CP, NP1, and NP2, respectively, and in cirrhotic patients was 49, 46, and 37 weeks. Under the CP, 19% of patients/year would be lost to follow-up, which decreases by 11% in NP1 and 100% in NP2. Compared with the CP, implementation of NP1 at 5 years would reduce compensated cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liverrelated deaths by 12.6%, 12.4%, 8.1%, and 8.8%, respectively; these cases would be reduced by 94.0%, 93.8%, 61.0%, and 58.4% in NP2. Total 5-year costs with the CP, NP1, and NP2 are estimated at 135.6€ million, 110.5€ million, and 80.5€ million, respectively.
Conclusions: Simplification of HCV diagnosis and monitoring requirements would allow Italy to move closer to international guidelines with significant health benefits and economic gains.
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Wu, Haiying, Ye Liang, and Liling Tian. "Cognitive Motivation for Unaccusative Verbs with Objects in Existential Construction in Chinese." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 9, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0904.27.
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This study applies conceptual blending and grammatical blending to analyze the meaning and structure construction of the NP1+Vi+NP2 construction in existential construction in Chinese. We found that the NP1+Vi+NP2 construction in existential sentences is the result of conceptual integration and grammatical blending of two subevents with basic grammatical structure of NP1+Vt+NP2 and NP2+Vi respectively. By discussing process of semantic construction and syntactic realization, we derive that the structure of existential sentences is integrated by the input spaces of "the existing object exists (or lies on some status)" and "somewhere exists something". It can concludes that the emergent meaning is "somewhere exists the existing object lying on some status" through analyzing the blending characters. This proves that conceptual integration and grammatical blending theories are animate and have mighty explanatory power in this specific linguistic phenomenon.
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Ain, Noor ul, Nusrat Bano, Anwar Ejaz Beg, Kamran Hameed, Talha Bin Fayyaz, and Rafia Sadaf. "HEMATOLOGICAL TOXICITY IN RATS;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 02 (February 14, 2017): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.02.525.
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Objectives: Oxaliplatin causes hematological toxicities in clinical setting whichlimits its efficacy. The aim of this study is to investigate the therapeutic effects of Andrographispaniculata against hematological toxicity caused by oxaliplatin. Study design: Experimentalanimal study. Period: Study takes 8 month from March 2015 to Oct 2015. Setting: Dow universityanimal house. Method: Wistar albino male rats, divided into 3 equals groups (n=6): GroupN* was a control group (0.9% normal saline), Group NP0 was Oxaliplatin treated group andGroup NP1 was prophylactically treated with Andrographis paniculata followed by Oxaliplatinin order to assess the protective effects of Andrographis paniculata against the hematologictoxicity caused by Oxaliplatin. Results: Prophylactic treatment with Andrographis paniculata(NP1) significantly increases the levels of platelets and neutrophile count compared with thestandard (NP0) (p<0.01) and increases the RBCs count and levels of hemoglobin comparedwith the standard (NP0). Conclusion: Prophylactic treatment with Andrographis paniculata(NP1) was effective in reducing risk of thrombocytopenia, anemia and neutropenia associatedwith Oxaliplatin.
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Jung, Thomas, Marília Horta Jung, Joan F. Webber, Koji Kageyama, Ayaka Hieno, Hayato Masuya, Seiji Uematsu, et al. "The Destructive Tree Pathogen Phytophthora ramorum Originates from the Laurosilva Forests of East Asia." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7030226.
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As global plant trade expands, tree disease epidemics caused by pathogen introductions are increasing. Since ca 2000, the introduced oomycete Phytophthora ramorum has caused devastating epidemics in Europe and North America, spreading as four ancient clonal lineages, each of a single mating type, suggesting different geographical origins. We surveyed laurosilva forests for P. ramorum around Fansipan mountain on the Vietnam-China border and on Shikoku and Kyushu islands, southwest Japan. The surveys yielded 71 P. ramorum isolates which we assigned to eight new lineages, IC1 to IC5 from Vietnam and NP1 to NP3 from Japan, based on differences in colony characteristics, gene x environment responses and multigene phylogeny. Molecular phylogenetic trees and networks revealed the eight Asian lineages were dispersed across the topology of the introduced European and North American lineages. The deepest node within P. ramorum, the divergence of lineages NP1 and NP2, was estimated at 0.5 to 1.6 Myr. The Asian lineages were each of a single mating type, and at some locations, lineages of “opposite” mating type were present, suggesting opportunities for inter-lineage recombination. Based on the high level of phenotypic and phylogenetic diversity in the sample populations, the coalescence results and the absence of overt host symptoms, we conclude that P. ramorum comprises many anciently divergent lineages native to the laurosilva forests between eastern Indochina and Japan.
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Shcherbinina, E., A. Iakovleva, Y. Gavrilov, O. Golovanova, and N. Muzylev. "Lower Eocene sedimentary succession and microfossil biostratigraphy in the central northern Caucasus basin." Geologica Acta 18 (January 29, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/geologicaacta2020.18.1.
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The lower Eocene sediments from the classical Paleogene section exposed along the Kheu River, northern Caucasus, southern Russia are here studied. This ca. 50m thick succession is lithologically contrasting: the lower and upper parts are composed by soft marls separated by a thick Radiolaria-rich unit of non-calcareous and low-calcareous mudstones with intercalations of compact cherty layers. According to nannofossil and dinocyst biostratigraphy, the unique intercalation of Total Organic Carbon (TOC)-rich sediment (sapropelitic bed) in the lower part of the lower Eocene correspond to the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) and a series of sapropelitic interlayers in the upper marly part of the lower Eocene succession correlates with the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO). The study of nannofossil and dinocyst assemblages enabled detailed zonal subdivision and first-order calibration of nannofossil and dinocyst bio-events during this time-span. The studied interval of the section embraces the complete succession of nannofossil zones NP9-NP13 of Martini, 1971, CP8-CP11 of Okada and Bukry, 1980 and CNP11-CNE5 of Agnini et al., 2014. By means of dinocyst stratigraphy, the succession of Apectodinium hyperacanthum, Axiodinium augustum, Deflandrea oebisfeldensis, Dracodinium astra, Stenodinium meckelfeldense, Dracodinium varielongitudum, Ochetodinium romanum/Samlandia chlamydophora and Areosphaeridium diktyoplokum zones are identified in the Ypresian part of the Kheu section.
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MEISTERERNST, BARBARA. "Negation and the causative verb shi in Han period Chinese." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 69, no. 3 (September 19, 2006): 433–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x06000206.
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In this paper, a synchronic study of the syntax and the semantics of the causative verb shi in Han period Chinese, particularly in combination with negatives, is at issue. Two different structures involving negation of this verb exist in Han period Chinese: first, (NP1) NEGshi NP2 V2P and second (NP1) shi NP2NEG V2P. A thorough analysis of the first structure ‘(NP1) NEGshi NP2 V2P' shows that two different semantic interpretations are required to account for the syntactic differences between the two structures. The article proposes that the first structure has to be analysed as an analytic causative construction with a visible causative verb which, in its negated form, contrasts with an affirmative causative construction. The negative has scope over the entire causative construction including V1 and V2P, whereas in the second structure the negative has only scope over V2P
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Zeng, Tao, Wen Mao, and Rongfeng Liu. "Structural priming from arithmetic to language in Chinese: Evidence from adults and children." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 7 (January 1, 2018): 1552–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1340968.
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This article explores structural integration between arithmetic and language by investigating whether the structure of an arithmetic equation influences the way children and adults interpret Chinese sentences in the form of NP1 + VP1 + NP2 + VP2, where VP2 can attach high as a predicate of NP1 or attach low as a predicate of NP2. Participants first solved an arithmetic problem where the last number was to be attached high (e.g., (5 + 1 + 2) × 3) or low (e.g., 5 + (1 + 2 × 3)) and then provided a completion to a preamble in the form of NP1 + VP1 + NP2 + HEN “very” . . . or decided on the meaning of an ambiguous sentence. The way the ambiguous sentences were completed and interpreted was primed by the structure of the preceding arithmetic problem (i.e., a high-attachment prime led to more high-attachment completions and interpretation) in both children and adults. This study found cross-domain priming from arithmetic equations to language, which offered empirical evidence for the shared syntactic integration resource hypothesis and the syntactic working memory theory. It was also found that children were more susceptible to such priming, which provided some tentative evidence for the Incremental Procedural Account proposed by Scheepers et al.
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Gagné, Olivier Charles. "Bond-length distributions for ions bonded to oxygen: results for the lanthanides and actinides and discussion of the f-block contraction." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 74, no. 1 (January 12, 2018): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520617017425.
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Bond-length distributions have been examined for 84 configurations of the lanthanide ions and 22 configurations of the actinide ions bonded to oxygen, for 1317 coordination polyhedra and 10 700 bond distances for the lanthanide ions, and 671 coordination polyhedra and 4754 bond distances for the actinide ions. A linear correlation between mean bond length and coordination number is observed for the trivalent lanthanides ions bonded to O2−. The lanthanide contraction for the trivalent lanthanide ions bonded to O2− is shown to vary as a function of coordination number, and to diminish in scale with an increasing coordination number. The decrease in mean bond length from La3+ to Lu3+ is 0.25 Å for coordination number (CN) 6 (9.8%), 0.22 Å for CN 7 (8.7%), 0.21 Å for CN 8 (8.0%), 0.21 Å for CN 9 (8.2%) and 0.18 Å for CN 10 (6.9%). The crystal chemistry of Np5+ and Np6+ is shown to be very similar to that of U6+ when bonded to O2−, but differs for Np7+.
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Heyne, Kristina, Kathrin Kölsch, Marine Bruand, Elisabeth Kremmer, Friedrich A. Grässer, Jens Mayer, and Klaus Roemer. "Np9, a cellular protein of retroviral ancestry restricted to human, chimpanzee and gorilla, binds and regulates ubiquitin ligase MDM2." Cell Cycle 14, no. 16 (July 29, 2015): 2619–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15384101.2015.1064565.
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Schmitt, Katja, Kristina Heyne, Klaus Roemer, Eckart Meese, and Jens Mayer. "HERV-K(HML-2) rec and np9 transcripts not restricted to disease but present in many normal human tissues." Mobile DNA 6, no. 1 (2015): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13100-015-0035-7.
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B??scher, Kristina, Silvia Hahn, Maja Hofmann, Uwe Trefzer, Muhsin ??zel, Wolfram Sterry, Johannes L??wer, Roswitha L??wer, Reinhard Kurth, and Joachim Denner. "Expression of the human endogenous retrovirus-K transmembrane envelope, Rec and Np9 proteins in melanomas and melanoma cell lines." Melanoma Research 16, no. 3 (June 2006): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cmr.0000215031.07941.ca.
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PAPADOPOULOU, DESPINA, and HARALD CLAHSEN. "Ambiguity resolution in sentence processing: the role of lexical and contextual information." Journal of Linguistics 42, no. 1 (March 2006): 109–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226705003701.
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This study investigates how the parser employs thematic and contextual information in resolving temporary ambiguities during sentence processing. We report results from a sentence-completion task and from a self-paced reading experiment with native speakers of Greek examining two constructions under different referential context conditions: relative clauses (RCs) preceded by complex noun phrases with genitives, [NP1+NP2Gen], and RCs preceded by complex noun phrases containing prepositional phrases, [NP1+PP[P NP2]]. We found different attachment preferences for these two constructions, a high (NP1) preference for RCs with genitive antecedents and a low (NP2) preference for RCs with PP antecedents. Moreover, referential context information was found to modulate RC attachment differently in the two experimental tasks. We interpret these findings from the perspective of modular theories of sentence processing and argue that on-line ambiguity resolution relies primarily on grammatical and lexical-thematic information, and makes use of referential context information only as a secondary resource.
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Dekydtspotter, Laurent, Bryan Donaldson, Amanda C. Edmonds, Audrey Liljestrand Fultz, and Rebecca A. Petrush. "SYNTACTIC AND PROSODIC COMPUTATIONS IN THE RESOLUTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSE ATTACHMENT AMBIGUITY BY ENGLISH-FRENCH LEARNERS." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 30, no. 4 (October 29, 2008): 453–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263108080728.
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This study investigates the manner in which syntax, prosody, and context interact when second- and fourth-semester college-level English-French learners process relative clause (RC) attachment to either the first noun phrase (NP1) or the second noun phrase (NP2) in complex nominal expressions such asle secrétaire du psychologue qui se promène (au centre ville)“the secretary of the psychologist who takes a walk (downtown).” Learners' interpretations were affected by the length of the RC, specifically its phonological weight. Effects of intonation contour were found only in a subset of learners. In a response time (RT) experiment that manipulated contexts, fourth-semester learners showed a final bias for NP1 attachment in interpretation but an initial RT bias for NP2 attachment. Second-semester learners also produced a NP2 attachment bias in RTs, but no asymmetry in interpretation was found. We argue that the processing of RC attachment by English-French learners requires a task-specific algorithm that implicates autonomous syntactic and prosodic computations and specific interactions among them.
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Agger, Sean A., Fernando Lopez-Gallego, Thomas R. Hoye, and Claudia Schmidt-Dannert. "Identification of Sesquiterpene Synthases from Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102 and Nostoc sp. Strain PCC 7120." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 18 (July 25, 2008): 6084–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00759-08.
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ABSTRACT Cyanobacteria are a rich source of natural products and are known to produce terpenoids. These bacteria are the major source of the musty-smelling terpenes geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, which are found in many natural water supplies; however, no terpene synthases have been characterized from these organisms to date. Here, we describe the characterization of three sesquiterpene synthases identified in Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120 (terpene synthase NS1) and Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102 (terpene synthases NP1 and NP2). The second terpene synthase in N. punctiforme (NP2) is homologous to fusion-type sesquiterpene synthases from Streptomyces spp. shown to produce geosmin via an intermediate germacradienol. The enzymes were functionally expressed in Escherichia coli, and their terpene products were structurally identified as germacrene A (from NS1), the eudesmadiene 8a-epi-α-selinene (from NP1), and germacradienol (from NP2). The product of NP1, 8a-epi-α-selinene, so far has been isolated only from termites, in which it functions as a defense compound. Terpene synthases NP1 and NS1 are part of an apparent minicluster that includes a P450 and a putative hybrid two-component protein located downstream of the terpene synthases. Coexpression of P450 genes with their adjacent located terpene synthase genes in E. coli demonstrates that the P450 from Nostoc sp. can be functionally expressed in E. coli when coexpressed with a ferredoxin gene and a ferredoxin reductase gene from Nostoc and that the enzyme oxygenates the NS1 terpene product germacrene A. This represents to the best of our knowledge the first example of functional expression of a cyanobacterial P450 in E. coli.
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Zhao, Qian, Yanhua Yang, Kecheng Shen, Xian Tao, and Yingzhong Shen. "Synthesis and Photochromic Properties of Conjugated Naphthopyran Derivatives." Journal of Chemical Research 42, no. 9 (September 2018): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/174751918x15337318992989.
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Three novel types of naphthopyran derivatives containing alkoxyl and phenyl moieties, 13-butyl −6,11-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-3,13-dihydrobenzo[h]indeno[2,1-f]chromen-13-ol (NP), 13-butyl-3,3-bis(6-methoxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-6,6-dimethyl-3,13-dihydrobenzo[h] indeno[2,1-f]chromen-13-ol (NP1) and 13-butyl-3,3-bis(6-methoxy-4′-naphthalenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-6,11-dimenthyl-3,13-dihydrobenz[h]indeno[2,1-f]chromen-13-ol (NP2), were synthesised and characterised. Measurements indicated that they possessed an excellent photochromic response, a rapid thermal bleaching rate and good fatigue resistance. Meanwhile, the UV maximum absorption wavelengths of NP1 (562 nm) and NP2 (597 nm) appeared bathochromically shifted compared with NP (536 nm). The bleaching rate of NP1 was found to be approximately twice that of NP. The results indicated that the UV maximum absorption wavelength and bleaching rate increase with increasing length of the phenyl side chain moieties. In PMMA film, the compounds showed almost the same photochromic properties in the solid state as in dichloromethane solution. The UV absorbance with high-contrast switching in solid film could be beneficial for practical applications.
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Park, Chongwon. "Metonymy in grammar." Functions of Language 20, no. 1 (May 13, 2013): 31–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.20.1.02par.
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This article focuses on the conceptual structures of Korean Multiple Object Constructions (MOCs), which exhibit various types of meanings. I argue that these various meanings are systematically explained when we adopt the notion of reference point. I claim that the accusative-marked nominals in the constructions are metonymically connected; outer accusative-marked nominals function as reference points. More specifically, NP1, in the schematic configuration [NP-Nom [NP1-Acc [NP2-Acc [PRED]]]], functions as a reference point in relation to the complex verb [NP2-PRED], where NP1 provides access to the target. In other words, the function of Korean MOCs is to provide mental access to a target, similar to English possessive constructions. For example, since one natural mental path of access is by following a taxonomic hierarchy from general to specific, the metonymic meaning of the Type-Token construction arises. The same mechanism is then recursively applied to explain the case of multiply-occurring accusative-marked nominals. In order to provide technical analyses of my claim, Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar is adopted as a theoretical framework as it accurately captures the properties of the constructions without additional unnecessary mechanisms.
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Pong-Keum, Lee. "Boundary Property Analysis of ‘NP1+VP+NP2’/‘NP1+(V1V2)+NP2’ Causative Structure." Chinese Studies 67 (June 30, 2019): 155–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14378/kacs.2019.67.67.9.
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CHENG, WEI, and AMIT ALMOR. "A Bayesian approach to establishing coreference in second language discourse: Evidence from implicit causality and consequentiality verbs." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22, no. 3 (May 16, 2018): 456–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136672891800055x.
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This study investigated Chinese-speaking English learners’ use of implicit causality and consequentiality biases in establishing coreference under a Bayesian view of reference interpretation, which distinguishes between context-based priors about which entity will be re-mentioned and new evidence provided by the referential expression form. In two sentence-completion experiments, participants wrote continuations to sentence fragments with either implicit causality (Experiment 1) or consequentiality (Experiment 2) biases that ended either with or without a pronoun. In both experiments, L2 speakers showed native-like re-mention biases following no-pronoun fragments, indicating native-like predictions about the next-mentioned referent. Following pronoun fragments in NP2-biasing contexts, L2 speakers produced more NP1 continuations than native speakers. We show that this difference lies in different beliefs about pronoun use in the two populations. Specifically, L2 speakers showed a stronger association between pronouns and NP1 referents than native speakers following NP2-biasing verbs.
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Guan, Fangxia, Guillermo Villegas, Jason Teichman, Peter Mundel, and Alda Tufro. "Autocrine VEGF-A system in podocytes regulates podocin and its interaction with CD2AP." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 291, no. 2 (August 2006): F422—F428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00448.2005.
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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) signaling is required for endothelial cell differentiation, vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and vascular patterning. During kidney morphogenesis, podocyte VEGF-A guides endothelial cells toward developing glomeruli. Podocyte VEGF-A expression continues throughout life but its function after completion of development remains unclear. Here, we examined the expression of VEGF-A and its receptors VEGFR1, VEGFR2, NP1, and NP2 in conditionally immortalized mouse podocytes cultured in undifferentiated and differentiated conditions using RT-PCR and Western analysis. VEGF-A secretion was assessed by ELISA and Western analysis. Upon podocyte differentiation, VEGF-A protein expression and secretion increased threefold. Differentiated podocytes expressed eightfold higher VEGFR2 mRNA levels than undifferentiated podocytes, whereas VEGFR1, sVEGFR1, NP1, and NP2 mRNA levels were similar. We examined the regulation and function of the VEGF-A system by exposing differentiated podocytes to recombinant VEGF165 (20 ng/ml) or control media for 24 h. VEGF165 induced a twofold increase in VEGFR2 mRNA and protein levels, whereas VEGFR1, sVEGFR1, NP1, and NP2 mRNA levels remained unchanged. VEGF165 induced VEGFR2 phosphorylation. VEGF165 reduced podocyte apoptosis ∼40%, whereas anti-VEGFR2 neutralizing antibody enhanced it twofold. We determined that VEGF-A signaling regulates slit diaphragm proteins by inducing a dose-response podocin upregulation and increasing its interaction with CD2AP. The data indicate that podocytes in culture have a functional autocrine VEGF-A system that is regulated by differentiation and ligand availability. VEGF-A functions in podocytes include promoting survival through VEGFR2, inducing podocin upregulation and increasing podocin/CD2AP interaction.
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Nguyen, Vinh Tien, and Khanh Son Trinh. "Effects of Synthetic Procedures and Postsynthesis Incubation pH on Size, Shape, and Antibacterial Activity of Copper (I) Oxide Nanoparticles." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (June 8, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9541934.
Full textAbstract:
Copper (I) oxide nanoparticles (Cu2O NP) were synthesized by reducing CuSO4 with glucose in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol as a capping agent. We used three different synthetic procedures with a fast reaction (procedure 1p), a fast-then-slow reaction (procedure 2p), and a slow-then-fast reaction (procedure 3p). The reaction rates were controlled by changing the temperature and the speed of adding reagents. The synthesized Cu2O NP were subsequently incubated for 24 h in a pH 6 solution (Cu2O NP6) or a pH 8 solution (Cu2O NP8) at 5°C. XRD and SEM images analysis revealed that the 1p procedure produced smaller NP, while the 2p procedure produced larger but more uniform NP. The 3p procedure produced the largest NP with a higher size variation. The 24-hour acidic postsynthesis incubation resulted in an etching effect, which reduced the size and size variation of Cu2O NP6. To evaluate the antibacterial activity, E. coli suspensions were mixed with the obtained Cu2O NP (32, 96, or 160 ppm) for different time intervals (1 or 24 h) and then grown on Petri dishes at 37°C for 24 h. Higher doses, smaller sizes of Cu2O NP, and longer contact times with the bacterial suspension resulted in higher inactivation efficiencies. Cu2O NP6 showed higher antibacterial effects at low doses, possibly due to the etching effect and the positive surface charge. Increasing the Cu2O doses from 32 to 96 and 160 ppm noticeably increased the antibacterial effect of the Cu2O NP8, but not significantly for Cu2O NP6. We suggested that the Cu2O NP6 suffered from agglomeration at high doses due to their high surface activity and low surface charges.
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Huang, Q,, D. Pangeni, Hayford Manu, L. Hanson, and S. K. Baidoo. "PSV-24 Effects of non-animal protein in nursery diets on wean to finish pig performance and carcass characteristics." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.357.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a non-animal protein source in nursery diets on performance and carcass characteristics of wean to finish pigs. A total of 432 piglets with initial BW 6.31 ± 0.13 kg were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 6 treatments. Treatments included PC1AP1: animal protein, nursery nutrient specifications without additives; PC2AP2: animal protein, growernutrientspecification without additives; NC1NP1: Non-animal protein, nursery specification without additives; NC2NP2: Non-animal protein, grower specification without additives; NC1 NP1 + FA[(Feed Additives)]: NC1 NP1 with additives; NC2 NP2 + FA: NC2 NP2 with additives. Feed Additives [Enzymes (Xylanase, β-Glucanase, Invertaseused), Oregano Essential Oil] were used in Treatments NP1 +FA and NP2 +FA. A linear model was used via the GLM procedure of SAS 9.4, with treatment as fixed effect and block as random effect. Pigs fed on the non-animal protein source and supplemented with feed additives had similar ADF, ADG, and G:F at finishing compared with treatment group on animal protein source (P > 0.05). No treatment differences (P > 0.05) for digesta, liver and serum based on a principal component AA analysis. (P>o.o5)[H2] No positive carry-over effects (P > 0.05) were found for performance except that pigs fed onthe animal protein source had greaterhad greater hot carcass weight (P < 0.05) than the non-animal protein group. In conclusion, wean pigs fed either animal or non-animal protein source at nursery had similar performance at finishing stage and similar carcass characteristics even though pigs on animal protein source had greater hot carcass weight relative to those on plant protein. [H1]Define FA [H2]Do not mention digesta, liver, or serum. Rather state the variables you analyzed in those samples.
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Li, Fengqi. "The Mapping of Thematic Roles to Grammatical Functions in Mandarin BA Construction Denoting Causation: From the Perspective of Lexical Mapping Theory." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 10, no. 3 (May 1, 2019): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1003.26.
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NP1 in the position of the subject of the mandarin BA construction denoting causation is usually occupied by patientlike roles and NP2 immediately following BA is usually occupied by agentlike roles. The causative relation between NP1 and NP2, with the former being the Cause, and the latter the Affectee, derives from the word BA, which triggers in the lexicon the morpholexical operation of causativization when it unites with the predicate. The operation involves either assignment of causative roles Cause and Affectee to the existent thematic roles or insertion of a new role Cause to the thematic structure, with the prominence of Cause or the thematic role assigned Cause always being over the other roles. Having undergone this morpholexical operation, the thematic structure correctly maps to and generates the grammatical functional structure according to the general principles and conditions stipulated by the Lexical Mapping Theory (LMT). The result of this research shows that even for a construction as unique as the mandarin BA construction denoting causation compared with any other languages, LMT is still well applicable in explaining its role-function mapping.
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Barr, M. P., G. P. Pidgeon Dr, and K. J. O’Byrne Dr. "Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a survival factor for neuropilin-1-expressing lung tumour cells." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2006): 17084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.17084.
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17084 Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in Ireland. The formation of new blood vessels, angiogenesis, is essential for tumour growth and metastasis and is induced by several angiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Several studies have suggested a role of VEGF as a survival factor for endothelial and some tumour cells. We investigated the effect of VEGF on lung tumour cell survival and examined the VEGF receptor profile of these cells. Methods: A panel of lung cancer cell lines, H460, H647, A549 and SKMES1 were treated with recombinant VEGF (100 ng/ml). Tumour cell survival was assessed using the BrdU proliferation assay. Apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry using Annexin-V and PI staining. VEGF receptor profiles for Flt-1 (VEGFR-1), KDR (VEGFR-2), Neuropilin-1 (NP1) and Neuropilin-2 (NP2) were examined at the mRNA and protein level by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Tumour cell expression of the Plexin family of signalling receptors was investigated, in addition to the class III Semaphorins which have been shown to bind the Neuropilin receptors. Results: All lung cancer cells expressed NP1 with the exception of the H460 cell line. Using endothelial cells as a positive control, neither VEGFR-1 or VEGFR-2 were identified on the panel of lung cancer cell lines examined at the mRNA and protein level. A dose-response in tumour cell proliferation was observed with the addition of VEGF at 10ng and 100ng/ml. This increase in tumour cell proliferation was significant in all NP1-positive cells, with no effect on NP1-negative H460 cells. VEGF decreased apoptosis in cells expressing NP1, with no effect observed in H460 cells. Our preliminary data show that in addition to NP1, lung cancer cells also express NP2, Plexin-A1, Sema-3A and Sema-3C mRNA which are potential mediators of the NP1 signalling cascade. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that VEGF promotes survival of lung cancer cells, potentially through NP1 signalling. We are currently examining VEGF/VEGFR signalling and the downstream anti- and pro-apoptotic pathways activated in response to VEGF on lung cancer cells. Blockade/inhibition of VEGF and its receptors may offer potential as a therapeutic biological strategy in lung cancer. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Doungsuwan, Narit, Chatchai Ratanachai, Penjai Somgpongchaiyakul, and Prapaporn Sangganjanavanich. "Impacts Of The National Economic And Social Development Plan On Songkhla Lake Basin Development Thailand." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 8 (July 29, 2013): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i8.7987.
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The objectives of this study were to explore the impacts of Thailands eleven National Economic and Social Development Plans (NESDP or NP) on the development, natural resources, and environment of the Songkhla Lake Basin (SLB), Thailand, and to propose policy recommendations for this development. Data on development in the SLB were collected through literature reviews and through four focus group discussions for related stakeholders in the four sub-basins. Our results showed that the focus of development changed from economic development in NP1 through NP7 to a new model of holistic people-centered development with an emphasis on sustainability in NP8 through NP11. During this time (1961-2013), economic development has progressed in the SLB. For instance, 443 irrigation projects were developed to support expanded rice paddy fields, the area of shrimp farms increased to a current total of 60,174 rais, rubber plantations encroached into 30% of the total watershed area, and the number of factories increased to 2,748. This increased development has led to water pollution, sedimentation in Songkhla Lake, degradation of the watershed, and the depletion of fishery resources, requiring urgent remedial action. We recommend that mechanisms are provided for the public to fully participate in formulating basin development plans by, for example, establishing a Songkhla Lake Basin Development Institute and conducting a basin-level strategic environmental assessment.
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Zhou, Ming, Alain Sayad, William A. Simmons, Richard C. Jones, Shanna D. Maika, Nimman Satumtira, Martha L. Dorris, et al. "The Specificity of Peptides Bound to Human Histocompatibility Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-B27 Influences the Prevalence of Arthritis in HLA-B27 Transgenic Rats." Journal of Experimental Medicine 188, no. 5 (September 7, 1998): 877–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.188.5.877.
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Human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen B27 is highly associated with the rheumatic diseases termed spondyloarthropathies, but the mechanism is not known. B27 transgenic rats develop a spontaneous disease resembling the human spondyloarthropathies that includes arthritis and colitis. To investigate whether this disease requires the binding of specific peptides to B27, we made a minigene construct in which a peptide from influenza nucleoprotein, NP383-391 (SRYWAIRTR), which binds B27 with high affinity, is targeted directly to the ER by the signal peptide of the adenovirus E3/gp19 protein. Rats transgenic for this minigene, NP1, were made and bred with B27 rats. The production of the NP383-391 peptide in B27+NP1+ rats was confirmed immunologically and by mass spectrometry. The NP1 product displaced ∼90% of the 3H-Arg-labeled endogenous peptide fraction in B27+NP1+ spleen cells. Male B27+NP1+ rats had a significantly reduced prevalence of arthritis, compared with B27+NP− males or B27+ males with a control construct, NP2, whereas colitis was not significantly affected by the NP1 transgene. These findings support the hypothesis that B27-related arthritis requires binding of a specific peptide or set of peptides to B27, and they demonstrate a method for efficient transgenic targeting of peptides to the ER.