Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nugaros smegenys'
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Buišas, Rokas. "Nugaros smegenų motoneuronų perdavimo funkcija ir jos modifikavimas." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20121001_093702-49526.
Full textMotoneurons are the spinal neurons that directly control the muscle contraction. The gain characterizes how the synaptic input to motoneuron is converted in to action potential firing and subsequent muscle contraction. The high gain allows a high force and fast contraction, while the low gain is essential for a fine control of movements. The gain of motoneurons is mainly determined by a set of ion channels in membrane and therefore is a subject for modification. It is known, that the gain decreases during adaptation of action potential firing. Moreover, the neurotransmitters released during spinal network activity may modify the ion channel activity and therefore adjust the gain to the functional needs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the gain of spinal cord motoneurons and investigate mechanisms of its modification. Spinal motoneurons from adult turtle were used. We found that the gain of motoneurons estimated from triangular current ramps is the same as steady one obtained from square current steps. Pharmacologically increased conductance of motoneuron membrane does not change the gain. Finally, we demonstrated that persistent inward Na+ current increases excitability and reduces the transient and early gain of spinal motoneurons.
Packevičiūtė, Aušrinė. "Žmonių, turinčių lėtinį nugaros smegenų pažeidimą, hemodinamikos reguliacijos ypatumai orto-klinostatinio poveikio metu." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080618_125639-32072.
Full textFollowing spinal cord injury part of sympathetic nervous system is disrupted from the brain stem control. This disruption results in disorders of cardiovascular system regulation mechanisms. Impaired cardiovascular regulation may cause orthostatic hypotension or other negative impacts on persons’ health and quality of life. However, there exist various adaptive mechanisms, that may change cardiovascular regulation and compensate these cardiovascular disorders. A lot of attention was paid to find out these new possibilities of cardiovascular control in earlier and nowadays scientific researches. Some of researches discover, that after SCI not only descending sympathetic cardiovascular regulation is impaired, but there can be baroreflex mechanisms affected also. To get these data orthostatic tests were performed. There weren’t any researches investigating parasympathetic outflow affecting baroreflex reactions in response to clinostatic test. Hypothesis. Investigation of cardiovascular regulation at clinostatic stress can show baroreflex function alterations in persons with spinal cord injury. The aim of research - ascertain the peculiarities of hemodinamic function and cardiovascular regulation in persons with spinal cord injury in response to ortho-clinostatic stress. Goals: 1) ascertain toleration and presence of orthostatic hypotension in response to ortho-clinostatic stress in persons with SCI; 2) evaluate peculiarities of sympathetic cardiovascular regulation in... [to full text]
Šlikienė, Rasa. "Sportuojančių ir nesportuojančių neįgaliųjų asmenų su skirtingais nugaros smegenų pažeidimais aerobinis pajėgumas rankų ergometrijos metu." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080618_125138-69109.
Full textMotor, sensory and vegetative deficits are well-known consequences of spinal cord injury. Spinal cord injury is associated with motor, sensory, urinary and bowel systems dysfunction, which are leading causes of disability. Level and degree of injury, age and gender are determinants of independency of person with spinal cord injury. Persons with spinal cord injuries often are not physically active and lead a sedentary life because of subsequences of spinal cord injury, thus their aerobic capacity is lower than able-bodies. Aim of research: Ascertain and evaluate the aerobic performance of persons with different spinal cord injuries during arm ergometry. Goals: 1. Ascertain and evaluate taking and not taking part in sports persons with spinal cord injuries aerobic performance dependent from spinal cord injuries levels. 2. Ascertain and evaluate taking and not taking part in sports persons with spinal cord injuries aerobic performance dependent from age. 3. Ascertain and evaluate taking and not taking part in sports persons with spinal cord injuries aerobic performance dependent from lesion time. The researches were carried out in paraplegics association. In this research participate 21 persons with spinal cord injuries. Research methods – Constantly increasing continuous physical loads have been applied to all persons with spinal cord injuries by using a arm ergometer “Monark”. The wheel frequency was 70 times/ min (rotations). The persons gas analyzer „Oxygon Mobile“... [to full text]
Dilys, Sigitas. "Dviejų savaičių intensyvios treniruočių programos įtaka asmenų, turinčių skirtingo lygio nugaros smegenų pažeidimus, aerobinio pajėgumo rodikliams." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080618_125741-79605.
Full textLosing motional functions after spinal cord injury may influence sedentary life manner. Reduction of physical activity leads to body impairment and decreased force during physical work. Also everyday activity of individuals, having spinal cord injury, is not sufficient to stop decline of physical capability. Lack of capability while doing various tasks may be serious difficulty to self-sufficiency, and make an individual dependant on the people round about. This regression may be reversible by doing physical training. Problem of research: does two weeks applicable manual activity effectively influence aerobic capability rate increment of individuals having spinal cord injury. Purpose of research: assess and evaluate short and intense training programs impact to aerobic capability rate of individuals having different spinal cord injuries. Tasks: 1. Assess and evaluate aerobic capability rate increment of individuals having high spinal cord injuries (Th1-Th7) after training cycle. 2. Assess and evaluate aerobic capability rate increment of individuals having medium spinal cord injuries (T81-L1) after training cycle. 3. Assess and evaluate aerobic capability rate increment of individuals having minimum motional disability. Hypothesis of research: Intense two weeks duration applicable manual activity may greatly improve aerobic capability rate of individuals having spinal cord injuries. The researches were carried out in „Landšafto terapijos ir rekreacijos centre“ Monciškėse. In... [to full text]
Guzulaitis, Robertas. "Nugaros smegenų neuronų tinklo veikimo principai: somatosensorinės informacijos integracija ir aktyvumo išplitimas." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130925_093406-59707.
Full textSpinal cord integrates somatosensory information and generates coordinated motor responses. Temporal integration can be used for discrimination of important stimuli from noise. Here it is shown that temporal integration of somatosensory inputs in sub second time scale is possible without changes of intrinsic properties of motoneurons. The activity of premotor neurons increases during temporal integration and can be a mechanism for short term information storage in spinal cord. Suppression of motor activity after painful somatosensory stimulus is called cutaneous silent period. This motor suppression is well described in humans and used for diagnostics. However it is not known if the suppression of motor activity is due to inhibition of motoneurons or reduction of excitatory drive from premotor neurons. Here it is shown that motoneurons are inhibited during cutaneous silent period. Neural networks of spinal cord not only process somatosensory information but generate locomotion and reflexes too. It is accepted that neural networks controlling front and hind limb movements are located in cervical and lumbar enlargements respectfully. Here it is shown that thoracic segments of spinal cord contribute to hind limb movements as well. It means that neural network generating movements is much more widely distributed than previously thought.
Buišas, Rokas. "The gain of spinal cord motoneurons and its modification." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20121001_093711-87354.
Full textMotoneuronai – tai nervinės ląstelės tiesiogiai valdančios raumenis. Motoneuronuose, kaip ir kitose neuronuose, įėjimo transformacija į išėjimą charakterizuojama perdavimo funkcija, kuri dažniausiai aprašoma tam tikro statumo tiesine priklausomybe. Didelis perdavimo funkcijos statumas leidžia išvystyti didelę raumens susitraukimo jėgą, o mažas – įgalina tikslų raumenų valdymą. Perdavimo funkcijos charakteristikas apsprendžia neurono membranoje esantys joniniai kanalai. Pavyzdžiui, veikimo potencialų adaptaciją sukeliantys joniniai kanalai perdavimo funkcijos statumą mažina. Be to, neuroninio tinklo veikimo metu išskirti neurotransmiteriai gali veikti joninius kanalus ir pritaikyti perdavimo funkciją konkretaus judesio vykdymui. Šio darbo tikslas buvo įvertinti nugaros smegenų motoneuronų perdavimo funkcijos ypatybes ir ištirti jos galimus modifikavimo mechanizmus. Tyrimams naudoti vėžlio nugaros smegenų motoneuronai. Disertacijoje parodėme, kad perdavimo funkcijos statumas įvertintas trikampiais srovės impulsais sutampa su stacionariu perdavimo funkcijos statumu, įvertintu stimuliuojant motoneuronus stačiakampiais srovės impulsais. Nustatėme, kad farmakologiškai padidintas motoneuronų membranos laidumas neįtakoja perdavimo funkcijos statumo. Taip pat parodėme, kad nuolatinė Na+ srovė sumažina pradinį ir ankstyvąjį perdavimo funkcijų statumus.
Guzulaitis, Robertas. "The organisation principles of spinal neural network: temporal integration of somatosensory input and distribution of network activity." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130925_093153-76748.
Full textNugaros smegenys gauna somatosensorinę informaciją, ją integruoja ir generuoja motorinius atsakus. Disertacijoje parodoma, kad somatosensorinių įėjimų viršsekundinė laikinė integracija nugaros smegenų neuronų tinkle vyksta ne dėl motorinių neuronų vidinių savybių kitimo. Laikinės integracijos metu padidėja priešmotorinių neuronų aktyvumas ir tai gali lemti informacijos apie somatosensorinį įėjimą saugojimą. Somatosensorinis tylos periodas – tai motorinio aktyvumo slopinimas po skausmingo stimulo. Jis plačiai aprašytas žmonėse, bei taikomas diagnostikoje. Nepaisant plataus taikymo, somatosensorinio tylos periodo mechanizmai nėra ištirti – nebuvo žinoma ar šis motorinio aktyvumo slopinimas vyksta slopinant motorinius neuronus, ar eliminuojant motorinių neuronų žadinimą. Disertacijoje parodoma, kad somatosensorinio tylos periodo metu motoriniai neuronai yra slopinami. Be somatosensorinės informacijos apdorojimo nugaros smegenų neuronų tinklai užtikrina judėjimo ir refleksų valdymą. Yra priimta, kad priekines ir užpakalines galūnes valdantys neuronų tinklai išsidėstę atitinkamai nugaros smegenų kaklinės ir strėnų sričių išplatėjimuose. Disertacijoje parodoma, kad ir krūtininiai nugaros smegenų segmentai prisideda prie užpakalinių galūnių motorinio aktyvumo generavimo. Tai leidžia manyti, kad neuronų tinklas generuojantis judesius yra išplitęs labiau, nei manyta iki šiol.
Podlipajeva, Viktorija. "Žmonių po nugaros smegenų pažeidimų motyvacijos profesinei reabilitacijai veiksniai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20110709_151604-31237.
Full textLots of researches are devoted to investigate why unemployment rate among people with spinal cord injury is so high. Not enough attention is paid to the issue of how disabled people cope with external and internal factors when facing employment problems. Vocational rehabilitation and re-entry to labor market are processes influenced by many factors. The most attention in this paper is devoted to acceptance of own disability, evaluation of self-efficacy as well as to internal and external motivating factors. The integration of people with motion disability into society depends not only on society opinion, first of all it depends on person‘s self-evaluation: acceptance of own disability, self, as able to take care of him/herself and work effectively. Particularly important is that the wish to „come back to life“ came from person‘s inside. The aim of this paper is to determine the psychological factors for vocational rehabilitation of people with deep motion disability. The following research methods were used: initial interview (demographic data was gathered about the target group), motivation window (a scheme which is used to set person‘s intentions and motivation to change, i.e. which internal and external factors promote vocational rehabilitation), wish or hope and conviction that they will get employed in the course of one year, Self-Efficacy, specially developed for people with spinal cord injury, questionnaire of disability acceptance (person‘s attitude to disability... [to full text]
Baltrėnienė, Danguolė. "K. Niši metodo poveikis po nugaros smegenų trauminių pažeidimų." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060510_115805-49603.
Full textKrikščiūnienė, Galina. "NUGAROS SMEGENŲ TRAUMAS PATYRUSIŲ ASMENŲ DALYVAVIMO DARBO RINKOJE SOCIOEDUKACINIAI VEIKSNIAI." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080926_182835-68763.
Full textTheoretical analysis of social involvement showed that social involvement in scientific sources is regarded as the emphasis of advantages of the persons (particularily disabled persons) when trying to reveal their activity and originality in various spheres of life, which includes labor market as well. On the basis of theoretical analysis, professional training of the disabled is a perennial process of (self) education, which consists of equal components: pre-professional education, primary professional education, improvement of professional qualification, professional re-qualification, professional rehabilitation when relating professional education of the disabled not only with professional adaptation, but with socialization of the disabled as well. Hypothesis of the research is the persons that experienced back’s brain’s traumas (hereinafter – BBT) needs of self (employment) are not realized or are realized only partially due to insufficient privity of the employers about socioeducational possibilities of the disabled as well as their own low self-confidence. Method of questionnaire research has been done. Its aim was to reveal socioeducational factors in labor market of the involvement of the persons that have experienced BBT. The data of the research has been generalized when using statistical methods (descriptive statistics, factor and correlation analysis). 311 respondents participated in the research, 210 of them being the persons that experienced BBT and 1... [to full text]
Valentienė, Rūta. "Ligonių po nugaros smegenų pažeidimų slauga ankstyvos stacionarinės reabilitacijos laikotarpiu." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050614_122816-13410.
Full textŠpakauskas, Bronius. "Trauminio nugaros smegenų pažeidimo ir stuburo kanalo susiaurėjimo sąsajų tyrimas." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070305_122159-82453.
Full textMiniauskienė, Vilma. "Taikomosios fizinės veiklos įtaka neįgaliųjų su nugaros smegenų pažeidimais biosocialiniams įgūdžiams." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060509_150022-51863.
Full textLankauskienė, Vaida. "Vertikalizavimo poveikis pacientų, patyrusių kaklinės dalies nugaros smegenų sužalojimą, ortostatinėms reakcijoms." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080618_125559-28684.
Full textStudy subject: Orthostatic reactions of the patients with cervical part spinal cord injuries. Orthostatic reactions for patients with cervical part spinal cord injuries is one of the most biggest problems, which disturbs to seek the aims of rehabilitation. Patients often suffer from dizziness, nausea and even might to lose consciousness at the beginning of the rehabilitation. All these symptoms has a negative impact to patients, so it must be reduced as soon as possible. Study aim: To determine which tilt-table- simple or Erigo-has the bigger effect for patient’s, wiht cervical part spinal cord injuries, orthostatic reactions. Study goals: 1. To evaluate the blood pressure changes of the patients during verticalization with different tilt-table; 2. To evaluate the heart rate changes of the patients during verticalization with different tilt-table; 3. To evaluate the state of the patients health after verticalization with different tilt-table; 4. To determine the tolerated duration of the virtualization procedure with different tilt-table. Hypothesis: Erigo - a tilt-table with passive legs movements – is more effective in reducing orthostatic reactions of the patients with cervical part spinal cord injuries. Study methods: The study included 24 patients with cervical part spinal cord injuries which had treatment at Palanga Hospital of Rehabilitation on 2007-2008 year period. Patients were divided in to two equal groups (12 patients in each group). All patients had the same... [to full text]
Mankus, Mindaugas. "Asmenų, patyrusių nugaros smegenų pažeidimą, parezinių ar pleginių kojų raumenų spastiškumas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100525_164814-37185.
Full textThe object of research – individuals with spinal cord injuries, leg muscle spasticity. The relevance of research: individuals with spinal cord injury, spasticity (muscle tone) is usually studied in any disease (eg. after a stroke, with cerebral palsy, etc.) and checked applied rehabilitation program effectiveness, i.e. the investigators determined or influenced by muscle spasticity in their applied rehabilitation program or not. Studying muscle spasticity after spinal cord injury had very different results. Evaluation of the results of the various authors (Woolacott & Berne, 2006, Hsieh et al, 2008, Gorassini et al, 2008; Elovic, 2001, Adams & Hicks, 2005) is not clear how influence height of spinal cord injury, duration and depth of the infringement, sport to muscle spasticity. The study objective - to identify and assess spasticity of paresis or plegian leg muscle of the individuals who suffered spinal cord injury. Objectives: 1. To identify and assess spasticity of paresis or plegian leg muscle of individuals with spinal cord injuries according to the height of the infringement; 2. To identify and assess spasticity of paresis or plegian leg muscle of individuals with spinal cord injuries of the infringement on the depth; 3. To identify and assess spasticity of paresis or plegian leg muscle of individuals with spinal cord injuries according to the duration of the infringement; 4. To identify and evaluate spasticity of paresis or plegian leg muscle of individuals with... [to full text]
Pokvytytė, Vaida. "Asmenų su skirtingo lygio nugaros smegenų pažeidimais aerobinis pajėgumas rankų ergometrijos metu." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070816_145308-57524.
Full textThe persons with spinal cord injuries depend from upper body muscles in daily life activities. The movement with a wheelchair causes a lot of troubles, and this can be the main reason to the in active life style and bad finical health. The problem of the research is the following: Is the aerobic performance different of persons with different spinal cord injury level during arm ergometry and is the aerobic performance better of persons with spinal cord injuries who take exercise the in persons who don’t take exercise. Aim of research: Ascertain and evaluate the aerobic performance of persons with different spinal cord injuries during arm ergometry. Goals: 1. Ascertain and evaluate the men with different spinal cord injuries levels aerobic performance. 2. Ascertain and evaluate the women with different spinal cord injuries levels aerobic performance. 3. Compare the persons who take exercise and who don’t take exercise with different spinal cord injuries aerobic performance. Hypothesis of research: The persons with a low level spinal cord injuries aerobic performance are better then in persons with higher spinal cord injuries. And the person with spinal cord injuries who take sports aerobic performance is better than in persons who don‘t take sports. The researches were carried out in Lithuanian academy of physical education in adapted physical education laboratory. In this research participate 21 persons (8 men and 13 women) with spinal cord injuries. Research methods —... [to full text]
Marčiulynaitė, Neringa. "Pacientų, patyrusių nugaros smegenų pažeidimą, savarankiško veiklos vertinimo reikšmė ergoterapijos taikymui ankstyvuoju reabilitacijos laikotarpiu." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080619_134833-38095.
Full textThe aim of this study – to evaluate influence of self assessment for occupational therapy in early rehabilitation period, of patients with spinal cord injury. Goals of this study: to evaluate functional outcomes and occupational performance issues, using traditional assessment methods; to evaluate occupational performance issues, of patients with spinal cord injury, using client – centred methods; to determine the relation between traditional and client – centred assessment methods, dependantly on spinal cord injury level and patients` age. The research took place at a Vilnius University hospital Santariškių klinikos, Centre of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine inpatient departmens in 2007 02 – 2008 04. The research contingent consisted of 29 patients with spinal cord injury: 25 (86,2%) were men and 4 (13,8%) women, average of age 35,03 (SD ± 14,2) years. According to the level of spinal cord injury, 16 (55,2%) patients suffered from cervical spinal cord injury, 11 (37,9%) patients suffered from thoracic spinal cord injury and 2 (6,9%) patients had lumbar spinal cord injury. For 13 (81,3%) patients with cervical spinal cord injury was identified complete (American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA-A)) injury, for 5 (45,5%) patients with thoracic spinal cord injury was identified complete (ASIA – A) injury and both patients with lumbar spinal cord injury were identified to have incomplete (ASIA – C) injury. The data were obtained from medical history records and... [to full text]
Stanevičiūtė, Simona. "Neįgalių asmenų, su lėtiniais nugaros smegenų pakenkimais, kvėpavimo funkcijos mechanizmų pokyčiai orto-klinostazės poveikyje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080618_125337-46843.
Full textThe novelty of the research: The investigations show that analyses of the respiratory changes of people with spinal cord injuries are still relevant. However, it is still unknown how pathological mechanisms interact with each other depending to the level of spinal cord injury because no complex investigations were carried out. Also, it is unknown how these mechanisms vary depending on the body position. Whether they limit the physical activity in the sport of disable people in order to prevent complications in the respiratory system or whether physical activities can reduce the influence of the pathological mechanisms to the respiratory system in this way improve it. These questions are very important in the medicine of the disable sport. Such investigations are not carried out with the people with spinal cord injuries. Previous researches show that peope with spinal cord injuries have weal respiratory function comparing with able people (Mueller et al, 2006). It can be depended on the non physiological position of the diaphragm which is formed due to the changes of the rib angle with paralysis of the abdomen muscle. Also, in the condition with spinal cord injuries the transience of the airways can be changed as compensation mechanism for the reduced function of the external respiratory. However, there are very few researches carried out and as it was mentioned previously, no integrated researches were carried out which involve these mechanisms. The analysis of the... [to full text]
Mingaila, Sigitas. "Ligonių po nugaros smegenų pažeidimų funkcinės būklės ir sutrikusios veiklos korekcija, taikant ergoterapiją, ankstyvuoju reabilitacijos laikotarpiu." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20060111_012413-75949.
Full textPetravičius, Dainius. "Asmenų, patyrusių C4-7 nugaros smegenų segmentų kaklinės dalies pažeidimą savarankiškumo bei vežimėlio valdymo įgūdžių vertinimas vėlyvuoju reabilitacijos laikotarpiu." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090610_132804-20732.
Full textThesis subject: Effectiveness of Self-support skills development program in Valakupiai Reabilitation Center for persons with cervical part spinal cord injury. Thesis aim: To evaluate self-support wheelchair manipulation skills development for persons with cervical part spinal cord injury during late rehabilitation stage. Thesis methods: The participants of the study were patients with cervical part spinal cord injury, that participated in Self-support skills development program in Valakupiai Reabilitation Center. The examination was performed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of this program for participants. According to spinal cord injuries, participants were grouped into groups of injured spinal cord cervical segments: C5 or higher, C6 and C7 segments. Participants were assessed using Functional Independence Measure (FIM) to assess their independecy and Wheelchair manipulation test to assess wheelchair manipulation skills in the beginning and in the end of the program. Outcomes: Functional independence and wheelchair manipulation skills statistically significantly improved for participants (p<0,05). Functional independence results were dependent on injured segment, the level of the injury did not influence the results very much. Functional independence results showed, that the least problematic domain for participants was eating (4,98±1,0), the most problematic domain was climbing staircase (1,38±0,49). The hardest task in wheelchair manipulation was safe falling out... [to full text]