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1
Hamilton, Stephen, and David Carment. "The Northern Territory Press." Media International Australia 150, no. 1 (February 2014): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1415000113.
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The history of print media in the Northern Territory is one of parish pumps and media moguls, Cold War tensions and human rights crusades. Locally printed and published newspapers have been pivotal to the development of a Northern Territory identity and the cultivation of the Territory's sense of difference from the rest of Australia. From the earliest newspapers – part news-sheet, part government gazette – to the colourful online edition of the NT News, the Territory has been defined by its press and has in turn defined it, in response to its remoteness and to its increasing non-Indigenous population. This article provides a brief overview of the Northern Territory press, the history of which remains poorly documented.
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Reichel, H., and AN Andersen. "The Rainforest Ant Fauna of Australia's Northern Territory." Australian Journal of Zoology 44, no. 1 (1996): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9960081.
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An ant survey of Northern Territory (NT) rainforests, which occur as numerous small and isolated patches within a predominantly savanna landscape, yielded 173 species from 46 genera. The richest genera were Polyrhachis (22 species), Pheidole (21 species), Rhytidoponera (12 species) and Monomorium (12 species). Seven genera represented new records for the NT: Discothyrea, Prionopelta, Machomyrma, Strumigenys, Bothriomyrmex, Turneria and Pseudolasius. The most common ants were Generalised myrmicines, particularly species of Pheidole and Monomorium, and Opportunists such as species of Paratrechina, Tetramorium, Odontomachus and Rhytidoponera. This is also the case in rainforests of the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Of NT rainforest species, 59% have Torresian (tropical) affinities, which is only slightly higher than in Kimberley rainforests (48%). However, the NT harbours a far higher proportion of specialist rainforest species (27 v. 9%), including many more with arboreal nests (13 v. 5% of total species). Many of the rainforest specialists are of considerable biogeographic interest, with a substantial number having disjunct distributions in the NT and Queensland (and often also New Guinea) A small number represent the only known Australian records of south-east Asian species. Interestingly, very few species appear to be endemic to NT rainforests, with a previously unrecorded species of Aphaenogaster being a probable exception. The NT rainforest fauna also includes several introduced species, with at least one (Pheidole megacephala) posing a serious conservation threat.
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Rahman, Fadhlur. "Bilingual Education vs English-only Approach at Australia’s Northern Territory Schools." REiLA : Journal of Research and Innovation in Language 2, no. 1 (April 26, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/reila.v2i1.3854.
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The present library research highlights the “English-only” approach used in the Aboriginal classrooms in Northern Territory (NT) schools, Australia. This library study collects its data from five decades (1968-2018) of research and theorisation on the implementation of English instruction at Indigenous classrooms in Australia by referring to the changes of approaches from bilingual instruction policy to the current “English-only” approach. The writer then reports the problems occurred in the implementation of this approach in the specific classroom interaction. Factors like socio-cultural gap and dysfunctional discourse were found to be influencing the ineffective English-only classroom in the NT schools. What alternatives may have been tried in the Northern territory schools and to what degree of success?
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Ganf, George G., and Naomi Rea. "Potential for algal blooms in tropical rivers of the Northern Territory, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 58, no. 4 (2007): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf06161.
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Rivers in the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia are under pressure from increasing vegetation clearance, land use and nutrient run-off. The literature on algal blooms clearly identifies the predisposing factors but in the NT, these factors are not well researched. We report on the potential for tropical rivers to experience problems related to algal growth. NT rivers were found to have a low nutrient status and a viable inoculum of blue-green, brown and green algal communities. The growth response of these algal groups to nutrient enrichment via bioassays and pulse-amplitude-modulation (PAM) fluorometry measurements varied among rivers and the addition of N, P or N&P. However, the overwhelming findings were that all rivers had the potential to experience algal blooms with enrichment. Back-calculations based on the chlorophyll concentrations recorded in bioassay experiments and stoichiometric ratios of chlorophyll:nutrients suggest there are pools of biologically available organic forms of N and P in addition to inorganic forms. The role of river length in the development of algal blooms was investigated: the longer the river reach, the slower the flow, and the greater the availability of nutrients, the higher potential for algal blooms. Given the strong indications that increased nutrient run-off to tropical rivers will result in algal blooms, prudent land-use and development with nutrient management strategies is essential.
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Baig, M. H., D. Surovtseva, and E. Halawa. "The Potential of Concentrated Solar Power for Remote Mine Sites in the Northern Territory, Australia." Journal of Solar Energy 2015 (November 19, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/617356.
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The Northern Territory (NT) is among the regions in Australia and the world with the highest solar radiation intensities. The NT has many mine sites which consume significant amount of fossil fuel with consequent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The environmental concern related to the fossil fuel consumption and availability of immense solar energy resource in the NT open the possibilities for considering the provision of power to the mining sites using proven solar technologies. Concentrating solar power (CSP) systems are deemed as the potential alternatives to current fossil fuel based generating systems in mining industry in the NT. The finding is based on consideration of the major factors in determining the feasibility of CSP system installation, with particular reference to the NT mine sites. These are plant design requirements, climatic, environmental, and other requirements, and capital and operating costs. Based on these factors, four mine sites have been identified as having the potential for CSP plants installation. These are McArthur River Mine, Ranger Mine, Northern Territory Gold Mines, and Tanami Operations. Each site could be served by one CSP plant to cater for the needs of mining operation and the local communities.
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Tannock, Margie. "From the Northern Territory to Western Australia: fracking, public policy and social licence." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18265.
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There are significant differences in the experiences of the Northern Territory (NT) and Western Australia (WA), as a consequence of the processes, outcomes and recommendations, and ultimately political climate surrounding the development of unconventional gas. In the period 2016–18 both the NT and WA underwent independent inquiries into the environmental impacts of onshore hydraulic fracture stimulation. Each process included review of scientific research papers, numerous community and stakeholder meetings around the State and Territory and extensive public seminars. Final reports were released by both inquiries in 2018. However, the recommendations arising from each report on the findings of the inquiries were materially different, as were the political responses and implementation of outcomes. This paper analyses the differences in the respective reports, and comments on the implementation and future of development in the respective jurisdictions.
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Haworth, Jeffrey, and Richard Bruce. "Australian states and Northern Territory acreage update." APPEA Journal 54, no. 1 (2014): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13042.
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It is encouraging to note that a number of international oil companies (IOCs) have taken an interest in Australian onshore exploration, including the following: Bowen-Surat Basin—BG, ConocoPhillips, CNOOC, PetroChina, Sinopec, KOGAS, Mitsui, Petronas, Shell, and Total.Canning Basin—Mitsubishi, ConocoPhillips, Hess, PetroChina, and Apache.Cooper-Eromanga Basin—BG, and Chevron.Galilee Basin—CNOOC.Georgina Basin—Statoil, and Total. There is now greater interest in Australian onshore exploration, including in a number of sedimentary basins that have previously largely been overlooked. New views on geology and the development of a commercial shale and tight gas sector in the US have prompted a reassessment of onshore petroleum potential, especially in SA, the NT and WA. Access to onshore acreage in Australia for petroleum exploration is, in most jurisdictions, by means of a formal release process with a work program bidding system. Acreage that is being made available for exploration will generally be accompanied by information regarding its geological setting and petroleum prospectivity. Previous exploration activity may be summarised (including information in relation to the amount of pre-existing data available to applicants for acreage), and relevant maps and figures may be included. The following is a compilation of material supplied by the states and NT in relation to onshore acreage being made available for petroleum exploration.
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Lowe, Michael, and Pasqualina Coffey. "Effect of an ageing population on services for the elderly in the Northern Territory." Australian Health Review 43, no. 1 (2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah17068.
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Objective The aim of the present study was to describe the elderly population of the Northern Territory (NT), explore the challenges of delivering aged care services to this population and implications for the acute care sector. Methods Data gathered from a variety of sources were used to describe the demographic and health profile of elderly Territorians, the aged care structure and services in the NT, and admission trends of elderly patients in NT hospitals. Information regarding NT community and residential aged care services was sourced from government reports. NT public hospital admissions from 2001 to 2015 were adjusted by the estimated Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations. Results In 2015, elderly people constituted 9.2% of the NT population and this number is predicted to increase. Between 2001 and 2015, the number and rate of elderly admissions to NT public hospitals increased significantly. Compared with other jurisdictions, aged care in the NT is dominated by community services, which are of limited scope. Important geographical and economic factors affect the availability of residential aged care beds. This, in turn, affects the ability of elderly people to transition from hospital settings. Conclusions The NT has a relatively small but growing elderly population with increasing needs. This population is markedly different compared with its counterparts in other Australian states and territories, but receives aged care services based on national policies. Recent changes to community-based services and increases in residential beds should improve services and care, although remaining challenges and gaps need to be addressed. What is known about the topic? Increasing health and care needs of elderly people will place significant stress across the health and aged care system. In Australia, most aged care services are apportioned and funded under a national system. The NT has a markedly different population profile compared with the rest of Australia, which gives rise to unique considerations, but its aged care structure is based on nationally developed policies. What does this paper add? Elderly people in the NT are increasingly using acute care services. Aged care services in the NT have higher ratios of community-based services to residential aged care facilities (RACF) as a consequence of a ‘younger’ cohort of Aboriginal elderly people who live remotely. In addition, economic factors affect the low number of RACF places. As evidenced in past years, a small pool of beds can adversely affect the numbers and length of stay of elderly people waiting in hospitals. What are the implications for practitioners? The NT has a small but growing population of elderly people, which will place an increasing burden on acute care services that are ill equipped to manage their specific needs. Recent RACF and flexible care bed approvals may alleviate past difficulties to transition hospital patients awaiting RACF placement. Significant changes at the national level to community-based care services that increase flexibility for providers may bring about better outcomes for remote elderly recipients. However, high costs and issues with remote servicing will remain. Psychogeriatrics remains a major underserviced area in the NT with no prospective solution.
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Maertens, Anita, and Andrew Taylor. "Improving population retention in northern Australia: clues from German-born Territorians." Australian Population Studies 2, no. 1 (May 26, 2018): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37970/aps.v2i1.24.
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Background Population growth rates in many parts of northern Australia have slowed considerably in recent years. Governments are interested in identifying northern migration ‘markets’ as potential targets for a mix of marketing and policy-based approaches to improve population attraction and retention. In the Northern Territory (NT), German-born residents present an interesting case study. Many are long-term residents (‘sticky’), highly educated, in professional jobs and say they are likely to stay. Aims We profile and report on a study of German-born NT residents as one important international market for offsetting population losses. Understanding factors which have contributed to the attraction and retention of this group may help to inform policies and initiatives to improve the population position of the NT and northern Australia more broadly. Data and methods Data for the paper is sourced from the 2016 ABS Census of Population and Housing (Census) and the 2017 German Territorian Survey (GTS) conducted by Charles Darwin University. Results German-born residents are a relatively immobile (‘sticky’) and educated population group in the NT with a high ratio of females. Many of those surveyed, in particular those who had arrived as working holiday makers or tourists, exhibited little or no intention of leaving. Lifestyle factors, climate and job opportunities ranked highly in decisions to stay. Conclusions The study of German-born Territorians holds promise for developing targetted niche migration initiatives to address skills and population deficits in the NT and northern Australia. Analysis of responses to the GTS highlighted opportunities for recruiting skilled women and the importance of tourism as a source for labour supply and population growth.
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Dwyer, Stuart. "Benefits of Community Involvement at the School Level." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 30, no. 2 (2002): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1326011100001411.
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I would like to begin by providing a context that can be used to place my discussion about experiences at a remote school in the Northern Territory (NT) into perspective.In the NT 53% of schools are located in remote areas and these cater for up to 23% of NT students (Combe, 2000). The NT has the highest proportion of Indigenous students enrolled in schools with 35.2% of the overall student population identifying as Indigenous Australian (Collins, 1999). The next closest state is Western Australia with an Indigenous student enrollment average of 5.1 %, this is compared with a national average of 3.2%.
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RENTZ, D. C. F., YOU NING SU, NORIHIRO UESHIMA, and MARTYN ROBINSON. "Studies in Australian Tettigoniidae: Australian agraeciine katydids, two new genera from northern Australia (Tettigoniidae; Conocephalinae; Agraeciini)." Zootaxa 2417, no. 1 (April 2, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2417.1.1.
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Two new agraeciine genera and five new species are described from northern Australia. Both genera have species that live in mixed woodlands in the tropics. Armadillagraecia Rentz, Su, Ueshima, Robinson gen. nov. is known from two species in the Northern Territory and one from Queensland. Kapalgagraecia Rentz, Su, Ueshima, Robinson gen. nov. is known from two species, one apparently widespread in the Northern Territory, the other from Groote Eylandt, NT. Cytological data are provided for all Armadillagraecia species but not for Kapalgagraecia. A table is presented documenting knowledge of the known cytology of all Agraeciini. The calling songs of both A. mataranka and A. yerilla Rentz, Su, Ueshima, Robinson gen. et spp. nov. are noted and documented by sonograms. Known biological, ecological and distributional data are presented.
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ALDERSLADE, PHILIP, and CATHERINE S. MCFADDEN. "A new sclerite-free genus and species of Clavulariidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia)." Zootaxa 3104, no. 1 (November 21, 2011): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3104.1.6.
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This short communication describing only a single new taxon is necessary to facilitate further research publications by Neil Blackstone & Austin Parrin (Northern Illinois University) and colleagues. Neil and Austin have found the new species to be an ideal experimental animal that is fast-growing and extremely easy to maintain in laboratory aquaria (Parrin et al. 2010). [NTM = Museum & Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, PO Box 4646, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia].
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Bolaji, Stephen, Sulay Jalloh, and Marilyn Kell. "It Takes a Village: Listening to Parents." Education Sciences 10, no. 3 (February 29, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci10030053.
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The study was premised on the concern of the migrant African parents about their children’s lack of aspiration for higher education after completing their secondary education in the Northern Territory (NT), Australia. There appears to be little understanding of, or confusion around, the different pathways available to higher education in Australia. The reports and anecdotes around African youths in the NT demonstrating antisocial behaviors, including, but not limited to drug offences, teen pregnancies and suicides prompted this research. These troubling behaviors have culminated in the death of two young boys in the African community in Darwin 2016 and another girl in 2019 in Kathrine. The study comprises of African parents who migrated to NT in Australia from different demographics in Africa. This study used a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews to investigate African parents’ perception of their child’s post-secondary school aspiration. The outcome of this investigation revealed a lack of understanding of the NT Australian school systems and reporting strand on their children performance and the different pathways through which their children can access higher education in Australia. This study provided four recommendations to help African parents understand the NT Australian government policies and programs on education.
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Cuningham, Will, Lorraine Anderson, Asha C. Bowen, Kirsty Buising, Christine Connors, Kathryn Daveson, Joanna Martin, et al. "Antimicrobial stewardship in remote primary healthcare across northern Australia." PeerJ 8 (July 22, 2020): e9409. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9409.
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Background The high burden of infectious disease and associated antimicrobial use likely contribute to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in remote Australian Aboriginal communities. We aimed to develop and apply context-specific tools to audit antimicrobial use in the remote primary healthcare setting. Methods We adapted the General Practice version of the National Antimicrobial Prescribing Survey (GP NAPS) tool to audit antimicrobial use over 2–3 weeks in 15 remote primary healthcare clinics across the Kimberley region of Western Australia (03/2018–06/2018), Top End of the Northern Territory (08/2017–09/2017) and far north Queensland (05/2018–06/2018). At each clinic we reviewed consecutive clinic presentations until 30 presentations where antimicrobials had been used were included in the audit. Data recorded included the antimicrobials used, indications and treating health professional. We assessed the appropriateness of antimicrobial use and functionality of the tool. Results We audited the use of 668 antimicrobials. Skin and soft tissue infections were the dominant treatment indications (WA: 35%; NT: 29%; QLD: 40%). Compared with other settings in Australia, narrow spectrum antimicrobials like benzathine benzylpenicillin were commonly given and the appropriateness of use was high (WA: 91%; NT: 82%; QLD: 65%). While the audit was informative, non-integration with practice software made the process manually intensive. Conclusions Patterns of antimicrobial use in remote primary care are different from other settings in Australia. The adapted GP NAPS tool functioned well in this pilot study and has the potential for integration into clinical care. Regular stewardship audits would be facilitated by improved data extraction systems.
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Atkinson, Josie R., Andrea I. Boudville, Emma E. Stanford, Fiona D. Lange, and Mitchell D. Anjou. "Australian Football League clinics promoting health, hygiene and trachoma elimination: the Northern Territory experience." Australian Journal of Primary Health 20, no. 4 (2014): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py14050.
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Australia is the only developed country to suffer trachoma and it is only found in remote Indigenous communities. In 2009, trachoma prevalence was 14%, but through screening, treatment and health promotion, rates had fallen to 4% in 2012. More work needs to be done to sustain these declining rates. In 2012, 25% of screened communities still had endemic trachoma and 8% had hyperendemic trachoma. In addition, only 58% of communities had reached clean face targets in children aged 5–9 years. Australian Football League (AFL) players are highly influential role models and the community love of football provides a platform to engage and strengthen community participation in health promotion. The University of Melbourne has partnered with Melbourne Football Club since 2010 to run trachoma football hygiene clinics in the Northern Territory (NT) to raise awareness of the importance of clean faces in order to reduce the spread of trachoma. This activity supports Federal and state government trachoma screening and treatment programs. Between 2010 and 2013, 12 football clinics were held in major towns and remote communities in the NT. Almost 2000 children and adults attended football clinics run by 16 partner organisations. Awareness of the football clinics has grown and has become a media feature in the NT trachoma elimination campaign. The hygiene station featured within the football clinic could be adapted for other events hosted in remote NT community events to add value to the experience and reinforce good holistic health and hygiene messages, as well as encourage interagency collaboration.
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Lee, Andy H., Lynn B. Meuleners, Yuejen Zhao, Methinee Intrapanya, Didier Palmer, and Elizabeth Mowatt. "Demographic patterns of emergency presentations to Northern Territory public hospitals." Australian Health Review 27, no. 2 (2004): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah042720061.
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Andy H Lee is associate professor, School of Public Health, Curtin University of Technology; Lynn B Meuleners is research fellow, Injury Research Centre, University of Western Australia; Yuejen Zhao is an epidemiologist in the Northern Territory Department of Health and Community Services;Methinee Intrapanya is a registered nurse, Didier Palmer is director of the Emergency Department, Royal Darwin Hospital and Elizabeth Mowatt is director of Emergency Department, Alice Springs Hospital.This study investigates demographic patterns of emergency presentations to Northern Territory (NT) public hospitalsover the past five years with respect to population changes, Aboriginality and age of patients. Retrospective analysis was undertaken on the 1996-2001 data extracted from the NT Module of Caresys and the Hospital Morbidity Data System. There was a 4.6% decrease in total presentations to the five public hospitals but a 9.4% growth in the population during the study period. Substantial differences in emergency presentation patterns were found between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal patients. There were more Aboriginal presentations than non-Aboriginal presentations for all age groups except for 5 to 19 years and 70 to 74 years. Analysis based on the national triage scale showed the higher needs of older adults with the 60 or over age group accounting for the majority of presentations, and Aboriginal presentation rates exceeded the non-Aboriginal presentation rates in most triage categories. Re-attendance within seven days at the emergency departments occurred predominantly among Aboriginal patients regardless of age group. The analysis has highlighted several emerging demographic patterns. The issue of non-urgent visits by Aboriginal patients occupying a large portion of the emergency department utilisation also needs to be addressed.
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Gale, Peter. "Rights, responsibilities, and resistance: Legal discourse and intervention legislation in the Northern Territory in Australia." Semiotica 2016, no. 209 (March 1, 2016): 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016-0010.
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AbstractIn the shadow of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, adopted and endorsed by 143 nations on 17th September 2007, the then Howard Government suspended the Racial Discrimination Act in Australia to implement the Northern Territory Emergency Response Bill, commonly referred to as the Northern Territory intervention. This legislation included the compulsory acquisition of townships; the suspension of the permit system to access Aboriginal communities; the removal of customary law or cultural practices in any legal considerations in sentencing; the abolition of the Community Development Employment Projects; and the quarantining of a proportion of welfare benefits for all recipients in designated communities. While Australia was one of only four nations who did not endorse the Declaration in 2007, the UN Declaration was subsequently adopted and endorsed in April 2009 by the then Rudd Labor Government. The ratification of the UN Declaration may appear to reflect a change of policy, yet amidst significant Indigenous opposition and criticism of the United Nations, the Gillard Labor Government continued the central tenants of the NT Intervention for a further ten years in the form of the Stronger Futures legislation in 2012. This essay explores some of the tensions and contradictions inherent within legal and political discourse in the recognition of rights between the rights of the child on the one hand, and Indigenous rights and citizenship rights within the Northern Territory Intervention legislation and policy of Stronger Futures in the Northern Territory.
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L., Cecil A. "Indigenous entrepreneurship in timber furniture manufacturing: The Gumatj venture in Northern Australia." Information Management and Business Review 2, no. 1 (January 15, 2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v2i1.876.
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Despite commitment by the Australian Government to improve the economic independence of Indigenous people Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders they are the most socio economic disadvantaged group relative to other Australians. This commitment manifests in the four main strands of; 1) welfare, 2) installation of the Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) scheme, 3) legislation enabling Traditional Land Owners and miners to negotiate agreements for training and employment of Indigenous people, and 4) programmes to encourage Indigenous entrepreneurship. This paper reports an Australian Indigenous entrepreneurial business (furniture making) initiated by the Gumatj clan of the Yolngu people in East Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia. These Indigenous people are employed in timber milling and transporting the milled timber to Gunyangara on the Gove Peninsula where it is dried and used to make furniture. Overcoming the literature documented barriers to Australian Indigenous entrepreneurship compelled the Gumatj to develop a business model with potential to foster pathways for other Indigenous small business endeavours.
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Santini, Joanne M., Lindsay I. Sly, Roger D. Schnagl, and Joan M. Macy. "A New Chemolithoautotrophic Arsenite-Oxidizing Bacterium Isolated from a Gold Mine: Phylogenetic, Physiological, and Preliminary Biochemical Studies." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.1.92-97.2000.
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ABSTRACT A previously unknown chemolithoautotrophic arsenite-oxidizing bacterium has been isolated from a gold mine in the Northern Territory of Australia. The organism, designated NT-26, was found to be a gram-negative motile rod with two subterminal flagella. In a minimal medium containing only arsenite as the electron donor (5 mM), oxygen as the electron acceptor, and carbon dioxide-bicarbonate as the carbon source, the doubling time for chemolithoautotrophic growth was 7.6 h. Arsenite oxidation was found to be catalyzed by a periplasmic arsenite oxidase (optimum pH, 5.5). Based upon 16S rDNA phylogenetic sequence analysis, NT-26 belongs to theAgrobacterium/Rhizobium branch of the α-Proteobacteria and may represent a new species. This recently discovered organism is the most rapidly growing chemolithoautotrophic arsenite oxidizer known.
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Zhao, Yuejen, Steven Guthridge, Henrik Falhammar, Howard Flavell, and Dominique A. Cadilhac. "Cost-effectiveness of stroke care in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal patients: an observational cohort study in the Northern Territory of Australia." BMJ Open 7, no. 10 (October 2017): e015033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015033.
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ObjectiveTo assess cost-effectiveness of stroke care for Aboriginal compared with non-Aboriginal patients in the Northern Territory (NT), Australia.DesignCost-effectiveness analysis using data from a cohort-based follow-up study of stroke incidents.SettingPublic hospitals in the NT from 1992 to 2013.ParticipantsIndividual patient data were extracted and linked from the hospital inpatient and primary care information systems.Outcome measuresIncremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated and assessed graphically. Survival time was used to measure effectiveness of stroke care, in comparison with the net costs per life-year gained, from a healthcare perspective, by applying multivariable models to account for time-dependent confounding.Results2158 patients with incident stroke were included (1171 males, 1178 aged <65 years and 966 from remote areas). 992 patients were of Aboriginal origin (46.0%, disproportionately higher than the population proportion of 27%). Of all cases, 42.6% were ischaemic and 29.8% haemorrhagic stroke. Average age of stroke onset was 51 years in Aboriginal, compared with 65 years in non-Aboriginal patients (p<0.001). Aboriginal patients had 71.4% more hospital bed-days, and 7.4% fewer procedures than non-Aboriginal patients. Observed health costs averaged $A50 400 per Aboriginal compared with $A33 700 per non-Aboriginal patient (p<0.001). The differential costs and effects for each population were distributed evenly across the incremental cost-effectiveness plane threshold line, indicating no difference in cost-effectiveness between populations. After further adjustment for confounding and censoring, cost-effectiveness appeared greater for Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal patients, but this was not statistically significant (p=0.25).ConclusionsStroke care for the NT Aboriginal population is at least as cost-effective as the non-Aboriginal population. Stroke care presents worthwhile and equitable survival benefits for Aboriginal patients in remote communities, notwithstanding their higher level burden of disease. These findings are relevant for healthcare planning and policy development regarding equal access to stroke care for Aboriginal patients.
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Muchow, RC, and PS Carberry. "A simulation model of kenaf for assisting fibre industry planning in northern Australia. V. Impact of different crop traits." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 4 (1993): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9930731.
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The production potential of rainfed kenaf in the Northern Territory (NT) (latitude 12-15�S.) has been assessed using a growth simulation model for the cultivar Guatemala 4. However, this raises the important question of how well-suited is this cultivar, and what are the likely yield gains which might be obtained by breeding or selecting a different cultivar. Answering these questions with conventional experimentation would be expensive, given the variable yield response among seasons associated with rainfall variability in the NT. Accordingly, the kenaf growth simulation model NTKENAF was used in conjunction with long-term climatic data for two sites in the NT to assess the value of different plant traits relative to Guatemala 4, that are potential selection criteria in plant breeding. Extending the duration from sowing to flowering resulted in relatively small gains in stem yield over Guatemala 4, but substantial yield losses were predicted by using an earlier flowering cultivar. Increasing the efficiency of water use (higher transpiration efficiency) greatly increased yield, and was the most risk-efficient crop improvement strategy. Unfortunately, the prospects for improving transpiration efficiency of kenaf by plant breeding remain uncertain. Increasing the amount of water available for crop growth by greater extent of soil water extraction had little effect on yield in this water-limited environment. Changing the yield potential of kenaf by altering the photosynthetic capacity (higher radiation use efficiency) was risk-efficient in some situations, but the mean yield change was relatively small. It is concluded from the simulation analysis, that the standard cultivar Guatemala 4 is well-suited to the NT environment.
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Palmer, Carol, Guido J. Parra, Tracey Rogers, and John Woinarski. "Collation and review of sightings and distribution of three coastal dolphin species in waters of the Northern Territory, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 20, no. 1 (2014): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc140116.
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On a global scale, the coastal waters of the Northern Territory (NT), Australia, are relatively undisturbed, but the pace and extent of coastal development is increasing. Three species of dolphin occur in these waters: the Australian snubfin Orcaella heinsohni, Indo-Pacific humpback Sousa chinensis and bottlenose Tursiops sp., but their distribution is poorly documented. To provide a broader distributional context and complement recent local-scale population studies (Palmer in press), we review the broader distribution of these coastal dolphins, via the collation of historic and contemporary data from sighting surveys, stranding and museum records, and a community sighting programme. Records spanned 1948 to 2010, with Sousa (44%) the most frequently recorded followed by Orcaella and Tursiops (both 28%). The compiled records indicate that the three species are widely distributed along the NT coast but with some apparent differences in habitat use. All species were recorded within 20 km of a major tidal river; but fewer than 3% of Tursiops records were from within tidal rivers, whereas nearly a quarter of Orcaella and Sousa records were as far as 20 to 50 km upstream. Differences in environmental settings between Orcaella and Sousa were less pronounced, but a lower proportion of Orcaella were recorded within 20 km of a river mouth. There are probable but unquantifiable biases in the record sources, but most records of dolphins were from estuaries, tidal rivers and coastal areas within 20 km of river mouths, and these sites probably represent important habitat for these species. The NT’s remote and relatively pristine waters likely hold significant subpopulations of all three species. The information provided here should aid future research efforts, however; further information on the dolphins’ population size, trend and structure are needed to resolve their conservation status at state and national jurisdictions, inform environmental impact assessments and species management.
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Thomas, David P., Ian P. Anderson, and Margaret A. Kelaher. "Accessibility and quality of care received in emergency departments by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people." Australian Health Review 32, no. 4 (2008): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah080648.
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Objectives: To examine the accessibility and quality of care received in emergency departments by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people compared with other Australians. Methods: We examined 2004?05 data from the National Non-admitted Patient Emergency Department Care database from the Northern Territory and Western Australia, the only jurisdictions where Indigenous identification in the database was considered acceptable. Results: In the NT, Indigenous people were 1.7 times as likely to present to an emergency department as non-Indigenous people. Indigenous patients in the NT and WA do not appear to use EDs for ?primary care? problems more than non- Indigenous patients. More NT Indigenous patients walked out before being seen or before their treatment was completed. However, Indigenous patients generally waited a similar time, and often slightly shorter, to be seen as similar non-Indigenous patients in WA and the NT. Conclusions: We recommend the regular monitoring of equity in the accessibility and quality of ED care for Indigenous people compared with other Australians. Indigenous identification in the database needs to improve so monitoring of ED performance can extend beyond WA and the NT.
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Markey, Peter, Jiunn-Yih Su, Andre Wattiaux, James Trauer, and Vicki Krause. "H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza in Indigenous Australians." Microbiology Australia 32, no. 1 (2011): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma11036.
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Given the known prevalence of chronic disease in the Australian Indigenous population, and the known risk factors for severe disease from influenza infection, it is not surprising that Indigenous Australians carried a higher burden of disease during the influenza pandemic of 2009. However, other determinants apart from comorbidities might also have affected influenza morbidity in Indigenous Australia. Factors such as overcrowding, sanitation infrastructure, remoteness, access to health care and availability of the specific hardware of the pandemic (such as personal protective equipment ? PPE? and antivirals) may also have been risk factors for poor outcomes at the population level. This article summarises the impact of the 2009 influenza pandemic on Australia?s Indigenous population, with particular emphasis on those living remotely in the Northern Territory (NT).
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Muchow, RC, JD Sturtz, MF Spillman, GE Routley, S. Kaplan, CC Martin, and RJ Bateman. "Agronomic studies on the productivity of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L. cv. Guatemala 4) under rainfed and irrigated conditions in the Northern Territory." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 3 (1990): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900395.
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Field experiments were conducted at Berrimah, Douglas Daly and Katherine in the Northern Territory (NT) during the 1987-88 and 1988-89 wet seasons to obtain yield data for kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinzis L. cv. Guatemala 4) grown under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Under rainfed conditions, maximum stem yield was obtained from sowings early in the wet season. Yield decreased with delay in sowing until the late-December-January period. The maximum rainfed stem yield at Katherine in an above-average rainfall season was 18 400 kg/ha. The maximum yield in a below average rainfall season was 11 700 kg/ha at Katherine, 9200 kg/ha at Douglas Daly and 9400 kg/ha at Berrimah. The applicability to the NT of growth and yield relationships established for irrigated kenaf in the Ord Irrigation Area (OIA) was assessed. The yield potential under irrigated conditions in the NT (21 600 kg/ha at 131 days after sowing) was higher than that reported elsewhere in Australia for the same growth period, but similar to that reported elsewhere for longer growth duration (180-300 days). In the NT, in contrast to the OIA, stem yield showed little or no response to N fertilisation. Stem yield was not related to N uptake, and at high levels of N application, there was marked N accumulation in the stem. Kenaf was able to accumulate up to 110 kg N/ha from the soil reserve where no N was applied. The yield response to plant density varied with the yield level and was similar to that in the OIA. Bark and core yield could be estimated directly from biomass, and indirectly from stem length and plant density, over a wide range of yield levels and cultural conditions. It was concluded that data relating to yield potential and response to N fertilisation cannot be transferred directly from the OIA to the NT.
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Kilinc, Musa, and Jason Beringer. "The Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Lightning Strikes and Their Relationship with Vegetation Type, Elevation, and Fire Scars in the Northern Territory." Journal of Climate 20, no. 7 (April 1, 2007): 1161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4039.1.
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Abstract In this paper the authors explore the spatial and temporal patterns of lightning strikes in northern Australia for the first time. In particular, the possible relationships between lightning strikes and elevation, vegetation type, and fire scars (burned areas) are examined. Lightning data provided by the Bureau of Meteorology were analyzed for a 6-yr period (1998–2003) over the northern, southern, and coastal regions of the Northern Territory (NT) through the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to determine the spatial and temporal characteristics of lightning strikes. It was determined that the highest densities of lightning strikes occurred during the monsoon transitional period (dry to wet) and during the active monsoon periods, when atmospheric moisture is highest. For the period of this study, lightning was far more prevalent over the northern region (1.21 strikes per km2 yr−1) than over the southern (0.58 strikes per km2 yr−1) and coastal regions (0.71 strikes per km2 yr−1). Differences in vegetation cover were suggested to influence the lightning distribution over the northern region of the NT, but no relationship was found in the southern region. Lightning strikes in the southern region showed a positive relationship with elevations above 800 m, but no relationship was found in the northern region, which could be due to the low-lying topography of the area. A comparison of lightning densities between burned and unburned areas showed high variability; however, the authors suggest that, under ideal atmospheric conditions, large-scale fire scars (>500 m) could produce lightning strikes triggered by either enhanced free convection or mesoscale circulations.
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Gigon, Joséphine, Roger G. Skirrow, Matthieu Harlaux, Antonin Richard, Julien Mercadier, Irvine R. Annesley, and Johan Villeneuve. "Insights into B-Mg-Metasomatism at the Ranger U Deposit (NT, Australia) and Comparison with Canadian Unconformity-Related U Deposits." Minerals 9, no. 7 (July 14, 2019): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9070432.
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The Ranger deposit (Northern Territory, Australia) is one of the largest uranium deposits in the world. Uranium mineralisation occurs in crystalline basement rocks and is thought to belong to the unconformity-related category. In order to address the sources of magnesium and boron, and the temperature of the fluids related to boron and magnesium metasomatism that occurred shortly before and during the main uranium stage, in situ analyses of chlorite and tourmaline were carried out. The chemical composition of tourmaline shows an elevated X-site vacancy and a low Fetot/(Fetot + Mg) ratio typical of Mg-foitite. Uranium-related chlorite has relatively low Fe content (0.28–0.83 apfu) and high Mg content (3.08–3.84 apfu), with Si/Al = 1.08−1.22 and Mg/(Mg + Fetot) = 0.80−0.93 indicating a composition lying between the clinochlore and Mg-amesite fields. Chlorite composition indicates crystallisation temperature of 101–163 °C. The boron isotopic composition of tourmaline shows a range of δ11B values of ~1–9‰. A model is proposed involving two boron sources that contribute to a mixed isotopic signature: (i) evaporated seawater, which is typically enriched in magnesium and boron (δ11B ~ 40‰), and (ii) boron from the crystalline basement (δ11B ~ −30 to +10‰), which appears to be the dominant source. Collectively, the data indicate similar tourmaline chemistry but significant differences of tourmaline boron isotopic composition and chlorite chemistry between the Ranger deposit and some of the Canadian unconformity-related uranium deposits. However, lithogeochemical exploration approaches based on identification of boron- and magnesium-enriched zones may be usefully applied to uranium exploration in the Northern Territory.
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Coffey, Cushla, Yuejen Zhao, John R. Condon, Shu Li, and Steven Guthridge. "Acute myocardial infarction incidence and survival in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations: an observational study in the Northern Territory of Australia, 1992–2014." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e036979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-036979.
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ObjectivesTo examine long-term trends in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) incidence and survival among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people.DesignRetrospective cohort study.Setting, participantsAll first AMI hospital cases and deaths due to ischaemic heart disease in the Northern Territory of Australia (NT), 1992–2014.Main outcome measuresAge standardised incidence, survival and mortality.ResultsThe upward trend in Aboriginal AMI incidence plateaued around 2007 for males and 2001 for females. AMI incidence decreased for non-Aboriginal population, consistent with the national trends. AMI incidence was higher and survival lower for males, for Aboriginal people and in older age groups. In 2014, the age standardised incidence was 881 and 579 per 100 000 for Aboriginal males and females, respectively, compared with 290 and 187 per 100 000 for non-Aboriginal counterparts. The incidence disparity between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal population was much greater in younger than older age groups. Survival after an AMI improved over time, and more so for Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal patients, because of a decrease in prehospital deaths and improved survival of hospitalised cases.ConclusionsThere was an important breakpoint in increasing trends of Aboriginal AMI incidence between 2001 and 2007. The disparity in AMI survival between the NT Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations reduced over time as survival improved for both populations.
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Guy, Rebecca, James S. Ward, Kirsty S. Smith, Jiunn-Yih Su, Rae-Lin Huang, Annie Tangey, Steven Skov, et al. "The impact of sexually transmissible infection programs in remote Aboriginal communities in Australia: a systematic review." Sexual Health 9, no. 3 (2012): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11074.
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Objective To systematically review evaluations of the impact of sexually transmissible infection (STI) programs delivered by primary health care services in remote Aboriginal communities. Methods: PubMed, Google Scholar, InfoNet, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry, conference proceedings and bulletins were searched to April 2011 using variations of the terms ‘Aboriginal’, ‘programs’ and ‘STI’. The primary outcome of interest in the review was the change in bacterial STI infection prevalence in the target age group assessed through cross-sectional screening studies over a 5-year period or more. The characteristics of the primary health care service, STI programs and other clinical service outcomes were also described. Results: Twelve reports described four distinct STI programs in remote communities and their impact on STI prevalence. In the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) lands of northern South Australia, there was a reduction in the age-adjusted chlamydia and gonorrhoea prevalence by 58% and 67%, respectively (1996–2003). In the Tiwi Islands of Northern Territory (NT), chlamydia and gonorrhoea positivity decreased by 94% and 34%, respectively (2002–2005). In the Ngaanyatjarra Lands of Western Australia, crude chlamydia and gonorrhoea prevalence decreased by 36% and 48%, respectively (2001–2005), and in the central Australian region of NT, there was no sustained decline in crude prevalence (2001–2005). Conclusion: In three of the four programs, there was some evidence that clinical best practice and well coordinated sexual health programs can reduce STI prevalence in remote Aboriginal communities.
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Golebiowska, Kate, and Alicia Boyle. "Professional Integration and Belonging of Immigrant-born Early Childcare Educators and Workers (ECEC) in Darwin, Northern Territory (NT) of Australia." International Journal of Organizational Diversity 13, no. 2 (2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2328-6261/cgp/v13i02/40180.
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Clough, A. R., K. Rowley, and K. O'Dea. "Kava use, dyslipidaemia and biomarkers of dietary quality in Aboriginal people in Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory (NT), Australia." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58, no. 7 (June 28, 2004): 1090–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601921.
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Carberry, PS, PS Carberry, RC Muchow, RC Muchow, RL McCown, and RL McCown. "A simulation model of kenaf for assisting fibre industry planning in northern Australia. IV. Analysis of climatic risk." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 4 (1993): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9930713.
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The establishment of a pulp and paper industry based on kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in semi-arid northern Australia requires clear demonstration of the long-term production potential of kenaf in this region. Owing to the high rainfall variability both within and among seasons, it would be difficult to assess the potential of a new dryland industry from traditional experimentation. Accordingly, this study was undertaken to assess the climatic risks to dryland kenaf production in the Northern Territory (NT) using the kenaf simulation model NTKENAF, which has been developed and validated for this climatic zone. The kenaf model was run, using long-term historical weather data, to determine optimal sowing strategies and expected yields at four representative sites in the NT. In the NT, a codict existed between sowing early, with resulting long duration and high yield potential, but high probability of plant mortality, and sowing later, with more reliable plant population, but shorter duration and lower yields. A general recommendation over all sites was for a sowing window extending from the start of November to mid-December each year; lower yields were simulated for earlier sowing dates due to problems with crop establishment, and for later sowing dates due to crop growth extending past the end of the wet season in most years. However, in circumstances of high rainfall prior to November, there was a yield advantage at several sites from sowing early. Over the 100 years of climatic data for Katherine (14� 28'S.) and sowing when 30 mm rainfall occurred in a 5-day period after 1 November, simulated stem yields for kenaf ranged from 800 to 17200 kg ha-1, with a mean stem yield of 8673 kg ha-1 and coefficient of variation of 42%. At the higher rainfall site of Douglas Daly (13� 48'S.), over 21 seasons and using the same sowing criterion, stem yields ranged from 4490 to 19 200 kg ha-1, with a mean stem yield of 12 509 kg ha-1 and coefficient of variation of 27%. Simulated stem yields were higher at the wettest site of Adelaide River (13� 06'S.) and lowest at the driest site of Larrimah (15� 36'S.). In the planning of a potential kenaf industry in the northern Australia, this research study has provided the essential information of yield probability distributions for kenaf crops grown at selected sites in the NT.
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Bath, Howard. "Out of Home Care in Australia: Looking Back and Looking Ahead." Children Australia 40, no. 4 (October 20, 2015): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2015.39.
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Dr Howard Bath was most recently the Northern Territory Children's Commissioner, first appointed in 2008 and re-appointed in 2012. Trained as a Clinical Psychologist, Howard has studied and worked in both Australia and the USA. He has worked as a youth worker, manager, Agency Director and clinician and was the inaugural Chair of the Child and Family Welfare Association of Australia, the peak body for service providers representing all states and territories. Howard has presented widely at conferences and training seminars and has authored numerous research reports and articles on topics including family preservation services, out-of-home care, behaviour management and child protection. Howard joined the Anglicare NT Board in April 2015 and now provides consultancy services through Allambi Care in NSW. He has been a longstanding supporter of the Children Australia journal and his generosity over the years in helping with a range of journal-related tasks, including being a former Editorial Consultant is very much appreciated.
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Gill, Nicholas. "Environmental (re)education and local environmental knowledge: statutory ground-based monitoring and pastoral culture in central Australia." Rangeland Journal 25, no. 1 (2003): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj03002.
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Ground-based monitoring of rangeland condition is common in Australian pastoral administration systems. In the Northern Territory (NT), such monitoring is officially seen as a key plank of sustainable pastoral land use. In the NT and elsewhere, these monitoring schemes have sought to increase participation by pastoralists. Involvement of pastoralists in monitoring is theoretically an educative process that will cause pastoralists to more critically examine their management practices. Critical perspectives on the relationship between rangelands science/extension and pastoralist knowledge systems and concerns, however, suggest that pastoralists' reception of such monitoring schemes will be influenced by a range of social contexts, including the character of pastoralist environmental knowledge. Fieldwork with pastoralists in Central Australia shows that the process by which pastoral environmental knowledge develops has rich experiential, historical and social dimensions. These contexts play a role in framing pastoral environmental knowledge and in shaping pastoralists' interpretations of environmental events and information from other parties. Pastoralists will assess information from monitoring in light of these contexts. The nature of the ground-based monitoring scheme is such that the very environmental knowledge that it seeks to reform may in fact be confirmed or otherwise interact with pastoral knowledge in unanticipated ways. Lack of systematic evaluation of the scheme and of pastoral environmental knowledge, however, precludes definitive judgements at this stage. The apparently central role of monitoring in NT pastoral land administration, however, suggests that the assumptions underlying the scheme and its implementation be reassessed.
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Zhao, Yuejen, John Condon, Jiqiong You, Steven Guthridge, and Vincent He. "Assessing improvements in survival for stroke patients in the Northern Territory 1992–2013: a marginal structural analysis." Australian Health Review 39, no. 4 (2015): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah14146.
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Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in stroke survival among Indigenous and non-Indigenous patients in the Northern Territory (NT). Methods A longitudinal study was undertaken of stroke patients admitted to NT public hospitals between 1992 and 2013. The Kaplan–Meier method and proportional hazards regression were used for survival analysis. A marginal structural model was applied to adjust for time-dependent confounders and informative censoring. Results There were 4754 stroke in-patients over the period, with 3540 new cases and 837 stroke deaths. Mean age of onset for Indigenous patients (51.7 years) was 12.3 years younger than that for non-Indigenous patients. After adjustments for confounders and loss to follow-up, in-hospital deaths were more likely among Indigenous patients (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.56; P < 0.01) and less likely among males (HR = 0.86; P < 0.05) and patients from remote areas (HR = 0.72; P < 0.01). There was a 3% decrease annually in mortality hazard from 1992 to 2013. Renal disease, cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease had deleterious effects on stroke survival. Conclusions Stroke survival has improved in the NT over the past two decades. The marginal structural models provide a powerful methodological tool that can be applied to hospital administrative data to assess changes in quality of care and the impact of interventions. What is known about the topic? Stroke-related mortality has fallen in the past 30 years in Australia. Indigenous Australians have much worse health outcomes than other Australians, including higher stroke incidence and mortality, but it is not known whether stroke survival has improved for Indigenous stroke patients. What does this paper add? This study measured long-term survival for Indigenous and non-Indigenous patients after hospital admissions for stroke care, using hospital admission data analysed by marginal structural models. The present study demonstrates the usefulness of this approach to the quality assessment of health care interventions. What are the implications for practitioners? Hospital administrative data can, and should, be routinely used for monitoring long-term outcomes of acute care. Although survival has improved for Indigenous stroke patients over the past two decades, their survival remains lower than that of non-Indigenous patients. Coordinated acute and primary care plays a vital role in management of chronic diseases to improve stroke survival.
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Pollard, Mike. "Killers in the bush." Australian Health Review 25, no. 2 (2002): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah020016.
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Three senior Chief Executives of acute hospital trusts in the UK recently visited the Northern Territory (NT)and South Australia (SA) to study remote and rural health care in general - and Aboriginal health in particular. As with all other aspects of Aboriginal life, the subject of health status is highly charged and generates heightened emotions and intense political debate across the country but particularly in the NT and SA where many of the remote indigenous people live. Every "mainstream" Australian has an opinion on the trials and tribulations of the indigenous people.The field study was part of the NHS Leadership Centre's Senior Chief Executives' Development Programme. Itcomprised a longitudinal journey across the continent from Darwin (NT) through to Alice Springs to Tanundain the Barossa Valley and then on to Adelaide following the route of the 2,500 kilometre Stuart Highway. Itinvolved visiting rural health services, and meetings with Aboriginal leaders, academics, health practitioners and senior officials of the SA government.A specific research topic was to understand how practitioners working in extreme environments, and delivering long-term programmes of care, can maintain their morale and motivation.
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Coutts, B. A., and R. A. C. Jones. "Incidence and distribution of viruses infecting cucurbit crops in the Northern Territory and Western Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 8 (2005): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04311.
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During 2003–04, a survey was done to determine the incidence and distribution of virus diseases infecting cucurbit crops growing in the field at Kununurra, Broome, and Carnarvon in north-western Australia, Perth in south-western Australia, and Darwin and Katherine in the Northern Territory. Overall, 43 cucurbit-growing farms and 172 crops of susceptible cultivars were sampled. From each crop, shoot samples were collected from plants chosen at random and from symptomatic plants. Shoot samples were sometimes also collected from potential alternative virus hosts (cucurbit volunteer plants and weeds). All samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using antibodies to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Papaya ringspot virus-cucurbit strain (PRSV), Squash mosaic virus (SqMV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). Samples from one-third of the crops were also tested by tissue blot immunosorbent assay (TBIA) using generic luteovirus antibodies. Overall, 72% of farms and 56% of crops sampled were virus-infected. The growing areas with the highest incidences of virus infection were Darwin and Carnarvon, and those with the lowest incidences were Katherine and Perth. For WA, overall 78% of farms and 56% of crops were virus-infected, and in the NT the corresponding figures were 55% of farms and 54% of crops. Overall virus incidences in individual crops sometimes reached 100% infection. Crops of cucumber, melon, pumpkin, squash, and zucchini were all infected, with squash and zucchini being the most severely affected. The most prevalent viruses were ZYMV and PRSV, each being detected in 5 and 4 of 6 cucurbit-growing areas, respectively, with infected crop incidences of <1–100%. SqMV was detected in 2 cucurbit-growing areas, sometimes reaching high incidences (<1–60%). WMV and CMV were found in 3 and 4 of 6 cucurbit-growing areas, respectively, but generally at low incidences in infected crops (<1–8%). Infection with luteovirus was found in 3 growing areas but only occurred in 16% of crops. Beet western yellows virus was detected once but at least one other luteovirus was also present. Infection of individual crops by more than 1 virus was common, with up to 4 viruses found within the same crop. Virus-resistant pumpkin cultivars (6 crops) had little infection when adjacent virus-susceptible cucurbit crops had high virus incidences. Viruses were detected in cucurbit volunteer plants and weeds, suggesting that they may act as important reservoirs for spread to nearby cucurbit crops. In general, established cucurbit-growing farms in close proximity to others and with poor crop hygiene suffered most from virus epidemics, whereas isolated farms with large-sized crops or that had only recently started growing cucurbits had less infection. The extent of infection revealed in this survey, and the financial losses to growers resulting from virus-induced yield losses and high fruit rejection rates, are cause for concern for the Australian cucurbit industry.
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Sooful, Prasha, Justine Williams, and Renae Moore. "Supporting Northern Territory Top End allied health graduates and early career staff by means of an interprofessional graduate program." Australian Health Review 44, no. 1 (2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah18142.
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Objectives For allied health graduate staff, entry into the workforce can be challenging and complex to navigate. Formal, structured graduate programs in the Northern Territory are limited and are typically discipline specific. Discipline-specific graduate programs focus on clinical and specific skill sets. However, there is a need to support graduates and early career staff within a diverse and large health service by developing and encouraging interprofessional practice, as well as reflective and critical thinking skills. This article outlines a pilot inter-professional allied health graduate program trialled in the Northern Territory Top End, including program development, implementation and outcomes. Methods A formative study design using online pre- and post-program surveys for participants and their line managers was adopted. Results There was significant improvement noted in the graduates’ confidence levels of understanding other professional roles after the pilot program. Graduates also reported an improved sense of support and reflective skills moving into their subsequent year of professional practice. Managers of graduates reported improved interprofessional practice and collaboration with other health professionals. Conclusions The pilot program provided a sustainable model of learning and development for early career allied health professionals. Supporting the Top End graduate allied health workforce proved to be an important factor in facilitating interprofessional practice from an early stage, as integrated care and interprofessional practice are crucial to patient treatment. What is known about the topic? Research from within Australia and internationally has demonstrated that preparing allied health professionals for interprofessional practice helped facilitate collaboration and partnerships among different professions. This, in turn, improved quality of patient health care outcomes. Interprofessional education has been documented as an effective means of educating clinicians. What does this paper add? This paper describes how interprofessional learning and education in the form of a structured graduate program affected the perceptions of staff and implementation of interprofessional practice in the Northern Territory (NT). The Top End of the NT is unique in that a large number of allied health professionals work within integrated multidisciplinary teams or hold sole positions within regional settings. This is the first graduate program for NT allied health professionals. What are the implications for practitioners? Allied health professionals are an integral part of a health service and fostering interprofessional practice early on can prepare new employees to collaborate and support each other with an understanding of the roles of other professionals.
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Looi, Jeffrey CL, Stephen Allison, Tarun Bastiampillai, and William Pring. "Private practice metropolitan telepsychiatry in smaller Australian jurisdictions during the COVID-19 pandemic: preliminary analysis of the introduction of new Medicare Benefits Schedule items." Australasian Psychiatry 28, no. 6 (October 5, 2020): 639–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856220960381.
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Objective: To analyse the smaller Australian state/territory service impact of the introduction of new COVID-19 psychiatrist video and telephone telehealth Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) items. Method: MBS item service data were extracted for COVID-19 psychiatrist video and telephone telehealth item numbers corresponding to the pre-existing in-person consultations for the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Northern Territory (NT), South Australia (SA) and Tasmania. Results: The overall rate of consultations (face-to-face and telehealth) increased during March and April 2020, compared to the monthly face-to-face consultation average, excepting Tasmania. Compared to an annual monthly average of in-person consultations for July 2018–June 2019, total telepsychiatry consultations were higher for April than May. For total video and telephone telehealth consultations combined, video consultations were lower in April and higher in May. As a percentage of combined telehealth and in-person consultations, telehealth was greater for April and lower for May compared to the monthly face-to-face consultation average. Conclusions: In the smaller states/territories, the private practice workforce rapidly adopted COVID-19 MBS telehealth items, with the majority of psychiatric consultation shifting to telehealth initially, and then returning to face-to-face. With a second wave of COVID-19 in Australia, telehealth is likely to remain a vital part of the national mental health strategy.
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Fasoli, Lyn, and Bonita Moss. "What Can We Learn from ‘Innovative’ Child Care Services? Children's Services Purposes and Practices in Australia's Northern Territory." Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 8, no. 3 (September 2007): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2007.8.3.265.
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This article explores the diversity of services designed for young children currently operating in Australia in remote Northern Territory (NT) Indigenous communities as a provocation for the renewal and revitalisation of mainstream (typical Australian conventional, Western values oriented and urban-based) child care services. Australian society has accepted a standardised model of child care and conceptualised it as a service designed primarily for parents who work. It has become remarkably uniform in look, nature and purpose, regardless of where it is located. The article refers specifically to ‘Innovative’ Indigenous Children's Services (the term ‘Innovative’ refers to a federally funded government initiative called the ‘Innovative Child Care Scheme’, an initiative stemming from the 1992–96 National Child Care Strategy) as a new kind of children's space in the child care landscape. The authors reflect on the findings of recent research which explored what could be learned from remotely located Indigenous children's services staff, particularly in relation to the important questions the research raised for the social agendas and public policies that underpin development and theory currently shaping mainstream centre-based long day care programs.
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CLOUGH, A. R., Z. WANG, R. S. BAILIE, C. B. BURNS, and B. J. CURRIE. "Case–control study of the association between kava use and pneumonia in eastern Arnhem Land Aboriginal communities (Northern Territory, Australia)." Epidemiology and Infection 131, no. 1 (August 2003): 627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268803008628.
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Pneumonia causes significant morbidity and mortality in Aboriginal populations in Australia's Northern Territory (NT). Kava, consumed in Arnhem Land since 1982, may be a risk factor for infectious disease including pneumonia. A case–control study (n=115 cases; n=415 controls) was conducted in 7001 Aboriginal people (4217 over 15 years). Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by conditional logistic regression with substance use and social factors as confounders. Pneumonia was not associated with kava use. Crude OR=1·26 (0·74–2·14, P=0·386), increased after controlling for confounders (OR=1·98, 0·63–6·23, P=0·237) but was not significant. Adjusted OR for pneumonia cases involving kava and alcohol users was 1·19 (0·39–3·62, P=0·756). In communities with longer kava-using histories, adjusted OR was 2·19 (0·67–7·14, P=0·187). There was no kava dose–response relationship. Crude ORs for associations between pneumonia and cannabis use (OR=2·27, 1·18–4·37, P=0·014) and alcohol use (OR=1·95, 1·07–3·53, P=0·026) were statistically significant and approached significance for petrol sniffing (OR=1·98, 0·99–3·95, P=0·056).
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Liddle, R. "THE MEREENIE LEASE NEGOTIATIONS IN THE AMADEUS BASIN-AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE." APPEA Journal 39, no. 1 (1999): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj98036.
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Following the discovery of oil and gas, the Mereenie Joint Venture (MJV) applied for a production lease in November 1973. However, the Aboriginal Land Rights Act NT 1976 came into operation in January 1977 and the MJV was thereby required to negotiate with the Central Land Council in order to be granted the lease. The CLC was reluctant to proceed with negotiations because of the difficulty of identifying traditional owners. After 22 communications with the Council, the MJV grew impatient and the Northern Territory Government advised them to engage the author to assist in expediting the negotiations. After an intense period from March to November 1979 in which the traditional owners were identified and some violent exchanges occurred, agreement was reached on the financial terms. The Mereenie lease, which was the first petroleum lease on Aboriginal land, was granted on 18 November 1981. At present oil is piped to Brewer Estate in Alice Springs and then transported by rail to Port Stanvac in South Australia. Gas is transported to the Channel Island Power Station near Darwin via a 1,485 km pipeline. Aboriginal traditional owners receive royalty payments from all petroleum produced from Mereenie, in addition to sharing a 10% statutory royalty under the NT petroleum ordinance. The Mereenie agreement stands as a precursor to all agreements on Aboriginal land in central Australia.
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Clough, Alan R. "Does kava cause hallucinations in Aboriginal populations in eastern Arnhem Land (Australia)?" South Pacific Journal of Psychology 13 (2001): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0257543400000341.
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AbstractBackground: Isolated reports exist in the literature of hallucinations occurring as harmful outcomes of kava use. Kava's well-known mood-altering qualities contrast sharply with reports of such serious unwanted side effects. Arnhem Land Aboriginal people have used kava since 1982. Is there any evidence that kava use is associated with these kinds of effects in this population?Objectives: This paper describes the context and circumstances for 18 individuals who were reported to have experienced hallucinations in a sample of the Miwatj population in eastern Arnhem Land (Northern Territory. NT) (see Clough. Cairney. Maruff, Burns & Currie. 2001). The role of kava use in these occurrences is discussed. Alcohol, tobacco, cannabis use and petrol sniffing as well as psycho-social factors were also noted in community health clinic files and health worker reports.Results and conclusions: There was no evidence that hallucinations recorded in individuals were related to kava use. Instead, social and personal stress, pre-existing psychiatric conditions and excessive use of alcohol were more prominent. To describe the kinds of perceptual shifts experienced by kava users as hallucinations would seem imprudent without consideration of other environmental factors.
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Bandias, Susan Elizabeth, and Elizabeth (Janie) Mason. "'This is VJY, Over'." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 7, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v7n4.229.
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This paper examines the relationship between the use of High Frequency (HF) radio and the development of social capital in the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia. Social capital is an elusive concept. It has its origin in a number of disciplines and, as a consequence, it is a mix of disparate and intangible concepts such as trust, reciprocity, norms and cooperation. It has been argued that there is a strong positive correlation between the acquisition of social capital and social and economic wellbeing. In order to determine if the use of HF radio promoted the development of social capital, qualitative data was collected from 32 NT self-identified HF radio users. Although manned operations of the Darwin-based HF coastal radio service ceased on 30 June 2002, the evidence indicates that HF radio was instrumental in the development of a sense of community amongst its widely dispersed and isolated users. The social capital outcomes of HF radio use that included social and economic well-being, engagement in participatory democracy and the acquisition of human capital were precipitated by the shared community concept of trust, informal and formal networks and cross-cutting ties.
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Williams, Richard J., Lindsay B. Hutley, Garry D. Cook, Jeremy Russell-Smith, Andrew Edwards, and Xiayong Chen. "Viewpoint: Assessing the carbon sequestration potential of mesic savannas in the Northern Territory, Australia: approaches, uncertainties and potential impacts of fire." Functional Plant Biology 31, no. 5 (2004): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp03215.
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Tropical savannas cover a quarter of the Australian landmass and the biome represents a significant potential carbon sink. However, these savannas are subject to frequent and extensive fire. Fire regimes are likely to affect the productivity and carbon sequestration potential of savannas, through effects on both biomass and carbon emissions. The carbon sequestration potential has been estimated for some savanna sites by quantifying carbon storage in biomass and soil pools, and the fluxes to these pools. Using different techniques, previous work in these savannas has indicated that net ecosystem productivity [NEP, net primary productivity (NPP) less heterotrophic respiration] was about –3 t C ha–1 y–1 (i.e. a carbon sink). However, the impacts of fire were not accounted for in these calculations. Estimates of NEP have been combined with remotely-sensed estimates of area burnt and associated emissions for an extensive area of mesic savanna in Arnhem Land, NT, Australia. Combining NEP estimates with precise fire data provides an estimate of net biome productivity (NBP), a production index that includes carbon loss through disturbance (fire), and is thus a more realistic indicator of sequestration rate from this biome. This preliminary analysis suggests that NBP is approximately –1 t C ha–1 y–1 (i.e. a carbon sink). A reduction in the annual area burnt is likely to increase the sink size. Uncertainties surrounding these estimates of NBP and the implications of these uncertainties for land management in these extensive landscapes are discussed.
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McKay, Fiona C., Jason D. McArthur, Martina L. Sanderson-Smith, Sandra Gardam, Bart J. Currie, Kadaba S. Sriprakash, Peter K. Fagan, et al. "Plasminogen Binding by Group A Streptococcal Isolates from a Region of Hyperendemicity for Streptococcal Skin Infection and a High Incidence of Invasive Infection." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 1 (January 2004): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.1.364-370.2004.
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ABSTRACT Reports of resurgence in invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) infections come mainly from affluent populations with infrequent exposure to GAS. In the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia, high incidence of invasive GAS disease is secondary to endemic skin infection, serotype M1 clones are rare in invasive infection, the diversity and level of exposure to GAS strains are high, and no particular strains dominate. Expression of a plasminogen-binding GAS M-like protein (PAM) has been associated with skin infection in isolates elsewhere (D. Bessen, C. M. Sotir, T. M. Readdy, and S. K. Hollingshead, J. Infect. Dis. 173:896-900, 1996), and subversion of the host plasminogen system by GAS is thought to contribute to invasion in animal models. Here, we describe the relationship between plasminogen-binding capacity of GAS isolates, PAM genotype, and invasive capacity in 29 GAS isolates belonging to 25 distinct strains from the NT. In the presence of fibrinogen and streptokinase, invasive isolates bound more plasminogen than isolates from uncomplicated infections (P ≤ 0.004). Only PAM-positive isolates bound substantial levels of plasminogen by a fibrinogen-streptokinase-independent pathway (direct binding). Despite considerable amino acid sequence variation within the A1 repeat region of PAM where the plasminogen-binding domain maps, the critical lysine residue was conserved.
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Zhao, Yuejen, Deborah J. Russell, Steven Guthridge, Mark Ramjan, Michael P. Jones, John S. Humphreys, and John Wakerman. "Cost impact of high staff turnover on primary care in remote Australia." Australian Health Review 43, no. 6 (2019): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah17262.
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Objectives The aim of this study was to estimate the costs of providing primary care and quantify the cost impact of high staff turnover in Northern Territory (NT) remote communities. Methods This cost impact assessment used administrative data from NT Department of Health datasets, including the government accounting system and personnel information and payroll systems between 2004 and 2015, and the primary care information system from 2007 to 2015. Data related to 54 government-managed clinics providing primary care for approximately 27200 Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people. Main outcome measures were average costs per consultation and per capita, cost differentials by clinic, year and levels of staff turnover. Linear regression and dominance analysis were used to assess the effect of staff turnover on primary care costs, after adjusting for remoteness and weighting analysis by service population. Both current and constant prices were used. Results On average, in constant prices, there was a nearly 10% annual increase in remote clinic expenditure between 2004 and 2015 and an almost 15% annual increase in consultation numbers since 2007. In real terms, the average costs per consultation decreased markedly from A$273 in 2007 to A$197 in 2015, a figure still well above the Medicare bulk-billing rate. The cost differentials between clinics were proportional to staff turnover and remoteness (both P<0.001). A 10% higher annual turnover rate pertains to an A$6.12 increase in costs per consultation. Conclusions High staff turnover exacerbates the already high costs of providing primary care in remote areas, costing approximately A$50 extra per consultation. This equates to an extra A$400000 per clinic per year on average, or A$21million annually for the NT government. Over time, sustained investments in developing a more stable primary care workforce should not only improve primary care in remote areas, but also reduce the costs of excessive turnover and overall service delivery costs. What is known about the topic? Population size and geographical remoteness are important cost drivers in remote clinics, whereas elsewhere in Australia the high use of short-term staff to fill positions has been identified as a major contributor to higher nurse turnover costs and to overall health service costs. Nursing staff expenditure accounts for a large proportion (46%) of total expenditure in NT remote health services, whereas expenditure on Aboriginal Health Practitioners (AHPs) comprises only 6%. Annual nurse turnover rates in remote NT clinics average approximately 150%, whereas levels of 40% in other contexts are considered high. What does this paper add? Annual expenditure for NT remote clinics has increased, on average, by 10% per annum between 2004 and 2015, but small declines in real expenditure have been observed from a maximum in 2012. Expenditure on nursing staff comprises 40% of overall expenditure in remote clinics, whereas expenditure on AHPs comprises less than 5%. The cost impact of every 10% increase in remote nurse and AHP annual turnover has been quantified as an extra A$6.12 per primary care consultation, which equates, on average, to an extra A$400000 per remote clinic, and an extra A$21million overall for the NT Department of Health each year. The average real expenditure per primary care consultation has decreased from A$273 in 2007 to A$197 in 2015, representing a statistically significant linear trend reduction of A$7.71 per consultation annually. What are the implications for practitioners (and other decision-makers)? Adjusting policy settings away from the high use of short-term staff to investment in appropriate training ‘pipelines’ for the remote primary care workforce may, in the medium and longer term, result in reduced turnover of resident staff and associated cost savings. Targeted recruitment and retention strategies that ensure individual primary care workers are an optimal fit with the remote communities in which they work, together with improved professional and personal support for staff residing in remote communities, may also help reduce turnover, improve workforce stability and lead to stronger therapeutic relationships and better health outcomes.
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Tan, Sarah E., Suzanne M. Garland, Alice R. Rumbold, Ibrahim Zardawi, Debbie Taylor-Thomson, John R. Condon, and Sepehr N. Tabrizi. "Investigating a cluster of vulvar cancers in young women: distribution of human papillomavirus and HPV-16 variants in vulvar dysplastic or neoplastic biopsies." Sexual Health 10, no. 1 (2013): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11179.
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Background A high incidence of vulvar cancer, and its precursor lesion, high-grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) has been identified in young Indigenous women living in the Arnhem Land region of the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia. This clustering is restricted to women aged <50 years, suggesting that oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) is a key causal factor. This study compared the HPV genotype prevalence, HPV-16 variant distribution and p16INK4aexpression in stored vulvar cancer and high-grade VIN biopsy specimens from women residing in Arnhem Land, with specimens taken from Indigenous and non-Indigenous women in other regions of NT where there is no observed increase in vulvar cancer incidence. Methods: Twenty high-grade VIN and 10 invasive cancer biopsies were assessed from Arnhem Land along with 24 high-grade VIN and 10 invasive cancer biopsies from other regions of NT. Results: Biopsies from Arnhem Land were similar to those from other regions in the detection of high-risk (HR) or possible HR HPV (VIN: 95% and 84% respectively for Arnhem Land and other regions, P = 0.356; invasive cancer: 100% and 80%, P = 0.473), HPV-16 (VIN: 60% and 80%, P = 0.364; invasive cancer: 70% and 70%, P = 1.0) and p16INK4a expression (VIN: 90% and 84%, P = 0.673; invasive cancer: 100% and 80%, P = 0.474). All HPV-16 variants were of the European prototype. Conclusion: Comparison of biopsies revealed no significant difference in the frequency of oncogenic HPVs or HPV-16 variant types between Arnhem Land and other regions, suggesting another cofactor in this cluster.
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Dale, Allan P. "From conflict to collaboration: can better governance systems facilitate the sustainable development of the northern pastoral industry, communities and landscapes?" Rangeland Journal 40, no. 4 (2018): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj18010.
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The past decade has seen several high profile national policy conflicts related to sustainable development beset the northern Australian pastoral industry. Examples include the live cattle export ban, tree clearing legislation in Queensland and significant pastoral sector concerns about exploration and development of coal and gas reserves across the north. Although these are very legitimate cross-societal debates, the high levels of conflict associated with them impact on the willingness of corporate, family and Indigenous farming enterprises in northern Australia to invest in development. They also affect the willingness and capacities of pastoralists to cooperate with governments in various approaches to change management in northern landscapes. In the pursuit of a better pathway that might resolve policy problems while also delivering industry benefit, this paper analyses several high-profile industry and landscape scale conflicts from recent years, teasing out the key features of governance system dysfunction. At the same time, I also look at positive governance developments emerging in related contexts. Drawing on this analysis, I suggest the current system of governance affecting the northern Australian pastoral industry might have much to learn from the application of more evidence rich and engaging systems of co-management. I suggest that moving in this direction, however, would require Australian, state and Northern Territory (NT) governments to genuinely partner the industry, Traditional Owners and other key sectoral interests, leading to long-term vision building, strategy development and delivery partnerships that benefit industry and communities while resolving wider societal concerns.
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Agenson, Treasure, Judith M. Katzenellenbogen, Rebecca Seth, Karen Dempsey, Mellise Anderson, Vicki Wade, and Daniela Bond-Smith. "Case Ascertainment on Australian Registers for Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (July 30, 2020): 5505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155505.
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In Australia, disease registers for acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) were previously established to facilitate disease surveillance and control, yet little is known about the extent of case-ascertainment. We compared ARF/RHD case ascertainment based on Australian ARF/RHD register records with administrative hospital data from the Northern Territory (NT), South Australia (SA), Queensland (QLD) and Western Australia (WA) for cases 3–59 years of age. Agreement across data sources was compared for persons with an ARF episode or first-ever RHD diagnosis. ARF/RHD registers from the different jurisdictions were missing 26% of Indigenous hospitalised ARF/RHD cases overall (ranging 17–40% by jurisdiction) and 10% of non-Indigenous hospitalised ARF/RHD cases (3–28%). The proportion of hospitalised RHD cases (36%) was half the proportion of hospitalised ARF cases (70%) notified to the ARF/RHD registers. The registers were found to capture few RHD cases in metropolitan areas (SA Metro: 13%, QLD Metro: 35%, WA Metro: 14%). Indigenous status, older age, comorbidities, drug/alcohol abuse and disease severity were predictors of cases appearing in the hospital data only (p < 0.05); sex was not a determinant. This analysis confirms that there are biases associated with the epidemiological analysis of single sources of case ascertainment for ARF/RHD using Australian data.