Relevant bibliographies by topics / Nucleotide sugars

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Nucleotide sugars'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Nucleotide sugars"

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Mikkola, Satu. "Nucleotide Sugars in Chemistry and Biology." Molecules 25, no. 23 (December 6, 2020): 5755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235755.

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Nucleotide sugars have essential roles in every living creature. They are the building blocks of the biosynthesis of carbohydrates and their conjugates. They are involved in processes that are targets for drug development, and their analogs are potential inhibitors of these processes. Drug development requires efficient methods for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and nucleotide sugar building blocks as well as of modified structures as potential inhibitors. It requires also understanding the details of biological and chemical processes as well as the reactivity and reactions under different conditions. This article addresses all these issues by giving a broad overview on nucleotide sugars in biological and chemical reactions. As the background for the topic, glycosylation reactions in mammalian and bacterial cells are briefly discussed. In the following sections, structures and biosynthetic routes for nucleotide sugars, as well as the mechanisms of action of nucleotide sugar-utilizing enzymes, are discussed. Chemical topics include the reactivity and chemical synthesis methods. Finally, the enzymatic in vitro synthesis of nucleotide sugars and the utilization of enzyme cascades in the synthesis of nucleotide sugars and oligosaccharides are briefly discussed.
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Figueroa, Carlos M., John E. Lunn, and Alberto A. Iglesias. "Nucleotide-sugar metabolism in plants: the legacy of Luis F. Leloir." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 11 (May 5, 2021): 4053–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab109.

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Abstract This review commemorates the 50th anniversary of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to Luis F. Leloir ‘for his discovery of sugar-nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates’. He and his co-workers discovered that activated forms of simple sugars, such as UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose, are essential intermediates in the interconversion of sugars. They elucidated the biosynthetic pathways for sucrose and starch, which are the major end-products of photosynthesis, and for trehalose. Trehalose 6-phosphate, the intermediate of trehalose biosynthesis that they discovered, is now a molecule of great interest due to its function as a sugar signalling metabolite that regulates many aspects of plant metabolism and development. The work of the Leloir group also opened the doors to an understanding of the biosynthesis of cellulose and other structural cell wall polysaccharides (hemicelluloses and pectins), and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Nucleotide-sugars also serve as sugar donors for a myriad of glycosyltransferases that conjugate sugars to other molecules, including lipids, phytohormones, secondary metabolites, and proteins, thereby modifying their biological activity. In this review, we highlight the diversity of nucleotide-sugars and their functions in plants, in recognition of Leloir’s rich and enduring legacy to plant science.
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Velíšek, J., and K. Cejpek. "Biosynthesis of food constituents: Saccharides. 1. Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and related compounds – a review." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 23, No. 4 (November 15, 2011): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3383-cjfs.

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This review article presents a survey of selected principal biosynthetic pathways that lead to the most important monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, sugar alcohols, and cyclitols in foods and in food raw materials and informs nonspecialist readers about new scientific advances as reported in recently published papers. Subdivision of the topics is predominantly via biosynthesis. Monosaccharides are subdivided to sugar phosphates, sugar nucleotides, nucleotide-glucose interconversion pathway sugars, nucleotide-mannose interconversion pathway sugars, and aminosugars. The part concerning oligosaccharides deals with saccharose, trehalose, raffinose, and lactose biosynthesis. The part devoted to sugar alcohols and cyclitols includes the biosynthetic pathways leading to glucitol, inositols, and pseudosaccharides. Extensively used are reaction schemes, sequences, and mechanisms with the enzymes involved and detailed explanations employing sound chemical principles and mechanisms.    
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Looijesteijn, Petronella J., Ingeborg C. Boels, Michiel Kleerebezem, and Jeroen Hugenholtz. "Regulation of Exopolysaccharide Production byLactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris by the Sugar Source." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 11 (November 1, 1999): 5003–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.11.5003-5008.1999.

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ABSTRACT Lactococcus lactis produced more exopolysaccharide (EPS) on glucose than on fructose as the sugar substrate, although the transcription level of the eps gene cluster was independent of the sugar source. A major difference between cells grown on the two substrates was the capacity to produce sugar nucleotides, the EPS precursors. However, the activities of the enzymes required for the synthesis of nucleotide sugars were not changed upon growth on different sugars. The activity of fructosebisphosphatase (FBPase) was by far the lowest of the enzymes involved in precursor formation under all conditions. FBPase catalyzes the conversion of fructose-1,6-diphosphate into fructose-6-phosphate, which is an essential step in the biosynthesis of sugar nucleotides from fructose but not from glucose. By overexpression of the fbp gene, which resulted in increased EPS synthesis on fructose, it was proven that the low activity of FBPase is indeed limiting not only for EPS production but also for growth on fructose as a sugar source.
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Cortes, P., F. Dumler, D. L. Paielli, and N. W. Levin. "Glomerular uracil nucleotide synthesis: effects of diabetes and protein intake." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 255, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): F647—F655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1988.255.4.f647.

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The biosynthesis of uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP), uridine 5'-diphosphohexoses, and 5'-diphosphohexosamines (UDP-sugars) was studied in isolated rat glomeruli 48 h after streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Compared with control, diabetic glomeruli demonstrated an increase in the following: exogenous orotate utilization, orotate incorporation into UTP and UDP-sugars, UTP accretion rate, and UDP-sugar pool size. Since these phenomena were not associated with enhanced biosynthesis of orotate de novo, the increased glomerular UDP-sugar bioavailability in diabetes is due to enhanced utilization of exogenous orotate. Plasma concentrations of orotate and uridine were measured in control, sham operated, and unilaterally nephrectomized rats receiving 5, 20, or 60% protein diets. The concentration of pyrimidine precursors correlated directly with protein intake, with doubling at the 60% dietary protein level. In conclusion, glomerular uracil ribonucleotide biosynthesis may be modulated by the quantity of dietary protein. Because UDP-sugars are necessary for basement membrane material formation, an increase in their bioavailability may be part of the metabolic change responsible for diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Diets with high protein content could augment this metabolic alteration.
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Cambron, L. D., and K. C. Leskawa. "Inhibition of CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: Lactosylceramide Sialyltransferase by Nucleotides, Nucleotide Sugars and Nucleotide Dialdehydes." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 193, no. 2 (June 1993): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1993.1664.

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Dudziak, Gregor, Sven Fey, Lutz Hasbach, and Udo Kragl. "Nanofiltration for Purification of Nucleotide Sugars." Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07328309908543977.

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Kleczkowski, Leszek A., and Abir U. Igamberdiev. "Optimization of nucleotide sugar supply for polysaccharide formation via thermodynamic buffering." Biochemical Journal 477, no. 2 (January 22, 2020): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20190807.

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Plant polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, starch) are either direct (i.e. leaf starch) or indirect products of photosynthesis, and they belong to the most abundant organic compounds in nature. Although each of these polymers is made by a specific enzymatic machinery, frequently in different cell locations, details of their synthesis share certain common features. Thus, the production of these polysaccharides is preceded by the formation of nucleotide sugars catalyzed by fully reversible reactions of various enzymes, mostly pyrophosphorylases. These ‘buffering’ enzymes are, generally, quite active and operate close to equilibrium. The nucleotide sugars are then used as substrates for irreversible reactions of various polysaccharide-synthesizing glycosyltransferases (‘engine’ enzymes), e.g. plastidial starch synthases, or plasma membrane-bound cellulose synthase and callose synthase, or ER/Golgi-located variety of glycosyltransferases forming hemicellulose and pectin backbones. Alternatively, the irreversible step might also be provided by a carrier transporting a given immediate precursor across a membrane. Here, we argue that local equilibria, established within metabolic pathways and cycles resulting in polysaccharide production, bring stability to the system via the arrangement of a flexible supply of nucleotide sugars. This metabolic system is itself under control of adenylate kinase and nucleoside-diphosphate kinase, which determine the availability of nucleotides (adenylates, uridylates, guanylates and cytidylates) and Mg2+, the latter serving as a feedback signal from the nucleotide metabolome. Under these conditions, the supply of nucleotide sugars to engine enzymes is stable and constant, and the metabolic process becomes optimized in its load and consumption, making the system steady and self-regulated.
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Yang, Ting, and Maor Bar-Peled. "Identification of a novel UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase with a broad substrate specificity in Trypanosoma cruzi." Biochemical Journal 429, no. 3 (July 14, 2010): 533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20100238.

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The diverse types of glycoconjugates synthesized by trypanosomatid parasites are unique compared with the host cells. These glycans are required for the parasite survival, invasion or evasion of the host immune system. Synthesis of those glycoconjugates requires a constant supply of nucleotide-sugars (NDP-sugars), yet little is known about how these NDP-sugars are made and supplied. In the present paper, we report a functional gene from Trypanosoma cruzi that encodes a nucleotidyltransferase, which is capable of transforming different types of sugar 1-phosphates and NTP into NDP-sugars. In the forward reaction, the enzyme catalyses the formation of UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, UDP-xylose and UDP-glucuronic acid, from their respective monosaccharide 1-phosphates in the presence of UTP. The enzyme could also convert glucose 1-phosphate and TTP into TDP-glucose, albeit at lower efficiency. The enzyme requires bivalent ions (Mg2+ or Mn2+) for its activity and is highly active between pH 6.5 and pH 8.0, and at 30–42 °C. The apparent Km values for the forward reaction were 177 μM (glucose 1-phosphate) and 28.4 μM (UTP) respectively. The identification of this unusual parasite enzyme with such broad substrate specificities suggests an alternative pathway that might play an essential role for nucleotide-sugar biosynthesis and for the regulation of the NDP-sugar pool in the parasite.
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Pels Rijcken, W. R., B. Overdijk, D. H. van den Eijnden, and W. Ferwerda. "Pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism in rat hepatocytes: evidence for compartmentation of nucleotide pools." Biochemical Journal 293, no. 1 (July 1, 1993): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2930207.

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Pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism in rat hepatocytes was studied by measurement of the labelling kinetics of the various intermediates after double labelling with [14C]orotic acid and [3H]cytidine, the precursors for the de novo and the salvage pathways respectively. For the uridine nucleotides, differences were found for the 14C/3H ratios in the UDP-sugars, in UMP (of RNA) and in their precursor UTP, suggesting the existence of separated flows of the radioactive precursors through the de novo and the salvage pathways. Higher ratios in the UDP-sugars, which are synthesized in the cytoplasm, and a lower ratio in UMP (of RNA) relative to the 14C/3H ratio in UTP indicated that UTP derived from orotic acid is preferentially used for the cytoplasmic biosynthesis of the UDP-sugars. Uridine, derived from cytidine, is preferentially used for the nuclear-localized synthesis of RNA. In contrast to these findings, the 14C/3H ratios in the cytidine derivatives CMP-NeuAc and CMP (of RNA), and in the liponucleotides CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine, were all lower than that in the precursor CTP. This indicates a preferential utilization of the salvage-derived CTP for the synthesis of the liponucleotides as well as for RNA and CMP-NeuAc. Similar conclusions could be drawn from experiments in which the intracellular amounts of several uridine- and cytidine-nucleotide-containing derivatives were increased by preincubating the hepatocytes with unlabelled pyrimidine nucleotides or ethanolamine. Based on these data, we propose a refined model for the intracellular compartmentation of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in which three pools of UTP are distinguished: a pool of de novo-derived molecules and a pool of salvage-derived molecules, both of which are channelled to the site of utilization; in addition an ‘overflow’ pool exists, consisting of molecules having escaped from channelling. An overflow pool could also be distinguished for CTP, but no discrimination between de novo and salvage-derived molecules could be made.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nucleotide sugars"

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Decker, Daniel. "UDP-sugar metabolizing pyrophosphorylases in plants : formation of precursors for essential glycosylation-reactions." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysiologisk botanik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-134087.

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UDP-sugar metabolizing pyrophosphorylases provide the primary mechanism for de novo synthesis of UDP-sugars, which can then be used for myriads of glycosyltranferase reactions, producing cell wall carbohydrates, sucrose, glycoproteins and glycolipids, as well as many other glycosylated compounds. The pyrophosphorylases can be divided into three families: UDP-Glc pyrophosphorylase (UGPase), UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (USPase) and UDP-N-acety lglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAGPase), which can be discriminated both by differences in accepted substrate range and amino acid sequences. This thesis focuses both on experimental examination (and re-examination) of some enzymatic/ biochemical properties of selected members of the UGPases and USPases and UAGPase families and on the design and implementation of a strategy to study in vivo roles of these pyrophosphorylases using specific inhibitors. In the first part, substrate specificities of members of the Arabidopsis UGPase, USPase and UAGPase families were comprehensively surveyed and kinetically analyzed, with barley UGPase also further studied with regard to itspH dependency, regulation by oligomerization, etc. Whereas all the enzymes preferentially used UTP as nucleotide donor, they differed in their specificity for sugar-1-P. UGPases had high activity with D-Glc-1-P, but could also react with Frc-1-P, whereas USPase reacted with arange of sugar-1-phosphates, including D-Glc-1-P, D-Gal-1-P, D-GalA-1-P, β-L-Ara-1-P and α-D-Fuc-1-P. In contrast, UAGPase2 reacted only with D-GlcNAc-1-P, D-GalNAc-1-P and, to some extent, with D-Glc-1-P. A structure activity relationship was established to connect enzyme activity, the examined sugar-1-phosphates and the three pyrophosphorylases. The UGPase/USPase/UAGPase active sites were subsequently compared in an attempt to identify amino acids which may contribute to the experimentally determined differences in substrate specificities. The second part of the thesis deals with identification and characterization of inhibitors of the pyrophosphorylases and with studies on in vivo effects of those inhibitors in Arabidopsis-based systems. A novel luminescence-based high-throughput assay system was designed, which allowed for quantitative measurement of UGPase and USPase activities, down to a pmol per min level. The assay was then used to screen a chemical library (which contained 17,500 potential inhibitors) to identify several compounds affecting UGPase and USPase. Hit-optimization on one of the compounds revealed even stronger inhibitors of UGPase and USPase which also strongly inhibited Arabidopsis pollen germination, by disturbing UDP-sugar metabolism. The inhibitors may represent useful tools to study in vivo roles of the pyrophosphorylases, as a complement to previous genetics-based studies. The thesis also includes two review papers on mechanisms of synthesis of NDP-sugars. The first review covered the characterization of USPase from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, whereas the second review was a comprehensive survey of NDP-sugar producing enzymes (not only UDP-sugar producing and not only pyrophosphorylases). All these enzymes were discussed with respect to their substrate specificities and structural features (if known) and their proposed in vivo functions.
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Fly, Richard Derek. "Approaches for the study of leaf carbohydrate metabolic compartmentation in arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5332.

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Thesis (MSc (Plant Biotechnology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
Includes bibliography.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study of plants on a sub-cellular level is an important, yet challenging area and its application allows for novel insight into the understanding of metabolism and its regulation. In this study I describe the development of a reverse phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (RPLC-MS) technique in which 29 phosphorylated and nucleotide sugars could be detected and quantified. The method was validated with the use of authentic standards and the system displayed very good linearity (Rª > 0.95), while the recovery of the standards added to the plant material before extraction was between 65 and 125%. Further, Arabidopsis thaliana wild type (Col-0) and adenylate kinase (adk1) mutant leaf discs were fed 13C labeled glucose over a period of 24 hours and harvested at defined time intervals. Non aqueous fractionation, and metabolite profiling via the above mentioned rpLC-MS method in conjunction with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) allowed for the detection and quantification of primary metabolites on a sub-cellular level as well as the determination of their relative isotopic label enrichments through primary carbon metabolism. Finally, a yeast complementation system was designed for the identification of tonoplast bound sucrose import proteins. The screening system identified 22 unique sequences from an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA library. Four unknown sequences were identified, one of which displayed tonoplast membrane association upon in silico analysis. Three ATP-binding proteins were also identified as well as a sub-unit from the exocyst gene family. Further studies will include the functional characterization of the latter, as well as the development of additional cDNA libraries more suited for screening of sequences that encode sucrose importer proteins.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie van plante op a sub-sellulere vlak is ‘n belangrike maar uitdagende navorsingsarea en die toepassing daarvan dra by tot unieke insig tot ‘n beter begrip van metabolise regulasie. In die studie bespreek ek die ontwikkeling van ‘n teenoorgestelde fase vloeistof kromatografie massa spektrometrie (RPLC-MS) tegniek waarin 29 gefosforileerde en nukleotied suikers gevind en gekwantifiseer kon word. Geldigverklaring van die metode is bewerkstelling met die gebruik van oorspronklike standaarde and die systeem het baie goeie liniariteit (Rª > 0.95) getoon, terwyl die herstelbaarheid van standaarde wat bygevoeg is by die plant material voor ekstraksie tussen 65% en 125% was. Arabidopsis thaliana wilde type (Col-O) en die adenaliet kinase (adk1) mutant blaar dele is met 13C gemerkte glukose gevoed oor ‘n tydperk van 24 uur en geoes by spesifieke tydstippe. Nie-vloeibare fraksionering en metaboliet uitleg is vermag vanaf die genoemde RPLC-MS metode met behulp van gas kromotografie massa spektrometrie (GC-MS) wat die bepaling en kwantifikasie van primere metaboliete op n sub-sellulere vlak sowel as die bepaling van hul relatiewe isotropiese merker verrykers deur primere metabolisme toelaat. Verder is n gis komplementere systeem ontwerp vir die identifikasie van tonoplas gebinde sukrose invoer proteine. Die verkenningsysteem het 22 unieke volgordes opgelewer vanaf ‘n Arabidopsis thaliana kDNA biblioteek. Vier onbekende volgordes is geidentifiseer, een wat tonoplas membraan assosiasie toon met in silico analise. Drie ATP-bindings proteine is ook geidentifiseer asook ‘n sub-eenheid van die eksosyst geen familie. Verdere studies sal die funksionele karakterisering van die laaste protein insluit, asook die ontwikkeling van additionele kDNA biblioteke meer gepas vir verkenning sodiende identifiseer van volgordes wat sukrose invoer proteine vertaal.
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Soto, Mónica Tello. "The enzymology of sugar nucleotide epimerization and isomerization." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436028.

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Cai, Li. "A Chemoenzymatic Route to Unnatural Sugar Nucleotides and Their Applications and Enzymatic Synthesis of Rare Sugars with Aldolases In vitro and In vivo." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1305641380.

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Rösti, Johannes. "Molecular mechanism of nucleotide sugar flux in Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430585.

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Pesnot, Thomas. "Novel Sugar-Nucleotides for the Investigation of Glycosyltransferases." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522246.

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Collier, Alice. "Base-modified nucleosides, nucleotides and sugar-nucleotides: novel synthetic approaches and initial biolgical evaluation." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493008.

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Aoyagi, Gustavo Mitsunori. "Identificação, anotação e análise filogenética das famílias gênicas envolvidas na via de biossíntese de hemicelulose em cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97131/tde-29032017-100856/.

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A parede celular de plantas é formada basicamente por celulose, hemicelulose e lignina. A formação dos polímeros de hemicelulose depende do suprimento de precursores chamados de açúcares-nucleotídeos. A biossíntese das diferentes estruturas de hemicelulose da parede celular envolve a participação de enzimas pertencentes às famílias das glicosiltransferases (GTs). Estudos feitos em Arabidopsis thaliana, Brachypodium distachyon, Oryza sativa (arroz) e Zea mays (milho) auxiliaram na descoberta de 11 enzimas da via de interconversão nucleotídeo-açúcar e de enzimas da família das glicosiltransferases (GTs), como as GT2, GT8, GT43, GT47, GT61 e GT75, envolvidas na biossíntese de hemicelulose. O presente trabalho visa a identificação de genes da via de biossíntese de hemicelulose da parede celular de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) e análise filogenética entre Arabidopsis thaliana (planta modelo de eudicotiledôneas), Oryza sativa, Brachypodium distachyon, Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor e Saccharum spp. Foram identificados os genes das famílias GT2, GT8, GT43, GT47, GT61, GT75, CSL, Epimerase e UDPG em cana-de-açúcar a partir da busca em sete bibliotecas de RNA-Seq utilizando as sequências de O. sativa, Z. mays e S. bicolor como referência. Os domínios específicos de cada família gênica foram confirmados através do programa PFAM e consequentemente anotados. A identificação e anotação das sequencias possibilitou a construção de bancos de sequências das famílias envolvidas na biossíntese de hemicelulose para as espécies A. thaliana, B. distachyon, O. sativa, Z. mays e S. bicolor. Foram identificadas para cada espécie, respectivamente, um total de 67, 49, 49, 60 e 56 genes bona fides. O presente trabalho, além da identificação de genes nas diferentes espécies, permitiu a identificação e seleção de 27 genes candidatos envolvidos na biossíntese de hemicelulose em cana-de-açúcar e possivelmente envolvidos na recalcitrância da parede celular nas diferentes bibliotecas de RNA-Seq de cana-de-açúcar.
The plant cell wall is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The formation of hemicellulose polymers lies on the supply of the so-called sugar-nucleotide precursors. The diverse hemicellulose structures biosynthesis of cell wall involves the participation of enzymes belonging to the families of glycosyltransferases (GTs). Studies in Arabidopsis thaliana, Brachypodium distachyon, Oryza sativa (rice) and Zea mays (corn) aid the discovery of 11 enzymes of the nucleotide sugar interconversion pathway and enzymes of the GT family, as GT2, GT8, GT43, GT47, GT61 e GT75, involved in the hemicelluloses biosynthesis. This study aims to the identification of hemicellulose biosynthesis pathway genes from the cell wall of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) and phylogenetic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana (eudicotyledonous plant model), Oryza sativa, Brachypodium distachyon, Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor and Saccharum spp. The genes of the GT2, GT8, GT 43, GT47, GT61, GT75, CSL, epimerase and UDPG families were identified in sugarcane from a search in seven RNA-Seq libraries using the sequences of O. sativa, Z. mays and S. bicolor as reference. The specific domains of each gene family have been confirmed through the PFAM program and consequently noted. The identification and annotation of the sequences enabled the construction of sequences banks of the families involved in hemicellulose biosynthesis in the species A. thaliana, B. distachyon, O. sativa, Z. mays and S. bicolor. It was identified for each species, respectively, a total of 67, 49, 49, 60 and 56 bona fides genes. This work, in addition to the identification of genes in different species, allowed the identification and selection of 27 candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of hemicelluloses in sugarcane and possibly involved in cell wall recalcitrance in the different sugarcane RNA-Seq libraries.
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Cadieux, Christena Linn. "Biosynthesis of Nucleotide Sugar Monomers for Exopolysaccharide Production in Myxococcus Xanthus." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35408.

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Myxococcus xanthus displays social (S) motility, a form of surface motility that is key to the multicellular behaviors of this organism. S motility requires two cellular structures: type IV pili (TFP) and exopolysaccharides (EPS). Previous studies have shown that M. xanthus does not use glucose or any other sugar as a primary carbon source. However, eight monosaccharides, namely glucose, mannose, arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, N-acetyl-glucosamine, and N-acetyl-mannosamine, are found in M. xanthus EPS. In this study, pathways that M. xanthus could use to produce the activated sugar monomers to form EPS are proposed based on genomic data. Of the eight sugars, pathways for seven were disrupted by mutation and their effects on the EPS-dependent behaviors were analyzed. The results indicate that disruption of the two pathways leading to the production of activated rhamnose (GDP- and TDP-rhamnose) affected fruiting body formation (GDP form only) and dye binding ability (both forms) but not S motility. Disruptions of the xylose, mannose, and glucose pathways caused M. xanthus to lose S motility, fruiting body formation, and dye binding abilities. An interruption in the pathway for galactose production created a mutant with properties similar to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) deficient strain. This discovery led us to study the phenotypes of all mutant strains for LPS production. The results suggest that all mutants may synthesize defective LPS configurations. Disruption of the UDP-N-acetyl-mannosamine pathway resulted in a wild type phenotype.

In addition, it was discovered that interruption of the pathway for N-acetyl-glucosamine production was possible only by supplementing this amino-sugar in the growth medium. In an attempt to determine if other mutants could be recovered by sugar supplementation, it was discovered that the Î pgi mutant can be rescued by glucose supplementation. The Dif chemotaxis-like pathway is known to regulate EPS production in M. xanthus. DifA is the upstream sensor of the pathway. Previous studies had created a NarX-DifA chimeric protein, NafA, that enables the activation of the Dif pathway by nitrate, the signal for NarX. In this study, we constructed a Î pgi difA double mutant containing NafA. This strain was then subjected to various incubations with glucose and/or nitrate to determine whether the point of EPS regulation by the Dif pathway is down- or up-stream of the step catalyzed by Pgi (phosphoglucose isomerase). Preliminary results from this study are inconclusive.


Master of Science
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Sharples, Sandra Christina. "Competing pathways of sugar-nucleotide synthesis during the biosynthesis of plant cell walls." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12919.

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The project aim was to determine which of the competing pathways predominate(s) in vivo in the formation of the UDP-GlcA, GDP-GalA and UDP-Man utilised for plant cell wall synthesis. The studies conducted on the 3H:14C ratios of plant cell wall residues at 8 h indicate that UDP-Gal is not a significant direct precursor of UDP-GalA. The 3H:14C ratios of the intermediary metabolites were studied over time. The results show that the 3H:14C ratio kinetics of UDP-GalA and UDP-Gal are vastly different from one another. These results also indicate that UDP-Gal is not a significant direct precursor of UDP-GalA. The 3H:14C ratios of the AIR (alcohol insoluble residue)-derived monosaccharides indicate that UDP-GlcA, UDP-GalA, UDP-Xyl, UDP-Ara and UDP-Api, like UDP-Rha, arose mainly from the UDP-Glc ‘core’ metabolite. The 3H:14C ratio kinetics of UDP-GalA, UDP-GlcA, UDP-Xyl and UDP-Ara are very distinct from the 3H:14C ratio kinetics of Glc 6-P but they are similar to the isotope ratio kinetics of UDP-Glc. The 3H:14C ratios of the AIR-derived monosaccharides and 3H:14C ratios of the intermediary metabolites give strong evidence that UDP-GalA and UDP-GlcA are predominantly formed by the UDP-Glc dehydrogenase pathway and not the myo-inositol pathway. The 3H:14C ratios kinetics of UDP-Glc are approximately equal to those of Glc 1-P. It is observed that the 3H:14C ratio of AIR-derived GalA residue is greater than for Man and Fuc. As UDP-GalA was determined to arise predominantly from UDP-Glc, GDP-Man and GDP-Fuc cannot also stem from Glc 1-P. The predominant pathway of GDP-Man synthesis must be via Gla 6-P or Fru 6-P. The 3H:14C ratio of Rib was similar to those of GalA, Ara, Xyl and Api. A pathway is known to exist that may convert to UDP-Xyl to the RNA precursor Rib 5-P. The results suggest that this is the predominant pathway of Rib synthesis for RNA.
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Books on the topic "Nucleotide sugars"

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Bossuyt, X. Regulation of Hepatic Microsomal Udp-Glucuronosyltransferases and Nucleotide Sugar. Leuven University Press, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Nucleotide sugars"

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Bülter, Thomas, and Lothar Elling. "Enzymatic synthesis of nucleotide sugars." In Glycotechnology, 67–79. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5257-4_6.

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Elling, Lothar. "Glycobiotechnology: Enzymes for the synthesis of nucleotide sugars." In New Enzymes for Organic Synthesis, 89–144. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0103303.

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Hirschberg, C. B. "Transport of nucleotide sugars, nucleotide sulfate and ATP into the lumen of the Golgi apparatus." In The Golgi Apparatus, 163–78. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8876-9_5.

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Zervosen, Astrid, and Lothar Elling. "Application of Sucrose Synthase in the Synthesis of Nucleotide Sugars and Saccharides." In Carbohydrate Biotechnology Protocols, 235–54. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-261-6_19.

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Pels Rijcken, W. R., F. Telleman, G. J. Peters, and W. Ferwerda. "Incorporation of 5-Fluorouracil into Nucleotide Sugars and the Effect on Glycoconjugates in Rat Hepatoma Cells and Hepatocytes." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 313–20. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5676-9_46.

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Ryll, Thomas, Volker Jäger, and Roland Wagner. "Variation in the Ratios and Concentrations of Nucleotide Triphosphates and Udp-Sugars During a Perfused Batch Cultivation of Hybridoma Cells." In Animal Cell Culture and Production of Biologicals, 307–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3550-4_36.

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Braasch, Katrin, Carina Villacrés, and Michael Butler. "Evaluation of Quenching and Extraction Methods for Nucleotide/Nucleotide Sugar Analysis." In Glyco-Engineering, 361–72. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2760-9_24.

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Zhao, Weihan, and Karen J. Colley. "Nucleotide sugar transporters of the Golgi apparatus." In The Golgi Apparatus, 190–206. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-76310-0_13.

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Ginsburg, Victor. "Sugar Nucleotides and the Synthesis of Carbohydrates." In Advances in Enzymology - and Related Areas of Molecular Biology, 35–88. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470122716.ch2.

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Reiter, Wolf-Dieter, and Gary F. Vanzin. "Molecular genetics of nucleotide sugar interconversion pathways in plants." In Plant Cell Walls, 95–113. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0668-2_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Nucleotide sugars"

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Dabrowski-Tumanski, Pawel, Joanna Kowalska, Agnieszka Osowniak, and Jacek Jemielity. "Synthesis of nucleotide sugars and nucleoside 5'-phosphosulfates by MgCl2 mediated coupling." In XVth Symposium on Chemistry of Nucleic Acid Components. Prague: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/css201112354.

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Beeler, D., L. Fritze, G. Soff, R. Jackman, and R. Rosenberg. "HUMAN THROMBOMODULIN cDNA:SEQUENCE AND TRANSLATED STRUCTURE." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643967.

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A 750 bp bovine Thrombomodulin (TM) cDNA fragment was used as an hybridization probe to screen an oligo-dT primed Lambda gtll. cDNA library prepared from human umbilical vein endothelial cell mRNA. A 2.4 kb positive human clone was isolated which showed an 80% nucleotide sequence homology with bovine TM cDNA. This clone and a 550 bp fragment from its 5' end were used to further screen the oligo-dT primed library as well as randomly primed library prepared from the same mRNA. The cDNA clones obtained allow us to describe the overall structure of human TM and reveal that it is extremely similar to the structure of bovine TM, especially as the bovine TM is organized like the receptor for low density lipoprotein (LDL R). Both TM and LDL R exhibit short cytoplasmic C-terminal tails which are either neutral or negatively charged. Other coated pit receptors such as the insulin receptor or the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor have very large cytoplasmic regions with a complex tyrosine kinase segment as well as multiple sites for phosphorylation. Both TM and LDL R possess a transmembrane region and an immediately adjacent extracellular serine/threonine rich region which in LDL R has been shown to bear 0-1inked sugars. Both TM and LDL R contain a more distal area of cysteine rich repeats, first noted in the EGF precursor and termed EGF type B. However, the TM EGF type B repeats appear to have been duplicated in TM resulting in their being 6 of them rather than the 3 found in LDL R. The N-terminal half of LDL R is thought to contain the ligand binding region of the receptor and is constructed from multiple cysteine rich repeats similar to those of Complement factor C9. The structure of this region of TM is quite different from that of LDL R, possessing few cysteines. We suspect that protein C and/or thrombin may bind to this unique domain of TM.
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Kajimoto, Tetsuya, Toru Tanaka, Chihiro Tsuda, Tsuyoshi Miura, Toshiyuki Inazu, and Shuichi Tsuji. "SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDE MIMICS OF SUGAR NUCLEOTIDES AS THE INHIBITORS OF GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASES." In XXIst International Carbohydrate Symposium 2002. TheScientificWorld Ltd, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.599.

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Reports on the topic "Nucleotide sugars"

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Fox, Alvin. Chemotaxonomic Differentiation of Bacteria Using Sugar/Nucleotide Markers Identified by ESI MS-MS. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada412927.

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