Academic literature on the topic 'Nuclear Marker ITS'
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Journal articles on the topic "Nuclear Marker ITS"
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James Harris, David, and Catarina Rato. "Genetic variation within Saurodactylus and its phylogenetic relationships within the Gekkonoidea estimated from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences." Amphibia-Reptilia 29, no. 1 (2008): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853808783431406.
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Abstract Phylogenetic relationships of the three morphological forms within the gecko genus Saurodactylus were estimated using mtDNA (12S rRNA and ND4) sequences. High between morphological forms variation (up to 25% with ND4), confirms that all three deserve specific status. Saurodactylus mauritanicus and Saurodactylus brosseti are strongly supported as sister taxa. Our results again highlight the extremely high mtDNA variability almost universally reported from within gecko species. The position of Saurodactylus within the Gekkonoidea was also investigated. Although considered as a member of the sphaerodactyl geckos, its taxonomic position is still highly uncertain. Evaluation of C-mos nuclear DNA sequences supports many of the recent taxonomic rearrangements within the Gekkonoidea. Using this marker, Saurodactylus is paraphyletic, with S. mauritanicus and S. brosseti sister taxa to Teratoscincus przewalskii rather than Saurodactylus fasciatus. This is supported by a further nuclear marker, RAG1, although for this gene region sampling is more limited. Based on this paraphyly, supported by two independent nuclear markers, we suggest it likely that Saurodactylus will need to be partitioned into two genera, pending further investigations.
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Tourbah, Ayman, Anne Gansmuller, and Madeleine Gumpel. "A Nuclear Marker for Mammalian Cells and Its Use with Intracerebral Transplants." Biotechnic & Histochemistry 66, no. 1 (1991): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10520299109110546.
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Jin, Wei-Yin, Bing Liu, Shou-Zhou Zhang, Tao Wan, Chen Hou, and Yong Yang. "Gnetum chinense, a new species of Gnetaceae from southwestern China." PhytoKeys 148 (May 26, 2020): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.148.48510.
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Gnetum chinensesp. nov., a new lianoid species of Gnetaceae, is described from southwestern China. The new species is morphologically similar to G. montanum Markgr. in its oblong elliptic leaves and the ovoid to ellipsoid chlamydosperm, but differs from the latter by its shorter male spikes having fewer involucral collars (7–10 vs. 13–18 in G. montanum). We also did a new molecular analysis using one nuclear marker (i.e. nrITS) and four chloroplast markers (i.e. matK gene, rpoC1 intron, psbB-rps12 IGS, and trnF-trnV IGS). The result suggests that this specific clade is sister to a large clade consisting of all other known Chinese lianoid species of Gnetum except G. parvifolium (Warb.) W.C. Cheng.
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Meslet-Cladière, Laurence, and Olivier Vallon. "Novel Shuttle Markers for Nuclear Transformation of the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Eukaryotic Cell 10, no. 12 (2011): 1670–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.05043-11.
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ABSTRACTThe green algaChlamydomonas reinhardtiitoday is a premier model organism for the study of green algae and plants. Yet the efficient engineering of its nuclear genome requires development of new antibiotic resistance markers. We have recoded, based on codon usage in the nuclear genome, the AadA marker that has been used previously for chloroplast transformation. The recoded AadA gene, placed under the control of theHSP70A-RBCS2hybrid promoter and preceded by the RbcS2 chloroplast-targeting peptide, can be integrated into the nuclear genome by electroporation, conferring resistance to spectinomycin and streptomycin. Transformation efficiency is markedly increased when vector sequences are completely eliminated from the transforming DNA. Antibiotic resistance is stable for several months in the absence of selection pressure. Shuttle markers allowing selection in bothChlamydomonasandEscherichia coliwould also be a useful asset. By placing an artificial bacterial promoter and Shine-Dalgarno sequence in frame within the AadA coding sequence, we generated such a shuttle marker. To our surprise, we found that the classical AphVIII construct already functions as a shuttle marker. Finally, we developed a method to introduce the AadA and AphVIII markers into the vector part of the bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) of theChlamydomonasgenomic DNA library. Our aim was to facilitate complementation studies whenever the test gene cannot be selected for directly. After transformation of apetCmutant with a modified BAC carrying the AphVIII marker along with thePETCgene in the insert, almost half of the paromomycin-resistant transformants obtained showed restoration of phototrophy, indicating successful integration of the unselected test gene. With AadA, cotransformation was also observed, but with a lower efficiency.
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Wangiyana, I. Gde Adi Suryawan. "DNA BARCODING LIBRARY DATABASE OF AQUILARIA MEMBER AND GYRINOPS MEMBER." Jurnal Silva Samalas 3, no. 2 (2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/jss.v3i2.3693.
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Aquilaria and Gyrinops are the primary agarwood producer on international trade. For authentication and standardization purposes, it is essential to carry DNA barcoding studies of these genera. DNA barcoding studies on plants need a database of several regions on the plant genome that could act as a barcoding marker. These DNA barcoding markers could be divided into Chloroplasts barcoding and Nuclear barcoding. Several markers have been used for DNA barcoding study of agarwood producer species, including trnL-trnF, matK, rbcL, rpoC1, ycf1 (Chloroplast barcoding), and ITS (Nuclear barcoding). This review breakdown the availability of those DNA barcoding markers on the online genebank database for Aquilaria and Gyrinops. Aquilaria genus has 12 species members, while Gyrinops genus has six species members. The sequence of region trnL-trnF is the only barcoding marker covering all 12 species members of Aquilaria and six species members of Gyrinops. Both ITS and matK have covered nine species among 12 total species members of Aquilaria. The rbcL, rpoC1, and ycf1, respectively, have covered eight, five, and four species members of Aquilaria. Most of the barcoding markers have covered three species members of Gyrinops except for ITS (5 species) and rpoC1 (1 species). However, Gyrinops members have no ycf1 sequence on genebank database. Based on sequence availability on the genebank database, it could be concluded that the trnL-trnF region is the most promising DNA barcoding marker for the Aquilaria and Gyrinops members especially for the phylogenetic analysis purpose.
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Kijewska, Agnieszka, Artur Burzyński, and Roman Wenne. "Molecular identification of European flounder (Platichthys flesus) and its hybrids with European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa)." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 5 (2009): 902–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp110.
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AbstractKijewska, A., Burzyński, A., and Wenne, R. 2009. Molecular identification of European flounder (Platichthys flesus) and its hybrids with European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 902–906. European flounder (Platichthys flesus) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) are commercially important marine fish species inhabiting the continental shelf waters of Europe. Morphological similarity between the two makes it difficult to identify their hybrids, so species misclassification can generate errors in defining stocks in terms of their conservation and management. Flounder and plaice populations from the North Sea and the Baltic Sea were studied. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was used to confirm the morphological species identification. The set of molecular markers, two mitochondrial (cytochrome b and D-loop) and two nuclear (the ribosomal marker ITS and parathyroid hormone-related protein gene), was constructed to identify the two flatfish species and their hybrids. “Pure” flounder (P. flesus) were observed in the Bay of Gdańsk, Baltic Sea, and off the coast of Denmark in the North Sea. The fishing area near Bornholm in the Baltic is rich in P. flesus × P. platessa hybrids. The length difference of the amplified D-loop fragment was used for species identification. The characteristics of heteroplasmy in the control region (D-loop) can be useful as a population marker in the European flounder. Our studies demonstrate the utility of mtDNA polymorphism combined with nuclear molecular markers for correct identification of the morphologically similar and hybridized European flounder and plaice.
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Caramalho, Rita, Lisa Madl, Katharina Rosam, et al. "Evaluation of a Novel Mitochondrial Pan-Mucorales Marker for the Detection, Identification, Quantification, and Growth Stage Determination of Mucormycetes." Journal of Fungi 5, no. 4 (2019): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof5040098.
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Mucormycosis infections are infrequent yet aggressive and serious fungal infections. Early diagnosis of mucormycosis and its discrimination from other fungal infections is required for targeted treatment and more favorable patient outcomes. The majority of the molecular assays use 18 S rDNA. In the current study, we aimed to explore the potential of the mitochondrial rnl (encoding for large-subunit-ribosomal-RNA) gene as a novel molecular marker suitable for research and diagnostics. Rnl was evaluated as a marker for: (1) the Mucorales family, (2) species identification (Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus, Mucor circinelloides, and Lichtheimia species complexes), (3) growth stage, and (4) quantification. Sensitivity, specificity, discriminatory power, the limit of detection (LoD), and cross-reactivity were evaluated. Assays were tested using pure cultures, spiked clinical samples, murine organs, and human paraffin-embedded-tissue (FFPE) samples. Mitochondrial markers were found to be superior to nuclear markers for degraded samples. Rnl outperformed the UMD universal® (Molyzm) marker in FFPE (71.5% positive samples versus 50%). Spiked blood samples highlighted the potential of rnl as a pan-Mucorales screening test. Fungal burden was reproducibly quantified in murine organs using standard curves. Identification of pure cultures gave a perfect (100%) correlation with the detected internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence. In conclusion, mitochondrial genes, such as rnl, provide an alternative to the nuclear 18 S rDNA genes and deserve further evaluation.
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Schoch, C. L., K. A. Seifert, S. Huhndorf, et al. "Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 16 (2012): 6241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1117018109.
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Gusel’nikova, V. V., and D. E. Korzhevskiy. "NeuN As a Neuronal Nuclear Antigen and Neuron Differentiation Marker." Acta Naturae 7, no. 2 (2015): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2015-7-2-42-47.
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The NeuN protein is localized in nuclei and perinuclear cytoplasm of most of the neurons in the central nervous system of mammals. Monoclonal antibodies to the NeuN protein have been actively used in the immunohistochemical research of neuronal differentiation to assess the functional state of neurons in norm and pathology for more than 20 years. Recently, NeuN antibodies have begun to be applied in the differential morphological diagnosis of cancer. However, the structure of the protein, which can be revealed by antibodies to NeuN, remained unknown until recently, and the functions of the protein are still not fully clear. In the present mini-review, data on NeuN accumulated so far are summarized and analyzed. Data on the structure and properties of the protein, its isoforms, intracellular localization, and hypothesized functions are reported. The application field of immunocytochemical detection of NeuN in scientific and clinical studies, as well as the difficulties in the interpretation of the obtained experimental data and their possible causes, is described in details.
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MATTIUCCI, S., V. ACERRA, M. PAOLETTI, et al. "No more time to stay ‘single’ in the detection of Anisakis pegreffii, A. simplex (s. s.) and hybridization events between them: a multi-marker nuclear genotyping approach." Parasitology 143, no. 8 (2016): 998–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016000330.
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SUMMARYA multi-marker nuclear genotyping approach was performed on larval and adult specimens of Anisakis spp. (N = 689) collected from fish and cetaceans in allopatric and sympatric areas of the two species Anisakis pegreffii and Anisakis simplex (s. s.), in order to: (1) identify specimens belonging to the parental taxa by using nuclear markers (allozymes loci) and sequence analysis of a new diagnostic nuclear DNA locus (i.e. partial sequence of the EF1 α−1 nDNA region) and (2) recognize hybrid categories. According to the Bayesian clustering algorithms, based on those markers, most of the individuals (N = 678) were identified as the parental species [i.e. A. pegreffii or A. simplex (s. s.)], whereas a smaller portion (N = 11) were recognized as F1 hybrids. Discordant results were obtained when using the polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR–RFLPs) of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) on the same specimens, which indicated the occurrence of a large number of ‘hybrids’ both in sympatry and allopatry. These findings raise the question of possible misidentification of specimens belonging to the two parental Anisakis and their hybrid categories derived from the application of that single marker (i.e. PCR–RFLPs analysis of the ITS of rDNA). Finally, Bayesian clustering, using allozymes and EF1 α−1 nDNA markers, has demonstrated that hybridization between A. pegreffii and A. simplex (s. s.) is a contemporary phenomenon in sympatric areas, while no introgressive hybridization takes place between the two species.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nuclear Marker ITS"
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Amiri, Neda. "Molecular Phylogeny of Poa L. sensu lato (Poaceae) with a Focus on West Asian Species." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35018.
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Poa L., is known as a highly diverse cosmopolitan genus with taxonomic difficulties that includes unknown species and species with uncertain affinities mainly in West Asia and North Africa. Poa also exhibits a close relationship with two West Asian genera, Eremopoa Roshev. and Oreopoa H. Scholz & Parolly. This study was conducted to: 1) fill the gap of information on the affinities between Poa species with an emphasis on West Asian Poa; 2) revise and evaluate the accuracy of traditional infrageneric classification of West Asian Poa; and 3) clarify the relationship between Poa and two allied genera of Poaceae Barnhart, Eremopoa and Oreopoa. DNA molecular evidence from present phylogenetic analyses of West Asian species of Poa, Eremopoa and Oreopoa, resulted in some great findings as follow: I) Poa caucasica Trin., which is currently assigned to subsection Nivicolae of section Poa from subgenus Poa resolved as a unique new distinct lineage within Poa. II), New treatments are suggested for Poa densa Troitsky, Poa masenderana Freyn & Sint., Poa cenisia All., Poa psychrophila Boiss. & Heldr. and Poa lipskyi. III) Three unclassified species of Poa pseudobulbosa, Poa diversifolia and Poa aitchisonii are assigned here to subgenus Poa and supersection Poa. IV), The present molecular evidence supports inclusion of Eremopoa in Poa and confirms reduction of Eremopoa to a level of subgenus of Poa. V) Present phylogenetic analyses also indicate that monotypic genus Oreopoa H. Scholz & Parolly is part of Poa. These findings require an urgent modification in subgeneric and sectional classification of the genus Poa.
Books on the topic "Nuclear Marker ITS"
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Joyce, Rosemary. The Future of Nuclear Waste. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190888138.001.0001.
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How can sites of waste disposal be marked to prevent contamination in the future? The United States government addressed this challenge in planning for nuclear waste repositories. Consulting with experts in imagining future scenarios, in language and communication, and in anthropology, the Department of Energy sought to develop plans that would satisfy demands from the Environmental Protection Agency for a marker system that would be effective long into the future. Expert consultants proposed two very different designs: one based on archaeological sites recognized as cultural heritage monuments; the other proposing that certain forms invoke universal feelings. The Department of Energy opted for a design based on archaeological ruins, cited as proof human-made markers could last and communicate warnings for thousands of years. This book explores the common-sense assumptions the experts made about their archaeological models and shows how they are contradicted by what archaeologists understand about these places and things. The book alternates between discussions of archaeological marker designs and reflections on the alternative proposal based on archetypes intended to arouse universal responses. Recognizing these archetype designs as similar in scale and form to Land Art projects, it compares the way government experts proposed that their designs would work with views of modern artists and critics. Drawing on views of indigenous people who disproportionately are asked to accommodate such projects, the book explores concessions within the project that only oral transmission is likely to ensure that such sites remain identifiable long into the future.
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Iskandrian, Ami E., and Ernest V. Garcia, eds. Nuclear Cardiac Imaging. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.001.0001.
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Nuclear cardiac imaging refers to cardiac radiological diagnostic techniques performed with the aid of radiopharmaceuticals, which are perfused into the myocardium as markers. These imaging studies provide a wide range of information about the heart, including the contractility of the heart, the amount of blood supply to the heart and whether parts of the heart muscle are alive or dead. This is essential information for cardiologists, and nuclear imaging has become an increasingly important part of the cardiologist's armamentarium. Chapters in Nuclear Cardiac Imaging cover historical, technical and physiological considerations, diagnosis and prognosis, conditions other than Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), advanced cardiac imaging, and challenges and opportunities. New to the fifth edition are key point summaries at the start of each chapter, clinical cases with videos, and a question and answer chapter on practical issues. This title is ideal for nuclear cardiologists in training and nuclear clinicians alike who are searching for quick answers to important clinical and technical questions.
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Tucker, Richard P. The International Environmental Movement and the Cold War. Edited by Richard H. Immerman and Petra Goedde. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199236961.013.0032.
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This chapter, which examines the history of the international environmental movement during the Cold War, analyzes the emergence of and tenuous collaboration between the environmental and anti-nuclear movements. It discusses the early anti-nuclear movement in the 1950s, the emergence of the international environmental movement in the late 1960s, and the environmental controversies in the Soviet Union. The chapter argues that it was the June 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment which marked the official recognition that environmental challenges must be addressed globally.
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Feldmann, Ulrike, Christian Raetzke, and Marc Ruttloff, eds. Atomrecht in Bewegung. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845297002.
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This volume contains the proceedings of the 15th Regional Conference of the German Branch of the International Nuclear Law Association (INLA), which was held in Bonn in September 2017. In four chapters, German and international experts, whose contributions are predominantly in English and partly in German, explain the most recent developments in nuclear law in Germany, other countries and on an international level. The topics addressed include nuclear waste management—responsibility and liability; nuclear third-party liability, with a focus on the transportation of nuclear material; legal issues in radiation protection, mainly regarding EU Basic Safety Standards, plant decommissioning and waste disposal, and current trends in international nuclear law. This volume is an obvious choice for anyone who wants to keep abreast of important developments in nuclear law. With contributions by Markus Ludwigs, Christian Müller-Dehn, Anton Burger und Jostein Kristensen, Torsten Gierke, Achim Jansen-Tersteegen und Christian Raetzke, Meb Vadiya, Kaan Kuzeyli, Justin Franken, Goli-Schabnam Akbarian, Brigit-te Röller, Mark Callis Sanders und Charlotta E. Sanders, Sidonie Royer-Maucotel, Jay R. Kraemer, Ian Salter und Ian Truman, Łukasz Mlynarkiewicz
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London, Edythe D., and Chelsea L. Robertson. Molecular Neuroimaging in Addictive Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0045.
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Molecular neuroimaging, using nuclear medicine procedures to evaluate brain function and markers for specific neurochemical systems, has substantially advanced the understanding of brain dysfunction linked to addictive disorders. Neuroimaging studies of human subjects and animal models has provided fundamental information on the neurobiology of vulnerability to addiction as well as the acute effects of drugs of abuse and the sequelae of chronic use, including the persistent states that maintain addiction and lead to relapse in those who initiate drug abstinence. A common theme that has emerged from decades of brain imaging points to frontostriatal dysfunction, which is a therapeutic target.
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Cuocolo, Alberto, and Emilia Zampella. Role of Imaging in Diabetes Mellitus. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0018.
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Although there has been a marked decline in mortality due to coronary artery disease (CAD) in the overall population in the past three decades, reducing CAD mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) has proven exceptionally difficult. Several epidemiological studies have shown that DM is associated with a marked increase in the risk of CAD. The symptoms are not a reliable means of identifying patients at higher risk considering that angina is threefold less common in DM than in non-DM. Noninvasive cardiac imaging, such as echocardiography, nuclear cardiology, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, can provide insight into different aspects of the disease process, from imaging at the cellular level to microvascular and endothelial dysfunction, autonomic neuropathy, coronary atherosclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis with scar formation. In particular, stress myocardial perfusion imaging has taken a central role in the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of CAD in DM patients.
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Tabatabai, Ariane M. No Conquest, No Defeat. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197534601.001.0001.
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In early 2019, the Islamic Republic of Iran marked its fortieth anniversary, despite decades of isolation, political pressure, sanctions and war. Observers of its security policies continue to try and make sense of this unlikely endurance. Though there are significant disagreements about the Islamic Republic’s thinking and intentions, virtually everyone agrees that its policies are fundamentally different from those pursued by their monarchical predecessors. No Conquest, No Defeat offers a historically grounded overview of Iranian national security. Tabatabai argues that Iranian strategic thinking is perhaps best characterised by its dynamic yet resilient nature, one that is continually evolving and whose foundations were laid out decades ago. To understand Iran’s national security thinking and policies today, one must examine them in their historical context. As the Islamic Republic enters its fifth decade, this book sheds new light on Iran’s controversial nuclear and missile programmes, and its involvement in Afghanistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Yemen.
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Denton, Christopher P., and Pia Moinzadeh. Systemic sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0121.
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The term 'scleroderma' describes a group of conditions in which the development of thickened, fibrotic skin is a cardinal feature. This includes localized forms of scleroderma (e.g. morphoea) and also systemic forms of the disease that are more correctly termed systemic sclerosis. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multiorgan, autoimmune disease that has a high clinical burden and mortality, due to affecting the skin as well as internal organs. As with other related diseases there is a female predominance and marked clinical diversity. The pathogenesis of SSc is not fully elucidated; it includes endothelial cell injury fibroblast activation and autoimmunity that lead to skin and internal organ manifestations. The majority of cases exhibit characteristic serum autoantibodies. Some of these antibodies are scleroderma-specific reactivities including anti-centromere (ACA), anti-topoisomerase-1 (ATA or Scl 70) or anti-RNA polymerase III antibodies. These anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) patterns are generally mutually exclusive and serve as useful clinical markers of disease subgroups. Additional subsetting of scleroderma cases, based on the extent of skin sclerosis, permits classification into limited and diffuse subsets. Because of the heterogeneity of the disease patients may suffer from different organ manifestations, such as lung fibrosis, hypertensive renal crisis, severe cardiac disease, gastrointestinal involvement, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Although outcomes have improved recently, systemic sclerosis still has the highest case-specific mortality of any of the autoimmune rheumatic diseases and requires careful and systematic investigation, management and follow-up. Treatment includes symptomatic strategies with attention to each involved organ system; it is still an area where therapeutic progress and better understanding of pathogenesis is increasingly anticipated.
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Hamblin, Jacob Darwin. The Wretched Atom. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197526903.001.0001.
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After the Second World War, the United States offered a new kind of atom that differed from the bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This atom would cure diseases, produce new foods, make deserts bloom, and provide abundant energy for all. It was an atom destined for the formerly colonized, recently occupied, and mostly non-white parts of the world that were dubbed the “wretched of the earth” by Frantz Fanon. The “peaceful atom” had so much propaganda potential that President Dwight Eisenhower used it to distract the world from his plan to test even bigger thermonuclear weapons. His scientists said the peaceful atom would quicken the pulse of nature, speeding nations along the path of economic development and helping them to escape the clutches of disease, famine, and energy shortfalls. That promise became one of the most misunderstood political weapons of the twentieth century. It was adopted by every subsequent US president to exert leverage over other nations’ weapons programs, to corner world markets of uranium and thorium, and to secure petroleum supplies. Other countries embraced it, building reactors and training experts. Atomic promises were embedded in Japan’s postwar recovery, Ghana’s pan-Africanism, Israel’s quest for survival, Pakistan’s brinksmanship with India, and Iran’s pursuit of nuclear independence. As The Wretched Atom shows, promoting civilian atomic energy was an immense gamble, and it was never truly peaceful. American promises ended up exporting violence and peace in equal measure. While the United States promised peace and plenty, it planted the seeds of dependency and set in motion the creation of today’s expanded nuclear club.
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Tellis, Ashley J. US–India Relations. Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.35.
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Throughout the Cold War, relations between the United States and India were defined by the two countries’ often mismatched worldviews, national priorities, and capabilities. These three factors prevented Washington and New Delhi from realizing the full potential of their relationship, despite the natural kinship bestowed by their shared identity as liberal democracies. Today, although Cold War-era non-alignment politics and the irritant of India’s exclusion from the international nuclear non-proliferation regime have largely abated, vestiges of these structural constraints persist even as India opens itself to global markets and undertakes economic reforms. To make good on the strategic partnership to which they have committed themselves and which is especially important given China’s rising power, both countries must define a minimally acceptable notion of reciprocity in their interactions by reconciling the American expectations of exchange-based relations with the Indian desire for a no-obligations partnership that preserves its strategic autonomy.
Book chapters on the topic "Nuclear Marker ITS"
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Joyce, Rosemary A. "Interlude 3." In The Future of Nuclear Waste. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190888138.003.0007.
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THE GOAL THAT THE markers experts imagined for the nuclear waste repository marker was for it to be imposing, impressive, yet unattractive. They wanted to produce a physical installation that could convey these meanings through its form. In Team A’s designs, this involved using “menacing” features like sharp pointed elements, made of materials like stone or metal, disrupting any kind of orderly layout. Where Forbidding Blocks worked as an installation of a kind of “city” that would be physically uncomfortable to live in, and Menacing Earthworks would crowd and overwhelm the visitor, a third design concept, Spikes Bursting through Grid, was more directly threatening (...
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"Plant DNA Barcoding." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4312-2.ch006.
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DNA barcoding has evolved as an effective species identification tool in diverse areas such as phylogeny, ecology, population genetics, and biodiversity. In this approach, a short DNA sequence from a standardized locus is employed for species identification. The technique is simple, time and cost effective, and accurate. Selection of correct DNA marker is the main criterion for success in DNA barcoding. Compared to animals, DNA barcoding is more difficult in plants, as there are multiple consensuses about selection of barcoding markers for plants DNA barcoding. Some common plant barcoding markers are chloroplast genes such as matK, rbcL, ropC1, ropB, and trnL; chloroplast intergenic specers trnH-psbA, atpF-atpH, and pdbK-psbI; and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). These markers can be used alone or in combinations with other markers or spacers. In this chapter, the basic requirements, selection of markers, databases, advantages, and limitations of DNA barcoding have been discussed.
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SUHONEN, JOUNI. "THE NUCLEAR DOUBLE BETA DECAY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS." In The Ninth Marcel Grossmann Meeting. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812777386_0582.
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Valentine, Scott. "Wind Power in Japan." In Wind Power Politics and Policy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199862726.003.0011.
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The story of wind power development in Japan is, at its essence, a subplot to a story of path dependency and the clout of a well-entrenched nuclear power regime. Path dependency refers to the tendency of an entrenched technology to evolve incrementally, primarily due to the existence of entrenched special interests that are committed financially and ideologically to a given technology. These special-interests spawn a regime that finances incremental technological evolution in order to keep pace with consumer demand and that is capable of mounting strong market defense of incumbent technology. By achieving a high level of market penetration, an incumbent technology amasses both the market share necessary to undercut competitive offerings and the political support needed to create market entry barriers for competing technologies. In Japan, nuclear power has been such a technology. Prior to March 11, 2011, Japan laid claim to possessing the third-largest nuclear power program in the world. The nation’s 54 nuclear power reactors were capable of providing almost 30% of the nation’s electricity needs, and the government was committed to a nuclear power expansion policy that would result in nuclear power capacity providing 40% of the nation’s electricity supply by 2030. So how did a nation located in an extremely active seismic region that was on the receiving end of two atomic bombs (which killed between 150,000 and 250,000 people) wind up with such a well-entrenched nuclear power regime? The answer to this question helps explain why wind power developers in Japan have had such a difficult time penetrating the Japan market. At the end of World War II, a defeated Japan found itself under the administrative oversight of the United States. On December 8, 1953, US President Dwight D. Eisenhower delivered a speech to an assembly of the United Nations, which came to be called the “atoms for peace” speech. In his address, Eisenhower announced a US initiative to “encourage worldwide investigation into the most effective peacetime uses of fissionable material.”
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Moody, Simon J. "Conventional Forces and Tactical Nuclear Weapons in NATO Strategy." In Imagining Nuclear War in the British Army, 1945-1989. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846994.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 analyses how the British deterrence habit of mind manifested in a preference for a ‘pure-deterrence’ strategy for NATO. NATO’s forums were a market for strategic ideas, and competing visions of nuclear warfare reflected the often incompatible preferences of its member states. Bargaining and compromise resulted in significant changes to defensive concepts throughout the Cold War and saw the emergence of two distinct strategies, massive retaliation and flexible response, which provided the conceptual framework for the Army’s thinking about nuclear war. The chapter explores the most important assumptions made about the character of nuclear warfare, the political and military utility of tactical nuclear weapons, and the perceived role of ground forces within NATO’s deterrent posture. It argues that the British reluctance to accept that military organizations could perform a useful function during or after a nuclear exchange set an ominous tone for the Army’s own theorizing about future war.
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Purdon, James. "The Meaning of Monte Bello." In Cold War Legacies. Edinburgh University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474409483.003.0005.
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On 3 October 1952, the first successful British nuclear test was conducted near the Monte Bello islands off the coast of Australia. The test was a media event as well as a military one, reported in The Times and documented in the Ministry of Supply’s film Operation Hurricane. The Monte Bello test marked a key success for Britain’s nuclear ambitions and a new phase in its relations with the Commonwealth of Nations. Australia -- with its vast uranium deposits and remote desert proving-grounds -- became central to the production and testing of British nuclear weapons. Meanwhile, the rhetoric of commodity circulation that had characterized the films of the Empire Marketing Board and the GPO provided a model for Operation Hurricane’s images of exported military hardware put to use in the former colony. This chapter traces these networks of exchange and their representation, showing how the Commonwealth’s iconography of nuclear defence revised the Empire’s iconography of free trade. It demonstrates how the supposedly remote and marginal spaces of the Australian continent came to serve British nuclear culture as a kind of geopolitical unconscious: a false terra nullius where, paradoxically, the strategic basis of the Commonwealth’s security could be created.
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McElroy, Michael B. "Nuclear Power An Optimistic Beginning, A Clouded Future." In Energy and Climate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490331.003.0013.
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Nuclear power was widely regarded as the Holy Grail for energy supply when first introduced into the US electricity market in the late 1950s and early 1960s— power so cheap that utilities could scarcely afford the cost of the meters needed to monitor its consumption and charge for its use. The first civilian reactor, with a capacity to produce 60 MW of electricity (MWe), went into service in Shippingport, Pennsylvania, in late 1957. By the end of 1974, 55 reactors were in operation in the United States with a combined capacity of about 32 GWe. The largest individual power plant had a capacity of 1.25 GWe: the capacity of reactors constructed since 1970 averaged more than 1 GWe. The industry then went into a state of suspended animation. A series of highly publi¬cized accidents was responsible for this precipitous change in the fortunes of the industry. Only 13 reactors were ordered in the United States after 1975, and all of these orders were subsequently cancelled. Public support for nuclear power effectively disappeared in the United States following events that unfolded at the Three Mile Island plant in Pennsylvania on March 28, 1979. It suffered a further setback, not only in the United States but also worldwide, in the wake of the disaster that struck at the Chernobyl nuclear facility in the Ukraine on April 26, 1986. The most recent confidence- sapping development occurred in Japan, at the Fukushima- Daiichi nuclear complex. Floodwaters raised by a tsunami triggered by a major offshore earthquake resulted in a series of self- reinforcing problems in March 2011, culminating in a highly publicized release of radioactivity to the environment that forced the evacuation of more than 300,000 people from the surrounding communities If not a death blow, this most recent accident certainly clouded prospects for the future of nuclear power, not only in Japan but also in many other parts of the world. Notably, Germany elected to close down its nuclear facilities, leading to increased dependence on coal to meet its demand for electricity, seriously complicating its objective to markedly reduce the nation’s overall emissions of CO2.
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"Dictyostelium Discoideum: Live Cell Imaging in Changing Perspective." In Protocols used in Molecular Biology, edited by Abhishek Singh. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789811439315120010016.
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The advent of advanced microscopes; during microscope evolution from simple microscopes to confocal and live cell microscope; having digital imaging facility revolutionized our view for the living cells. In the protein localization study, fluorescent proteins are tagged at amino or carboxyl (preferably) terminal of desired protein for live cell study. These live cell studies improved our understanding of protein dynamics and understanding its role in biological regulation. The mutational variants of fluorescent tags (GFP, RFP); can be used with different protein; which will efficiently use UV-Visible to Far Red light spectrum; without overlapping of excitation and emission spectrum. Further, various cell organelle (Lysosome, Golgi bodies, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria, Nucleus) trackers; improved our live cell localization studies in the wide non-overlapping UV-Visible spectrum.This chapter gives an overview for live cell protein localization study in mitotically active, unicellular stage of Dictyostelium discoideum. This evolutionary cutting edge organism had both unicellular as well as multicellular stages during its life cycle. This chapter will provide the design of fusion of fluorescent tag to the specific gene and its live cell localization. Further, it will cover; transformation of the unicellular organism; drug based selection; sample preparation with nuclear, mitochondrial localization markers (trackers) and live cell localization study on live cell-confocal microscope setup. It will also have a glimpse of the design of fusion protein with an aspect of advantage and disadvantages.
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Yusuf, Moeed. "Setting Up the Inquiry." In Brokering Peace in Nuclear Environments. Stanford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503604858.003.0003.
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This chapter introduces brokered bargaining as a three-actor model that explains patterns of state behavior in regional crises in a unipolar global setting. The chapter presents ten propositions that are posited to collectively shape crisis behavior of the United States and other strong states acting as third-party mediators and of regional rivals. Crisis behavior of regional rivals ought to be marked by a constant tension between their incentives to pursue their maximalist objectives and their compulsion not to defy the third party completely given its power to tilt the crisis decisively against them. The third party would seek to heighten the antagonists’ sensitivity to its preference for de-escalation ahead of their ideal crisis outcomes. Brokered bargaining unpacks the processes and mechanisms that underpin this trilateral interaction. The last part of the chapter presents the methodology applied to the case studies in the next section of the book.
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Joyce, Rosemary A. "Stonehenge in Nevada." In The Future of Nuclear Waste. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190888138.003.0002.
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This chapter explores the understanding of Stonehenge, the support for major features of the proposed design for markers for nuclear waste repositories. The proposed design would have two concentric lines of stone monoliths justified explicitly by a claim that Stonehenge’s contemporary remains survived as indications of its original plan and intention. Drawing on archaeological research, the chapter shows that this image of Stonehenge as composed at one moment is untrue to its complex history of transformations. The chapter follows one part of the design proposal—the suggestion that the monoliths be made of granite, not the original material of Stonehenge—to demonstrate that the experts were drawing on a history of understanding of monuments and commemoration that developed in the United States in the early 19th century. It ends with an interlude introducing the alternate design proposal, based on a theory of archetypes that would arouse universal emotional responses.
Conference papers on the topic "Nuclear Marker ITS"
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Goremyshev, Artem, and Vadim Kapustkin. "World nuclear energy development trends and Russia’s competitiveness at the global nuclear market." In Proceedings of the Third International Economic Symposium (IES 2018). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ies-18.2019.49.
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Vunckx, K., and J. Nuyts. "Heuristic modification of an anatomical Markov prior improves its performance." In 2010 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2010 NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2010.5874408.
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Hopwood, Jerry, Ian J. Hastings, and Michael Soulard. "Enhanced CANDU 6: An Upgraded Reactor Product With Optimal Fuel Cycle Capability." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-30343.
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Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) has two CANDU® reactor products matched to markets: the Enhanced CANDU 6™ (EC6™)[1,] a modern 700 MWe class HWR design, and the Advanced CANDU Reactor™ (ACR-1000™), a 1200 MWe class Gen III+ design. Both reactor types are designed to meet both market-, and customer-driven needs. Some of the new features incorporated into the EC6 reactor include increased power output, optimized maintenance outages, more automated testing and an Advanced Control Room. Lessons learned through feedback obtained from the operating plants have been incorporated into the design, and equipment obsolescence has been addressed. This paper presents basic EC6 design improvements; AECL works with its customers to assess their individual design requirements. Excellent neutron economy, on-power refueling, a simple fuel bundle, and the fundamental CANDU fuel channel design provide the EC6 reactor with unsurpassed flexibility in accommodating a wide range of advanced fuels and fuel cycles in addition to the standard natural uranium. These advanced fuels provide the promise of extending resources, reducing waste and enhancing proliferation resistance.
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Zaiss, Werner. "Towards European Regulations for Nuclear Installations: Contribution of Nuclear Licensees." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75856.
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The European nuclear industry recognises that the liberalisation of the European energy market has led to the deregulation of electricity generation and supply and that diversity of national regulations could seriously distort competition. Undoubtedly, harmonizing regulations is the best way of ensuring that the industry can evolve within a stable legal framework. Consequently, nuclear license holders supported the work of the Western European Nuclear Regulators Association (WENRA) on the harmonization of European safety standards for existing nuclear power plants, as well as for waste and decommissioning. This support led to the creation, within FORATOM, of the ENISS (European Nuclear Installations Safety Standards) Initiative, in May 2005, in Brussels. The principal mission of ENISS is to bring together decision-makers, operators and specialists from the nuclear industry with national regulators in order to identify and possibly agree upon the scope and substance of harmonized safety standards. ENISS currently represents the nuclear utilities and operating companies from 17 European countries with nuclear power programme. ENISS above all provides the nuclear industry with the platform that it needs to express its views, provide expert input and interact fully with regulators throughout the harmonization process. ENISS first task has been to present a common industry position with regards to the Safety Reference Levels that WENRA has proposed. By engaging in constructive debate with WENRA and playing a dynamic role in the process, ENISS also defends the industry’s interests in a proactive way. The work of ENISS is a good example of how dialogue and results-oriented participation with stakeholders can help identify optimal solutions to the problems that our industry faces today. Another task of ENISS is to strengthen the industry influence in the revision work of the IAEA Safety Standards as well as in the European Directive on Nuclear Safety.
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Chung, Kyung Hwa, and Jae Hee Han. "The IMS Development Plan in Construction Phase for Nuclear Power Plants." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25375.
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The implementation of advanced information technology for nuclear power plant construction industry in the Republic of Korea is a challenging task to improve the competitive edge for APR1400 across the global nuclear business market. This paper will briefly describe the phases of development of an information management system (hereinafter IMS) in nuclear power construction during the last 40 years in Korea. Additional development task which strengthen the IMS capability will be described from our experience. It will analyze the IMS development and implementation stages for Korean nuclear power plant construction projects such as YGN 3&4, UCN 3&4, YGN 5&6 and UCN 5&6, and the successful application case of the UCN 5&6 Radwaste Building in which 3D CAD technology was implemented for the first time. By reviewing lessons learned, this paper will define the Information Technology advancements resulting the reduction of project costs and construction schedule both by project execution procedures and IT systems including 3D CAD application. The future plan will include integrating project management systems based on data-centric approach and handover strategy for better O&M phase through configuration management technology. In this report, we address the functions to be developed and added in the new IMS.
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McDonald, Colin F. "Versatile Heat Source for Nuclear Gas Turbine and Hydrogen Production Facility." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30511.
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Recent media articles about nuclear power renaissance are encouraging, but this controversial topic is far from being embraced by major industrial powers. The fact is, that within the next two to three decades or so most of the first generation US nuclear power plants, currently producing about 20 percent of the nation’s electrical power, will be near the end of their design lives. In addition to providing needed power, a major argument put forward for the introduction of next generation smaller and safer nuclear plants relates to the growing concern about greenhouse gas emission and global warming. However, overcoming public and institutional resistance to nuclear power remains a formidable endeavor, and in reality the introduction of new plants in sufficient numbers to significantly impact the market will not be realized for several decades. Clearly vision is needed to define the requirements for new nuclear plants that will meet the needs of consumers by say the middle of the 21st century. Market forces will mandate changes in the energy supply sector, and to be in concert with environmental concerns new nuclear plants must have operational flexibility. In addition to economical electrical power, energy needs in the future could include hydrogen production in slgnificant quantity (for fuel cells in the transportation and power sectors) and fresh water by desalination for urban, industrial and agricultural users. The High Temperature Reactor (HTR) has the capability to meet these projected needs. With an established technology base, and successful plant operation in Germany, the helium cooled pebble bed reactor (PBR) must be regarded as a leading second generation nuclear plant. Operational versatility by virtue of its high temperature capability is assured, and high availability can be realized with its on-line refueling approach. While the multipurpose HTR may be several decades away from playing a significant rote in the commercial market place, this paper emphasizes the need for technical planning today to establish a nuclear heat source adaptable to both a high efficiency helium timed cycle gas turbine and large scale hydrogen production facilities, thus extending the role of nuclear power beyond just the supply of electrical power.
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Crommelin, G. A. K. "The NEREUS Installation — The Non-Nuclear Part (GT)." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-087.
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This paper should be read in conjunction with the paper The NEREUS installation — the nuclear part (HTR). This part will discuss the non-nuclear part of the nuclear gas turbine installation called the NEREUS installation. It will discuss the non-nuclear part of a modular energy production installation consisting of an inherently safe, helium cooled, graphite moderated nuclear reactor, which acts as heat source to an energy conversion unit consisting of a closed-cycle recuperative gas turbine driving a generator (abbreviated as HTR-GT) (see also ref. 11 and 12). The paper is based upon an ongoing study, supported by specialists and scientists, among others of the Delft University of Technology, of most aspects concerning this type of power producing unit. This paper will discuss its (non-nuclear) components, efficiency, market potential and costing in comparison with existing and comparable installations. So it will report on a pre-feasibility study, based upon existing reports, publications, estimations by specialists and from active projects.
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Fang, Jun, and Igor A. Bolotnov. "Bubble Tracking Simulations of Turbulent Two-Phase Flows." In ASME 2016 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2016 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2016-1005.
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Bubbly flow is quite common in various natural and engineering phenomena. In particular, nuclear engineers are interested in fundamental understanding of the bubbly flow behavior due to its importance in cooling light water reactor cores. Given the extreme conditions and complex support structures in nuclear reactor cores, it is very challenging to study the flow behavior using high-fidelity experiments. Typically validated computational codes are chosen as practical tools for the thermal-hydraulic and safety analyses. As the new generations of nuclear reactors are being developed, more advanced modeling techniques are required to design safe and efficient systems. Different from most simulation approaches, direct numerical simulation (DNS) employs no turbulence closure assumptions, which makes it a promising tool for model development. The major bottleneck of DNS was and remains to be the high computational cost, increasing exponentially with the Reynolds number. However, thanks to the on-going improvements in computer power, these computationally expensive simulations are becoming more and more affordable. Coupled with level-set interface tracking method (ITM), DNS can be used for the high-fidelity studies of two-phase bubbly flows with unprecedented details. Meanwhile, another concern that arises is how one can best take advantage of the ‘big data’ generated from large-scale DNS and translate it into new knowledge. The traditional level-set method utilizes a signed distance field to distinguish different phases while the interface is modeled by the zero level-set. Although level-set method can distinguish gas bubbles from the liquid phase, it cannot recognize and track individual bubbles which hinders the collection of useful bubble information. As a result, the bubble tracking capability has to be developed to improve the data extraction efficiency. In the present work, a marker field is created and advected for bubble distinction and extraction of detailed bubble parameters from the simulations. Each bubble in the flow gets assigned a unique ID, based on which the code will collect the corresponding bubble information. It has been demonstrated that bubble tracking capability can significantly improve the data extraction efficiency for level-set based two-phase flow simulations. Statistical analysis tools are also developed to post-process the recorded information about the bubbles to study the dependencies/correlations of bubble behavior with bubble local conditions. For example, in the pressurized water reactor (PWR) subchannel geometry investigated in this paper, bubbles are observed to experience different relative velocity when presenting at different distance from fuel rod surfaces. With proper grouping criterion, statistical analysis would allow introducing variable drag coefficient for bubbles based on their positions. These new insights are contributing to more accurate modeling of the multiphase computational fluid dynamic (M-CFD) simulations, and better prediction of two-phase flow behavior in engineering systems. Together with the analysis tools, bubble tracking capability will open a new door to study and understand two-phase flows.
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Yee, Frank, Sermet Kuran, Mike Soulard, and Zhenhua Zhang. "AFCR and EC6: The Two Sister Products." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-16646.
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Candu Energy, based on its highly successful CANDU 6 (C6) reactors proven on four continents, is preparing to launch its C6 referenced Generation III products: Enhanced CANDU 6 (EC6), the natural uranium optimized, and Advanced Fuel CANDU Reactor (AFCR), the alternative fuel optimized, CANDU reactors. The AFCR design is based on the EC6 design with appropriate design changes to the reactor core to cater for the alternative fuel cycles and post Fukushima improvement.. The paper reviews the common design basis of these reactors and then discusses the unique advantages and market specific features for each product. The AFCR implementation plan for China is also discussed.
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Florido, P., C. Allan, and F. Depisch. "An Example of an INPRO Assessment of an INS in the Area of Economics." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89639.
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Following a resolution of the General Conference of the IAEA in the year 2000 an International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles, referred to as INPRO, was initiated. INPRO has defined requirements organized in a hierarchy of Basic Principles, User Requirements and Criteria (consisting of an indicator and an acceptance limit) to be met by innovative nuclear reactor systems (INS) in six areas, namely: economics, safety, waste management, environment, proliferation resistance, and infrastructure. If an INS meets all requirements in all areas it represents a sustainable system for the supply of energy, capable of making a significant contribution to meeting the energy needs of the 21st century. Draft manuals have been developed, for each INPRO area, to provide guidance for performing an assessment of whether an INS meets the INPRO requirements in a given area. This paper discusses the example presented in the manual for performing an INPRO assessment in the area of economics. The example considers a private utility, operating in a liberalized market that is planning for an additional supply of power of about 600 MWe within a time frame of 10 years. Two nuclear options, an LWR and a HWR, are considered as well as a gas-fired plant using liquefied gas as fuel.