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1
Bórawski, Piotr, Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska, Bogdan Klepacki, Lisa Holden, Tomasz Rokicki, and Andrzej Parzonko. "Changes in Gross Nuclear Electricity Production in the European Union." Energies 17, no. 14 (2024): 3554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17143554.
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Economic development requires a constant supply of energy. The utilization of fossil fuels causes environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The effects of fossil fuel use have impacted global warming, which may affect the world. The problem of environmental degradation can be decreased by using renewable energy sources and nuclear energy. The role of nuclear energy is increasing. More than 10% of electric energy is now produced from nuclear energy worldwide. However, the share varies by country. For example, in France, it is 70%, in Slovakia, it is 55%, and in Ukraine, it is 53%. Many countries do not have nuclear energy at all. This study aims to investigate the development of gross nuclear electricity production both in the world and in the European Union (EU) in terms of stationarity and prognosis. To achieve the goal of this study, the authors utilized descriptive statistics. The time range included the period 1990–2022. This long time period enabled us to conduct the ADF (Augmented Dickey Fuller) test. According to our analysis, gross nuclear electricity production in the European Union (EU) was stationary. We also evaluated future prognosis using the ARIMA (Autoregressive Moving Average) model. We also used the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model to evaluate changes within nuclear electricity production. Based on our research, we can conclude that the data were stationary. Finally, we concluded that gross nuclear electricity production in the European Union (EU) will increase in eight countries. In 2022, countries such as Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Spain, France, Hungary, the Netherlands, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, and Finland increased their gross nuclear electricity production compared to 1990. Based on the ARIMA model prognosis, the following countries will increase their gross nuclear electricity production in the period 2023–2032: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Finland, Hungary, the Netherlands, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Based on the VAR model, we elaborated the prognosis, according to which countries such as France, Romania, Spain, and Sweden will increase their gross nuclear electricity production in the period 2023–2032.
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Rochette, Gustavo. "Is the French Nuclear Strategy Lawful Under EU Law? Article 194(2) TFEU and Its Limitations." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 29, Issue 6 (2020): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2020047.
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The Fukushima Daishii nuclear disaster lead countries to change their nuclear approaches changed drastically. Although being a traditionally pronuclear country, France followed this tendency by approving a strategy to reduce its nuclear portfolio. Under European law this development is permitted by the right to right to determine its own energy mix include in Article 194(2) of the Treaty of Functioning of the European Union. However, other European legislation that may influence this decision was not considered. This legislation may limit this right and the policy by itself. This article tries to show how, although possible due to the right to determine its own energy mix, the French nuclear strategy may be unlawful under the EU law, namely the European Atomic Energy Community Treaty and the primary and secondary legislation regarding Security of Energy Supply. Nuclear Energy, French Nuclear sector, European Union, Energy mix, TFEU, Euratom, Energy Security, European Energy policy
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Zhang, Albert Jiaxu. "Research on the Impact of Nuclear Energy on the Sustainability of the Global Environment and the Economic Independence." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 39, no. 1 (2023): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/39/20231940.
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This paper will discuss the environmental and economic possibilities of nuclear energy. Under the great international tension created by Ukraine and the Russian War, energy dependence on Russia is becoming a major concern for the European Union. The dependence on energy sources from other countries is an underlying danger to one's own nation's political and Economic health. Nuclear energy, as one of the clean energy sources that can satisfy a nation's requirements both in quality and quantity, is an energy source full of controversy, due to its potential to cause devastating nuclear emissions. Through a literature search and reading, this paper would come to the conclusion that all countries that wish to operate nuclear power plants should operate them like France.
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Drynochkin, Alexey. "PRIORITIES OF THE VISEGRAD COUNTRIES IN CONVENTIONAL AND NUCLEAR ENERGY." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 32, no. 2 (2023): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran220236472.
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The Visegrad countries, as members of the EU, are implementing a common line to reduce oil and gas supplies from Russia. This is accompanied by a number of problems, since not all B4 countries equally have sufficient energy potential to ensure sustainable economic growth. In this regard, the article discusses the strategic steps and operational measures necessary to eliminate conflicts that arise in the course of the process of replacing Russian energy resources implemented by the Visegrad countries. The state and prospects of cooperation between the Visegrad countries in the field of nuclear energy are also being studied. Other energy sectors where the Russian presence in the form of supplied resources or participation in investment activities is minimal (i.e. hydropower, as well as the use of coal and renewable energy sources) are not considered. It was noted that the Visegrad countries apply different energy policy strategies, depending on the sufficiency of their own energy resources, the availability of coastal terminals, the development of energy transport infrastructure, and even on demonstrating a solidarity position on a number of pressing issues for the European Union.
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Simionescu, Mihaela, and Aurelian-Petruş Plopeanu. "Impact of governance quality on pollution in nuclear energy consuming countries in the European Union." Energy Reports 9 (December 2023): 4122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.12.068.
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Yolcular, S. "Hydrogen Production for Energy Use in European Union Countries and Turkey." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 31, no. 15 (2009): 1329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567030802089615.
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Lapinskienė, Giedrė, Kęstutis Peleckis, and Marijus Radavičius. "ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Journal of Business Economics and Management 16, no. 6 (2015): 1109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2015.1112830.
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The paper analyses the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between greenhouse gases and main aspects of economic development based on the panel data of 20 countries of the EU, including the data of three Baltic States, in the period 1995–2011. The fixed effect panel model was used as a framework for the analysis. The commonly used models confirmed the presence of the inverse U-shaped relationship. The novel contribution of this paper is that the factor referring to the global financial crisis was tested in expanded EKC model. Higher energy taxes, primary production of nuclear heat and R&D decrease the level of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The size of agriculture, industry and construction, as well as the primary production of solid fuels have a positive sign, which means that a higher value of these indicators is associated with a higher level of GHG. This implies that the analysed set of factors can be applied to adjust the EKC trend in the region and might be useful for the climate change policy adjustment.
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MAGDA, ROBERT, Norbert Bozsik, and Natanya Meyer. "An evaluation of gross inland energy consumption of six Central European countries." Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR) 6, no. 2 (2019): 270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v6i2.291.
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The study provides a comprehensive overview of the current structure and utilization of energy production of six Central European countries (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania) focusing on the dependence on energy imports. The purpose of the article was to analyse the gross inland energy consumption of these six countries and to examine the relationship between renewable energy and non-renewable energy sources. A comparative time series analysis method using data from 2010 to 2016 was utilized. In addition, partial correlation analysis under control variables to determine whether the relationship calculated in the correlation matrix exists or not was applied. Results indicated that in the European Union, the renewables have mainly replaced nuclear energy. A combination of renewables and natural gas replaced the coal in Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Bulgaria. Findings were inconclusive to prove this in Hungary and Romania. The energy production structure of the six Central European countries varies due to the differences in natural endowments. However, the results showed that the renewables mainly replaced coal.
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Bórawski, Piotr, Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska, Lisa Holden, and Tomasz Rokicki. "The Role of Renewable Energy Sources in Electricity Production in Poland and the Background of Energy Policy of the European Union at the Beginning of the COVID-19 Crisis." Energies 15, no. 22 (2022): 8771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228771.
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Electricity production in Poland is stable and ranges from 160–170 TWH a year. The share of renewable energy sources (RES) is increasing. Poland increased its share from 6.9% in 2010 to 12.7% in 2019 and 16.1% in 2020. The share of hard and brown coal decreased in Poland from 87.8% in 2010 to 73.5% in 2019. Wind energy (9.2%) and natural gas (9.2%) are the most important sources of RES in electricity production. The purpose of this research is to discover the changes in renewable energy production, and the impact on electricity production in Poland. Our research showed the extent of development of RES in Poland and other countries of the European Union. The share of renewable energy sources in electricity production increased as the effect of energy policy of the European Union. We also evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the renewable energy market and electricity production in Poland, and other countries of the European Union. Because of the shortage of data, we presented changes at the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis in 2019–2020. First, we described the sustainable development and energy policy of the European Union. Then, we described and used methods, including regression analysis, as the most important method. We also found that the power capacity in Poland increased, with the increases coming from solar radiation (11,984%), wind energy (437.8%) and biomass installations (324.7%) in 2010–2020. The biggest electricity producers in the EU are France and Germany. These countries also use nuclear energy, which helps to meet the increasing demand. To check the impact of power installed from renewable energy carriers we conducted a regression analysis. This method provided a correlation between electricity production from renewable energy sources and investments in renewable energy carriers. We wanted to discover the impact of RES installations, and their impact on electricity production in Poland. The statistical analysis was based on data from 2010–2020. Our research points out that the most important factors shaping electricity production were installations using energy from solar radiation and hydropower installations.
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Vashchyk, Mariana, and Tomasz Siudek. "Ecological Development of Rural Areas in the European Union Member States in 2000-2012." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 14, no. 4 (2014): 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2014.14.4.85.
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The purpose of research was to analyze ecological development in EU countries during 2000-2012. Six primary variables have been applied, namely: the share of forest area in total land area, emissions of sulphur oxides (SOx) in agriculture, emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in agriculture, electric power consumption per capita, the share of alternative and nuclear energy in total energy use and the share of area under organic farming in total agricultural land area. The authors have developed a synthetic index, which enabled the statement that Latvia, Finland, Austria, Sweden and Estonia are leading EU countries in terms of ecological development; the worst situation is in France, Poland, Malta, Spain and in the United Kingdom.
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Balat, Mustafa. "Hydropower Systems and Hydropower Potential in the European Union Countries." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 28, no. 10 (2006): 965–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908310600718833.
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Горобець, Ігор, and Андрій Мартинов. "ECOLOGICAL MODERNIZATION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ECONOMY IN CONDITION OF POLITICAL AND FINANCIAL LIMITS." КОНСЕНСУС, no. 3 (2023): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31110/consensus/2023-03/018-027.
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The history of mankind from a material point of view is a change in technological systems, which determined the forms of organization of economic life. History has recorded many phase crises associated with the transition from one technological mode to another. The key objectives of the EU environmental policy are: combating climate change, ensuring biodiversity, limiting the negative impact of production on human health and quality of life, rational use of natural resources, waste recycling. Environmental policy is a joint competence of the Member States and the EU bodies. The goals of the EU's common agricultural policy are: increasing agricultural productivity, ensuring social protection of farmers, stabilizing agricultural markets, food security, maintaining reasonable consumer prices for agricultural goods, and providing export subsidies. EU countries' strategies for the energy sector are different. France remains a supporter of nuclear energy. Germany is closing down nuclear power plants, necessitating an increase in energy production from thermal power plants and alternative energy sources. Achieving new environmental standards in industry raises questions of socio-political stability, as there is a risk of job losses in the old industrial sectors and the slow creation of new jobs. Such disparities can negatively affect the political support of "green" environmental political parties, especially in the countries of "old" Europe. The political positions of the "greens" in the countries of the "new" Europe are less influential. This fact complicates the formation of a joint environmental group of influence in the EU in order to exert political pressure to implement environmental modernization of the economy. That is, the success of the ecological modernization of the EU economy systematically depends on the internal capacity of elites and European societies to implement this course and on the favorable balance of power in a globalized world.
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Trontl, Krešimir, Mario Matijević, Dubravko Pevec, and Radomir Ječmenica. "Exploring the Factors Influencing Expansion of Nuclear Energy in Croatia." Energies 14, no. 23 (2021): 8022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238022.
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Nuclear energy is an option that enables a significant reduction of greenhouse gases emissions at the national and European Union (EU) level. However, it is also an option that is mostly influenced by public opinion and an option that has strong cross-border impact. Croatia does not consider nuclear options, but a possible future turn to nuclear might have an influence on other EU countries. The possibility for such a turn is analyzed, taking into account public opinion as well as historical and economic factors. Based on the results of a public opinion survey, it can be deduced that the Croatian public is not inclined to nuclear energy and considers it a risky option, although nuclear power plants in neighboring countries are not perceived as a high-risk threat. Trust in government as an information source is very low. Despite historical aspects that suggest scientific and expert knowledge capable of handling nuclear build, public opinion and the low economic framework indicate that a turn a to nuclear in Croatia is highly unlikely.
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Sushyk, Olha. "Acquis Communautaire in the Field of Nuclear and Radiation Safety and Ukrainian Legislation: Prospects and Challenges of Harmonization." Studia Iuridica 71 (November 20, 2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5833.
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Since the Chernobyl disaster, special attention is paid in Ukraine to legislation in the field of nuclear energy and radiation safety. A new stage of enhancing Ukrainian nuclear and radiation safety legislation began with the signing in 2014 of the Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other. In addition, the Ordinance of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 17 September 2014 on the implementation of the Association Agreement on atomic energy between Ukraine from one side and the European Union, the European Community and its member-countries from another side, provided for the development and adoption of new regulations in the energy sector (including nuclear) in order to implement Directives: 1) Council Directive 2014/87/Euratom of 8 July 2014 amending Directive 2009/71/Euratom establishing a Community framework for the nuclear safety of nuclear installations, 2) Council Directive 2006/117/Euratom of 20 November 2006 on the supervision and control of shipments of radioactive waste and spent fuel, 3) Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom of 5 December 2013 laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionizing radiation. Implementation of EU legislation in the field of nuclear and radiation safety will reveal major shortcomings of the current state of affairs and, at the same time, mechanisms to improve Ukraine’s national legislation with the aim of preventing another Chernobyl disaster in the future.
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Durcansky, Peter, Radovan Nosek, Richard Lenhard, and Branislav Zvada. "Hydrogen Production Possibilities in Slovak Republic." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (2022): 3525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073525.
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Slovak Republic is a member of the European Union and is a part of the European energy market. Although Slovakia contributes only marginally to global emissions, there is an effort to meet obligations from the Paris climate agreement to reduce greenhouse gases. As in many countries, power industry emissions dominate Slovakia’s emissions output but are partly affected and lowered by the share of nuclear energy. The transition from fossil fuels to renewables is supported by the government, and practical steps have been taken to promote the wide use of renewable resources, such as biomass or solar energy. Another step in this transition process is the support of new technologies that use hydrogen as the primary energy source. The European Union widely supports this effort and is looking for possible sources for hydrogen generation. One of the main renewable resources is hydropower, which is already used in the Slovak Republic. This article presents the current situation of the energy market in Slovakia and possible developments for future hydrogen generation.
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Lisenkova, Alena D. "Nuclear energy in the European Union in the context of the crisis in relations with the Russian Federation." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filosofiya, sotsiologiya, politologiya, no. 78 (2024): 206–14. https://doi.org/10.17223/1998863x/78/17.
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This article characterizes the influence of the crisis in relations with the Russian Federation on the state of the nuclear energy sector of the European Union. The author considers the climatic role of low-carbon nuclear power in the energy transition, energy security issues, and the level of dependence on Russian supplies and technologies, as well as the problem of anti-Russian nuclear sanctions. Despite the fact that only 12 member states have their own nuclear power plants, the issue of nuclear energy is a rather acute one for the EU with many contradictions among its member states. There are debates both on the justification of the transitional role in general and on the possibility of further co-operation with Russia in particular. For example, Germany has closed its last NPPs, Lithuania insists on anti-Russian sanctions, France intends to expand its nuclear power infrastructure, and Hungary has no plans to give up either supplies or joint projects. At the same time, not all owners of Soviet/Russian VVER reactors share the position of the latter. Some of them seek comprehensive diversification. These countries are the most vulnerable, as they depend not only on nuclear power in general, but also on fuel supplies and Russian technologies in particular. This differentiation in views casts doubt on the possibility of a full-fledged nuclear embargo. Moreover, according to Euratom, due to the desire to increase crisis stocks for a number of components and Rosatom’s unique ability to work on each stage of the nuclear fuel cycle, in some directions supplies from Russia have only increased.
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BUCHNEV, ALEXANDER. "Ecological features of the use of renewable energy in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals." Public Administration 23, no. 4 (2021): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2070-8378-2021-23-4-51-58.
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The article discusses the environmental features of the active use of renewable energy and its impact on the decarbonization process on the example of the EU countries to achieve sustainable development goals. The materials consider the comparative assessment of environmental impacts of renewable and nuclear energy in the context of assessing the carbon footprint of these types of energy, comparative analysis of harmful substances over the life cycle of an electric power generator, and the possibility of referring nuclear energy to renewable energy sources. The article discusses the stimulating role of the EU Taxonomy regulatory document, which was specially developed in the European Union. The document is part of the state regulatory policy in the conjugate development of renewable and non-renewable energy; the paper provides active support to subjects of innovation and investment activities, demonstrating the best performance in their segment or industry in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, and does not prevent the development and implementation of new low-carbon alternatives, including based on ESG. Particular attention is paid to the disposal of end-of-life equipment, including such promising areas as solvolysis technology. The author offers a number of recommendations for further improvement in this area of activity. The article shows the role of environmental costs in the tariffs for electricity production from different types of primary energy sources. The author examines the contribution of national economies of countries outside the European Union that have stabilized and reduced carbon dioxide emissions on a global scale.
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Літвінов, Сергій. "СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН СИСТЕМИ БЕЗПЕКИ В ЄВРОПІ ТА ПЕРЕДУМОВИ ЇЇ ЕВОЛЮЦІЇ ПІД ВПЛИВОМ РОСІЙСЬКО-УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ". Міжнародні відносини, суспільні комунікації та регіональні студії, № 1 (21) (20 червня 2025): 30–42. https://doi.org/10.29038/2524-2679-2025-01-30-42.
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The European security system, created after the Second World War, un- derwent significant changes under the influence of the Russian-Ukraini- an war. The new challenges that have emerged are forcing the European Union and NATO to review traditional approaches to the defense of the continent and strengthen collective security. The Russian-Ukrainian war has led to increased attention to hybrid, cyber and energy threats, which requires an immediate response from European leaders. The EU's energy dependence on Russia, which uses the supply of energy carriers as a means of political pressure, attracts considerable attention. In par- ticular, restrictions on gas and oil supplies from Russia create serious economic and security problems for European countries, which requires rapid diversification of energy sources. Another important factor was the nuclear threat associated with the risk of the proliferation of nuclear weapons and the undermining of global agreements on their non-pro- liferation. The article examines the latest strategic initiatives of the EU and NATO, such as the expansion of the Alliance, strengthening the defense capabilities of European countries, and support for Ukraine. The current state of the European security system, as well as existing risks and challenges, is analyzed. The influence of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the security of Europe, as well as possible ways of Ukraine's inte- gration into European and Euro-Atlantic structures, were studied. The conclusions of the article contain recommendations on the adaptation of European security mechanisms to modern conditions, as well as per- spectives for future research on this topic.
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Lovas, Dóra. "Relevance of the Court Decision on the Hinkley Point Nuclear Power Plant in Relation to Paks II." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 2 (2021): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.2.305-317.
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<p>The aim of the article is to present the ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the case of the Hinkley Point C nuclear power plant. This investment can also be related to the Paks II nuclear power plant investment, therefore the two investments are compared too. Both projects were examined by the European Commission, which take an important part when the national aid was awarded to Hinkley Point C and Paks II projects, and the decision of the CJEU also had influence on it. The author considers the European Commission’s aid conception positive, because the less developed countries are not forced to use only the renewables, but the environmental and security aspects of nuclear energy are also allowed (e.g. Hinkley Point C and Paks II nuclear power plants). The subsidy was allowed in both cases, but the reasons are different. In these cases, the limits of the EU energy politics can be seen, i.e. the right to select the package and the priority of the energy security and sustainable development. To mention an example for the difference, in Great Britain the energy sector was divided among the participants on the market but in Hungary the nuclear energy remained under state control. In the first option the state wanted to prove that it grants offset for the help to the general market services and in the second option the market investor principle was highlighted in order to show no other market participant act in other way. These points were not accepted, the state aid was provided both cases with permissible reasons because the projects condescend the goals of environmental policy and energy security. The decisions show that as a result of the efforts to protect the environment the dependency on energy increased and it cannot be solved only be encouraging the usage of the renewables. The permissive attitude of the European Commission can be found here and it is influenced by the increased state regulative roles. According to the author, it also appears in the environmentally friendly decisions which refers to the Paris Agreement’s fulfilment and the involvement of environmental requirements into politics. Moreover, the European Union tries to maintain its leader role in economics, which can be reached by the decrease of energy dependency and the exclusive usage of renewable energies is not the appropriate solution. The CJEU judgement is relevant in several respects. The article focuses primarily on the issue of environmental protection, state aid and the relation between the Euratom Treaty and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.</p>
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Stojanovic, Bogdan. "Nuclear energy sector and cooperation with Russia on the path to energy transition in Serbia." Medjunarodni problemi 75, no. 2 (2023): 185–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp2302185s.
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The paper explores the scope and limitations of nuclear energy in general and the suitability of a nuclear power plant in the necessary energy transition of the Republic of Serbia. Energy cooperation between Serbia and Russia already exists in the fossil fuel sector, where Russia?s strength is unmatched globally. As the largest supplier of gas and oil to European countries, Russia uses the power of its resources for foreign policy purposes, so even the current war in Ukraine has not stopped the gas supply to the European Union. The author analyzes the potency of ROSATOM as the world?s largest exporter of nuclear technology and the possibilities for Serbia to use the strategic partnership with Russia for the arrangement of the construction of a nuclear power plant. The work is based on a realistic theoretical setting of international relations. The main hypothesis is that, on the path of the energy transition, Serbia must gradually reduce its dependence on coal-fired thermal power plants, which are inefficient and enormous environmental polluters. The best solution is the construction of a nuclear power plant based on Russian technology. Serbia has already taken steps to improve cooperation with Russia in the nuclear field through several signed agreements from 2018 to 2022. This serves as a solid starting point for the repeal of the law forbidding the construction of nuclear power plants and entering into an arrangement for the construction of such a plant on the territory of the Republic of Serbia.
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Yakoviyk, Ivan, and Maksym Tsvelikh. "Energy Security of the European Union in the Context of Russian Aggression against Ukraine." Problems of legality, no. 160 (March 30, 2023): 170–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.160.274518.
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Over the past decades, Russia has used the supply, ownership and control of energy resources as an instrument of its foreign policy to strengthen its political influence not only in the post-Soviet space, but also in the EU member states. During the unprovoked Russian aggression against Ukraine, Moscow used energy policy as an energy weapon (demanding to pay for gas in rubles; stopping gas supplies to certain EU member states, including Poland, Bulgaria, and Finland; reducing the volume of supplies through the Nord Stream pipeline; ignoring the capacities of the Ukrainian GTS; provoking an increase in gas prices), which resulted in an acute energy crisis in the European Union. This prompted the EU and national governments of its member states to make significant adjustments to their energy policies in order to overcome the crisis and prevent gas blackmail by European states as a manipulation to circumvent anti-Russian sanctions and political pressure to withdraw support for Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to study the problems of ensuring the energy security of the European Union and its member states in the context of the energy crisis caused by Russia's aggression against Ukraine. The article is aimed at studying the impact of Russian aggression on the EU's energy security, assessing the state of the Energy Union in 2022, and analyzing short-term and long-term strategies in the development of relevant supranational and national energy policies, mainly from a European perspective. Modern European national and supranational energy and climate strategies envisage postponing the phase-out of coal, oil, gas and nuclear power, while accelerating the deployment of renewable energy, improving energy efficiency and a mandatory commitment to increase energy storage. The European Union and its member states are overcoming the consequences of the energy crisis by developing and implementing national strategies, the REPowerEU plan, as well as a number of other measures to reduce energy prices and ensure security of supply. The REPowerEU plan is fully in line with the European Green Deal and includes measures to save energy, diversify and ensure security of supply, accelerate the deployment of renewable energy sources and a reasonable mix of investment and reform. The modernization of the EU's energy policy is aligned with the EU's long-term climate goals. The EU also supports new partnerships with neighboring countries, including Ukraine, to accelerate the global transition to green and fair energy.
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Yakoviyk, Ivan V., and Maksym P. Tsvelikh. "Energy Security of the European Union in the Context of Russian Aggression Against Ukraine." Problems of legality 160 (2023) (March 30, 2023): 170–91. https://doi.org/10.21564/2414-990X.160.274518.
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Over the past decades, Russia has used the supply, ownership and control of energy resources as an instrument of its foreign policy to strengthen its political influence not only in the post-Soviet space, but also in the EU member states. During the unprovoked Russian aggression against Ukraine, Moscow used energy policy as an energy weapon (demanding to pay for gas in rubles; stopping gas supplies to certain EU member states, including Poland, Bulgaria, and Finland; reducing the volume of supplies through the Nord Stream pipeline; ignoring the capacities of the Ukrainian GTS; provoking an increase in gas prices), which resulted in an acute energy crisis in the European Union. This prompted the EU and national governments of its member states to make significant adjustments to their energy policies in order to overcome the crisis and prevent gas blackmail by European states as a manipulation to circumvent anti-Russian sanctions and political pressure to withdraw support for Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to study the problems of ensuring the energy security of the European Union and its member states in the context of the energy crisis caused by Russia’s aggression against Ukraine. The article is aimed at studying the impact of Russian aggression on the EU’s energy security, assessing the state of the Energy Union in 2022, and analyzing short-term and long-term strategies in the development of relevant supranational and national energy policies, mainly from a European perspective. Modern European national and supranational energy and climate strategies envisage postponing the phase-out of coal, oil, gas and nuclear power, while accelerating the deployment of renewable energy, improving energy efficiency and a mandatory commitment to increase energy storage. The European Union and its member states are overcoming the consequences of the energy crisis by developing and implementing national strategies, the REPowerEU plan, as well as a number of other measures to reduce energy prices and ensure security of supply. The REPowerEU plan is fully in line with the European Green Deal and includes measures to save energy, diversify and ensure security of supply, accelerate the deployment of renewable energy sources and a reasonable mix of investment and reform. The modernization of the EU’s energy policy is aligned with the EU’s long-term climate goals. The EU also supports new partnerships with neighboring countries, including Ukraine, to accelerate the global transition to green and fair energy.
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Campbell, R. J., and G. J. Vaughan. "Assistance to Nuclear Safety Regulatory Bodies in the Central and Eastern European countries and the Former Soviet Union." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 209, no. 2 (1995): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_025_02.
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The Regulatory Bodies of the former Eastern Bloc countries are striving towards the adoption of internationally recognized regulatory practices. This paper provides some background and an update on the assistance being provided to them by the Western regulatory community.
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Lebedeva, Yulia V., and Oleg E. Muratov. "Classification of Radioactive Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel in European Union Law. Principle of Subsidiarity." Energy Law Forum, no. 3 (2023): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.61525/s231243500024823-3.
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Each EU Member State has the right to determine its energy balance independently; all EU Member States produce nuclear waste in the course of electricity generation as a result of industrial, agricultural, medical and research activities, as well as in the course of decommissioning and restoring nuclear facilities. The methodological framework of the study was formed by methods of scientific cognition based on dialectical and historical materialism, methods of logical and comparative legal analysis. The issue of permanent storage of radioactive waste remains very sensitive for countries. The question of developing a uniform classification of radioactive waste and spent fuel for all EU Member States is constantly raised for radioactive waste management, i.e. for its extraction, transportation, stocking, safe interim or permanent storage. Euratom and the EC have repeatedly tried to develop and adopt a common legal classification of radioactive waste. Euratom currently uses the IAEA 2009 Classification of Radioactive Waste – GSG-1. The general approach to spent nuclear fuel in EU law has been defined by the Directive 2011/70/Euratom, which states that each EU Member State has the right to choose its own nuclear fuel cycle policy. In this context, spent nuclear fuel is treated in EU law as a valuable resource that can be recycled or as spent material destined for further final disposal. A legally binding document on a uniform classification of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel in EU law has not yet been developed. However, there is an understanding on the part of the EC, Euratom, and EU Member States of the need to fill this gap in EU law.
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Zeleznik, N. "NTW role in nuclear safety and transparency." Annals of the ICRP 53, no. 1_suppl (2024): 166–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453241283931z.
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Nuclear Transparency Watch (NTW) is a non-governmental organisation, based on French law from 1905, devoted to nuclear safety and transparency, organised as network of NGOs and experts in almost all European countries. Building on the Aarhus Convention, NTW works to ensure that civil society is present at the heart of expertise and decision-making on nuclear safety and security in the European Union. The network's activities cover the entire nuclear cycle, with a particular focus on operational safety, including issues such as life extension of old nuclear power plants, emergency preparedness and response (EP&R), post-accident management, radioactive waste management (RWM), decommissioning and environmental issues. In parallel, the topic of transparency is constantly followed, at the national or European level. Some more important activities included: organisation of thematic Aarhus Convention and Nuclear round tables on important topics like EP&R and RWM with European partners, follow-up of the implementation of the Radioactive Waste Directive (2011/70/EURATOM), participation in the research RWM programme EURAD (The European Joint Programme on Radioactive Waste Management) to access the expertise based on the double wing model utilised, assessment of the independence of nuclear regulators in the different national contexts of the EU, development of rolling stewardship in the context of long term RWM. NTW builds a strong institutional presence and visibility at the European and UN level [links with the European institutions, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (the OSPAR Convention)] and coordinate its members in activities. The main results will be described and discussed.
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Miciuła, Ireneusz, Henryk Wojtaszek, Marek Bazan, et al. "Management of the Energy Mix and Emissivity of Individual Economies in the European Union as a Challenge of the Modern World Climate." Energies 13, no. 19 (2020): 5191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195191.
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The aim of the article is to present the most important elements to be implemented in the European Union energy policy in the 2030 perspective in the context of sustainable development of the Member States. The solution to the too high emissivity of individual economies in the European Union is the energy mix, which will establish a compromise in the so-called the triad of EU policy goals. This is undoubtedly a current climate challenge for the modern world, which also has a direct impact on the economic situation of EU countries. The basis of the presented considerations and recommendations is a literature review on the subject and a statistical analysis of empirical data of the largest statistical organizations in the EU and the world. The starting point for the analysis is the assessment of the state of the energy sector in the EU. Therefore, the goals and tasks until 2030 result from many conditions of the energy sector. The article provides recommendations for the EU on future climate and energy policy, analysing the practices of member countries empirical and data compiled by the world’s largest organizations and institutions, such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the World Nuclear Association (WNA), Eurostat, and the International Energy Agency (IEA). The strategic goals of the EU climate and energy policy presented in the study show the necessary challenges for the implementation of sustainable development in the analyzed sector, which is the driving force of world economies. The conclusions were presented in accordance with the current economic efficiency of various energy sources and the necessity to seek a compromise among the so-called a triad of goals defined in EU policy.
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Daroń, Marta, and Marlena Wilk. "Management of Energy Sources and the Development Potential in the Energy Production Sector—A Comparison of EU Countries." Energies 14, no. 3 (2021): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030685.
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Appropriate management of energy sources is one of the basic undertakings in the energy sector. Climate policy changes and the development of technologies enabling the acquisition of energy in a way to reduce the negative impact on the natural environment lead to diversity in the structure of the energy sources being used. Therefore, it is important to assess the impact of these changes on the development of energy sectors by particular countries. The article contains the analysis of various energy sources utilization by European Union (EU) countries and the assessment of the energy production sector potential, and the development of this potential in relation to changes in the energy sources structure. For this purpose, a multidimensional comparative analysis was used. The data for the analysis are derived from the Eurostat database for the years 2017 and 2019 for 28 EU countries and they concern the use of energy sources such as combustible fuels, coal and manufactured gases, natural gas, oil and petroleum products (excluding biofuel portion), hydro/hydropower, wind power, solar photovoltaic, nuclear fuels and other fuels n.e.c. As a result of the research, it was proved that in most EU countries the changes introduced in the structure of the use of various energy sources, according to EU climate policy, have a positive impact on the development of particular energy sectors.
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Woo, June-Mo, and Yoon Lee. "Nuclear Power as a Response to the Climate Crisis: Focusing on the Development and Cooperation of the Nuclear Industry in Russia and France." East European and Balkan Institute 46, no. 2 (2022): 163–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2022.46.2.163.
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Concerns about global climate change such as ‘global warming’ and ‘greenhouse effects’ have evolved into a desperate expression “climate crisis” in today. Accordingly, the UN adopted the ‘Paris Agreement’ in 2015, and calling for all countries to implement concrete action plans and practices to realize the goal of the ‘Net Zero’(Carbon Neutral 2050). This is the reason why the voices claiming the usefulness of nuclear power generation or the inevitability of nuclear power generation are increasing at home and abroad in recent years. The European Union classified nuclear power plants as a green taxonomy, and the United States is reconsidering its interest in nuclear power plants. Korea has been pursuing a policy to phase out nuclear power for the past five years, but the new government is foreshadowing a policy shift to actively utilize nuclear power.
 This study examines the nuclear industry, which is attracting attention again as a way to cope with the climate crisis and meet realistic energy demand, through the cases of Russia and France. As of 2022, Russia is evaluated as a country with the world's best capabilities and competitiveness in the nuclear sector. The EU's nuclear powerhouse France has developed a nuclear industry as a driving force for its energy security and economic development.
 Furthermore, the two countries are highly trusted and boast the highest competitiveness as suppliers of nuclear power plants to emerging countries seeking to introduce nuclear power plants. Korea also has experience in exporting nuclear power plants to the UAE and is seeking to export more nuclear power plants at the national level. This is why this study examines the nuclear power plant industry and competitiveness of Russia and France. This study analyzes both instrumental nuclear power plants as a countermeasure against the climate crisis and nuclear power plants as the basis for national economic development.
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Krikštolaitis, Ričardas, Vincenzo Bianco, Linas Martišauskas, and Sigita Urbonienė. "Analysis of Electricity and Natural Gas Security. A Case Study for Germany, France, Italy and Spain." Energies 15, no. 3 (2022): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031000.
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This work aims to present an analysis of electricity and natural gas supply security in the four European Union countries with the highest level of consumption, namely Germany, France, Italy, and Spain. The goal of the study is to use and adapt a set of 22 indicators for estimating the level of energy security. The evaluation of an index called “Energy Security Level”, measuring the overall energy security, is performed for the period 2006–2018 in order to compare its evolution in each of the analyzed countries. The application of the proposed indicator system demonstrates which measures weakened or strengthened energy security in the past. The analysis of the energy security level demonstrates that Germany and France perform better than Italy and Spain in terms of energy security assurance. The main factors for these differences are the rich energy mix for Germany and the massive presence of nuclear power in France. These two elements make German and French energy systems more resilient than the Italian and Spanish ones. The results of sensitivity and uncertainty analysis demonstrate that the initial values of indicator weights have low impact on the uncertainty of energy security level estimations.
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Veiderma, Mihkel. "Common Baltic Energy Systems – A Precondition for Sustainable Development." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 14, no. 2 (1996): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879601400203.
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The Baltic Sea is turning to be an inland sea of the European Union. Interlinking the energy systems of the Baltic Sea countries and the relevant EU networks should concur with the process of unification of the states. The primary strategic goal is to create a common free energy market based on regional energy systems around the Baltic Sea – the Baltic Ring. This common energy system must cover both electricity transmission lines and natural gas pipelines. The Baltic Ring project is of major importance for the economic interaction and growth, sustainable development and security of the energy supply of Baltic Sea states.
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Iankova, Elena A., and Atanas G. Tzenev. "Determinants of Sovereign Investment Protectionism: the Case of Bulgaria’s Nuclear Energy Sector." Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies 6, no. 2 (2015): 35–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/omee.2015.6.2.14221.
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Foreign direct investment (FDI) by entities controlled by foreign governments (especially state-owned enterprises) is a new global phenomenon that is most often linked to the rise of emerging markets such as China and Russia. Host governments have struggled to properly react to this type of investment activity especially in key strategic sectors and critical infrastructure that ultimately raise questions of national security. Academic research on sovereign investment as a factor contributing to the new global protectionist trend is very limited, and predominantly focused on sovereign investors from China. This study explores the specifics of Russian sovereign investment in the former Soviet Bloc countries, now members of the European Union, especially in strategic sectors such as energy. We use the case of Bulgaria’s nuclear energy sector and the involvement of Russia’s state-owned company Rosatom in the halted Belene nuclear power plant project to analyze the dynamics of policy and politics, political-economic ideologies and historical legacies in the formation of national stances towards Russia as a sovereign investor. Our research contributes to the emerging literature on FDI protectionism and sovereign investment by emphasizing the significance of political-ideological divides and the heritage of the past as determinants of sovereign investment protectionism.
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Shugailo, A., G. Plachkov, Yu Grebenyuk, et al. "The Main Results of Ageing Management State Analysis of Ukrainian NPPs." Nuclear and Radiation Safety, no. 3(79) (August 28, 2018): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32918/nrs.2018.3(79).01.
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The issues of ageing management (AM) are regarded as ones of the most important factors for safety ensurance of nuclear installations at the design and longterm operation stages. For Ukrainian NPPs units, the design lifetime (30 years) has either expired, or is at the ending stage. The Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2035 “Safety, Energy Efficiency, Competitiveness” underlines the Long Term Operation (LTO) based on periodic safety review as one of the high priority areas of nuclear energy development. Thus, the analysis of ageing management issue is paid respective attention in Ukraine and abroad. Ageing management became a subject of first thematic peer review organized by European Commission based on Western European Nuclear Regulatory Authorities (WENRA) proposal. European Union countries took place in this peer review and Ukraine has joined this process as well. Based on the results of topical peer review each country has developed a National report on ageing management. This article is dedicated to main analysis results of ageing management issues at Ukrainian NPPs covering the components such as reactor vessel, containment, electric cables and embedded piping.Based on the results of independent verifications carried out by Western experts in the framework of international projects, the level of Ukrainian existing regulatory framework is in compliance with the level of the IAEA and WENRA documents and safety recommendations in the part of ageing management requirements. In addition, ageing management has a system basis. The areas of further activities on improvement of the regulatory framework taking into account the best practices and and experience, development of regulatory documents for research nuclear reactors, improvement of activities on assessment of the technical state and lifetime extension of reactor vessel along with the extension of the representative data based on the results of surveillanve specimens testing, conducting international peer reviews with the participation of the IAEA SALTO mission have been defined.
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Kuklin, O. V., R. F. Pustoviit, and M. Y. Kryvoruchko. "The European Integration Challenges of Ukraine." Business Inform 10, no. 513 (2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-10-14-21.
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The article is concerned with an analysis of Ukraine’s European integration challenges, which are considered from the position of the effectiveness of foreign trade, as well as in light of the institutional challenges of the European integration course. According to the results of research, both the dynamics and the structure of Ukraine’s foreign trade relations with the EU Member States, the CIS and Asia countries are analyzed. It is defined that the focus on the European Union market prevented domestic exporters from reaching the pre-crisis levels of 2013. The resource nature of the national exports to the EU is underlined. The high level of interdependence in the sphere of foreign trade relations with former partners of Ukraine in the CIS – the Russian Federation and Belarus, especially in the field of imports of fuel and energy resources, and export of nuclear reactors, boilers, machines, railway locomotives, products of inorganic chemistry, is emphasized. It is determined that Ukraine’s implementation of the Ukraine-EU Association Agreement is at a low level of 43%. The authors characterize the main tendencies in Europe as to the quality of life of the population on the basis of two indicators - the proportion of households that barely make ends meet (Bulgaria, Greece, Croatia, Cyprus, Portugal, Romania), and have unsatisfactory living conditions (Cyprus, Latvia, Hungary, Portugal, Slovenia) - the values of which are much higher compared to the average level in the EU. The general conclusion on the ambiguity of the issue of the effectiveness of the national economy’s orientedness toward the market of the European Union has been drawn. The need to take into account the multi-vector nature of the modern globalized world in the process of researching the impact of European integration on the economic development of Ukraine is reasoned.
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Bortolini, Marco, Mauro Gamberi, Alessandro Graziani, Cristina Mora, and Alberto Regattieri. "Multi-parameter analysis for the technical and economic assessment of photovoltaic systems in the main European Union countries." Energy Conversion and Management 74 (October 2013): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.04.035.
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Han, Zhong, Wenkai Wu, Yan Sun, and Yun Shi. "Calculation and Decomposition Analysis of Embodied Energy and Embodied Carbon Emissions in China’s Foreign Trade Based on Value-Added Trade." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 25, no. 5 (2021): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2021.p0521.
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Under the new mode of labor division for global production, the method of calculating a country’s energy consumption and carbon emissions is based on a “production side” principle that disregards the embodied energy and carbon emissions caused by international trade. This method is unfair to China and other large, exporting countries. From the perspective of value-added trade, the multiregional input–output model based on the world input–output table and environmental account from the World Input–Output Database are used to measure the scale of China’s value-added trade; subsequently, the import and export net values of China’s foreigntraderelated embodied energy and carbon emissions are calculated. The results show that: (1) China’s value-added exports in 2009 amounted to US $1,045.37 billion, which constitutes 21% of China’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in that year. Nearly half of the value-added exports are to fulfill the final demand from North America and European Union countries; manufacturing and service are the main value-added export industries of China. (2) China has a relatively high unit coefficient for value-added energy consumption and carbon emissions, both representing a net export of embodied energy and embodied carbon emissions in foreign trade. In this regard, energy and mid-level technology manufacturing industries, such as coke, refined oil, and nuclear fuel processing, are the main exporters of embodied energy and embodied carbon.
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Perčić, Maja, Riccardo Caldogno, Marilena Demetriou, and Nikola Vladimir. "Effect of the local electricity mix on the environmental footprint of the initial stage of electrofuel production process." E3S Web of Conferences 636 (2025): 03001. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202563603001.
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The reliance on fossil fuels in the shipping sector has significant negative impacts on both the environment and human health. Electrofuels (e-fuels), produced by combining hydrogen and carbon using electricity, have emerged as a promising alternative. This paper investigates the influence of electricity sources on the environmental performance of e-fuel production, using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with a system boundary set at the initial co-electrolysis stage. The study examines four impact categories: climate change, terrestrial acidification, fine particulate matter formation, and human health toxicity (cancer). To assess the impact of different electricity sources, LCA was conducted for 12 distinct electricity production mixes from various countries and regions. As expected, the results indicate that countries relying predominantly on renewable energy sources achieve the lowest environmental impacts across all categories, which has been quantified here. Nuclear energy, although not renewable, also contributes to a reduced environmental footprint due to its low direct emissions. In contrast, electricity mixes with a high proportion of fossil fuels lead to significantly elevated environmental impacts. These findings highlight the importance of clean energy sources in maximizing the environmental benefits of e-fuels. This work has been funded by the European Union under grant number 101083700 (E-TANDEM).
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Kuryndin, A. V., A. S. Shapovalov, N. B. Timofeev, and A. L. Vernik. "On the Regulation of Liquid and Airborne Radioactive Discharges of the Industrial Enterprises that do not Use Atomic Energy." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 1 (January 2021): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-1-88-93.
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In accordance with the legislative framework of the system for regulating liquid and airborne discharges of radioactive substances into the environment in force in the Russian Federation, this system is equally designed to regulate discharges of the radionuclides of both artificial and natural origin. The mechanisms of radiological impact of the discharges of natural origin radionuclides on the environment and population do not have any specificity in comparison with the ones of artificial origin radionuclides. Nevertheless, to date, the law enforcement of the Russian system for regulating discharges of the radioactive substances is applied only in relation to the discharges of the radionuclides of artificial origin carried out by nuclear facilities. At the same time, regulation of the discharges of natural origin radionuclides, in accordance with the safety standards of the International Atomic Energy Agency, is the best practice in the field of environmental protection, and the levels of radiation exposure, which characterize such discharges, are not low enough to be neglected. Regulation of the discharges of natural origin radionuclides is provided for in the norms of the European Union and is practically applied in the number of countries of the European Union, where the legislation provides for the regulation of activities, in which the raw materials containing radionuclides of natural origin are used, and the types of economic and other activities subject to this regulation are determined. The Russian system of regulation of discharges of the radioactive substances into the environment is built on the same basic principles and criteria that underlie foreign regulation systems, and which are recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The regulatory and methodological base formed to date in the Russian Federation contains all the required legal mechanisms for the regulation of discharges of the radioactive substances from nuclear facilities, is based on the best international practices and fully complies with the standards of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
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Yarova, Alla. "THEMATIC PATTERNS OF RUSSIAN DISINFORMATION." Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences, no. 4 (January 2, 2023): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2592-8813-2022-4-19.
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The article presents a description of a text collection representing disinformation messages about the war in Ukraine published on one of the Telegram channels in order to influence the Russian-speaking community in Germany. The main subjects that Russian propaganda used at the beginning of its full-scale invasion of Ukraine were determined on the basis of deductive thematic analysis, content analysis, and semantic and stylistic analysis of the texts. It has been established that the similarity of the subjects of Russian disinformation and the identity of their coverage in different countries allows us to talk about a full-fledged system of moderation by official Russia not only traditional media, but also social networks; a special news selection for commenting, the so-called agenda, and a certain way of commenting them. The same type set of topics and the identity of their coverage in different countries gives reason to conclude that they have been transformed into peculiar patterns, according to which a carefully constructed image unfolds through the story. The task: to compromise Ukraine, as well as European countries and politicians who did not support the Kremlin's military aggression; to impose a favorable for Russian vision of its attack on Ukraine; to cause panic with threats of global military conflict with the use of nuclear weapons among European citizens, and an energy and food crisis in Europe; to destabilize the domestic political situation within Germany; to demonize the image of the US to divert attention from the real aggressor and to compromise the partnership between the European Union and the US.
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Diaconu, D., I. Ivanov, N. Železnik, M. Kralj, and G. Zakrzewska. "Overview of less advanced programmes and their requirements." Mineralogical Magazine 79, no. 6 (2015): 1599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2015.079.6.35.
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AbstractGeological disposal (GD) of radioactive waste is close to becoming a reality for Finland, Sweden and France. High-technology development and advanced knowledge has made it possible to defend the feasibility and the safety of such facilities, making the European Union a leader in the field. Other European countries are closely behind, developing high competence through advanced research programmes, research infrastructures and public engagement.At the other extreme, there are countries whose GD programmes are at an early stage and no systematic research programmes exist. These include several new Member States but not the Czech Republic and Hungary, both of which have already initiated a siting process.There are several common reasons for this delay in schedule: small and relatively younger nuclear energy programmes, return of the spent fuel (especially from research reactors) to the countries of origin, open fuel cycle concept (requiring at least 50 years of wet and dry storage). In this context, there has been little pressure on setting up an early GD programme. Currently their disposal concepts are only generic and in most of these countries need updating, taking into account the current socio-economic context.However, some of these new Member States still aim to have a GD in operation within several decades, e.g. 2055 in Romania and 2067 in Slovenia. Strategic planning based on the experience of more advanced programmes shows the GD process should start immediately in order to be able to achieve these deadlines.In this context, the implementation of the EC Directive 70/2011 gives the opportunity to progress the advancement of the GD process in these countries.
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Grądz, Żaklin, Waldemar Wójcik, Baglan Imanbek, and Bakhyt Yeraliyeva. "Neural Network-Based Analysis of Flame States in Pulverised Coal and Biomass Co-Combustion." Energies 18, no. 2 (2025): 258. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020258.
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In the European Union, coal consumption in the power industry has been declining over time. Energy sources such as renewable energy, nuclear energy, and natural gas are being used on an increasing scale. Despite this, fossil fuels continue to be an important pillar of the energy industry in many countries around the world. There are various methods for diagnosing the combustion process, and one of them is based on a fibre-optic system for monitoring changes in flame intensity. Thanks to its innovative design, it allows information to be extracted from the flame under conditions of high temperatures and high dusting. The article presents an analysis of measurement signals for the recognition of states of flame intensity resulting from changes in the operating point of a power boiler. Trends in the flame that occur during the combustion process, which exceed the ranges specified by experts, can cause disturbances in combustion stability. The measurement data after preprocessing were classified using artificial neural networks to determine the conditions for flame stability. Based on the recurrent neural network models used, a classification accuracy of more than 99% was achieved. This allowed for the recognition of flame states in the combustion process.
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Klinova, M., M. Kondratyev, and E. Kharitonova. "EU Economic Strategy in Central Asia: Role of France." World Economy and International Relations 68, no. 10 (2024): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2024-68-10-80-89.
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The article examines the strategy of France and the EU in Central Asia (CA) aimed at strengthening economic (including trade and investment) positions, primarily in the key countries of the region (Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan) against the background of geopolitical turbulence. Based on strategic documents of the European Union, conclusions are drawn about the increasing importance of the Central Asian region for the EU, as well as about the evolution of EU-Central Asia relations towards a more institutionalised dialogue, which, in particular, is demonstrated by the adoption of the ‘Joint Roadmap for Deepening Ties between the EU and Central Asia’ in 2023. Special attention is paid to the structure of trade and investment relations between the Central Asian states and the EU and France, the analysis of which also demonstrates an increasing mutual interest in cooperation. The article emphasizes the use of trade with Central Asia by the EU and France as a tool for diversifying imports of critical raw materials. The article also considers the directions of the investment strategy of European countries, mainly aimed at the development of transport corridors through the territory of Central Asian countries in the region as a whole and the strategy of French companies in Central Asia, especially in the energy sector. A growing interest in investing in the nuclear industry of Kazakhstan, the largest uranium producer in the world, against the backdrop of France’s declining influence in Africa, is highlighted. The authors explain Kazakhstan’s motivation in expanding cooperation in this area, which consists in the interest in obtaining French technologies for nuclear power plants. The activities of companies such as EDF and Orano, as well as TotalEnergies, which is developing renewable energy sources in the country, are cited as examples. France and the EU, by soft power and economic instruments strive to become a counterweight to the influence of Russia and China in the Region.
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Galvin, Ray. "Letting the Gini out of the fuel poverty bottle? Correlating cold homes and income inequality in European Union countries." Energy Research & Social Science 58 (December 2019): 101255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101255.
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MITCHELL, NEIL J., KERRY G. HERRON, HANK C. JENKINS-SMITH, and GUY D. WHITTEN. "Elite Beliefs, Epistemic Communities and the Atlantic Divide: Scientists' Nuclear Policy Preferences in the United States and European Union." British Journal of Political Science 37, no. 4 (2007): 753–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123407000403.
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Do elites with scientific expertise hold similar policy preferences in technical policy areas irrespective of their ideological and national background? It is expected that elite beliefs will exhibit a higher level of ideological constraint than mass beliefs do, yet we do not know much about the role of ideology and national context in shaping more specific policy preferences. In this research note, we report the findings of an analysis of the influence of ideology and national context on the policy beliefs of scientific elites in the member countries of the European Union and in the United States.Recent research on epistemic communities, or ‘networks of knowledge-based experts’, suggests that scientific elites will achieve transnational convergence on policy positions, particularly over complex and technical policy questions: ‘to the extent that epistemic communities make some of the world's problems more amenable to human reason and intervention, they can curb some of the international system's anarchic tendencies, temper some of the excesses of a purely state-centric order, and perhaps even help bring about a better international order’. Nuclear security issues and environmental issues are policy areas identified as amenable to an epistemic communities approach. Earlier research is divided over the degree to which ideology influences scientists' policy beliefs. But there have been no systematic cross-national analyses of the influence of scientific training in suppressing ‘state-centric’ and ideological concerns in the determination of policy preferences.With a substantive focus on scientific elites' beliefs and preferences on security and energy policy issues, our aim is to extend this research to a comparative setting and provide a preliminary understanding of the extent to which knowledge and scientific training provide insulation from ideology, patriotism and ‘state-centric’ concerns.
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Mitroczuk, Igor J. "Energy Transformation: Challenges and Opportunities — The Polish Case." Environmental Protection and Natural Resources 33, no. 3 (2022): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2022-0010.
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Abstract The article, meant as the first in a series, tries to answer some questions around the future desired shape of the new Polish electro-energy mix in relation to the one described in the national energy policy document PEP 2040 (Energy Policy of Poland till 2040) and as compared with the targets set up in the newest UE legislative package, ‘Fit-for-55’. In this article, I first present the rich overview of literature as well as economic theory behind the analysis of the energy transformation and energy-mix decarbonisation, in order to show how the energy mix should evolve in a way that will guarantee the biggest net gain to the society. Second, some comparable cost calculations on selected electro-energy sources, both LCOE (levelized cost of energy) and external costs are presented; these are modifications of my previous work as a co-author. Finally, the comparison of the 2040 electro-energy mix, as designed in the official governmental programme PEP 2040, with the two alternative scenarios, both of which exclude coal, and one also neglects the possibilities for nuclear energy to be included in the mix are presented. The alternative scenarios built into the paper are based on European Union (EU) plans to decarbonise Europe quickly. Recent geopolitical considerations related to the war in Ukraine, however, make it necessary to consider energy security as an important part of the plan. That would mean that nuclear energy would be a necessary component of the future mix in Poland. Security considerations are left to be analysed in the coming months, after a series of articles on lessons learnt by other developed countries in the process of making their energy-mix transformations and will complete the final recommendations for the future of the Polish energy mix.
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Rodríguez-Segura, Francisco Javier, Juan Carlos Osorio-Aravena, Emilio Muñoz-Cerón, and Marina Frolova. "A Somogy megyében megvalósítható fotovoltaikus potenciál első számítása és hatása a CO2-kibocsátás csökkentésére és a munkahelyteremtésre." Tájökológiai Lapok 21, no. 2 (2023): 136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.56617/tl.4960.
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Due to the current climate urgency, it is necessary to accelerate an energy transition towards renewable energies. To this end, the European Union has set ambitious energy targets. However, in member countries such as Hungary, nuclear energy and fossil fuels continue playing a major role in the energy mix. Nevertheless, this country has a large solar photovoltaic (PV) potential that is hardly exploited, especially in the southern counties, and its technical potential has been less analysed. With the aim to estimate the short-term implementable solar PV potential in Somogy county in southern Hungary, a multi-criteria spatial approach which integrates environmental, technical (with economic attributes), and geographical (with social-acceptability attributes) GIS-based constraints with existing local power plant considerations was employed. Results show that Somogy has a short-term implementable solar PV potential of 2.7 GWp This power potential is about 25 times more than the current installed capacity for generating electricity in Somogy and represents 45% of the national target by 2030 for installed solar PV capacity in Hungary. Furthermore, this potential could create almost 35,000 direct jobs and avoid the emissions of 1.16–2.65 MtCO2 to the atmosphere. The findings and future studies suggested in this work are significant for both local and national levels and could contribute with insights on how to meet climate targets and accelerate energy independence with socio-economic benefits.
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Pradhan, Ramakrushna. "Petropolitics and Pipeline Diplomacy in Central Asia: Can India Afford to Wait in the Wings?" India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 75, no. 4 (2019): 472–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928419874549.
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The fight for hegemony in Central Asia has existed for ages. Strategically placed between two nuclear powers—Russia and China—and geopolitically located at the heart of Eurasia, Central Asia has always remained in global limelight. Even after the disintegration of the USSR, the geopolitical importance of Central Asia never waned down, instead emerged as a grand chessboard for regional and extra-regional player for the immense opportunities it has offered in the form of widely untapped natural resources and geostrategic leverages. Importantly, it has emerged as the latest geological landscape for the energy crunch countries as potentially new and non-OPEC source of oil and natural gas. In the quest for energy security and diversity of supply sources by the energy consumers, the heartland region has witnessed a new great game in the scramble for resources. This accentuated struggle for oil and energy in the region has further led to aggressive foreign policy formulations and strategic calculation by countries like the United States, China, European Union, Japan, Israel, Iran, Pakistan and India, to which many now call as the New Great Game for not just controlling but administering the energy resources of the region. The bottom line of the New Great Game unlike the previous version is essentially played out around petropolitics and pipeline diplomacy. It is in this context this research article makes a modest attempt to examine the energy factor in the geopolitics of Central Asia and tries to figure out the position of India in the epic quest for oil in the traditional bastion of Russia and the new grand chessboard of China and the United States.
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Tomšić, Željko, Ivan Rajšl, and Matea Filipović. "Possible Role of NPP in Long Term Low Carbon Development Strategy – Case Study Croatia." Journal of Energy - Energija 65, no. 1-2 (2022): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2016651-2123.
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The term low – emission development strategies (LEDS) was developed on the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2008. LEDS is used to describe a longterm national economic development plans or strategies that include low emissions and economic growth resistant to climate change. The concept of Low Carbon Development Strategies (LCDS) has been introduced by the Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC as a common but differentiated approach to meet the overall emissions reduction objectives: “All countries shall prepare Low Emission Development Strategies …nationally-driven and represent[ing] the aims and objectives of individual Parties in accordance with national circumstances and capacities” (Cancun Agreement). Low Carbon Development Strategies (LCDS) in this way become an overarching framework to design and achieve Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) reflecting the Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) of all countries. For Long-Term National Strategy and Action Plan for Low-Carbon Development the main objective of this programme is the development of a long-term national strategy and action plan for low-carbon development to enable country to fulfil its commitment to carbon obligations. Low-carbon development strategy will become the fundamental for the development of the energy sector with low rate of carbon, but also for the entire economy. European Union is the leader in the effort to reduce emissions especially in the energy sector – sector with the highest rate of emission. With the goal of reducing emissions, necessary measures are accentuated for energy in the EU Countries, as well as in Croatia. The possibilities for realization of Croatian low-carbon development and particularly possible role and barriers for Nuclear power plants for Low carbon emissions development in the electricity sector until 2050 will be presented in this paper.
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Shapor, M. A., and A. R. Ilyasova. "Evaluation of the effi ciency of Russia’s trade with the countries of the EU based on the use of regression analysis techniques and the import demand function." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 9 (August 30, 2022): 624–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2209-01.
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The article is devoted to the study of approaches to assessing the effectiveness of the country’s foreign trade. In the course of the study, the authors analyze the dynamics of Russia’s mutual trade with the countries of the European Union in 2007–2020. This time interval was chosen due to the alternation of relatively stable and crisis periods: relatively stable for Russia and the world, 2005–2007 became a time of steady growth in world energy prices, followed by the global crisis of 2008, the debt crisis in the EU 2010–2012, sanctions confrontation EU-RF starting in 2014 and finally the COVID-19 pandemic. The novelty of the presented approach lies in the method proposed by the authors for forecasting the dynamics of integral indicators of export and export volumes in terms of commodity for the following commodity groups: nuclear reactors, boilers, equipment and mechanical devices, plastics and plastic products, mineral fuel, oil and distillation products, rubber and rubber, as well as products from them and ferrous metals for the EU-RF pair. The following macroeconomic indicators were used as tools: GDP, inflation and unemployment, the dynamics of world prices for hydrocarbon energy carriers, as well as the possibility proposed by the authors to test the demand function for imported products, developed by the research team of the Institute for Applied Economic Research of the RANEPA under the President of the Russian Federation on the basis of the available foreign and Russian experience on this issue.
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Matiichuk, Liubomyr. "The fuel and energy complex system of Ukraine: established approaches and structure." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics and Technology 7, no. 3 (2022): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2022-3-17.
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The energy potential of Ukraine under wartime conditions has been clarified. The work of scientists, researchers, and practitioners regarding the goals and strategies of developing the fuel and energy potential system is analyzed. The main approaches to its formation and structure are outlined. Significant flaws in the organizational and territorial significance of the fuel and energy complex of Ukraine are outlined. It became known that the energy and hydropower industries lagged the main branches of fuel and energy resources relative to the broad scale of the increase in energy consumption. This, in turn, provoked a shortage of coal mass consumption at the state's electric and thermal capacities. It was determined that after the collapse of the USSR, in Ukraine, the energy system occupied the first place in the state's economy. Its priority was the satisfaction of the potential of the domestic energy demand, as well as exports to the countries of the European Union. This process supplies primary energy resources, including oil products, natural gas, oil, and nuclear fuel. At the same time, Ukraine somehow failed to form an adequate basis for the implementation of energy policy with the aim of stable and balanced development of the energy sector and the formation of a system of energy independence from foreign suppliers. It is no secret that the energy industry of Ukraine became the leading supplier of energy raw materials for other countries. As a result of the analysis of indicators regarding the income of companies in various industries, it can be stated that in 2021, the Ukrainian economy will remain raw-based and will continue. Even though the solution to the problems of the existence of the fuel and energy complex of Ukraine is aimed at achieving national goals, at the same time, there are minor problems. Therefore, in our opinion, the short-term and long-term stages of its implementation should be considered when developing an appropriate strategy. As for the effectiveness of the mentioned strategy, it is worth justifying the necessary conceptual and conceptual toolkit and the methodological directions for further generalization. Taking into account the content of the Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2035, "Security, energy efficiency, competitiveness," we believe it is worth developing appropriate types of energy strategies regarding increasing the level of energy efficiency, strengthening the norms and principles of energy security. Keywords: fuel, energy, complex, structure of the energy complex, fuel crisis, energy strategies, combined gas transportation system, electric power enterprises, energy conservation policy, fuel, and energy sector, hydropower, nuclear power, renewable energy sources
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Dutka, Mateusz, Bogusław Świątek, and Zbigniew Hanzelka. "Wind Power Forecasts and Network Learning Process Optimization through Input Data Set Selection." Energies 16, no. 6 (2023): 2562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062562.
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Energy policies of the European Union, the United States, China, and many other countries are focused on the growth in the number of and output from renewable energy sources (RES). That is because RES has become increasingly more competitive when compared to conventional sources, such as coal, nuclear energy, oil, or gas. In addition, there is still a lot of untapped wind energy potential in Europe and worldwide. That is bound to result in continuous growth in the share of sources that demonstrate significant production variability in the overall energy mix, as they depend on the weather. To ensure efficient energy management, both its production and grid flow, it is necessary to employ forecasting models for renewable energy source-based power plants. That will allow us to estimate the production volume well in advance and take the necessary remedial actions. The article discusses in detail the development of forecasting models for RES, dedicated, among others, to wind power plants. Describes also the forecasting accuracy improvement process through the selection of the network structure and input data set, as well as presents the impact of weather factors and how much they affect the energy generated by the wind power plant. As a result of the research, the best structures of neural networks and data for individual objects were selected. Their diversity is due to the differences between the power plants in terms of location, installed capacity, energy conversion technology, land orography, the distance between turbines, and the available data set. The method proposed in the article, using data from several points and from different meteorological forecast providers, allowed us to reduce the forecast error of the NMAPE generation to 3.3%.