Academic literature on the topic 'Nuclear weapons (International law)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Nuclear weapons (International law)"
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Les, I. "The legality of the use of nuclear weapons in international law." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 79 (October 25, 2023): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.79.2.52.
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After the Second World War, the views of some military leaders on the use of nuclear weapons changed dramatically. Previously, the use of nuclear weapons was considered an incredible fact. In the minds of many, this view has been replaced by the notion that limited nuclear war is possible and winnable. Such a mentality raises a fundamental question: does any use of nuclear weapons have priority under international law.
Although there is no international convention that expressly prohibits the use of nuclear weapons, the consequences of the use of any weapon are governed by numerous conventions and customary international law. A decision that nuclear weapons would violate one or more principles of humanity enshrined in positive or customary international law cannot be decisive. When a state uses a weapon that emits any gaseous substance or violates the territory of a neutral state, that state is itself violating international law. However, some violations of international law, including the prohibition of causing unnecessary suffering and indiscriminate harm between combatants and non-combatants, may be justified by military necessity if their use is proportionate to military necessity, retaliation or self-defense.
This article examines the various uses of nuclear weapons and assesses their legality under positive and customary international law. It concluded that any nuclear weapons would be subject to a ban on gas and other related weapons. Furthermore, we conclude that in all but the most limited circumstances, the use of nuclear weapons would cause unnecessary suffering, would not distinguish between combatants and non-combatants, and would violate the territorial integrity of neutral States. Even if this remedy is violated by national law, this article demonstrates that the practical necessity of using nuclear weapons, and any resulting military advantage, is inherently disproportionate to the damage caused by any use of nuclear weapons, and thus, accordingly under international law, the use of nuclear weapons is illegal.
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Poole, Bryce G. "Against the Nuclear Option: Planetary Defence Under International Space Law." Air and Space Law 45, Issue 1 (March 1, 2020): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2020004.
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States have grown increasingly concerned with the risk of a meteor or comet impact. Some States and international law scholars advocate using a nuclear weapon to destroy or deflect an incoming space object. This article argues that the use of nuclear weapons for planetary defence purposes is legally dubious. Planetary defence, nuclear weapons, international treaties, customary international law, non-proliferation
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Dockrill, Saki. "Nuclear weapons and international law." International Affairs 64, no. 4 (1988): 661–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2626065.
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Adiningsih, Aprilia Putri, and Ngboawaji Daniel Nte. "North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Development: The Impact for International Security and Stability." International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia 1, no. 2 (July 31, 2022): 123–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ildisea.v1i2.58398.
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The development of nuclear weapons today is in many cases one of the threats of future wars. In fact, the development of this weapon is considered to be able to disrupt international stability and security. Nuclear weapons have developed since World War II, which destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. Until now, several countries are still competing to develop nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons are weapons that get power from nuclear reactions and have tremendous destructive power, a nuclear bomb can destroy a city. Countries that have nuclear weapons include the United States, Russia, Britain, France, China, India, North Korea, and Pakistan. Nuclear weapons can become weapons of mass destruction which of course threaten the stability of international security. As one of the nuclear-armed countries, North Korea is modernizing the country by focusing its strength on the planning economy, heavy industry, and military development. This study aims to analyze the development of North Korea's nuclear weapons in the context of international stability and security and its impact on international law enforcement, especially in the region of Southeast Asian countries.
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The Review. "International humanitarian law and nuclear weapons." International Review of the Red Cross 36, no. 313 (August 1996): 500–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002086040008493x.
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On 8 July 1996, the International Court of Justice gave its advisory opinion in response to two enquiries as to the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons. Whilst the Court did not examine in detail the request put forward by the World Health Organization, it did give very close attention to the question presented by the General Assembly:“Is the threat or use of nuclear weapons in any circumstance permitted under international law?”
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Kapelańska-Pręgowska, Julia. "Freedom from Nuclear Weapons? IHRL And IHL Perspective vs the State-Centred Approach." Age of Human Rights Journal, no. 14 (June 15, 2020): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17561/tahrj.v14.5481.
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23 years after the ICJ’s Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, a general treaty prohibiting the use of nuclear weapons has been adopted. It may be anticipated that the TPNW will probably not enter into force very soon, and when it does, it will neither be universally accepted, nor will it significantly influence thepractice of the nuclear weapon States. It is therefore justified to analyse the problem under consideration, not from a State-oriented perspective, but from a human and environmentally centred one. The article argues not only that any use of nuclear weapons would be contrary to the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict, in particular the principles and rules of international humanitarian law, but it would also violate international human rights law. The article further dwells upon the customary international law aspects of the problem under consideration.
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Joyner, Daniel H. "I. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW REGARDING NUCLEAR WEAPONS." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 60, no. 1 (January 2011): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589310000722.
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This article examines a number of major developments in international law and State policy regarding nuclear weapons which have occurred over the past two years.However, in order to understand the context and significance of these developments, I must first very briefly address what has gone on previously in this area of international relations.I have argued elsewhere that over the course of the decade ending in 2008 the original balance of principles underlying the 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), which comprises the cornerstone of the nuclear non-proliferation legal regime, has been distorted, particularly by nuclear-weapon-possessing governments, led by the United States, in favor of a disproportionate prioritization of non-proliferation principles, and an unwarranted under-prioritization of peaceful use and disarmament principles.1 I also argue that this distortion of principled balance by nuclear weapon states has resulted in a number of erroneous legal interpretations of the NPT's provisions.
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Hamidi, Sidra. "Law as discursive resource: the politics of the nuclear/non-nuclear distinction in the Non-Proliferation Treaty." European Journal of International Relations 26, no. 2 (September 25, 2019): 545–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066119875999.
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Realist approaches to international law conceptualize the law as epiphenomenal to state interest, whereas liberal institutionalist approaches theorize the ability of law to curb state power. Through the example of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, this article challenges these approaches by arguing that law’s power comes from its productive and constitutive effects. Despite perennial conflict, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons endures because it has ordered nuclear politics by constituting a legal distinction between “nuclear weapon states” and “non-nuclear weapon states.” Instead of assuming that this distinction reflects self-evident material differences, this article shows how states actively construct nuclear status through international law. The dynamics of this construction reflect significant actions on the behalf of conventionally disempowered states and not merely great powers. An analysis of the meeting documents of the Eighteen Nation Disarmament Committee finds that the participants used the forum to perform a burgeoning “non-nuclear” identity. The politics of this distinction also generated the discourse of “nuclear apartheid,” which was subsequently used by states outside the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons regime to justify their pursuit of nuclear weapons. Taken together, the role of non-nuclear diplomacy and the discourse of nuclear apartheid demonstrate that the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons does not simply endure because the powerful have sanctioned it, but because it created a space for the disempowered to expand their influence from below. Though the article builds on existing sociological approaches to the law, it also moves beyond conflicts over legal and textual interpretation to demonstrate the diplomatic practices around the constitution of legal categories.
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Arsić, Katarina. "Treaty on Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons: Position, implementation and significance." Srpska politička misao 86, no. 4 (2024): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spm86-51046.
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Although there was a opinion that the Treaty on Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons would represent the end of the era of the development of this type of weapon and the threat of nuclear war, this did not happen, having in mind that no country possessing a nuclear arsenal have acceded to the Treaty yet. The paper analyzes the main aspects of this document, its advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, using a comparative method, we will try to determine the relationship of this treaty with other sources of international public law, primarily treaties that may refer to the use of nuclear weapons, but also customs. Special attention is given to the influence of the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the legality of the use of nuclear weapons on the attitudes of states on the permissibility of the use of nuclear weapons. At the end, taking into account the current political and social circumstances in international relations and the opinions of international law theorists, we will try to answer the question why this treaty is still important, because nuclear weapons are the tool may be played by nuclear powers, especially in terms of their potential use in the case of self-defence.
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Crawford, James. "International Law and the Problem of Change: A Tale of Two Conventions." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 49, no. 4 (November 15, 2018): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v49i4.5335.
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Extensive efforts have been made in the modern period to suppress the possession and use of both chemical and nuclear weapons. However, progress towards the abolition of these two types of weapons presents a rather sharp contrast, as this case study shows. In this article the conventional prohibitions on the possession and use of these weapons are outlined, including the recent Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons of 2017. This Treaty prohibits the possession and use of nuclear weapons but it has not been (and likely will not be) ratified by any of the States that possess nuclear weapons. There is a further, and consequent, contrast between the two kinds of weapons in terms of whether a customary prohibition on the possession and use of chemical and/or nuclear weapons exists; this is also examined. Ultimately, there are lessons to be learned in terms of whether international law can change unless those most concerned, in this case the States that possess chemical or nuclear weapons, want it to change.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nuclear weapons (International law)"
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Laing, Jessica. "The use of nuclear weapons under the doctrine of self-defence." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31606.
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The lawful use of nuclear weapons in self-defence sits in a precarious and fraught position amongst lawyers, states and scholars, primarily due to their indiscriminate destructive nature. The use of nuclear weapons is the biggest threat to peace and security yet they exist under obscurity in International Law. The purpose of this paper is to examine at what point, and under what circumstances, a State is lawfully permitted to use nuclear weapons in self-defence. The right to self-defence is a basic normative right codified in the United Nations Charter (UN Charter). The inherent right to self-defence is the primary justification for the use of nuclear weapons according to the International Court of Justice in the Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (Advisory Opinion). Even so, nuclear weapons would still have to meet the threshold of self-defence and the cardinal principals of ‘imminence’, ‘necessity’ and ‘proportionality’ which regulate the lawfulness of a state’s actions in self-defence. Since there has only been two situations where nuclear weapons have been used- in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945- it is necessary to examine three hypothetical situations in which nuclear weapons are used in self-defence to determine if, under any, exceptional circumstances such action could be lawful.
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Itene, Moses Akpofure. "Problems of nuclear weapons disarmament in international law : legal challenges and political considerations." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2018. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34780/.
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This thesis explores the legal rationale and political considerations for nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons are the most dangerous weapons on earth. Only one can destroy a city, with the potentiality of killing millions and affecting the lives of a whole generation through its lasting calamitous consequences and jeopardising the natural environment. Nuclear weapons are normally classified alongside with chemical and biological weapons as Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and their danger surrounds their very existence. Disarmament has been axiomatically accepted as the best safeguard against their threat, but achieving the aim of disarmament has a tremendously difficult international, socio-legal and political challenge. There are about 22,000 nuclear weapons allegedly remaining in our world today and over 2,000 nuclear tests have been conducted to date. This is to check their functionality by the Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) and to demonstrate to real and potential enemies the potency of their nuclear forces. Consequently, International Law provides the framework within which States conduct their international affairs, usually accepting certain reciprocal constraints and regulating exceptions raised on nuclear weapons disarmament and for ensuring global peace. However, in as much as the NWS and their allies rely on nuclear weapons as legitimate security protective hedge for self-defence, efforts to ensure nuclear disarmament will invariably suffer from a fundamental contradiction and credibility deficit. This research, which unravels contemporary discourse on nuclear weapons disarmament, is burdened by the globally entrenched nuclear hegemony by the NWS and the looming danger of nuclear crisis across the world such as North Korea and other “rogue States” unbridled nuclear ambitions. The doctrinal legal research methodology is being used in analysing, synthesising and critiquing the legal and political issues associated with the research. The possession of nuclear weapons and reliance on nuclear deterrence are tangible evidence of nuclear proliferation. The more the world realises the global humanitarian consequences associated with nuclear weapons, the stronger the case and urgent steps needed against them. The nuclear technological threshold is rapidly growing, for political rather than technological purposes. This thesis therefore argues for more effective monitoring and compliance, together with greater enforcement of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament commitments and obligations,especially in accordance with the provisions of the newly emerged Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons(TPNW)for the realisation of the desired objective of a nuclear free world. As part of the research findings, it is clear that any use of nuclear weapons would violate all the principles of International Humanitarian Law including jus ad bellum (when States are compelled to engage in warfare) and jus in bello (rules of engagement in war). This is as a result of the unthinkable humanitarian emergencies, catastrophic global consequences on the environment, climate, health, social order, human development and economic impacts nuclear weapons would potentially cause. According to the 2002 Rome Statute of International Criminal Court provisions, any use of nuclear weapons would amount to genocide (Article 6), crime against humanity (Article 7) and war crime (Article 8). Still from the research findings, both nuclear weapons and nuclear deterrence are arguably described as illegitimate instruments of State policies and they constitute instrumentalities of international lawlessness in the midst of earliest and contemporaneous legal instruments on nuclear disarmament. The fundamental recommendation arising from this research is that all States at all times need to comply with applicable international law on nuclear disarmament in conformity with the International Court of Justice Advisory Opinions on the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons and on the legality of use of nuclear weapons by a State in armed conflict. Significantly, all the Nuclear Weapon States should fulfil their commitments on the 13 practical steps towards disarmament outlined at the 2000 Non-proliferation Treaty Review and Extesion Confenece (NPTREC), for the actualisation of general and complete nuclear disarmament.
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Mhone, Peggy S. "Africa's contribution to the humanitarian approach of nuclear weapons disarmament : Pelindaba Treaty." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5269.
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Magister Administrationis - MAdminThis thesis attempts to assess the role Africa has played to further the humanitarian approach to nuclear weapons disarmament. Particular focus is on the Pelindaba Treaty and whether it has been able to strengthen the call for disarmament based on the humanitarian approach. The findings of this research are that the Pelindaba treaty did contribute indirectly to the strengthening of the humanitarian initiative of nuclear weapons disarmament because the Treaty serves as an important contribution towards the achievement of a world without nuclear weapons, which is the key objective of the humanitarian initiative of nuclear weapons disarmament. In addition, the Pelindaba Treaty has also contributed in strengthening the call for overall nuclear disarmament. This is the case as 53 states signed the treaty to rid the continent of nuclear weapons and any direct threats associated with those weapons. In so doing, it has contributed greatly to disarmament efforts. A nuclear weapons free zone across the continent is a powerful statement about the desire for a nuclear free world. It has provided African states with a foundation for engaging in the humanitarian initiative, as it led to some standardisation of statements/positions. Also, since the inception of the humanitarian approach to disarmament, African states have contributed greatly to the initiative. In terms of numbers, in the three conferences on the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons use that have taken place between 2013 and 2014 (in Oslo, Nayarit and Vienna), it was witnessed that the number of participating African states increased from 34 in the first meeting to 45 in the last meeting. This alone indicates the determination and commitment by these African states to the initiative. Conclusively, this research determined that the Pelindaba Treaty and efforts of African states in general have contributed towards strengthening the call for not only the humanitarian initiative to nuclear weapons disarmament but also to disarmament overall.
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Gouin, Margaret E. "Nuclear law: The applicability of Canadian and related international public law principles to litigating the issue of nuclear weapons in Canadian courts." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5597.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine questions of substantive law raised by the prospect of bringing the issue of nuclear weapons before a Canadian court. First, the history of litigation of nuclear issues since 1945 will be reviewed. Next, the relevant principles of international law will be examined for their application, either direct or indirect, to nuclear weapons issues. Other areas of international public law, such as environmental law, human rights law and international criminal law, will also be examined to see how they may be applied to nuclear weapons. In addition, consideration is given to the effect of such influential aspects of the international system as resolutions of the United Nations and unilateral declarations by states. This is followed by a study of how and when international law can be applied by a domestic court in Canada. The next chapter examines principles of Canadian law which may have an application to the issue of nuclear weapons. The primary sources here are the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Constitution Act, 1982 and the Criminal Code.
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Terry, Patrick. "US-Iran relations in international law since 1979 hostages, oil platforms, nuclear weapons and the use of force." Rangendingen (Hechingen) Libertas, 2008. http://d-nb.info/993662307/04.
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Schaefer, Agnes Gereben Lambright W. Henry. "The role of transnational non-governmental organizations in the disposition of chemical and nuclear weapons in the United States: a comparative analysis." Related Electronic Resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Naidoo, Ramola. "The legal relationship between the United States of America and the United Kingdom with regard to nuclear weapons." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319476.
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El, Jadie Amna. "L'énergie nucléaire et le droit international public." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR1006/document.
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Tous les États sans discrimination ont un droit inaliénable de développer les utilisations de l'énergie nucléaire à des fins civiles, à condition de ne pas détourner ces utilisations pacifiques vers des armes nucléaires. Cependant, il est accordé à cinq pays le droit de posséder ces armes, à savoir les États-Unis, la France, la Russie, la Chine et le Royaume-Uni. Autour de cette position, un vif débat à la fois juridique et éthique a été soulevé. En effet, pour ses opposants, le nucléaire représente un risque durable et non maîtrisable par la science. Les accidents nucléaires majeurs, les déchets radioactifs et le détournement du nucléaire à des fins militaires sont des risques ingérables et d‟une gravité exceptionnelle. En revanche, les défenseurs de cette énergie la présentent comme sûre, voire partie prenante du développement durable. Selon eux, le nucléaire est un moyen fiable de lutter contre le réchauffement climatique et aussi une solution à la pénurie énergétique à laquelle le monde est confronté. En examinant et analysant la fiabilité et la crédibilité de tous les arguments allant à l‟encontre et en faveur de cette industrie, on constate que la licéité et la légitimité du recours à l'énergie nucléaire sont mal fondées. Par conséquent, nous estimons qu‟il est nécessaire de dépasser le nucléaire par la conclusion d'une convention internationale posant l'interdiction progressive mais complète du nucléaireAll states without discrimination have an inalienable right to develop the uses of nuclear energy for civilian purposes, provided they do not divert these peaceful uses to nuclear weapons. However, five states have been granted the right to possess these weapons, that is : United-States, France, Russia, China and United-Kingdom. Around this position a fierce debate, both legal and ethical, has been raised. Indeed for its opponents nuclear represents a persistent risk that is non controllable by science. Major nuclear accidents, radioactive wastes and the use of nuclear for military purposes are unmanageable risks of exceptionnal serious gravity. On the other hand, the proponents of this energy present it as safe, even as part of sustainable development. According to them, nuclear is a reliable means to fight global warming and is also a solution to the energy shortage the world is facing. When analyzing the reliability and the credibility of all arguments for and against this industry, it can be noticed that the lawfulness and legitimacy of the use of nuclear energy are ill-founded. Therefore, we believe there is a need to go beyond nuclear with the conclusion of an international convention dealing with the progressive but comprehensive nuclear ban
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Estoch, Christopher. "Nuclear deterrence : insecurity and the proliferation of nuclear weapons." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1258.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
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Political Science
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Polser, Brian G. "Theater nuclear weapons in Europe : the contemporary debate /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Sep%5FPolser.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Defense Decision-Making and Planning))--Naval Postgraduate School, Sept. 2004.Thesis Advisor(s): Jeffrey Knopf, Peter Lavoy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-117). Also available online.
Books on the topic "Nuclear weapons (International law)"
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Nystuen, Gro, Stuart Casey-Maslen, and Annie Golden Bersagel, eds. Nuclear Weapons under International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107337435.
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S, Pogany Istvan, ed. Nuclear weapons and international law. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987.
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1952-, Pogany Istvan S., ed. Nuclear weapons and international law. Aldershot: Gower, 1987.
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S, Pogany Istvan, ed. Nuclear weapons and international law. Aldershot, Hants, England: Avebury, 1987.
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Edward, McWhinney, ed. Nuclear weapons and contemporary international law. 2nd ed. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1989.
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Delf, George. Humanizing hell!: The law v. nuclear weapons. London: H. Hamilton, 1985.
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Laurence, Boisson de Chazournes, and Sands Philippe 1960-, eds. International law, the World Court and nuclear weapons. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
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Nanda, Ved P. Nuclear weapons and the World Court. Ardsley, N.Y: Transnational, 1998.
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Laurence, Boisson de Chazournes, and Sands Philippe 1960-, eds. International law, the International Court of Justice, and nuclear weapons. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
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G, Weeramantry C. Nuclear weapons and scientific responsibility. Wolfeboro, NH: Longwood Academic, 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Nuclear weapons (International law)"
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Atadjanov, Rustam. "Nuclear Weapons." In International Conflict and Security Law, 337–65. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-515-7_15.
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Graham, Thomas. "U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy and International Law." In At the Nuclear Precipice, 49–55. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230615724_5.
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Falk, Richard. "Nuclear Weapons, War, and the Discipline of International Law." In At the Nuclear Precipice, 225–33. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230615724_16.
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Fleck, Dieter. "Legal Aspects of Nuclear Weapons Doctrines." In Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law - Volume V, 351–91. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-347-4_17.
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Picciotto, Sol. "Nuclear Weapons, State Power and Legitimacy in International Law." In Nuclear Weapons, the Peace Movement and the Law, 3–24. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18200-8_1.
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Deere, Kate. "The Obligations of Nuclear-Weapon States Not to Transfer Nuclear Weapons and Devices (Article I NPT)." In Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law - Volume I, 23–45. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-020-6_2.
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Venturini, Gabriella. "Gender Perspective on Nuclear Weapons and Human Rights." In Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law - Volume IV, 99–115. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-267-5_5.
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Hood, Anna. "Questioning International Nuclear Weapons Law as a Field of Resistance." In Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law - Volume V, 11–30. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-347-4_2.
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Hayashi, Nobuo. "Is the Nuclear Weapons Ban Treaty Accessible to Umbrella States?" In Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law - Volume IV, 377–94. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-267-5_17.
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Magliveras, Konstantinos D. "The Conference on the Establishment of a Middle East Zone Free of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction: Too Little, Too Late?" In Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law - Volume VI, 113–33. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-463-1_4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Nuclear weapons (International law)"
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Sell, D. A., E. A. Howden, K. J. Allen, K. Marsden, B. R. Westphal, H. B. Peacock, N. C. Iyer, D. L. Fisher, T. M. Adams, and R. L. Sindelar. "The Development of Mobile Melt-Dilute Technology for the Treatment of Former Soviet Union Research Reactor Fuel." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49550.
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United States Government funded national security nuclear non-proliferation projects have historically focused on power reactor spent fuel assemblies that contain weapons usable materials. More recently concern and emphasis have been focused on the spent fuel located at the many research reactor facilities spread throughout the Former Soviet Union. The need exists for a mobile system that can be deployed at these research reactors for the purpose of ensuring that the nuclear materials cannot be used for weapons development. On-site application of the Mobile Melt-Dilute (MMD) process offers an economical method for converting weapons usable Former Soviet Union high enriched uranium research reactor fuel to a safe and secure low enriched uranium ingot. The process will generate little waste and will be performed in a sealed canister that will contain all off-gas products generated during the melting process, eliminating the need for an off-gas treatment system. The process is modular, reusable, and readily portable to a desired reactor site or storage location. The storage canisters containing the melted ingot can be configured for compatibility with the fuel storage technologies currently available or returned to Russia for reprocessing under the Russian Research Reactor Fuel Return Program. The objective of the MMD Project is to develop the mobile melt and dilute technology in preparation for active deployment at Russian built and fueled research reactors. The project has just completed conceptual design and is beginning proof of principle experiments and integrated prototype design of the furnace and canister.
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Riley, P. "Policy and Law Relating to Radioactive Waste: International Direction and Human Rights." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4948.
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The anticipated doubling of world demand for electricity over the next fifty years requires that the gift of nuclear energy that has served developed nations over the past half century must not be abandoned. However, the absence of a clear and unequivocal policy regarding the storage and disposal of radioactive waste is seen by a significant section of the public as a threat to their rights and the non-existence of dedicated regulation of radioactive waste based on law has become an obstacle to the development of nuclear energy in Europe and the USA. A European survey of public opinion carried out at the request of the European Commission revealed that three-quarters of the respondents to sixteen thousand interviews believed that ‘all radioactive waste is very dangerous’. The public perception of threat has been fostered by the general lack of appreciation of the cautious system of radiation protection that has evolved from scientific observation and prediction of the risk of cancer from exposure to low level radiation. The concept of collective dose based on the system of radiation protection and applied to accident scenarios with remote possibilities, but in the absence of scientific assessment of the balance afforded by the pragmatism that man applies to everyday risks including the risk of cancer from the ever-present background of natural radiation, has added a measure of dread to the public sense of threat. That dread has been exacerbated by the emergence since September 2001 of the possibility of the use of radioactive waste as a terrorist weapon and for radioactive waste storage facilities to be seen as terrorist targets. International policy has moved from the comprehensive coverage of nuclear regulation with radioactive waste as an integral, but minor player, in the nuclear energy process to particular consideration with radioactive waste requiring specific regulation. This paper identifies the vectors that determine the direction of the policy governing radioactive waste, the moves toward consolidation of international policy separate from the body of existing nuclear law and future direction that will clear the way for a sustained, appropriate use of nuclear energy.
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Hou, Suxia, Jijun Luo, Bin He, Jun Xu, and Rusong Li. "The Treatment of Low-Level Radioactive Wastewater by the Nuclear Weapons Using Ultrasonic Standing Wave Methods." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30532.
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The radiation hazards of radionuclide arising from the storage of nuclear weapons can not be ignored to the operators. Ultrasonic standing wave methods can be considered as the green cleaning separation techniques with high efficiency, and it allows the elimination of many chemical flocculants to reduce radioactive contamination. The application of ultrasonic standing wave methods for liquid radioactive wastes treatment requires solving many problems connected with the proper selection of the frequency and power of ultrasonic transducers, and the processing time, etc. Based on the model of one single suspended radioactive particle subjected to in the field of ultrasonic standing wave, the principle of the treatment of low-level radioactive wastewater by ultrasound was analyzed. The mathematic equation representing the change of the number of the suspended particles was built and calculated. The theoretical results show that under the action of ultrasonic standing wave, the particle will move toward the wave node plane, and the time of particle reaching the plane become shorter when the radius particle and the frequency and power of ultrasound was enlarged. The experimental apparatus for liquid low-level radioactive wastes treatment was designed according to the results of theoretical analysis. The experimental results show that the radioactive concentration of wastewater could be reduced from 400Bq · L−1 to 9.3Bq · L−1 and the decontamination efficiency was 97.68%. The decontamination efficiency could not be obviously improved by further increasing the treating time.
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Pokhitonov, Yury, Vasiliy Babain, Vladislav Kamachev, and Dennis Kelley. "Russia: Results and Prospects of Liquid Solidification Experiments at ROSATOM Sites." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59112.
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Ongoing experimental work has been underway at selected nuclear sites in the Russian State Atomic Energy Corporation (ROSATOM) during the past two years to determine the effectiveness, reliability, application and acceptability of high technology polymers for liquid radioactive waste solidification. The long term project is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Initiatives for Proliferation Prevention (IPP) program. IPP was established in 1994 as a non-proliferation program of DOE / National Nuclear Security Administration and receives its funding each year through Congressional appropriation. The objectives of IPP are: • To engage former Soviet nuclear weapons scientists, engineers and technicians, currently or formerly involved with weapons of mass destruction, in peaceful and sustainable commercial activities. • To identify non-military, commercial applications for former Soviet institute technologies through cooperative projects among former Soviet weapons scientists, U.S. national laboratories and U.S. industry. • To create new technology sources and to provide business opportunities for U.S. companies, while offering commercial opportunities and meaningful employment for former weapons scientists. Argonne National Laboratory provides management oversight for this project. More than 60 former weapons scientists are engaged in this project. With the project moving toward its conclusion in 2012, the emphasis is now on expanding the experimental work to include the sub-sites of Seversk (SCC), Zheleznogorsk (MCC) located in Siberia and Gatchyna (KRI) and applying the polymer technology to actual problematic waste streams as well as to evaluate the prospects for new applications, beyond their current use in the nuclear waste treatment field. Work to date includes over the solidification of over 80 waste streams for the purpose of evaluating all aspects of the polymer’s effectiveness with LLW and ILW complex waste. Waste stream compositions include oil, aqueous, acidic and basic solutions with heavy metals, oil sludge, spent extractants, decontamination solutions, salt sludge, TBP and other complex waste streams. Extensive irradiation evaluation (up to 270 million rad), stability and leach studies, evaporation and absorption capacity tests and gas generation experimentation on tri-butyl phosphate (TBP) waste have been examined. The extensive evaluation of the polymer technology by the lead group, V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute, has resulted in significant discussion about its possible use within the ROSATOM network. At present the focus of work is with its application to legacy LLW and ILW waste streams that exist in a variety of sectors that include power plants, research institutes, weapons sites, submarine decommissioning and many others. As is the case in most countries, new waste treatment technologies first must be verified by the waste generator, and secondly, approved for use by the government regulators responsible for final storage. The polymer technology is the first foreign sorbent product to enter Russia for radioactive waste treatment so it must receive ROSATOM certification by undergoing irradiation, fire / safety and health / safety testing. Experimental work to date has validated the effectiveness of the polymer technology and today the project team is evaluating criteria for final acceptance of the waste form by ROSATOM. The paper will illustrate results of the various experiments that include irradiation of actual solidified samples, gas generation of irradiated samples, chemical stability (cesium leach rate) and thermal stability, oil and aqueous waste stream solidification examples, and volume reduction test data that will determine cost benefits to the waste generator. Throughout the course of this work, it is apparent that the polymer technology is selective in nature; however, it can have broad applicability to problematic waste streams. One such application is the separation and selective recovery of trans-plutonium elements and rare earth elements from standard solutions. Another application is the use of polymers at sites where radioactive liquids are accidently emitted from operations, thus causing the risk of environmental contamination.
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Kelley, Dennis, and Dennis Campbell. "Nochar Technologies for the Solidification of Complex L/ILW Liquid Radioactive Waste: Global Case Studies of Applications and Disposal Options." In ASME 2023 International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2023-58266.
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Abstract Legacy liquid radioactive waste streams from the Cold War still exist and newly generated waste streams from nuclear power plants and research institutes go untreated and expose environmental hazards at many nuclear sites. The nature of the waste is diverse, depending upon the source or the process from which it originated. The most problematic waste streams include complex liquids such as organic (tri-butyl-phosphate TBP) solutions contaminated with Pu and U isotopes, mixed organic and aqueous sludge types, nitric and mixed acid waste streams, H-3 contaminated organic and aqueous streams, etc. Technological, environmental and economic challenges continue to exist for the treatment and disposal of such waste streams. A proven technology since 2001 that has been applied to liquid radioactive waste (LRW) on a global basis provides one option as a low-cost solution to legacy streams, large and small volume complex LRW frequently found during decommissioning and standard operations at nuclear power plants, research institutes, medical waste centers and weapons sites. The engineered polymer technology from Nochar, USA, is capable of solidifying standard and highly complex LLW and ILW waste streams for interim or final storage, or for incineration.
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Andem, Maurice N. "The 40th Anniversary of the 1963 Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Test in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water (1963 NTB)." In 54th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-03-iisl.3.08.
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Field, David P., and Jim Stephens. "Japanese-Russian Arms Reduction Co-Operation Barge Mounted Low Level Liquid Waste Treatment Plant — Suzuran/Landysh." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4867.
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Basic Technical Details: Displacement: 5000 tonnes; Width: 23.2m; Height: 6.6m; Length: 65m; Draught: 3.5m; Processing Throughput: 7000m3/year. In October 1993, the Governments of Japan and the Russian Federation signed an Intergovernmental Agreement to reduce the threat of nuclear weapons in the Former Soviet Union. Towards achieving this goal, the Japanese Government had initially allotted $100 million towards, which was increased to $200 million in 1999. The main objective of the Suzuran project is to process low-level liquid radioactive waste, which has been in storage for some years, and prevent it from being dumped into the seas shared by Japan and Russia. The construction and completion of the Suzuran, in the Russian Far East, is the brainchild of the Japanese Government, and is the first successful international project of its kind in Russia. Suzuran neatly solves the problem of making safe the liquid radioactive waste being derived from general purpose and missile nuclear submarines of the Russian Pacific Fleet as they are decommissioned and dismantled. The project was administered by the Technical Secretariat of the Japan-Russia Committee for Co-operation on Reducing Nuclear Weapons, who appointed Crown Agents as their agent and RWE NUKEM as their Technical Consultants to manage the project on a day to day basis and oversee the tender, construction and commissioning. This project is unique and complex in that it is, in reality, two projects. Firstly, the construction of a sea-going barge and, secondly, the construction of a complex radioactive liquid waste processing facility. Changes in the Russian Radiation Regulations during the course of the project, required the design to be altered significantly; for example, the facility had to be mounted within the structure of the vessel. Numerous regulators, design and testing institutes were involved throughout the project, to ensure it complied with both Russian and International regulations. Suzuran is the only floating complex that can operate independently for up to 30 days away from base. It is also exceptional in having the greatest throughput capacity of any project of its type and in being fully actively commissioned and licensed to operate, as part of the original contract. Other similar projects, which have a lower throughput and are land-based, have been handed over prior to completion of active commissioning. The international project was particularly complex since it involved not only Japan and Russia but also a Japanese-American contractor, who subcontracted the construction work to Russian shipyards. The Amurski Shipyard at Komsomolsk-na-Amur constructed the Vessel and the processing Facility was constructed in America and shipped to Russia where it was installed on the Barge. The Barge was then towed down the Amur River and down the Russian East Coast to Bolshoi Kamen where it was inactively and actively commissioned. The completed Barge was completed and is now operating, following a one-year warranty period. The project required everyone’s close co-operation and understanding. Particularly onerous was the need to comply with comprehensive Russian regulations, both for sea-going vessels as well as for nuclear facilities. This is a success story in itself. The official Handover ceremony of Suzuran was held in November 2000 and is now operating at the Far Eastern Shipyard, Zvezda. This paper will describe the history and process involved in establishing the Barge project for the treatment of Low Level Liquid Radioactive Waste.
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Dacheux, N., A. C. Thomas, V. Brandel, M. Genet, P. Le Coustumer, and R. Podor. "Immobilization of Plutonium and Actinides in the Thorium Phosphate Diphosphate Ceramic." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1315.
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Abstract Thorium Phosphate-Diphosphate (TPD) can be considered as a potential matrix for the immobilization of actinides and especially for the plutonium coming from dismantled nuclear weapons. The capability of this solid to form solid solutions by substitution of thorium by tetravalent uranium, neptunium or plutonium is rather high. The synthesis of sintered pellets of thorium-uranium(IV) phosphate-diphosphate was successfully performed. Their density reached 95–99% of the value calculated from XRD data. The open and closed porosities were equal to 2–3% each. The resistance of the TPD and derivative solid solutions to aqueous corrosion are also very good. Leaching tests of powdered samples containing tetravalent plutonium or uranium showed that the normalized dissolution rate remained low (between 10−5 and 10−6 g/(m2.d)) even in acidic media. For tetravalent actinides, the saturation of the leachate seems to be controlled by the precipitation of the thorium phosphate-hydrogenphosphate hydrate which solubility product was found to be KS,0°* = 10−66.6 ± 1. This very low value allows a supplementary delay of the actinides migration in the hypothesis of their release in the leachate from the matrix.
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Balkey, J. J., J. F. Kleinsteuber, and R. E. Wieneke. "Successful Implementation of a Behavioral Safety Program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory Plutonium Facility." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4592.
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Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is one of two design laboratories in the United States Department of Energy (DOE) weapons complex, with over 60 years of experience in handling hazardous and radioactive materials. Actinide research and development are performed in two nuclear facilities. The Plutonium Facility has been in operation since 1978, and the Chemistry and Metallurgy Research (CMR) Facility was built in 1952. The Nuclear Materials Technology (NMT) Division is responsible for operating both facilities in a safe and environmentally sound manner. At these NMT Division nuclear facilities, the primary hazards that are associated with chemicals and radioactive materials are well controlled, with minimal risk to the workforce and the public. Most workforce injuries are physical or ergonomic in nature. In an effort to increase safety awareness and to decrease accidents and incidents, a program focusing on identifying and eliminating unsafe behaviors was initiated. This process is named ATOMICS (for Allowing Timely Observations Measures Increased Commitment to Safety). Workers are trained on how to conduct safety observations of one another and given guidance on specific behaviors to note. Observations are structured to have minimal impact on the workload and are shared by the entire workforce. This program has effectively decreased an already low accident rate and will make long-term sustainability possible. The behavior-based safety process engages the workforce in the implementation and utilization of their own safety initative. The process is based on the simple act of having workers observe other workers and provide feedback on safe and at-risk behaviors. Observations typically take 10 to 15 minutes. Observations are strictly conducted under the conditions that no names are used and no blame is placed. A prospective observer takes 2 days of training on how to perform observations. To date, this behavioral safety program has been effective in further reducing the low accident/injury rate for the division. Most of the division’s workforce has taken observer training, and about half of those trained perform approximately 2500 observations per year on work conducted in NMT Division nuclear facilities.
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FITZPATRICK, MARK. "BUILDING A WALL BETWEEN NUCLEAR POWER AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS." In International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies 40th Session. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814289139_0042.
Full textReports on the topic "Nuclear weapons (International law)"
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Einhorn, Robert, Dina Esfandiary, Anton Khlopkov, Grégoire Mallard, and Andreas Persbo. From the Iran nuclear deal to a Middle East Zone? Lessons from the JCPOA for the ME WMDFZ. Edited by Chen Zak and Farzan Sabet. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmdfz/2021/jcpoa1.
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The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) explicitly states that it “should not be considered as setting precedents for any other state or for fundamental principles of international law.” However, its unique negotiations process, provisions, and implementation created an important set of tools that could provide valuable insights and lessons for a Middle East Weapons of mass Destruction Free Zone (ME WMDFZ). Understanding these tools in a regional context based on the JCPOA experience could provide ME WMDFZ negotiators and researchers important additional tools, ideas, and lessons learned on the road toward negotiating a Zone treaty. This series explores lessons from the JCPOA for the ME WMDFZ through essays focusing on five key themes, including the Iran nuclear deal’s negotiating process, structure and format; nuclear fuel cycle activities and research; safeguards and verification; nuclear cooperation; and compliance and enforcement.
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Raju, Nivedita, and Laura Bruun. Integrating Gender Perspectives into International Humanitarian Law. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/qilu7567.
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International humanitarian law (IHL) aims to limit the impacts of armed conflict through rules and protections. However, while IHL seemingly accords protection to ‘all persons’, it may fail to do so, especially on the basis of gender. In turn, failure to include gender perspectives in IHL can result in inaccurate assessments of civilian harm. This paper explores the missing gender perspectives in IHL and proposes that they be integrated with intersectional considerations. The paper first examines inherent gender bias in the wording of certain IHL rules, highlighting several issues including gender essentialism, limited distinction between sex and gender, and the need to overcome a binary approach to gender to ensure adequate protections for the LGBTQIA+ community. The paper also examines key rules of IHL which are particularly sensitive to bias in interpretation and application, including certain rules on weapons, the rules guiding the conduct of hostilities, and obligations to provide legal advice and legal training to the armed forces. Finally, the paper concludes with action points to more effectively integrate intersectional gender perspectives into IHL.
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Lewis, Dustin. Three Pathways to Secure Greater Respect for International Law concerning War Algorithms. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/wwxn5790.
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Existing and emerging applications of artificial intelligence in armed conflicts and other systems reliant upon war algorithms and data span diverse areas. Natural persons may increasingly depend upon these technologies in decisions and activities related to killing combatants, destroying enemy installations, detaining adversaries, protecting civilians, undertaking missions at sea, conferring legal advice, and configuring logistics. In intergovernmental debates on autonomous weapons, a normative impasse appears to have emerged. Some countries assert that existing law suffices, while several others call for new rules. Meanwhile, the vast majority of efforts by States to address relevant systems focus by and large on weapons, means, and methods of warfare. Partly as a result, the broad spectrum of other far-reaching applications is rarely brought into view. One normatively grounded way to help identify and address relevant issues is to elaborate pathways that States, international organizations, non-state parties to armed conflict, and others may pursue to help secure greater respect for international law. In this commentary, I elaborate on three such pathways: forming and publicly expressing positions on key legal issues, taking measures relative to their own conduct, and taking steps relative to the behavior of others. None of these pathways is sufficient in itself, and there are no doubt many others that ought to be pursued. But each of the identified tracks is arguably necessary to ensure that international law is — or becomes — fit for purpose. By forming and publicly expressing positions on relevant legal issues, international actors may help clarify existing legal parameters, pinpoint salient enduring and emerging issues, and detect areas of convergence and divergence. Elaborating legal views may also help foster greater trust among current and potential adversaries. To be sure, in recent years, States have already fashioned hundreds of statements on autonomous weapons. Yet positions on other application areas are much more difficult to find. Further, forming and publicly expressing views on legal issues that span thematic and functional areas arguably may help States and others overcome the current normative stalemate on autonomous weapons. Doing so may also help identify — and allocate due attention and resources to — additional salient thematic and functional areas. Therefore, I raise a handful of cross-domain issues for consideration. These issues touch on things like exercising human agency, reposing legally mandated evaluative decisions in natural persons, and committing to engage only in scrutable conduct. International actors may also take measures relative to their own conduct. To help illustrate this pathway, I outline several such existing measures. In doing so, I invite readers to inventory and peruse these types of steps in order to assess whether the nature or character of increasingly complex socio-technical systems reliant upon war algorithms and data may warrant revitalized commitments or adjustments to existing measures — or, perhaps, development of new ones. I outline things like enacting legislation necessary to prosecute alleged perpetrators of grave breaches, making legal advisers available to the armed forces, and taking steps to prevent abuses of the emblem. Finally, international actors may take measures relative to the conduct of others. To help illustrate this pathway, I outline some of the existing steps that other States, international organizations, and non-state parties may take to help secure respect for the law by those undertaking the conduct. These measures may include things like addressing matters of legal compliance by exerting diplomatic pressure, resorting to penal sanctions to repress violations, conditioning or refusing arms transfers, and monitoring the fate of transferred detainees. Concerning military partnerships in particular, I highlight steps such as conditioning joint operations on a partner’s compliance with the law, planning operations jointly in order to prevent violations, and opting out of specific operations if there is an expectation that the operations would violate applicable law. Some themes and commitments cut across these three pathways. Arguably, respect for the law turns in no small part on whether natural persons can and will foresee, understand, administer, and trace the components, behaviors, and effects of relevant systems. It may be advisable, moreover, to institute ongoing cross-disciplinary education and training as well as the provision of sufficient technical facilities for all relevant actors, from commanders to legal advisers to prosecutors to judges. Further, it may be prudent to establish ongoing monitoring of others’ technical capabilities. Finally, it may be warranted for relevant international actors to pledge to engage, and to call upon others to engage, only in armed-conflict-related conduct that is sufficiently attributable, discernable, and scrutable.
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Hill, Steven. NATO and the treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons. Royal Institute of International Affairs, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784134419.
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The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) entered into force on 22 January 2021. As part of a project examining NATO obligations and how they interact with nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament law and policy, this paper focuses on what the entry into force of the TPNW should mean for members of the NATO Alliance. NATO has long maintained a strong unified position in opposition to the new treaty, meaning that under current circumstances it is unlikely that any NATO member will join the TPNW. But the reality for NATO, its members and partners is that the TPNW is now here to stay. There is a risk that if the Alliance maintains an intense focus on opposing the TPNW, this may obscure NATO’s broader long-standing commitment to global nuclear disarmament, and may undermine the potential for NATO and supporters of the TPNW to work together to advance the common goal of nuclear disarmament.
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Walter, Andrew. Leveraging U.S. nuclear weapons policy to advance U.S. nonproliferation goals : implications of major theories of international relations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/985496.
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Unal, Beyza, Julia Cournoyer, Calum Inverarity, and Yasmin Afina. Uncertainty and complexity in nuclear decision-making. Royal Institute of International Affairs, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784135157.
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Complex systems modelling is already implemented in critical policy areas such as climate change and health. It could also play an important role in the nuclear weapons sphere – by opening alternative pathways that may help mitigate risks of confrontation and escalation – but such modelling has yet to be fully embraced by policymakers in this community. By applying a complexity lens, policy- and decision-makers at all stages along the nuclear chain of command might better understand how their actions could have significant consequences for international security and peace. Nuclear decision-making is shaped by, and interacts with, the ever-changing international security environment and nuclear weapons policy. Tackling problems in the nuclear weapons policy field requires the implementation of ‘system of systems’ design principles, mathematical modelling approaches and multidisciplinary analysis. This research paper presents nuclear weapons decision-making as a complex endeavour, with individual decisions being influenced by multiple factors such as reasoning, intuition (gut feeling), biases and system-level noise. At a time of crisis, these factors may combine to cause risks of escalation. The authors draw on past examples of near nuclear use to examine decision-making in the nuclear context as a ‘wicked problem’, with multi-layered, interacting and constantly fluctuating elements.
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Brandt, William C. Preemption, "Red Lines", and International Law: The Legality of the 2002 National Security Strategy and a Nuclear North Korea. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada449368.
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Shiotani, Himayu, Savannah De Tessieres, and Sebastian Wilkin. Weapons and Ammunition Management Country Insight: Niger. UNIDIR, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/caap/20/wam/14.
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UNIDIR defines WAM in a comprehensive manner covering the oversight, accountability and governance of arms and ammunition throughout their management cycle, including establishment of relevant national frameworks, processes and practices for the safe and secure production and acquisition of materiel, stockpiling, transfers, end use control, tracing and disposal. This holistic approach is essential in ensuring that efforts to better regulate arms and ammunition are undertaken in alignment with broader security sector, rule of law, armed violence reduction, counter-terrorism, and peacebuilding processes, and not in isolation. Research emphasis is placed on national and regional approaches to WAM in pursuit of a national and regionally owned process, and to support a ‘bottom-up’ and evidence-based approach. This series of WAM Country Insights will help promote knowledge, and raise visibility and awareness on the WAM context, progress made, and areas for enhancement in the African States that have conducted WAM baseline assessments with support from UNIDIR. It aims to serve as a reference for donors and international partners providing assistance and technical support for improving weapons and ammunition frameworks in the relevant country. The launch of the series will begin on 29 October 2020 and lead to the UNIDIR-AU Regional WAM Lessons Learned Seminars, to be held in November and December.
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Shiotani, Himayu, and Mike Lewis. Weapons and Ammunition Management Country Insight: Nigeria. UNIDIR, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/caap/20/wam/12.
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UNIDIR defines WAM in a comprehensive manner covering the oversight, accountability and governance of arms and ammunition throughout their management cycle, including establishment of relevant national frameworks, processes and practices for the safe and secure production and acquisition of materiel, stockpiling, transfers, end use control, tracing and disposal. This holistic approach is essential in ensuring that efforts to better regulate arms and ammunition are undertaken in alignment with broader security sector, rule of law, armed violence reduction, counter-terrorism, and peacebuilding processes, and not in isolation. Research emphasis is placed on national and regional approaches to WAM in pursuit of a national and regionally owned process, and to support a ‘bottom-up’ and evidence-based approach. This series of WAM Country Insights will help promote knowledge, and raise visibility and awareness on the WAM context, progress made, and areas for enhancement in the African States that have conducted WAM baseline assessments with support from UNIDIR. It aims to serve as a reference for donors and international partners providing assistance and technical support for improving weapons and ammunition frameworks in the relevant country. The launch of the series will begin on 29 October 2020 and lead to the UNIDIR-AU Regional WAM Lessons Learned Seminars, to be held in November and December.
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Seethaler, Franziska, and Himayu Shiotani. Weapons and Ammunition Management Country Insight: Liberia. UNIDIR, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/caap/20/wam/13.
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UNIDIR defines WAM in a comprehensive manner covering the oversight, accountability and governance of arms and ammunition throughout their management cycle, including establishment of relevant national frameworks, processes and practices for the safe and secure production and acquisition of materiel, stockpiling, transfers, end use control, tracing and disposal. This holistic approach is essential in ensuring that efforts to better regulate arms and ammunition are undertaken in alignment with broader security sector, rule of law, armed violence reduction, counter-terrorism, and peacebuilding processes, and not in isolation. Research emphasis is placed on national and regional approaches to WAM in pursuit of a national and regionally owned process, and to support a ‘bottom-up’ and evidence-based approach. This series of WAM Country Insights will help promote knowledge, and raise visibility and awareness on the WAM context, progress made, and areas for enhancement in the African States that have conducted WAM baseline assessments with support from UNIDIR. It aims to serve as a reference for donors and international partners providing assistance and technical support for improving weapons and ammunition frameworks in the relevant country. The launch of the series will begin on 29 October 2020 and lead to the UNIDIR-AU Regional WAM Lessons Learned Seminars, to be held in November and December.