Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nuclear liability'

The increasing responsiveness to the possibility of nuclear energy in meeting global demand for electricity is enormous; more than 8% comes from nuclear power plant. Several countries have utilised nuclear power reactors for their energy supplies. This demand is due to the rapid socio-economic developments. Hence, standards of living of such countries have been enhanced considerably. These can mainly be attributed to stable power generation and supply. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) in the Middle East, which comprises of seven fast developing emirates, is currently embarking on power generation through a peaceful nuclear energy programme. The country requires tremendous power supplies to meet their demands. The energy needs of the UAE have increased such that the traditional methods of power production do not satisfy the needs of the country. There seems to be an absence of clarity about the responsibilities of the government in terms of liability during incidents of misuse of the nuclear plants. The research therefore considers the determination of the efficacy of the country’s nuclear energy laws in dealing with potential liabilities arising from the energy programme. While determining civil and State liabilities in the UAE’s nuclear energy programme through the analysis of existing local and international laws regarding the programme, the research analyses aspects of liability and requirements for possessing nuclear energy for peaceful purposes through the analysis of the natures and impacts of past Chernobyl, Fukushima, Three Mile Island and Windscale nuclear disasters to identify potential liability issues and their perpetrators. Thus, the lessons of the past will help to shape the future of UAE developments in this area. An analysis of the natures and scopes of existing nuclear energy laws in the UAE and those of the international community is conducted to determine possible flaw(s) and opportunities for the review of liability concerns for relevant parties. The research evaluates the extent to which the new UAE nuclear law addresses potential liabilities and further makes recommendations towards the effective and safe use of nuclear energy by the UAE through compliance with international best practices.

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2008.
"June 2008."
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-53).
Since Enrico Fermi first discovered that neutrons could split atoms in 1934, peaceful and militaristic uses of nuclear energy have become prevalent in our society. Two case studies, Three Mile Island and the Nevada Test Site, allow for the examination of radiation injury liability in the context of existing radiation compensation systems. The Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act, which governs civilian nuclear use, and the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act, which governs compensation for military nuclear weapons tests, are compared to determine the most efficient compensation system. Issues such as determining compensable diseases, establishing rigid criteria, and a heavy burden of proof define the efficiency of each system. A compensation system combining elements of the existing civilian and military compensation systems is proposed, which can be applied to future nuclear ventures such as the Yucca Mountain Repository.
by Jeccisa Flores.
S.B.

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This paper analyzes the actual system of civil liability for nuclear damage in Brazil, considering the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, the Vienna Convention on civil liability for nuclear damage and the Law 6.453/1977 as well as other sources of legislation applicable to the subject. It starts with the assumption that the system of civil liability for nuclear damage in force in Brazil needs to be revised because it is a system of more than fifty years and has not absorbed the changes consubstantial legal science in this period, especially with regard to human rights and raising the principle of human dignity as the foundation of the Federative Republic of Brazil. In this sense the system in various situations in question admits the damage without a corresponding compensation, or that operates partially. Consider It will also advance the exploration of possibly irreversible nuclear energy extension of the Brazilian energy in the coming decades, while Brazil confirms an international trend of increased use of nuclear energy with peaceful purposes of obtaining electricity, considered the driving force of the current system of consumption and an indispensable means of social and economic development of any nation in the world. That in order to demonstrate the system of civil liability for nuclear damage is compatible with the current growth of the use of nuclear energy, since this is undisputed source of benefits, but also represents a risk to society with regard to the occurrence of nuclear accidents. The methodology used to demonstrate this hypothesis was the analysis of international conventions to which Brazil is a signatory in the field of nuclear energy, the Brazilian legislation, as well as various documents and data relevant to the topic, as well as references.
Este trabalho analisa o sistema de responsabilização civil por danos nucleares vigente no Brasil, considerando a convenção sobre pronta notificação de acidente nuclear, a convenção de Viena sobre responsabilidade civil sobre por danos nucleares e a Lei Federal n. 6.453/1977, bem como outras fontes legislativas aplicáveis ao tema. Parte-se da hipótese que o sistema de responsabilidade civil por danos nucleares vigente no Brasil precisa ser revisto por se tratar de um sistema de mais de cinquenta anos e que não absorveu mudanças consubstanciais da ciência jurídica nesse período, sobretudo, no que se refere aos direito humanos e à elevação do princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana como fundamento da República Federativa do Brasil. Nesse sentido o sistema em questão em várias situações admite o dano sem a correspondente indenização, ou que esta se opere de forma parcial. Considerar-se-á também o avanço possivelmente irreversível da exploração da energia nuclear para fins de extensão da matriz energética brasileira, nas próximas décadas, sendo que o Brasil confirma uma tendência internacional do aumento do uso de energia nuclear com a finalidade pacífica de obtenção de energia elétrica, considerada a força motriz do atual sistema de consumo e meio imprescindível para o desenvolvimento social e econômico de qualquer nação do mundo. Isso com a finalidade de se evidenciar se o sistema de responsabilização civil por danos nucleares vigente é compatível com o crescimento da exploração da energia nuclear, vez que esta é inconteste fonte de benefícios, mas representa também um risco à sociedade no que se refere à ocorrência de acidentes nucleares. A metodologia utilizada para demonstrar esta hipótese foi a análise das convenções internacionais das quais o Brasil é signatário no campo da energia nuclear, a legislação brasileira em vigor, bem como vários documentos e dados pertinentes ao tema, bem como referências bibliográficas.

The study is concerned with the topic of nuclear liability. One might think this is a topic of the last century, but it is not. In the last few years the demand and development of nuclear power plants were enhanced due to several reasons. Especially in South Africa, the further development of nuclear power plants is planned by the government. However, nuclear energy is an ultra-hazardous energy resource which could cause huge damage to people, their property and the environment. Therefore, a comprehensive legal framework for cases of nuclear damage is needed to balance the interests of victims and the nuclear industry. A legal framework regulating the case of nuclear damage can be found in international law, as well as in most domestic legal systems of countries producing nuclear energy. Due to the fact that South Africa wants to develop its nuclear energy programme, it is interesting to examine its nuclear liability provisions closer. The study assesses the South African nuclear liability regime by comparing it with the international legal framework for nuclear liability and the German nuclear liability regime. Therefore, the study will firstly outline principles of nuclear liability, secondly analyse the most important international conventions and finally examine the crucial nuclear liability provisions in the domestic legal systems of Germany and South Africa.

Įvykus branduolinei katastrofai, kaip pavyzdžiui visai neseniai Japoniją sudrebinus itin stipriam žemės drebėjimui bei po to sekusiai aukštai cunamio bangai, buvo padaryta neįtikėtinai didelė žala gamtai ir aplinkai dėl stichijos nelaimių ryšiui su branduoline tarša. Didelė dalis radioaktyviųjų medžiagų pateko į jūrinę gamtos aplinką bei pasklido plačiu spektru į vandenynus. Ši nelaimė paskatino peržiūrėti ir gilintis į branduolinės taršos teisės aktus, taip pat juos tobulinti bei modifikuoti. Darbe siekiama nustatyti, ar egzistuoja pareiga juridiniam asmeniui atlyginti žalą kitai valstybei, kai dėl force majeure aplinkybių radioaktyviomis branduolinėmis medžiagomis užteršiami kitos valstybės išoriniai teritoriniai vandenys bei vandenynai. Šiuo klausimu tyrinėjami pagrindiniai tarptautiniai teisės aktai, apibrėžiantys branduolinės taršos ribas aplinkos bei jūrinėje terpėje. Tai bus Jungtinių Tautų Organizacijos Jūrų teisės konvencija, Vienos konvencija dėl civilinės atsakomybės už branduolinę žalą. Šie teisės aktais tarpusavyje lyginami bei ieškoma ar branduolinės žalos sąvoka apibrėžia ir jūrinės bei tarptautinių vandenų aplinkos branduolinę taršą, o iš to sekant ar galima kompensacija už branduolinės taršos atveju patirtus nuostolius jūrinei bei tarptautinių vandenų aplinkai. Taip pat, analizuojama žmogaus teisė į švarią aplinką tarptautinių ir nacionalinių teisės aktų prasme, lyginami atitinkami teisės aktai žmogaus teisės į švarią aplinką aspektu. Tyrinėjami įvairių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Recently, the number of cases is rising because of the various hazardous materials contamination around the nature. Most often this occurs because of unexpected natural disasters. For example, due to a strong earthquake that triggered the tsunami, a huge disaster in Japan occurred (Fukushima nuclear power plant case). At that time, a large part of radioactive nuclear materials spread in the open ocean and this breakthrough that is widespread even now still cannot be stopped. It applies not only to the pollution of the ocean, but to all other different countries within outside territorial waters. The question is: Are the affected State has the right to compensation in this case? Then who should pay for damages? What is the legal regulation for such situations? International environmental law is mainly expressed in treaties and other international legal instruments, but it cannot be applied for the marine pollution with nuclear materials because there is no legal regulation in this field. Hereinafter, the problem of deficiency of legal regulation will be examined specifically in the area of oceans, sea borders, and territorial waters pollution by radioactive materials. And finally, there will be explored the issues to whether there is an obligation for a legal entity to compensate the damage to another state when according to the force majeure circumstances the radioactive nuclear materials spread and contaminate other state's outside territorial waters and ocean? The main goal... [to full text]

Cette thèse traite de la relation entre le droit nucléaire et le droit de la santé. Le droit de la santé y est entendu dans son acception large, en tant que discipline juridique régissant la santé environnementale, soit la santé de l'homme dans son environnement naturel et de travail. Le droit nucléaire et le droit de la santé partageant le même objectif de protection de la santé de l'homme dans son environnement, le premier est nécessairement influencé par le second. La démonstration s'attache en particulier à caractériser cette relation évidente du droit nucléaire et du droit de la santé en matière de protection comme de responsabilité sanitaires liées aux risques nucléaires. De ce point de vue, elle oppose à la symbiose de ces deux droits en matière de protection sanitaire contre les risques nucléaires leur scission en matière de responsabilité sanitaire. La relation entre le droit nucléaire et le droit de la santé est en effet caractérisée par une symbiose parfaite en matière de protection sanitaire contre le risque nucléaire, quelle qu'en soit l'origine ; les différentes composantes du droit nucléaire, cristallisées autour du noyau dur de la radioprotection, se complétant afin de protéger la santé environnementale. Or, cette symbiose cède le pas à une véritable scission en matière de responsabilité sanitaire consécutive aux risques nucléaires ; cette dernière étant marquée par des régimes pluriels tributaires de l'origine médicale, professionnelle, civile ou bien encore militaire du risque nucléaire. Le dommage sanitaire radiologique est en effet appréhendé tantôt communément par le droit de la santé, tantôt spécialement par le droit nucléaire
This PhD thesis deals with the relationship between nuclear law and health law. Health law is understood in its wide sense, as a legal discipline governing environmental health, i.e. the health of man in his natural and work environment. Nuclear law and health law sharing the same objective of protecting the health of man in his environment, the former is necessarily influenced by the latter. My demonstration focuses in particular on how to characterize this obvious relationship between nuclear law and health law regarding health protection as well as liability for nuclear risks. From this point of view, it opposes the symbiosis of these two fields of the law with regard to health protection against nuclear risks and their split with regard to health liability. The relationship between nuclear law and health law is indeed characterized by a perfect symbiosis regarding health protection against nuclear risk, whichever its origin; the various components of nuclear law, crystallized around the core of radiation protection, complementing one another in order to protect environmental health. However, this symbiosis gives way to a real split regarding health liability for nuclear risks; this one being marked by plural regimes which depend on the professional, medical, civil or military origin of the nuclear risk. The radiological health damage is indeed apprehended sometimes commonly by health law, sometimes specially by nuclear law

Les déchets radioactifs sont apparus concomitamment à la découverte de la radioactivité artificielle et ont vu leur production s’accroitre significativement avec le développement de l’industrie nucléaire civile dans les années 1960. Toutefois, ce n’est que très récemment que le droit s’est saisi de l’épineuse question de leur gestion au travers de textes qui y sont consacrés. De la même manière que les déchets radioactifs sont gérés séparément selon leur activité et leur période radioactive, le cadre juridique relatif à la gestion des déchets radioactifs s’est naturellement dirigé vers une dichotomie temporelle. L’on distingue alors deux principaux corpus de normes, le premier encadre les déchets radioactifs dont les modes de gestion permettent de garantir immédiatement la sûreté des personnes et de l’environnement tandis que le second traite des déchets radioactifs pour lesquels la sûreté doit être garantie sur du long terme, dans la mesure où il n’existe pas à ce jour de solution de gestion définitive pour ces déchets. Ce travail a pour ambition de mettre en évidence en quoi les dispositions propres à chacun des deux corpus participent à la sûreté des personnes et de l’environnement et d’exposer les potentielles difficultés persistantes
Radioactive waste appeared simultaneously with the discovery of artificial radioactivity and saw their output is significantly increased with the development of the civil nuclear industry in the 1960s. Notwithstanding, it is only very recently that’s law has seized the difficult issue of their management through texts devoted to it.In the same way that radioactive waste is managed separately according to their activity and half-life, the legal framework for the management of radioactive waste has naturally led to a temporal dichotomy. Then we distinguish two main corpus of standards. The first-one supervises the radioactive waste whose management modes to immediately ensure the safety of people and the environment while the second-one deals with radioactive waste for which security must be guaranteed on long term, insofar as it does not exist to date definitive management solution for waste.This work aims to show how the specific provisions of each of the two bodies involved in the safety of people and the environment and expose potential persistent difficulties

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Strict liability, the one that doesn t need a negligent act to impose the damage doer the obligation to pay the victim for the damages caused, is getting more and more important in the judiciary system, since the end of he 19th century. Especially after the Civil Code of 2002, the analysis of this kind of torts became even more relevant for the Brazilian Law system because of the several cases in which it is applied, including especially the adoption of this system as a general clause statement. Because of this necessity, the present work intends to study the strict liability, especially concerning its axiological foundations, that for long are beyond the original idea of risk, and some microsystems where this kind of liability is applied. To accomplish this result, the paper was divided in two parts: the first one is used to study the fundaments of torts, since the private vengeance until the strict liability as we know nowadays; the second part is about some of the Microsystems that are not based on a negligent act to impose the damage doer the obligation to pay the victim for the damages caused in the Brazilian legal system. The study is done, as much as possible, in a comparative form with other foreign legislation. Some of them influenced the Brazilian legislator on the text of the 2002 Civil Code, but others just have a similar regulation on the matter, even if there is not any influence on Brazilian Civil Code. These comparative studies are done, as much as possible, based on foreign books that study local statutes, so we tried to avoid an interpretation of foreign legislation out of the country s cultural and social context
A responsabilidade civil objetiva, aquela que prescinde da culpa para sua análise e conseqüente imputação de obrigação de indenizar ao causador do dano, vem ganhando cada vez mais espaço no mundo jurídico, desde o final do século XIX. Especialmente com o advento do Código Civil de 2002, a análise desta espécie de responsabilidade passou a ser ainda mais relevante para o Direito brasileiro, em razão das inúmeras previsões deste tipo de responsabilização neste corpo legislativo, inclusive e especialmente com a adoção deste sistema por meio de uma cláusula geral. Em razão desta necessidade, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a responsabilidade civil objetiva, especialmente no tocante aos seus fundamentos axiológicos, que ultrapassam a originária hipótese de risco, e alguns microssistemas jurídicos em que tal espécie de responsabilidade é aplicada. Para tanto o trabalho foi dividido em duas partes: a primeira cuida da análise dos fundamentos da responsabilidade civil, desde a vingança privada até a responsabilidade objetiva dos tempos atuais; a segunda parte diz respeito especificamente a alguns microssistemas jurídicos que dispensam a culpa para a imputação civil dos danos no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. A análise, sempre que possível, é feita de forma comparativa com outros ordenamentos jurídicos que influenciaram o legislador de 2002, ou apenas possuem regramento parecido, mesmo que não haja uma relação de influência na legislação brasileira. Tais análises comparadas são feitas, sempre que possível, com base em doutrinas estrangeiras que analisam os textos legais dos respectivos países, de forma a se evitar interpretação do texto legal estrangeiro fora do contexto cultural e social daquele país

L’énergie nucléaire a toujours suscité la polémique. Alors que certains considèrent qu’une énergie nucléaire « sûre » pourrait contribuer à assurer à la fois une meilleure sécurité des approvisionnements énergétiques et une réduction des émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre, d’autres lui reprochent plusieurs types de risques et particulièrement les accidents nucléaires, la gestion des déchets nucléaires, la non-prolifération et les attaques terroristes ou même militaires contre les installations nucléaires civiles. En réalité, le retour d’expérience des accidents nucléaires les plus catastrophique de l’histoire, Three Mile Island (États-Unis) en 1979, Tchernobyl (ancienne URSS) en 1986 et Fukushima Daiichi (Japon) en 2011, a montré que des accidents nucléaires graves peuvent avoir des effets divers d’une portée potentiellement considérable, (très souvent transfrontières), à la fois pour les personnes, les biens et pour l’environnement. L’accident de Fukushima a confirmé une fois de plus la nécessité d’améliorer les règles existantes du droit international de l’énergie nucléaire, de manière à mettre en place un régime mondial de responsabilité civile du fait nucléaire, répondant aux préoccupations de tous les États qui pourraient être touchés par ce type d’accident. Le défit aujourd’hui est, donc, degarantir une réparation efficace, équitable et harmonisée des différents types de dommages issus d’un accident survenant dans une installation nucléaire
Nuclear energy always caused the polemic. Whereas some consider that a “sure” nuclear energy could contribute to ensure at the same time a better safety of the energy supplies and a reduction of the greenhouses gas emissions, others reproach its several types of risks, particularly, the nuclear accidents, the nuclear waste control, the non-proliferation and the terrorist attacks or even armed against civil nuclear installations. Actually, return of the experience of the most catastrophic nuclear accidents in history (Three Mile Island (the United States) in 1979, Tchernobyl (former USSR) in 1986 and FukushimaDaiichi (Japan) in 2011), showed that serious nuclear accidents can have a variety of potentially far-reaching effects (very often transboundary) for people, property and the environment. The Fukushima accident confirmed once again the need to improve the existing rules of international nuclear energy law to put in place a global nuclear liability regime that addresses all of the states that may be affected by a nuclear accident. Today’s challenge is, therefore, to guarantee an efficient, fair and harmonized repair of the different types of damage resulting from an accident occurring in a nuclear installation

Le 11 mars 2011, le Japon a subi un séisme suivi d’un tsunami aux conséquences terribles. Dans la centrale de Fukushima Dai-ichi s’est produit un accident nucléaire de niveau 7 (le plus élevé) sur l’échelle internationale, qui a marqué les esprits comme celui de Tchernobyl en 1986. Cet accident a laissé le monde en émoi face à ces nouvelles formes de menaces, d’autant que l’exploitant TEPCO n’a pas su maitriser la situation ni tirer les leçons du passé. Depuis Fukushima, l’échelle des fondamentaux en Europe et dans le monde a donc été bouleversée et la question de la sûreté et de la sécurité des centrales se pose avec une acuité renforcée, qui a nécessité de redéfinir en droit et en pratique certaines normes et principes au niveau national, européen et international en concordance avec ces nouvelles menaces extérieures, vers le plus haut niveau de sûreté. Mais les révisions entreprises nécessitent d’être plus ambitieuses. L’avenir du nucléaire implique dès lors : au niveau européen, une révision plus ambitieuse de la directive sûreté; la mise en place d’une autorité de réglementation indépendante de jure ; la définition d’un droit de la responsabilité civile harmonisé au sein de l’UE en faveur des victimes dans l’hypothèse d’un accident. Au niveau international, la gouvernance s’impose comme étant le vecteur d’une commune culture de sûreté et de sécurité nucléaires ; bien que la diversité des modèles nationaux de gestion et de contrôle de l’industrie nucléaire paraisse rendre a priori difficile l’évolution vers des règles communes. De même au niveau européen, dans ce même esprit, l’écriture d’un texte unique en droit de la réparation des dommages serait nécessaire. La révision de la Convention sûreté nucléaire est également un chantier important pour l’avenir. Dans l’immédiat, l’harmonisation concerne de nombreux domaines dont, pour l’essentiel : la gestion de crise pendant et après un accident nucléaire ; la mise en place des principes de sûreté et de sécurité les plus performants et les plus élevés, de la conception au démantèlement d’une installation ; la maîtrise d’une interaction adaptée entre sûreté et sécurité nucléaires. Il conviendra, par ailleurs, de veiller à l’intégration du public au processus décisionnel dans les domaines du nucléaire, condition nécessaire à l’acceptabilité de cette énergie
On March 11, 2011, the Japan suffered an earthquake followed by a tsunami to the terrible consequences. In nuclear power plant Fukushima Dai-ichi happened a nuclear accident of level 7 (highest) on the international scale, which marked the spirits such as rivaled that of Chernobyl in 1986. This accident left the world agog with these new forms of threats, especially since the TEPCO operator did not master the situation or learn the lessons of the past. Since Fukushima, the fundamentals in Europe and worldwide has so upset been turned upside-down and this raises the question of safety and security of power plants with renewed acuity, which necessitated. It is imperative to redefine in law and in practice some standards and principles at the national, European and international level in accordance with these new threats to the highest level of safety. But the legal revisions need to be more ambitious. The future of nuclear power suggest therefore: at the European level: a more ambitious revision of the directive on nuclear safety; the establishment of a regulatory body with effective independence de jure ; the definition of a liability law harmonised throughout the EU and the IAEA for victims in the event of an accident. At the international level: the governance is necessary as a vector of a common safety culture and security culture ; although the diversity of national models of management and control of the nuclear industry appears a priori difficult to move towards common rules. As well as at the European level, the writing of a single text entitled to the repair of damages would be necessary for the same reasons already stated. The revision of the Convention on nuclear safety is also as important crucial for the future. For immediate harmonization concerns many fields, for the most part: during and after a nuclear accident crisis management; the implementation of the principles of safety and security at the most efficient and highest level from the conception to the dismantling of an installation; strengthening interaction adapted between nuclear safety and nuclear security ; but also the integration of the population in the decision-making process in the areas of nuclear is mandatory for the acceptance of nuclear energy

碩士
國立高雄大學
法律學系碩士班
97
The peaceful uses of nuclear energy is the 20th century human accomplishments, but there are also huge risks, such as Three Mile Island in the United States and the Chernobyl nuclear accidents in the Soviet Union, which caused the human life, the property and the environment significant injury。Therefore, human in the use of nuclear energy generation must also take into account in the unlikely event of a nuclear accident at the same time, such as the hazards to the human life, the property and the environment, and should stipulate the liability systems of government compensation and nuclear facilities operators’ compensation for damages which he caused. Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear accidents causing major damage in the world is still fresh, and how to learn from painful lesson and to start again is the most important. In the peaceful development of nuclear energy, we must take into account in the unlikely event occurs when the nuclear incident, and how to establish a proper nuclear damage compensation system and nuclear liability insurance system is our key efforts. However, the difficult points of this article is that although nuclear liability insurance of the insurer has nearly 50 years of history, but in addition to the United States of the Three Mile Island nuclear accident can have more complete claim records, in other countries there is no complete loss records with the data available for discussion. Although there was a nuclear reactor accident in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Soviet Union, however, the former Soviet Union for the iron curtain countries, the message blocked, yet difficult to see the accident a discussion paper on and complete compensation for damages. This article is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1, Introduction, explaining clearly the research motive, the goal, the method and the scope. Chapter 2, the compensate responsibility of a nuclear incident damages. Chapter 3, the discussion of nuclear liability insurance. Chapter 4, the interpretation and application of Taipower’s nuclear energy insurance contract. Chapter 5, the reinsurance arrangements of nuclear liability insurance. Chapter 6, the conclusion and if there is a review of the necessary for the preceding chapters, make suggestions and reviews.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
海洋法律研究所
102
Environment plays the important role not only in affecting human health and survivability but also in the field of (International Law) research ,environmental protection already became a symbol in upholding the national sovereignty .The economic development and environmental protection isn't incompatible.With the improvement of the technology and popularity of environmental responsibility , human not only can develop technology and enjoy convenience but also can give next generation the original condition by environmental protection.It's not only a dream ,it already became a trend . It is built on the basis of environmental responsibility and protection of human dignity . The awareness of environmental responsibility is implement in international.The state consider the environment in the domain as sovereignty , and consider the factors outside the domain as rights of sovereignty . Both of them are not allowed other states to break , on the contrary should do the same.Harming the environmental sovereignty of other states is violate international law according to Responsibility of States .But the rules of customary international law contain two important elements "Continuity" and "Universality", also "Opinio Juris" which is made by subject .These rules which are based on long time contrast sharply with daily renewal technology , especially the cross-country environmental pollution formed from high technical development .Therefore , the Responsibility of States according to the "trans-boundary pollution" should be formulated to against the behaviors which have not been forbidden by State Law. From 2011.3.11 , when Japan Fukushima Nuclear Accident took place , until 2014 , the pollutions like emission of radioavtive water into the sea occur continuously.The surrounding countries monitor the condition of pollution continuously , which not only can protect citizen's health but also can collect the evidence of pollution being the foundation to uphold environmental sovereignty .Therefore , this research analyze the way of handling "Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster " from our State basis on International Law .This research started from the responsibility of trans-boundary damage , contain the discussion related to International Environmental Law basis on formation of Responsibility of States , also include the Responsibility of States which should be assume from Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster .Finally , using the suggestion for the State policy as conclusion .

New Czech nuclear law Abstract The topic of this diploma thesis is the new Czech nuclear law, i.e. the Czech nuclear law after the adoption of the new regulation. Nuclear law can be characterized as a set of legal norms containing the regulation of the peaceful use of nuclear energy and ionizing radiation. Their aim is to ensure the protection of health, life, property and the environment and to prevent the misuse of nuclear energy and ionizing radiation for non-peaceful purposes. The first chapter contains a brief insight first into the world's history, then in the history related to Czech Republic. Apart from history, this chapter also includes the current state and the near future of this area. The second chapter deals with the transnational significance of nuclear law, international and Union atomic law and the most important international organizations active in this field. The third chapter deals again with Czech atomic law, including its constitutional foundations, recent changes and comparison with the old legal regulations and its relationship with selected laws. On the State Administration Bodies and their role and powers are dealt with in chapter four. The fifth chapter analyzes sources of ionizing radiation, deals with their classification and the protection of human health and the environment...

The topic of this diploma thesis is Czech Nuclear Law. The nuclear law is a set of legal norms concerned with the ways and conditions of usage of nuclear energy and ionising radiation, the systems used to protect people and the environment against the damaging effects of ionising radiation, protocols to be followed in the case of accidents, radioactive waste disposal as well as the role of the state administration in supervising usage of nuclear energy and ionising radiation. A short historical review of the usage of nuclear energy and ionising radiation is followed by 2 chapters dedicated to international and EU nuclear law. The aims and content of international and EU collaboration concerning non-military usage of nuclear energy and ionising radiation are defined in these chapters. The other chapters of this thesis are concerned with Czech Nuclear Law. The constitutional foundation of this Law is described as well as nuclear law as a legal subject and the rules forming the base of Czech Nuclear Law. The following section deals with the power characteristics of the individual state authorities in the field of non-military usage of nuclear energy. Attention is paid to the classification of ionising radiation sources and characteristics of the tools used by the legal norm for environmental...

89 Abstract The topic of the thesis concerns Czech nuclear law. Nuclear law can be defined as a set of special legal norms adjusting the terms of the nuclear energy and ionizing radiation usage, protection of population and environment against ionizing radiation, radiation accidents solving and treatment of radioactive waste. As such, nuclear law fully adjust the behaviour of all the natural and legal persons who are concerned with activities connected to the nuclear materials, ionizing radiation and natural resources of ionizing radiation. The field of nuclear law is closely connected to the branches of science dealing with the nuclear energy and ionizing radiation usage; therefore, the factual issues of which at least the fundamental knowledge is necessary for the understanding of nuclear law are given space at the beginning of the thesis. In its provisions, Czech nuclear law adjustment also reflect a number of international treaties and European Union regulations. On account of this, the next part of the thesis deals briefly with the international and European nuclear law adjustment. Important international organizations of the field are mentioned as well. The core of the paper consists in the part concerning the outline and analysis of the present adjustment of Czech nuclear law. The taxonomy of this...

Text in English
Energy is the natural power stored in matter which can be potential and kinetic energy. This occurs in nature in various forms such as chemical energy, thermal energy, electromagnetic radiation, gravitational energy, electric energy, elastic energy, nuclear energy, and rest energy. The scientific research relating to nuclear energy has revealed that atoms are the foundation of matter. In 1905 Albert Einstein initiated the quantum revolution utilising the Newtonian mass-energy equivalence concept in order to put his famous equation: E =mc2, where energy is (E). This facilitated the nuclear research which focused on manufacturing the first atomic bomb. In 1945 the USA acquired its first two atomic bombs which were dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima, killing 200 000 people; mostly civilians. But nuclear energy research has been redirected by scientists in order to industrialise nuclear technology in order to address growing power needs. This encouraged policy makers to consider the risks posed by utilising nuclear energy for civil purposes. The shift towards peaceful nuclear energy applications has been motivated by the many valuable contributions to humankind which nuclear energy offers - for instance in the fields of energy generation, human health, agriculture and industry. The nature of nuclear energy lends itself to becoming an important component of the world energy and global economic system. Nuclear energy is a viable option for many countries including South Africa, because it offers an economic and clean source of electricity; the primary engine for socio-economic development. South Africa operates the only two nuclear power reactors in Africa, (Koeberg 1 and Koeberg 2) generating 1.8 GWe. South Africa’s energy supply infrastructure consists fundamentally of coal-fired power plants which pose serious threats to the environment. Therefore, it is assumed that the planned 9.6 GW of new nuclear capacity by 2030 will meet the requirements of South Africa’s policy regarding the diversification of available energy resources to secure energy supply, support economic growth, and contribute to environmental management. Consequently, the legal system which governs nuclear energy programme is intended to prohibit the proliferation of nuclear weapons, ensure security and maintain the safe operation of nuclear facilities.
Public, Constitutional, & International Law
LL.D.