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Journal articles on the topic 'Nucleons'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 May 2024

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1

Park, Chanyong, and Jung Hun Lee. "Nucleon form factors in the nuclear medium." International Journal of Modern Physics A 33, no. 02 (January 20, 2018): 1850016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x18500161.

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By using the AdS/CFT correspondence, we investigate various form factors between nucleons and mesons in a nuclear medium. In order to describe a nuclear medium holographically, we take into account the thermal charged AdS geometry with an appropriate IR cutoff. After introducing an anomalous dimension as a free parameter, we investigate how the nucleon’s mass is affected by the change of the anomalous dimension. Moreover, we study how the form factors of nucleons rely on the properties of the nuclear medium. We show that in a nuclear medium with different numbers of proton and neutron, the degenerated nucleon form factor in the vacuum is split into four different values depending on the isospin charges of nucleon and meson.

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2

MAO, G., H. STÖCKER, and W. GREINER. "RELATIVISTIC HARTREE APPROACH INCLUDING BOTH POSITIVE- AND NEGATIVE-ENERGY BOUND STATES." International Journal of Modern Physics E 08, no. 04 (August 1999): 389–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301399000288.

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We develop a relativistic model to describe the bound states of positive energy and negative energy in finite nuclei at the same time. Instead of searching for the negative-energy solution of the nucleon's Dirac equation, we solve the Dirac equations for the nucleon and the anti-nucleon simultaneously. The single-particle energies of negative-energy nucleons are obtained through changing the sign of the single-particle energies of positive-energy anti-nucleons. The contributions of the Dirac sea to the source terms of the meson fields are evaluated by means of the derivative expansion up to the leading derivative order for the one-meson loop and one-nucleon loop. After refitting the parameters of the model to the properties of spherical nuclei, the results of positive-energy sector are similar to that calculated within the commonly used relativistic mean field theory under the no-sea approximation. However, the bound levels of negative-energy nucleons vary drastically when the vacuum contributions are taken into account. It implies that the negative-energy spectra deserve a sensitive probe to the effective interactions in addition to the positive-energy spectra.

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3

Cai, T., M. L. Moore, A. Olivier, S. Akhter, Z. Ahmad Dar, V. Ansari, M. V. Ascencio, et al. "Measurement of the axial vector form factor from antineutrino–proton scattering." Nature 614, no. 7946 (February 1, 2023): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05478-3.

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AbstractScattering of high energy particles from nucleons probes their structure, as was done in the experiments that established the non-zero size of the proton using electron beams1. The use of charged leptons as scattering probes enables measuring the distribution of electric charges, which is encoded in the vector form factors of the nucleon2. Scattering weakly interacting neutrinos gives the opportunity to measure both vector and axial vector form factors of the nucleon, providing an additional, complementary probe of their structure. The nucleon transition axial form factor, FA, can be measured from neutrino scattering from free nucleons, νμn → μ−p and $${\bar{\nu }}_{\mu }p\to {\mu }^{+}n$$ ν ¯ μ p → μ + n , as a function of the negative four-momentum transfer squared (Q2). Up to now, FA(Q2) has been extracted from the bound nucleons in neutrino–deuterium scattering3–9, which requires uncertain nuclear corrections10. Here we report the first high-statistics measurement, to our knowledge, of the $${\bar{\nu }}_{\mu }\,p\to {\mu }^{+}n$$ ν ¯ μ p → μ + n cross-section from the hydrogen atom, using the plastic scintillator target of the MINERvA11 experiment, extracting FA from free proton targets and measuring the nucleon axial charge radius, rA, to be 0.73 ± 0.17 fm. The antineutrino–hydrogen scattering presented here can access the axial form factor without the need for nuclear theory corrections, and enables direct comparisons with the increasingly precise lattice quantum chromodynamics computations12–15. Finally, the tools developed for this analysis and the result presented are substantial advancements in our capabilities to understand the nucleon structure in the weak sector, and also help the current and future neutrino oscillation experiments16–20 to better constrain neutrino interaction models.

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4

FRANKFURT, LEONID, and MARK STRIKMAN. "QCD AND QED DYNAMICS IN THE EMC EFFECT." International Journal of Modern Physics E 21, no. 04 (April 2012): 1230002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301312300020.

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Applying exact QCD sum rules for the baryon charge and energy–momentum conservation we demonstrate that if the only degrees of freedom in nuclei were nucleons, the structure function of a nucleus would be the additive sum of the nucleon distributions at the same Bjorken x = AQ2/2(pA⋅q)≤0.5 up to very small Fermi motion corrections if 1/2mN x is significantly less than the nucleus radius. Hence QCD implies that the proper quantity to reveal violation of the additivity due to presence of nonnucleonic degrees of freedom in nuclei is the ratio RA(x, Q2) = (2/A)F2A(x, Q2)/F2D(x, Q2). Use of variable xp = Q2/2q0mp in the experimental studies instead of x leads to the deviation of RA(xp, Q2) from one even if the nucleus would consist only of nucleons with small momenta. Implementation of QCD dynamics accounts in the case of the light nuclei for at least a half of the deviation of RA(xp, Q2) from one for x≤0.55. In the case of heavy nuclei account of the QCD dynamics and of light-cone momentum fraction carried by Fermi, Weizsacker, Williams equivalent photons are responsible for ≈ one half the deviation of RA(x, Q2) from one at x≤0.55. We argue that direct observation of large and predominantly nucleonic short-range correlations (SRCs) in nuclei impacts strongly on the understanding of the EMC effect for x≥0.6 posing a serious challenge for most of the proposed models of the EMC effect. The data are consistent with a scenario in which the hadronic EMC effect reflects suppression of rare quark–gluon configurations in nucleons belonging to SRC appears to be the only viable. The dynamic realization of this scenario is presented in which quantum fluctuations of the nucleon wave function with x≥0.5 parton have a weaker interaction with nearby nucleons, leading to suppression of such configurations in bound nucleons and to the significant suppression of nucleon Fermi motion effects at x≥0.55 giving a right magnitude of the EMC effect. Implications of discussed effects for the analyses of the neutron structure function and nuclear parton distributions are presented. The directions for the future studies and challenging questions are outlined.

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5

COOK, NORMAN D. "THE PROBLEM OF THE MEAN FREE PATH OF BOUND NUCLEONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NUCLEAR FORCE." Modern Physics Letters A 05, no. 20 (August 20, 1990): 1531–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773239000175x.

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The mean-free-path (MFP) of bound nucleons is one of the classic problems in nuclear structure theory. Although it has often been asserted that the MFP is “long”, theoretical estimates and empirical evidence consistently show that the MFP of low-energy nucleons is less than two nucleao diameters (2–3 fm) and far shorter than the several nuclear diameters (>30 fm) needed to establish nucleons in intra-nuclear orbits. Such results indicate that the nucleon states known from nuclear spectroscopy must be explained by a version of the independent-particle model which does not require the free orbiting of nucleons within nuclei.

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6

Marimuthu, N., R. Prajapati, M. K. Singh, V. Singh, and S. S. R. Inbanathan. "Study of relativistic charged particles production in 84Kr36 emulsion interactions ∼1GeV per nucleon with wounded nucleon model." International Journal of Modern Physics E 28, no. 08 (August 2019): 1950058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301319500587.

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The experimental results on the multiplicity and probability distribution of the emitted charged pions [Formula: see text] in the interactions of [Formula: see text]Kr[Formula: see text] projectile at around 1[Formula: see text]GeV per nucleon with nuclear emulsion targets are reported. In this work, we have employed a wounded nucleon model (WNM) to calculate the total number of wounded nucleons [Formula: see text] and the total number of interactions [Formula: see text]. The dependence of average multiplicities of produced relativistic charged particles on the calculated wounded nucleons and total interactions are investigated. The obtained results revealed that the average multiplicity of [Formula: see text] is dependent on the projectile and target mass number. The calculated values of the total number of wounded nucleons and the total numbers of interactions show a strong dependence on the mass of the colliding nuclei. The emission rate of the mean multiplicity of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] linearly increases with increasing the total number of wounded nucleons and interactions.

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7

Chen, Wendi, Hairui Guo, Weili Sun, Tao Ye, Yinlu Han, and Qingbiao Shen. "Microscopic optical potentials for Li isotopes." EPJ Web of Conferences 239 (2020): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023903016.

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The microscopic optical potentials for Li isotopes (A=6,7) without free parameter are obtained by folding the microscopic optical potentials of their internal nucleons with density distributions generated from corresponding internal wave functions of Li isotopes. An isospin-dependent nucleon microscopic optical potential based on the Skyrme nucleon-nucleon effective interaction is used as the nucleon optical potential. Shell model is employed to construct the internal wave functions of Li isotopes and derive their density distributions of internal nucleons. The Li microscopic optical potentials are used to calculate the elastic-scattering angular distributions and reaction cross sections. The results reproduce experimental data well and are comparable to those calculated by phenomenological optical model potentials in many cases.

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8

SOOD, AMAN D., and RAJEEV K. PURI. "THE STUDY OF PARTICIPANT-SPECTATOR MATTER AND COLLISION DYNAMICS IN HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 15, no. 04 (June 2006): 899–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301306004685.

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We present the simulations of heavy-ion collisions in terms of participant-spectator matter. We find that this matter depends crucially on the collision dynamics and history of the nucleons. The important changes in the momentum space are due to the binary nucleon-nucleon collisions experienced during the high dense phase. This was otherwise not possible with mean field alone. The collisions push the colliding nucleons into midrapidity region responsible for the formation of participant matter. This ultimately leads to thermalization in heavy-ion collisions.

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9

JAIN, ANUPRIYA, and SUNEEL KUMAR. "PHASE SPACE ANALYSIS ON ORIGIN OF ANISOTROPIC FLOW." International Journal of Modern Physics E 21, no. 08 (August 2012): 1250071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301312500711.

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Using the isospin dependent quantum molecular dynamics model, we study the phase space distribution of the nucleons coming from participant matter that are contributing in flow. The distribution of nucleons and fragments is not symmetric around the beam axis. Our study shows that the nucleon which suffer maximum number of collisions are contributing in anisotropic flow.

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10

MAO, G., J. GONG, H. STÖCKER, and W. GREINER. "ENERGY SPECTRA OF ANTI-NUCLEONS IN FINITE NUCLEI." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 08n09 (April 10, 2005): 2014–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05023864.

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The quantum vacuum in a many-body system of finite nuclei has been investigated within the relativistic Hartree approach which describes the bound states of nucleons and anti-nucleons consistently. The contributions of the Dirac sea to the source terms of the meson-field equations are taken into account up to the one-nucleon loop and one-meson loop. The tensor couplings for the ω- and ρ-meson are included in the model. The overall nucleon spectra of shell-model states are in agreement with the data. The calculated anti-nucleon spectra in the vacuum differ about 20 – 30 MeV with and without the tensor-coupling effects.

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11

HORA, HEINRICH. "From laser produced Debye layers in plasma to a theory of nuclear forces and quark-gluon plasmas." Laser and Particle Beams 24, no. 1 (March 2006): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034606060071.

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A new theory for the nuclear forces for confining the nucleons in a nucleus was derived from a generalization of the Debye layer as known from the plasma ablation at laser irradiation where the temperature is substituted by the Fermi energy of the statistics of nucleons. The first convincing proof is by using the empirical density of the nucleons defining their Fermi energy to arrive at a Debye length of about 3 fm as measured by Hofstadter for the decay of the nucleon density at the surface of heavy nuclei. Taking then the surface tension of plasmas with the same steps of substituting temperature by Fermi energy, the surface energy of nuclei is always too small against the nucleon enthalpy to confine the nucleons until equilibrium is reduced at about such high densities reproducing the well known radii of nuclei. The Hofstadter decay can be interpreted as the inhomogeneous wave of the nucleons by Wigner scattering at the nuclear surface similar to the Goos-Haenchen effect. By this way, nuclei are possible only until uranium or curium by a Boltzmann equilibrium process explaining the endothermic generation of heavy nuclei. At about six times higher nucleon density, the Fermi statistics changes into its relativistic branch resulting in a surface energy always smaller than before, and the mass and density independence indicates that one cannot distinguish between the state as in a neutron star or as a quark-gluon plasma. The steps from the ablation of laser produced plasma via a quantum theory of the surface tension in metals to the new nuclear force theory are explained. A consideration of the magic numbers indicates a quark-shell structure of nuclei.

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12

Kaur, Kamaldeep, and Suneel Kumar. "On the rapidity distribution of nucleons participating in elliptical flow at intermediate energies." Modern Physics Letters A 32, no. 01 (December 15, 2016): 1750001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732317500018.

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The distribution of nucleons participating in elliptical flow is studied for the reactions of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] using isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics (IQMD) model for various centrality ranges and over the wide range of intermediate energy. Our findings reveal that the sigma (width) of rapidity distribution obtained varies with mass of colliding system at a given energy. The peak of rapidity distribution decreases with decrease in the mass of colliding nuclei. Transition energy as well as width of rapidity distribution depends on the mass of fragment for a given centrality. Influence of isospin dependent symmetry energy and nucleon–nucleon cross-section can be studied using rapidity distribution. Second transition energy depends on the mass of the fragment. Rotational phenomenon of nucleons can be observed for nucleons participating in elliptical flow.

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13

Kistryn, St, and E. Stephan. "Polarization Observables in Few-Nucleon Scattering." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 40 (January 2016): 1660072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194516600727.

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Systems composed of a few nucleons are subject of experimental studies for many years with the aim to gain precise information on the interaction between nucleons. Intermediate energies, below the threshold for pion production, deserve special attention: it is a region where comparison with exact theoretical calculations is possible, while the sensitivity to various aspects of interaction, like subtle effects of the dynamics beyond the pairwise nucleon-nucleon force, is significant. In addition to differential cross section, the observables related to nuclear polarization are studied, like vector and tensor analyzing powers, spin-correlation coefficients or polarization transfer coefficients. A brief survey of results of recent studies in few-nucleon systems is given.

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14

SHANENKO, A. A., A. S. SHUMOVSKY, and V. I. YUKALOV. "SIX-QUARK CLUSTERS IN NUCLEAR MATTER AT LOW TEMPERATURES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 04, no. 09 (May 20, 1989): 2235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x89000893.

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The two-phase system consisting of nucleons and six-quark clusters is investigated. The interaction between nucleons and six-quarks is represented by a sum of the Fermi and Yukawa potentials. The temperature behavior of nucleon and six-quark concentrations versus density is found. It is shown that with a normal nuclear density, six-quark clusters may amount to about 10%, which is in agreement with experiment.

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15

Selyugin, Oleg. "Electromagnetic and gravitomagnetic structure and radii of nucleons." EPJ Web of Conferences 222 (2019): 03018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201922203018.

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Taking into account the PDFs, obtained by different Collaborations, the momentum transfer dependenceof GPDs of the nucleons is obtained. The calculated electromagnetic and gravitomagnetic form factors ofnucleons are used for the description of different form factors and the nucleons elastic scattering in a wide energy and momentum transfer region with a minimum number of fitting parameters. The electromagnetic and gravitomagnetic radii of the nucleon are calculated using the obtained momentum transfer dependence of GPDs with different forms of PDFs obtained by different Collaborations. The comparison of the calculations, taking into account the PDFs obtained by different Collaborations, of ean square electromagnetic and gravitomagnetic radii of nucleons is made.

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16

VEGA, ALFREDO, IVAN SCHMIDT, THOMAS GUTSCHE, and VALERY E. LYUBOVITSKIJ. "NUCLEON RESONANCES AND GPDS IN AdS/QCD." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 26 (January 2014): 1460066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514600660.

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We discuss an holographic soft wall model to describe nucleon properties. We pay special attention to nucleon spectrum, GPDs in the skewness case for nucleons and electroproduction of the N (1440) Roper resonance in soft-wall AdS/QCD.

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17

MA, BO-QIANG. "EFFECT DUE TO COMPOSITENESS OF NUCLEONS IN DEEP INELASTIC LEPTON NUCLEUS SCATTERING." International Journal of Modern Physics E 01, no. 04 (December 1992): 809–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301392000345.

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The off-shell behaviors of bound nucleons in deep inelastic lepton nucleus scattering are discussed in two scenarios with the basic constituents chosen to be baryon-mesons and quark-gluons respectively in light-cone formalism. It is found that when taking into account the effect due to internal quark structure of nucleons, the derived scaling variable for bound nucleons and the calculated nuclear structure functions are different from those in considering the baryon-mesons as the effective elementary constituents. This implies that the pure baryon-meson descriptions of nuclei give the inaccurate off-shell behavior of the bound nucleon structure function, thereby the quark-gluons seem to be the most appropriate degrees of freedom for nuclear descriptions.

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18

Otsuka, Takaharu. "Emerging Concepts in Nuclear Structure Based on the Shell Model." Physics 4, no. 1 (February 22, 2022): 258–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physics4010018.

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Some emerging concepts of nuclear structure are overviewed. (i) Background: the many-body quantum structure of atomic nucleus, a complex system comprising protons and neutrons (called nucleons collectively), has been studied largely based on the idea of the quantum liquid (à la Landau), where nucleons are quasiparticles moving in a (mean) potential well, with weak “residual” interactions between nucleons. The potential is rigid in general, although it can be anisotropic. While this view was a good starting point, it is time to look into kaleidoscopic aspects of the nuclear structure brought in by underlying dynamics and nuclear forces. (ii) Methods: exotic features as well as classical issues are investigated from fresh viewpoints based on the shell model and nucleon–nucleon interactions. The 70-year progress of the shell–model approach, including effective nucleon–nucleon interactions, enables us to do this. (iii) Results: we go beyond the picture of the solid potential well by activating the monopole interactions of the nuclear forces. This produces notable consequences in key features such as the shell/magic structure, the shape deformation, the dripline, etc. These consequences are understood with emerging concepts such as shell evolution (including type-II), T-plot, self-organization (for collective bands), triaxial-shape dominance, new dripline mechanism, etc. The resulting predictions and analyses agree with experiment. (iv) Conclusion: atomic nuclei are surprisingly richer objects than initially thought.

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19

MA, BO-QIANG. "THE EMC EFFECT IN A NUCLEONIC DESCRIPTION." Modern Physics Letters A 06, no. 01 (January 10, 1991): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732391002578.

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Deep inelastic lepton-nucleus scattering is treated by considering the nucleus as a bound system of nucleons based on the light-cone quantum field theory. This method has the advantages that the impulse approximation is justified and that baryon number conservation is guaranteed. However, the ambiguities in identifying the structure function for bound nucleons in the conventional nucleonic approach seem not to have been avoided. It is also shown that a consistent calculation gives an unreasonably large Q2 dependence in the calculated nuclear structure function if one makes the most natural assumption to identify the off-"energy"-shell structure function for bound nucleons.

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20

Kalzhigitov, N., V. O. Kurmangaliyeva, N. Zh Takibayev, and V. S. Vasilevsky. "Resonance Structure of 8Be within the Two-Cluster Resonating Group Method." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 68, no. 1 (March 12, 2023): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe68.1.3.

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A microscopic two-cluster model is applied to study the elastic alpha-alpha scattering and the resonance structure of 8Be. The model is an algebraic version of the Resonating Group Method (RGM), which involves the complete set of oscillator functions to expand the wave function of a two-cluster system. The interaction of nucleons inside each cluster and the interaction between clusters are determined by the well-known semirealistic nucleon-nucleon potentials which are employed in calculations. They differ by a size of the core at small distances between nucleons and realize the strong, moderate, and weak cores. They allow us to study dependence of calculated quantities on the shape of a nucleon-nucleon potential. The detailed analysis of resonance wave functions is carried out in the oscillator, coordinate, and momentum spaces. Effects of the Pauli principle on the wave functions of the 8Be continuous spectrum states are thoroughly studied.

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21

Shah, Harsh. "The Angantyr Model for Heavy-Ion Physics in PYTHIA8 †‡." Proceedings 10, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019010018.

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We have formulated a new model for collisions with nuclei, called Angantyr, which is now included in PYTHIA8 event generator. The model is inspired by the old Fritiof model, but also includes effects of hard partonic interactions. It uses a Glauber model to calculate the number of wounded nucleons, but includes fluctuations in the nucleon-nucleon(NN) interaction to separate non-diffractively and diffractively wounded nucleons. The MC simulates final states without assuming a thermalised plasma. In this manner we are providing an event generator to be used to simulate events from pp to AA with the same underlying physics approach. Collective effects due to high string density are not included in the present version, but will be added in future work.

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22

Lubian, J., J. L. Ferreira, R. Linares, F. Cappuzzello, M. Cavallaro, and D. Carbone. "The role of the transfer of nucleons in driving double charge exchange reactions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2340, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2340/1/012035.

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Abstract Transfer is an excellent tool to get insights into the short-range correlations on nucleons in a nuclear state. Within the context of direct reactions, the double charge exchange reactions have recently gained attention once their matrix elements might be associated with the double-beta decay rates. This class of reaction can occur from two completely distinctive mechanisms. They can take place by nucleons exchange or driven by mesons exchange between the projectile and target nuclei. Once the double charge exchange driven by multi-nucleon or mesons exchanges can compete with each other, it is crucial to analyze the contribution of the multi-nucleon transfer in this type of reaction to verify its relevance on the measured cross sections.

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23

KLUGER, Y., and J. M. EISENBERG. "THE ISOSCALAR CHARGE FORM FACTOR IN NUCLEI OF A=2, 3 OBTAINED IN THE SKYRME MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics A 03, no. 09 (September 1988): 2127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x88000886.

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The isoscalar exchange currents for nuclear systems consisting of two and three nucleons are studied in the framework of Skyrme’s model for hadrons. For the deuteron we obtain an isoscalar form factor almost identical with that of meson-exchange models; the zero in the single particle form factor near q2≃20 fm−2 is drawn to q2≃19 fm−2, the form factor being also increased in the momentum-transfer range q2>20 fm−2. The isoscalar exchange current in the system of three nucleons draws the zero in the form factor towards values closer to experimental ones, similar to other meson exchange models. In addition to two-nucleon contributions to the current we also treat briefly three-nucleon terms in the A=3 system.

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24

Patsyuk, Maria, Timur Atovullaev, Goran Johansson, Dmitriy Klimanskiy, Vasilisa Lenivenko, Sergey Nepochatykh, and Eli Piasetzky. "Experimental Study of Cold Dense Nuclear Matter." Particles 7, no. 1 (March 8, 2024): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/particles7010013.

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The fundamental theory of nuclear interactions, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), operates in terms of quarks and gluons at higher resolution. At low resolution the relevant degrees of freedom are nucleons. Two-nucleon Short-Range Correlations (SRC) help to interconnect these two descriptions. SRCs are temporary fluctuations of strongly interacting close pairs of nucleons. The distance between the two nucleons is comparable to their radii and their relative momenta are larger than the fermi sea level. According to the electron scattering experiments held in the last decade, SRCs have far-reaching impacts on many-body systems, the nucleon-nucleon interactions, and nuclear substructure. The modern experiments with ion beams and cryogenic liquid hydrogen target make it possible to study properties of the nuclear fragments after quasi-elastic knockout of a single nucleon or an SRC pair. Here we review the status and perspectives of the SRC program in so-called inverse kinematics at JINR (Dubna, Russia). The first SRC experiment at the BM@N spectrometer (2018) with 4 GeV/c/nucleon carbon beam has shown that detection of an intact 11B nucleus after interaction selects out the quasi-elastic knockout reaction with minimal contribution of initial- and final-state interactions. Also, 25 events of SRC-breakups showed agreement in SRC properties as known from electron beam experiments. The analysis of the second measurement of SRC at BM@N held in 2022 with an improved setup is currently ongoing. The SRC project at JINR moved to a new experimental area in 2023, where the next measurement is being planned in terms of experimental setup and physics goals.

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25

Bellandi, J., J. R. Fleitas, J. Dias de Deus, and F. O. Durães. "Leading nucleons in nucleon–air collisions." European Physical Journal C 11, no. 3 (1999): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100520050654.

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Bellandi, J., J. R. Fleitas, J. Dias de Deus, and F. O. Durães. "Leading nucleons in nucleon–air collisions." European Physical Journal C 11, no. 3 (December 1999): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100529900177.

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SHU, SONG, and JIA-RONG LI. "THE CJT CALCULATION IN STUDYING NUCLEAR MATTER BEYOND MEAN FIELD APPROXIMATION." Modern Physics Letters A 23, no. 21 (July 10, 2008): 1769–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732308025814.

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We have introduced the Cornwall–Jackiw–Tomboulis (CJT) resummation scheme in studying nuclear matter. Based on the CJT formalism and using Walecka model, we have derived a set of coupled Dyson equations of nucleons and mesons. Neglecting the medium effects of the mesons, the usual mean field theory (MFT) results can be obtained. The beyond MFT calculations have been performed by thermodynamic consistently determining the meson effective masses and solving the coupled gap equations for nucleons and mesons together. The numerical results for the nucleon and meson effective masses at finite temperature and chemical potential in nuclear matter are discussed.

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28

Akbar, F., M. Rafi Alam, M. Sajjad Athar, S. Chauhan, S. K. Singh, and F. Zaidi. "Electron and Muon production cross-sections in quasielastic ν(ν̄)-Nucleus scattering for Eν < 1GeV." International Journal of Modern Physics E 24, no. 11 (November 2015): 1550079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301315500792.

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In this paper, we have studied (anti)neutrino induced charged current quasielastic (CCQE) scattering from some nuclear targets in the energy region of [Formula: see text]. Our aim is to confront electron and muon production cross-sections relevant for [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] oscillation experiments. The effects due to lepton mass and its kinematic implications, radiative corrections, second class currents (SCCs) and uncertainties in the axial and pseudoscalar form factors are calculated for (anti)neutrino induced reaction cross-sections on free nucleon as well as the nucleons bound in a nucleus where nuclear medium effects influence the cross-section. For the nuclear medium effects, we have taken some versions of Fermi gas model (FGM) available in the literature. The results for (anti)neutrino–nucleus scattering cross-section per interacting nucleons are compared with the corresponding results in free nucleon case.

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29

Pilipenko, V. V., and V. I. Kuprikov. "Model of multiple Dirac eikonal scattering of protons by nuclei." International Journal of Modern Physics E 27, no. 10 (October 2018): 1850088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021830131850088x.

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The model of multiple Dirac eikonal scattering (MDES) of incident proton by target-nucleus nucleons is developed, in which new expressions for the elastic [Formula: see text]-scattering amplitudes are obtained from the multiple scattering Watson series with employing the eikonal approximation for the Dirac propagators of the free proton motion between successive scattering acts on nucleons. Based on this model, calculations for the complete set of observables of the elastic [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]Pb at 800[Formula: see text]MeV have been performed, using proton–nucleon amplitudes determined from the phase analysis and the nucleon densities obtained from describing the target-nucleus structure in the relativistic mean-field approximation. A comparison has been made of the results of these calculations with analogous calculations on the basis of the Glauber multiple diffraction theory.

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30

Moskal, P., H. H. Adam, A. Budzanowski, E. Czerwiński, R. Czyżykiewicz, D. Gil, D. Grzonka, et al. "η AND η′ MESONS PRODUCTION AT COSY-11." International Journal of Modern Physics A 22, no. 02n03 (January 30, 2007): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x07035471.

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The low emittance and small momentum spread of the proton and deuteron beams of the Cooler Synchrotron COSY combined with the high mass resolution of the COSY-11 detection system permit to study the creation of mesons in the nucleon-nucleon interaction down to the fraction of MeV with respect to the kinematical threshold. At such small excess energies, the ejectiles possess low relative momenta and are predominantly produced with the relative angular momentum equal to zero. Taking advantage of these conditions we have performed investigations aiming to determine the mechanism of the production of η and η′ mesons in the collision of hadrons as well as the hadronic interaction of these mesons with nucleons and nuclei. In this proceedings we address the ongoing studies of the spin and isospin dependence for the production of the η and η′ mesons in free and quasi-free nucleon-nucleon collisions. New results on the spin observables for the [Formula: see text] reaction, combined with the previously determined total cross section isospin dependence, reveal a statistically significant indication that the excitation of the nucleon to the S11(1535) resonance, the process which intermediates the production of the η meson in the nucleon-nuleon interactions, is predominantly due to the exchange of the π meson between the colliding nucleons.

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31

Minamikawa, Takuya, Bikai Gao, Toru Kojo, and Masayasu Harada. "Chiral Restoration of Nucleons in Neutron Star Matter: Studies Based on a Parity Doublet Model." Symmetry 15, no. 3 (March 17, 2023): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15030745.

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We review the chiral variant and invariant components of nucleon masses and the consequence of their existence on the chiral restoration in extreme conditions, particularly in neutron star matter. We consider a model of linear realization of chiral symmetry with the nucleon parity doublet structure that permits the chiral invariant mass, m0, for positive and negative parity nucleons. The nuclear matter is constructed with the parity doublet nucleon model coupled to scalar fields σ, vector fields (ω,ρ), and mesons with strangeness through the U(1)A anomaly. In models with a large m0, the nucleon mass is insensitive to the medium, and the nuclear saturation properties can be reproduced without demanding strong couplings of the nucleons to the scalar fields σ and vector fields ω. We confront the resulting nuclear equations of state with nuclear constraints and neutron star observations and delineate the chiral invariant mass and effective interactions. To further examine the nuclear equations of state beyond the saturation density, we supplement quark models to set the boundary conditions from the high-density side. The quark models are constrained by the two-solar-mass conditions, and such constraints are transferred to nuclear models through the causality and thermodynamic stability conditions. We also calculate various condensates and the matter composition from nuclear to quark matter in a unified matter by constructing a generating functional that interpolates the nuclear and quark matter with external fields. Two types of chiral restoration are discussed: one due to the positive scalar charges of nucleons and the other triggered by the evolution of the Dirac sea. We found that the U(1)A anomaly softens equations of state from low to high density.

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32

HYUN, CHANG HO, JAE WON SHIN, and SHUNG-ICHI ANDO. "PARITY VIOLATION IN $d\vec \gamma \to np$ WITH PIONLESS EFFECTIVE THEORY." Modern Physics Letters A 24, no. 11n13 (April 30, 2009): 827–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732309000097.

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We consider a pionless effective theory with dibaryon fields for the description of the weak process involving two nucleons. We construct leading order Lagrangians that contain nucleon-dibaryon weak coupling constants. We calculate the physical observable in the photodisintegration of the deuteron at threshold and obtain the result in terms of the nucleon-dibaryon weak coupling constants. Relation to existing calculations is discussed.

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33

He, Han-Xin, Nader Mobed, and Faqir C. Khanna. "The 1/Nc corrections to static properties of nucleons in the Skyrme model." Canadian Journal of Physics 66, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 994–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p88-161.

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Corrections of O(1/Nc) to static properties of nucleons in the Skyrme model are calculated. The O(1/Nc) corrections due to quantization of collective coordinates are less than 4% for the axial charge and magnetic moment of the nucleon.

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34

Shternin, Peter, and Isaac Vidaña. "Transport Coefficients of Hyperonic Neutron Star Cores." Universe 7, no. 6 (June 20, 2021): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7060203.

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We consider transport properties of the hypernuclear matter in neutron star cores. In particular, we calculate the thermal conductivity, the shear viscosity, and the momentum transfer rates for npΣ−Λeμ composition of dense matter in β–equilibrium for baryon number densities in the range 0.1–1 fm−3. The calculations are based on baryon interactions treated within the framework of the non-relativistic Brueckner-Hartree-Fock theory. Bare nucleon-nucleon (NN) interactions are described by the Argonne v18 phenomenological potential supplemented with the Urbana IX three-nucleon force. Nucleon-hyperon (NY) and hyperon-hyperon (YY) interactions are based on the NSC97e and NSC97a models of the Nijmegen group. We find that the baryon contribution to transport coefficients is dominated by the neutron one as in the case of neutron star cores containing only nucleons. In particular, we find that neutrons dominate the total thermal conductivity over the whole range of densities explored and that, due to the onset of Σ− which leads to the deleptonization of the neutron star core, they dominate also the shear viscosity in the high density region, in contrast with the pure nucleonic case where the lepton contribution is always the dominant one.

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35

Lucente, Giuseppe. "Supernova bounds on axion-like particles coupled with nucleons and electrons." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012085.

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Abstract We investigate the potential of type II supernovae (SNe) to constrain axion-like particles (ALPs) coupled simultaneously to nucleons and electrons. ALPs coupled to nucleons can be efficiently produced in the SN core via nucleon-nucleon bremsstrahlung and, for masses exceeding 1 MeV, they would decay into electron-positron pairs, generating a positron flux. In the case of Galactic SNe, the annihilation of the created positrons with the electrons in the Galaxy would contribute to the 511 keV annihilation line. The SPI (SPectrometer on INTEGRAL) observation of this line allows us to exclude a wide range of the axion-electron coupling, 10−19 < gae < 10−11, for gap – 10−9. Additionally, ALPs from extra-galactic SNe decaying into electron-positron pairs would yield a contribution to the cosmic X-ray background. In this case, we constrain the ALP-electron coupling down to gae ∼ 10−20.

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36

HEN, OR, DOUGLAS W. HIGINBOTHAM, GERALD A. MILLER, ELI PIASETZKY, and LAWRENCE B. WEINSTEIN. "THE EMC EFFECT AND HIGH MOMENTUM NUCLEONS IN NUCLEI." International Journal of Modern Physics E 22, no. 07 (July 2013): 1330017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301313300178.

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Recent developments in understanding the influence of the nucleus on deep-inelastic structure functions, the EMC effect, are reviewed. A new data base which expresses ratios of structure functions in terms of the Bjorken variable xA = AQ2/(2MA q0) is presented. Information about two-nucleon short-range correlations (SRC) from experiments is also discussed and the remarkable linear relation between SRC and the EMC effect is reviewed. A convolution model that relates the underlying source of the EMC effect to modification of either the mean-field nucleons or SRC nucleons is presented. It is shown that both approaches are equally successful in describing the current EMC data.

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37

Meißner, Ulf-G. "CHIRAL PERTURBATION THEORY WITH NUCLEONS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 01, no. 03 (September 1992): 561–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021830139200028x.

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I review the constraints posed on the interactions of pions, nucleons and photons by the spontaneously broken chiral symmetry of QCD. The framework to perform these calculations, chiral perturbation theory, is briefly discussed in the meson sector. The method is a simultaneous expansion of the Greens functions in powers of external momenta and quark masses around the massless case, the chiral limit. To perform this expansion, use is made of a phenomenological Lagrangian which encodes the Ward–identities and pertinent symmetries of QCD. The concept of chiral power counting is introduced. The main part of the lectures consists in describing how to include baryons (nucleons) and how the chiral structure is modified by the fact that the nucleon mass in the chiral limit does not vanish. Particular emphasis is put on working out applications to show the strengths and limitations of the method. Some processes which are discussed are threshold photopion production, low-energy Compton scattering off nucleons, πN scattering and the σ–term. The implications of the broken chiral symmetry on the nuclear forces are briefly described. An alternative approach, in which the baryons are treated as very heavy fields, is touched upon.

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38

Dorso, Claudio O., Guillermo Frank, and Jorge A. López. "Pauli Exclusion Classical Potential for Intermediate-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions." Universe 9, no. 3 (February 25, 2023): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe9030119.

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This article presents a classical potential used to describe nucleon–nucleon interactions at intermediate energies. The potential depends on the relative momentum of the colliding nucleons and can be used to describe interactions at low momentum transfer mimicking the Pauli exclusion principle. We use the potential with molecular dynamics to study finite nuclei, their binding energy, radii, symmetry energy, and a case study of collisions.

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39

Meng, Jin, Jiarong Li, and Jisheng Chen. "The L-G Phase Transition and the Nucleon–Nucleon Interaction Potential within QHD-I Model." Modern Physics Letters A 18, no. 29 (September 21, 2003): 2029–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732303011861.

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The nucleon–nucleon interaction potential in hot/dense nuclear matter is studied within the QHD-I model. We find that a Yukawa potential, which contains attractive and repulsive terms, acting between nucleons is modified by the variation of the Debye mass. In particular, a nucleon system described by this Yukawa potential will be unbound at some critical T and μ. The critical point is very close to that of the L-G phase transition given in the literatures.

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40

FRIAR, J. L. "DIMENSIONAL REGULARIZATION AND NUCLEAR POTENTIALS." Modern Physics Letters A 11, no. 39n40 (December 28, 1996): 3043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732396003027.

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It is shown how nucleon-nucleon potentials can be defined in N dimensions, using dimensional regularization to continue amplitudes. This provides an easy way to separate out contact (δ-function) terms arising from renormalization. An example is worked out several ways for the case of two-scalar particles exchanged between nucleons, which involves a very simple loop calculation. This leads to a Feynman-parameterized representation for the nucleon–nucleon potential. Alternately, a dispersion representation can be developed leading to a different, though equivalent, form.

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41

GAMBERG, LEONARD, and GARY R. GOLDSTEIN. "FLAVOR-SPIN SYMMETRY AND THE TENSOR CHARGE." International Journal of Modern Physics A 18, no. 08 (March 30, 2003): 1297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x03014630.

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Exploiting an approximate phenomenological symmetry of the JPC = 1+- light axial vector mesons and using pole dominance, we calculate the flavor contributions to the nucleon tensor charge. The result depends on the decay constants of the axial vector mesons and their couplings to the nucleons.

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42

Abdelsalam, A., M. S. El-Nagdy, N. Rashed, B. M. Badawy, W. Osman, and M. Fayed. "Emission characteristics of fast target protons in ultrarelativistic16O–nucleus collisions." Canadian Journal of Physics 93, no. 3 (March 2015): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2014-0148.

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The target fragmentation in 60A and 200A GeV16O interactions with emulsion nuclei is analyzed. The validity of the nuclear limiting fragmentation hypothesis is confirmed at ultrarelativistic energies. The emission mechanism of the fast target proton (grey particle) is investigated in terms of the multiplicity characteristics. The anisotropy ratio and asymmetry parameter, while found to be independent of the projectile size or incident energy, are dependent on the target size and system centrality. This dependence is insignificant for heavy targets and in more central regions, where constancy exists. In this species, the system of the grey particle emission cannot exhibit the optimum symmetry or asymmetry between the forward and backward hemispheres. It is seen that these target protons originate from two emission sources in the earlier stage of the target fragmentation. One them emits nucleons isotropically in the 4π space. The other is the main emission source, which emits nucleons, in the forward hemisphere only, as a result of the binary nucleon–nucleon collisions and (or) intranuclear cascade.

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43

BARONE, V., M. GENOVESE, N. N. NIKOLAEV, E. PREDAZZI, and B. G. ZAKHAROV. "BUILDING THE GLUON DISTRIBUTION IN NUCLEONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 08, no. 16 (June 30, 1993): 2779–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x93001107.

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We present a direct perturbative QCD calculation of the gluon distribution in nucleons as a QCD radiative effect. We assume that the only infrared regulator is the nucleon's radius which emerges as a natural cutoff. A technique is introduced which allows constructing the glue step by step keeping a careful balance of valence, gluons and sea and obeying all constraints. The absolute normalization and shape of the calculated gluon distribution are in good agreement with the experimental determinations.

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44

ANCHISHKIN, D., A. MUSKEYEV, and S. YEZHOV. "COLLISION THERMALIZATION OF NUCLEONS IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, no. 24 (September 30, 2009): 4437–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x09044668.

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We consider a possible mechanism of thermalization of nucleons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Our model belongs, to a certain degree, to the transport ones; we investigate the evolution of the system created in nucleus–nucleus collision, but we parametrize this development by the number of collisions of every particle during evolution rather than by the time variable. We based on the assumption that the nucleon momentum transfer after several nucleon–nucleon (–hadron) elastic and inelastic collisions becomes a random quantity driven by a proper distribution. This randomization results in a smearing of the nucleon momenta about their initial values and, as a consequence, in their partial isotropization and thermalization. The trial evaluation is made in the framework of a toy model. We show that the proposed scheme can be used for extraction of the physical information from experimental data on nucleon rapidity distribution.

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45

Kouzakov, K. A., F. M. Lazarev, and A. I. Studenikin. "Elastic neutrino scattering on nucleons and neutrino electromagnetic properties." Seriya 3: Fizika, Astronomiya, no. 6_2023 (December 19, 2023): 2360203–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0579-9392.78.2360203.

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We study the electromagnetic contribution to elastic neutrino-nucleon scattering processes. The neutrino electromagnetic charge, magnetic, electric, and anapole form factors of both diagonal and transition types in the mass basis are taken into account in the present formalism. When treating the nucleon electromagnetic vertex, we take into account not only the charge and magnetic form factors of a nucleon, but also its electric and anapole form factors. We examine the effects of the neutrino magnetic moment on elastic neutrino-nucleon scattering and how they can be disentangled from those of the strange form factors contributions to the nucleon’s weak neutral current.

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46

ROŻYNEK, JACEK. "THE MODIFICATION OF THE SCALAR FIELD IN DENSE NUCLEAR MATTER." International Journal of Modern Physics E 19, no. 04 (April 2010): 774–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301310015217.

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We show the possible evolution of the nuclear deep inelastic structure function with nuclear density ρ. The nucleon deep inelastic structure function represents distribution of quarks as a function of Björken variable x, which measures the longitudinal fraction of the momentum carried by them during deep inelastic scattering (DIS) of electrons on nuclear targets. The quark localization is proportional to 1/x and this relation introduces the dependence of the nucleon structure function on the nuclear medium. Starting with small density and negative pressure in nuclear matter (NM), we have relatively large inter-nucleon distances and increasing role of nuclear interaction mediated by virtual mesons. When the density approaches the saturation point, ρ = ρ0, we have no longer separate mesons and nucleons but eventually modified nucleon structure function (SF) in the medium. The ratio of the nuclear to the nucleon SF measured at the saturation point is well known as the "EMC effect". For larger density, ρ > ρ0, when the localization of quarks is smaller than 0.3 fm, the nucleons overlap. We argue that nucleon mass should start to decrease in order to satisfy the momentum sum rule (MSR) of DIS. These modifications of the nucleon structure function are calculated in the frame of the nuclear relativistic mean field (RMF) convolution model. The correction to the Fermi energy from a term proportional to the pressure is very important and its inclusion modifies the equation of state (EoS) for the nuclear matter.

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47

TOHSAKI, AKIHIRO. "THE INTERACTION OF A NUCLEON AND ALPHA CONDENSATE." International Journal of Modern Physics E 17, no. 10 (November 2008): 2106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301308011173.

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A nucleon is available for examining the property of α-condensate, which consists of composite bosons. Only a microscopic model, which fully takes into account the Pauli principle between all the constituent nucleons, can play its role. We give numerical results by equidistant spectrum model for the system of a neutron and 3α-cluster states. We discuss whether an extra nucleon can exist in the center of α-condensate or not.

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48

GEARHART, C. C., W. H. DICKHOFF, A. POLLS, and A. RAMOS. "SOME CONSEQUENCES OF DRESSING NUCLEONS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 05, no. 03 (September 1996): 461–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301396000220.

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A representation of nucleon spectral functions in nuclear matter is developed. Various contributions are identified including a quasiparticle term, broad background contributions below and above the Fermi energy, and a high-energy tail which has no significant momentum dependence. A convenient analytical energy dependence supplemented by a numerical dependence on momentum allows computationally tractable studies of the consequences associated with the considerable dressing of the nucleons. Applications are presented for high-momentum components as a function of energy, density of states, dressed particle-hole response, and the dressed particle-particle/hole-hole propagator.

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49

ADAMIAN, G. G., N. V. ANTONENKO, R. V. JOLOS, S. P. IVANOVA, YU V. PALCHIKOV, T. M. SHNEIDMAN, A. ANDREEV, and W. SCHEID. "NUCLEAR MOLECULES." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 04 (May 2007): 1021–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307006472.

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The concept of a nuclear molecule or a dinuclear system assumes two touching nuclei which carry out motion in the internuclear distance and exchange nucleons by transfer. The corresponding model can be applied to nuclear structure, to fusion reactions leading to superheavy nuclei and to multi-nucleon transfer.

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50

Gudrun Kalmbach HE. "Dynamical interaction geometries for physics with models." Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews 1, no. 2 (February 28, 2021): 031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/msarr.2021.1.2.0007.

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The MINT-Wigris Tool bag is presented with its models for color charges as a G-compass the hedgehog for the energy exchange of a nucleon system with its environment, an inner quark-gluon flow in it as 6-roll mill, two nucleon tetrahedrons for the gluon exchange between nucleons quarks, a radial contraction/expansion pulsation for deuteron, two fusion states of the tetrahedrons, a neutrino Gleason operator bound geometry and oscillation dynamics.

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