Relevant bibliographies by topics / Number neutrality

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Number neutrality'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Number neutrality"

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Görgülü, Emrah. "Nominals and number neutrality in languages." Language and Linguistics Compass 12, no. 10 (2018): e12301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12301.

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Chan, Tsan Ung. "True Neutrality, Complementary Principle and the Neutrality of Our Universe." International Journal of Modern Physics E 07, no. 06 (1998): 747–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301398000427.

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The criteria of true neutrality would infer that the neutrino is not a truly neutral particle and thus would imply that ββoν decay is forbidden, in agreement with the absence of any evidence of this process so far. Any fundamental interaction admits at least one truly neutral particle as messenger. Materialization through SM interactions corresponds to the creation of a pair of baryon antibaryon or lepton antilepton. These pairs have the same quantum numbers as those of the neutral messenger responsible for their creation. No net change of baryon number or lepton number could be obtained throu
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Mursanto, Deddy. "SANKSI PIDANA BAGI PEGAWAI NEGERI SIPIL (PNS) YANG TIDAK NETRAL DALAM PEMILIHAN KEPALA DAERAH (PILKADA) KOTA BAUBAU BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG APARATUR SIPIL NEGARA." Jurnal Hukum Volkgeist 2, no. 2 (2018): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v2i2.89.

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in the election of the head of the area (of the elections) town of Baubau on the basis of legislation ASN. The method used is the normative research methods, the data obtained will be analyzed are descriptive. Results found is the Neutrality of CIVIL SERVANTS, is the solution to solve the problems of the participation of CIVIL SERVANTS in political parties. With the inception of law No. 2014 about 15 years of Civilian rule, State Apparatus is expected to neutralize Government and then the Government should be able to realize the regulation, thus the goal of neutrality would be achieved . Law e
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Johnson, Charles R., Erik A. Schreiner, and Ludwig Elsner. "Eigenvalue neutrality in block triangular matrices." Linear and Multilinear Algebra 27, no. 4 (1990): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081089008818019.

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Fu, Y. X., and W. H. Li. "Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations." Genetics 133, no. 3 (1993): 693–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/133.3.693.

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Abstract Mutations in the genealogy of the sequences in a random sample from a population can be classified as external and internal. External mutations are mutations that occurred in the external branches and internal mutations are mutations that occurred in the internal branches of the genealogy. Under the assumption of selective neutrality, the expected number of external mutations is equal to theta = 4Ne mu, where Ne is the effective population size and mu is the rate of mutation per gene per generation. Interestingly, this expectation is independent of the sample size. The number of exter
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Bylinina, Lisa, and Alexander Podobryaev. "Plurality in Buriat and Structurally Constrained Alternatives." Journal of Semantics 37, no. 1 (2019): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffz017.

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Abstract We offer a solution to a puzzle in the number interpretation of nominals in Buriat. Buriat has a two-way number opposition in morphology (unmarked vs. plural), but semantically, both forms may be number neutral. We show that even though the number neutrality of unmarked nominals is heavily restricted, it does not boil down to (pseudo-)incorporation. Our proposal is that unmarked nominals can be either singular (projecting a NumP) or numberless (lacking a NumP). In case they are singular, they are semantically strictly atomic, but when there are numberless they are truly number neutral
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Kraut, Richard. "Politics, Neutrality, and the Good." Social Philosophy and Policy 16, no. 1 (1999): 315–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026505250000234x.

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A large number of prominent philosophers have in recent years advocated the thesis that the modern nation-state should adopt a stance of neutrality toward questions about the nature of the human good. The government, according to this way of thinking, has two proper goals, neither of which require it to make assumptions about what the constituents of a flourishing life are. First, the state must protect people against the invasion of their rights and uphold those principles of justice without which there can be no stable and lasting social order. This goal is accomplished through a guarantee o
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Andriychuk, Oles. "(Why) Did EU Net Neutrality Rules Overshoot the Mark? Internet, Disruptive Innovation and EU Competition Law & Policy." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 11, no. 18 (2018): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2018.11.18.9.

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This essay raises a number of theses in support for a more liberalised approach to EU Net Neutrality rules. It offers a graded system of levels of regulatory intervention, arguing that soft Net Neutrality rules are capable of meeting all positive objectives of regulation without causing the problems generated by hard Net Neutrality rules, such as those currently in place in the EU. Hard Net Neutrality rules prevent Internet Service Providers (ISPs) from making disruptive innovations. Meanwhile, they enable some Content and Application Providers (CAPs) to monopolise many markets via (disruptive
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Quer, Josep, Christine L. Hershey, Esteban Domingo, John J. Holland, and Isabel S. Novella. "Contingent Neutrality in Competing Viral Populations." Journal of Virology 75, no. 16 (2001): 7315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.16.7315-7320.2001.

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ABSTRACT The replicative fitness of a genetically marked (MARM-C) population of vesicular stomatitis virus was examined in competition assays in BHK-21 cells. In standard fitness assays involving up to eight competition passages of the mixed populations, MARM-C competes equally with the wild type (wt), but very prolonged competitions always led to the wt gaining dominance over MARM-C in a very slowed, nonlinear manner (J. Quer et al., J. Mol. Biol. 264:465–471, 1996). In the present study we show that a number of quite unrelated environmental perturbations, which decreased virus replication du
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Joyce, Paul. "Robustness of the Ewens sampling formula." Journal of Applied Probability 32, no. 3 (1995): 609–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3215116.

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Under the assumptions of the neutral infinite alleles model, K (the total number of alleles present in a sample) is sufficient for estimating θ (the mutation rate). This is a direct result of the Ewens sampling formula, which gives a consistent, asymptotically normal estimator for θ based on K. It is shown that the same estimator used to estimate θ under neutrality is consistent and asymptotically normal, even when the assumption of selective neutrality is violated.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Number neutrality"

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Modarresi, Fereshteh. "Bare nouns in Persian." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät II, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17366.

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Diese Dissertation untersucht das variable Verhalten von sogenannten „bare nouns“ (Nominale ohne Artikel) im Persischen. Dieses Verhalten kann jedoch nicht verstanden werden ohne eine Reihe von entscheidenden Eigenschaften der persischen Satzstruktur zu betrachten. Dazu gehören Informationsstruktur, Prosodie und Wortstellung, sowie die semantischen und syntaktischen Funktionen verschiedener morphologischer Markierungen im Persischen. Die vorliegende Dissertation kann daher zum besseren Verständnis von satzinterner Syntax, Semantik und Prosodie des Persischen beitragen. Ich beginne meine Unter
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Books on the topic "Number neutrality"

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Schouten, Gina. Liberalism, Neutrality, and the Gendered Division of Labor. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813071.001.0001.

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The trend toward gender equalization in domestic and paid labor allocations has stalled, and a growing number of scholars argue that, absent political intervention, further eroding of the gendered division of labor will not be forthcoming anytime soon. Certain political interventions could jumpstart the stalled gender revolution, but beyond their prospects for effectiveness, such interventions stand in need of another kind of justification. In a diverse, liberal state, reasonable citizens will disagree about what makes for a good life and a good society. Because a fundamental commitment of lib
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Tsagourias, Nicholas. Self-Defence, Protection of Humanitarian Values, and the Doctrine of Impartiality and Neutrality in Enforcement Mandates. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0019.

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This chapter begins by examining the scope of the principles of consent, neutrality/impartiality, and minimum use of force as they apply to modern United Nations peacekeeping operations. It then asks how the use of force can be used to protect humanitarian values assigned to peacekeeping operations, and how such use of force interacts with the principles of neutrality and of impartiality. The chapter also discusses the implications of ‘the responsibility to protect’ and the ‘protection of civilians’ for the competence to use force. The chapter concludes by identifying a number of difficulties
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. The Neutral Divergence of Quantitative Traits. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0012.

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The joint action of genetic drift and mutation results in the divergence of trait means over time. This chapter examines the expected amount of divergence, which forms the basis for a number of tests on whether an observed pattern is either too large relative to drift (suggesting directional selection) or two small (suggesting stabilizing selection). It then applies these results to examine tests for selection over a very diverse range of data sets, ranging from a stratophenetic series of fossils to divergence in gene expression over time. It also examines a number of trait-augmented marked-ba
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Whittier, Nancy. Beyond Politics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190235994.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 shows how ideologically diverse activists and legislators converged around a narrow, single-issue opposition to child sexual abuse and defined it as a politically neutral issue. The chapter shows how three challenges to this consensus emerged and were resolved: a 1981 Republican attempt to kill CAPTA; 1992‒1996 feminist organizing around child custody cases and False Memory Syndrome Foundation attempts to weaken CAPTA; 2000 forward, expansions of sex offender registration and notification requirements. Narrow neutrality facilitated the passage of legislation and pulled policy toward
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Hollingworth, Miles. Numbers Station. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190873998.003.0003.

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We are lured by the sounds of the numbers stations—by the sounds of infinity— away from what men actually saw and touched and out into a voyeuristic thrill. But as we listen in on the numbers as they speak to each other, we ourselves begin to be changed into a hideous likeness to them. Because that, of course, is the great danger of any ‘listening in’. It never takes place neutrally or passively. It is because of this that the Word of God can save men. And it is also because of this that the numbers station of the totality of atomic facts can destroy them. Because listening is never about the
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Using Molecular Data to Detect Selection: Signatures from Recent Single Events. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0009.

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Different types and phases of a selective sweep (hard, soft, partial, polygenic) generate different patterns of departures from neutrality, and hence require different tests. It is thus not surprising that a large number of tests have been proposed that use sequence information to detect ongoing, or very-recently completed, episodes of selection. This chapter critically reviews over 50 such tests, which use information on allele-frequency change, linkage disequilibrium patterns, spatial allele-frequency patterns, site-frequency spectrum data, allele-frequency spectrum data, and haplotype struc
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Griffin, Leslie. Marriage Rights and Religious Exemptions in the United States. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935352.013.19.

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After providing background on the law of marriage in the United States, this article examines the numerous religious exemptions—solemnization exemptions, religious-organization exemptions, commercial exemptions, Religious Freedom Restoration Act exemptions, the ministerial-exception exemption, and tax exemptions—that are currently in effect or proposed for American marriage laws. Although these exemptions are usually proposed in the name of religious liberty, over the long run their number, scope, and breadth threaten the religious neutrality that the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution r
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Speller, Ian. Ireland. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0019.

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This chapter explores the evolution of Irish defence policy from the end of the cold war through to 2017. It provides an analysis of national strategy, military doctrine, and force structures and reveals how these have evolved to meet new challenges and opportunities. The chapter explains how successive governments have sought to balance a reluctance to devote significant resources to defence and the desire to maintain the longs-tanding tradition of neutrality with a commitment to international engagement through the UN and active participation in a number of UN peacekeeping missions overseas.
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Kramer, Matthew H. Too Much from Too Little. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777960.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 remains on the offensive against liberal neutralism, as it contests the efforts by Gerald Gaus to ground his libertarian version of neutralism on supposedly thin and uncontroversial premises. As will be seen, those putatively thin premises in fact depend on a number of deeply controversial assumptions. Although at least some of those assumptions are very likely false, this chapter does not need to establish their falsity. Instead, the point will be to reveal that liberal neutralism in one of its most prominent and perceptive instantiations is fundamentally non-neutral. In addition, t
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Bramoullé, Yann, Andrea Galeotti, and Brian W. Rogers, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Networks. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948277.001.0001.

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This handbook represents the frontier of research into the economics of networks: how and why they form, how they influence behavior, how they help govern outcomes in an interactive world, and how they shape collective decision making, opinion formation, and diffusion dynamics. From a methodological perspective, the authors devote attention to theory, field experiments, laboratory experiments, and econometrics. Theoretical work in network formation, games played on networks, repeated games, and the interaction between linking and behavior are synthesized. A number of chapters are devoted to st
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Book chapters on the topic "Number neutrality"

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Gorges, Tobias, Claudia Weißmann, and Sebastian Bothor. "Small Electric Vehicles (SEV)—Impacts of an Increasing SEV Fleet on the Electric Load and Grid." In Small Electric Vehicles. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65843-4_9.

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AbstractHeading towards climate neutrality, the electrification of the transport sector has significant impact on the electric grid infrastructure. Among other vehicles, the increasing number of new technologies, mobility offers, and services has an impact on the grid infrastructure. The purpose of this case study therefore is to examine and highlight the small electric vehicle (SEV) impact on the electric load and grid. A data-based analysis model with high charging demand in an energy network is developed that includes renewable energy production and a charging process of a whole SEV fleet during the daily electricity demand peak for the city of Stuttgart (Germany). Key figures are gathered and analysed from official statistics and open data sources. The resulting load increase due to the SEV development is determined and the impact on the electric grid in comparison to battery electric vehicles (BEV) is assessed for two district types. The case study shows that if SEVs replace BEVs, the effects on the grid peak load are considered significant. However, the implementation of a load management system may have an even higher influence on peak load reduction. Finally, recommendations for the future national and international development of SEV fleets are summarized.
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Toma, Stefánia. "Counteracting the Schools’ Demon: Local Social Changes and Their Effects on the Participation of Roma Children in School Education." In Social and Economic Vulnerability of Roma People. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52588-0_8.

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AbstractThe aim of the article (The empirical material leading to the present chapter results from the research effort “MigRom—The Immigration of Romanian Roma to Western Europe: Causes, effects, and future engagement strategies”, a project funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme under the call “Dealing with diversity and cohesion: the case of the Roma in the European Union” (GA319901). I also used the results and experiences of earlier fieldworks starting with 2000 in Bighal (the name of the localities were changed in order to respect the identities of the people) that were financed through Open Society Institute, Visegrad Funds, CERGE-EI through GDN and WIIW, respectively Inclusion 2007 through PHARE 2004. Earlier version of the article was presented at the GLS Conference in Nicosia (Cyprus) in 2017. The article was finalized in the framework of a visiting research programme at TARKI-POLC receiving funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 730998, “InGRID-2—Integrating Research Infrastructure for European expertise on Inclusive Growth from data to policy”.) is to inquire into the interconnectedness of large number of factors that carry the opportunity and possibility of improving school participation of Roma children in Romania.I argue that the inherent deficiencies of the educational system, starting with the structural constraints and ending with the psycho-social context in which Roma (or minoritized, marginalized, vulnerable) children learn, can be and are challenged by initiatives, strategies or processes that fall out of the immediate range of the strict framework of the educational system. Bourdieu used the Maxwell’s demon as a metaphor to illustrate the reproduction of socio-economic inequalities in the framework of school system. But this ‘demon’ might be challenged with more or less success if we step out and look for possible ‘tools’ to counteract this demon. Two such cases are presented in this chapter. One is a project implemented with and by the local Roma community using external financing and the other one is the participation of the members of the communities in international migration and use of remittances. I will emphasize that independently of the type and amount of the mobilized resources the individuals and/or communities are able to create and proactively make good use of path-departing opportunities through mechanisms of redefining and changing contextual constraints thus improvements can be observed in the school participation of the Roma children (PS. PS. The article was written before the COVID-19 pandemic hit the world. Its effects seems to neutralize the positive impact of the above mentioned processes: the slow steps taken in improving the socio-economic situation of the Roma seems to be stopped; prejudices and ethnic hatred seems to be stronger; access to services for Roma communities get more difficult, including to education: in this context, a further research question is how on-line schooling changed or will change the participation of Roma children?).
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Bloxham, Donald. "Writing History: Problems of Neutrality." In History and Morality. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198858713.003.0003.

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Part 2 Writing History: Problems of Neutrality This Part of the book challenges widespread assumptions that, where it matters, it is possible or desirable for historians to avoid value judgements and the sorts of evocative descriptions that imply or could reasonably be expected to prompt such judgements. The first section distinguishes between History and particular traditions within the social sciences in order to show why the ‘rules’ about moral evaluation can be different in these differing endeavours. The second section establishes the widespread existence of evocations and evaluations in the very labelling and description of many historical phenomena, suggesting not just how peculiar works of History would look in their absence of evocations and appraisals, but that their absence would often distort what is being reported. These arguments are key to the distinction made in the third section about rejecting value neutrality as a governing ideal while insisting on truthfulness as a historian’s primary duty. The fourth section highlights the nature of most historical accounts as composites of a range of perspectives as it considers questions of context, agency, outcome, and experience. The composition gives rise to the overall impression, evaluative or evocative, provided by the work. The fifth section brings together a number of the chapter’s themes as it examines an important case of the historian’s judgement—judgement about the legitimacy of power in past worlds where legitimacy could be as contested as often today.
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O’Hara, Kieron. "Openness and Its Discontents." In Four Internets. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197523681.003.0006.

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Although openness has many good arguments for it, it has led to a string of hard cases, including data protection and privacy, copyright, censorship, the externalities of social networks, and net neutrality. Openness brings three problematic effects: it is hard to keep out bad actors without centralized gatekeeping; openness does not ensure representativeness or diversity; collective action problems, such as free-riding, can occur. Some technologies enable the efficiencies of openness to be reproduced in systems that are not open, and governments have a number of levers they can pull to restrict Internet freedoms. Some governments even dream of total sovereignty over the Internet. There are various specific complaints about openness, including the need to treat different media differently, the problems of bad faith at scale, a large threat surface, and bias.
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O’Neill, Martin, and Shepley Orr. "Introduction." In Taxation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199609222.003.0001.

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This chapter situates philosophical discussions of taxation with reference to the strongly contrasting approaches to tax, property, and justice embodied in Robert Nozick’s Anarchy, State, and Utopia, and John Rawls’s A Theory of Justice. The twelve chapters of the book are situated against the opposing philosophical poles provided by the libertarian and Rawlsian approaches to tax, and we describe in particular the further development of the Rawlsian view by Liam Murphy and Thomas Nagel in their book The Myth of Ownership: Taxes and Justice, which is a focal point for a number of the following chapters. We explain why and how taxation should be seen as central to political philosophy, given the importance of tax policy for both domestic and global justice, and given the close connections that taxation has to issues of property rights, democracy, public justification, state neutrality, stability, political psychology, and a range of other issues.
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Marquis, Laurence, and Mark Daku. "Ethics in Research." In Research Methods in the Social Sciences: An A-Z of key concepts. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198850298.003.0025.

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This chapter studies ethics in research. Ethics play an important role in scientific inquiry, beyond cases of plagiarism, fraud, and misconduct. Importantly, there is a difference between ethical research and ethical researchers. While principles of ethics in research stem mostly from the biomedical field, they have also been adapted to apply to the social sciences. These principles are generally addressed through three common principles: voluntary participation, informed consent, and confidentiality. Researchers themselves must be wary of a number of other factors that can influence their project and role, such as the supervision of students, or other situations where there is a relationship of authority. Similarly, researchers must be careful not to make misrepresentations to subjects about the project or the related risks, or fail to disclose any conflict of interest. Researchers must take steps to ensure their neutrality so that no preconceptions or personal bias can risk influencing the results or subjects. The chapter then looks at ethics review boards and the emergent ethical issues.
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Smith, Tom, and Ed Johnston. "Marketisation and competition in criminal legal aid: implications for access to justice." In Marketisation and Privatisation in Criminal Justice. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447345701.003.0010.

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The right to legal representation is a fundamental right, and arrangements for funding this are crucial to ensuring access to justice for those accused of criminal offences. Criminal legal aid has long been regarded as an entitlement for most citizens, particularly the most economically vulnerable. However, criminal legal aid has been cast in a different light in recent years, viewed not through the lens of welfarism but subjected to neo-liberal values such as cost neutrality, marketisation and managerialism. This was particularly evident in the ‘Transforming Legal Aid’ consultation of 2013, which resurrected the idea of competitive tendering for provision of criminal legal aid services. Although not pursued in full, subsequent changes – including cuts of 8.75% to fees for legal aid lawyers – appear to have significantly affected the scope of criminal legal aid. The number of providers of such services has consistently declined over the past decade and firms have frequently reported significant financial pressure. Arguably, these reforms – justified in neo-liberal terms – have affected access to justice and by extension the quality of justice offered by the Criminal Justice System, CJS. This chapter will examine the market-driven reform of criminal legal aid in recent years, and consider two apparent examples of impact: evidence of an increasing number of litigants-in-person in criminal cases; and the outsourcing of police station work to independent ‘agents’. The chapter will also question some of the apparent contradictions in neo-liberal reform of criminal legal aid, such as the deliberate policy of reducing the size of the provider market; and the ‘false economies’ created by the pursuit of efficiency and economy: goals which are underpinned and enforced by the Criminal Procedure Rules.
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Bonner, John Tyler. "Envoi." In Randomness in Evolution. Princeton University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157016.003.0007.

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This chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. It argues that randomness is necessary to counteract the tremendous power of natural selection. There could be no natural selection without randomness, for it is the foundation upon which natural selection is built. The most interesting aspects of biological randomness is the effect size has on it. Small organisms are more likely to be involved in randomness than large ones. Because internal selection will play little or no role in their short development, they will produce adult morphological variants in large numbers, and there will be an increased chance that some of them are untouched by natural selection. The big problem is that their neutrality cannot be proved, a difficulty that ignites the passions of many committed adaptationists.
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Cook, Nicholas. "5. Music in a global world." In Music: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198726043.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses the relationship of music to colonization and globalization. In the colonies music contributed to the legitimizing of hegemony, while at home it functioned as a means of representing foreign cultures, generally portraying them as both different and inferior. This illustrates how music can serve the ends of cultural and political ideologies, but it can equally be a means to neutralize, resist, or interrogate power. It can also be an instrument of modernization and nation building, as illustrated by the example of China. The chapter then considers examples of cross-cultural interaction and hybridization, ranging from classical and modernist music to the development and globalization of popular musics; it outlines a number of alternative conceptions of ‘world music’ that range from the commercial to the speculative. A concluding section returns to the Prudential commercial with which the book opened, assessing the value of music in contemporary society.
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Radianti, Jaziar, and Jose J. Gonzalez. "Dynamic Modeling of the Cyber Security Threat Problem." In Cyber Security and Global Information Assurance. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-326-5.ch001.

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This chapter discusses the possible growth of black markets (BMs) for software vulnerabilities and factors affecting their spread. It is difficult to collect statistics about BMs for vulnerabilities and their associated transactions, as they are hidden from general view. We conduct a disguised observation of online BM trading sites to identify causal models of the ongoing viability of BMs. Our observation results are expressed as a system dynamic model. We implement simulations to observe the effects of possible actions to disrupt BMs. The results suggest that without interventions the number and size of BMs is likely to increase. A simulation scenario with a policy to halt BM operations results in temporary decrease of the market. The intervention ultimately meets policy resistance, failing to neutralize a reinforcing feedback. Combining the policy with efforts to build distrust among BM participants may cause them to leave the forum and inhibit the imitation process to establish similar forums.
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Conference papers on the topic "Number neutrality"

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Herve, Philippe. "Improving Offshore Platform Production With Artificial Intelligence." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31073-ms.

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Abstract The oil and gas sector is facing a changing market with new pressures to which it must learn to adapt. One of the biggest changes in expectations is the increased focus being placed on carbon emissions. Many consumers, investors, and lawmakers see reforms to the oil and gas industry as one of the most important avenues toward reducing carbon emissions and curbing climate change, and accordingly, a large number of companies have already made ambitious pledges towards carbon neutrality. New technologies may offer the best avenue for oil and gas companies to reduce their carbon emissions
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Kirechev, Damyan. "CARBON FARMING - A MODERN BUSINESS MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE." In AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL AREAS - ECONOMY, INNOVATION AND GROWTH 2021. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ara2021.315.

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The agricultural sector is seen by the European Commission as key to achieving a climate-neutral economy because of its carbon sequestration capabilities. In 2021, the Commission will publish results on carbon farming, in the context of the Green Deal commitments to reduce greenhouse gases and achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. The need to stimulate countries to scale up carbon farming practices is crucial. Five key areas are analyzed as the basis for a carbon-based agriculture scheme. The benefits of carbon farming can be on a number of fronts, but most notably producing more food with less p
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Shim, Jaesool, Prashanta Dutta, and Cornelius F. Ivory. "Modeling and Simulation of Isotachophoresis for Chemical Separation of Charged Species." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41334.

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Numerical simulation results are obtained for isotachophoresis (ITP) in two-dimensional straight michrochannel. This 2D ITP model is formulated based on finite volume schemes using 5 ionic components: one leader (LE), one terminator (TE), two samples (Sample A and B), and a counter ion electrolyte (C). Distinct net mobilities and diffusion coefficients are assigned to all ionic components, and an electric field is maintained along the channel to carry out the electrophoretic separation in microchannel. The computer model is developed to solve mass and charge conservation equations and to satis
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Chin Aleong, Ashley Renae, and Rodney R. Jagai. "Incineration as a Means of CO2 Reduction." In SPE Trinidad and Tobago Section Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200956-ms.

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Abstract Incineration is a method of waste management, which is quickly taking a prominent role in munic ipa l authorities all over the world. The introduction of smokeless incinerators aids in decreasing adverse environmental impacts, making this technology a viable alternative to landfills. Modern designs and advancements in incineration processes focus on enhancements in energy efficiency and reductions in emissions of CO2, thus creating an avenue for sustainable energy. It is a means to combat organic substances in waste and separate dangerous gases and particulates from flue gas. Modern i
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Xu, Dongyan, Deyu Li, Yongsheng Leng, and Yunfei Chen. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ion Distribution in Nanochannels." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15075.

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Ion distribution in nanochannels with overlapped electric double layers is important for understanding many interesting phenomena in nature and designing novel nanofluidic devices for different applications. Molecular Dynamics has been proved to be a powerful tool to study the ion distribution and electroosmotic flow inside nanochannels. However, a big problem in molecular dynamics simulation is the assignment of the number of ions in the simulation domain since no theory is available to determine the number of ions in the nanochannel, which is directly related to the chemical potential of the
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Abuluaih, Saajid, Azlinah Hj Mohamed, Annamalai Muthukkaruppan, and Hiroyuki Iida. "Reordering Variables using ‘Contribution Number’ Strategy to Neutralize Sudoku Sets." In International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005188803250333.

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Buzzetto-More, Nicole, and Ojiabo Ukoha. "The Efficacy of a Web-Based Instruction and Remediation Program on Student Learning." In InSITE 2009: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3319.

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Faculty today are challenged to meet the individualized learning needs of what is frequently a disparate student population while engaging in meaningful assessment of student learning outcomes. Learning styles and levels of preparation vary among students especially in the area of mathematics and the ability to diagnosis deficiencies and remedy needs can increase student success. Computerized homework and test management systems complete with interactive tutorials and targeted remediation exercises are being presented as a means of meeting the individual instructional needs of learners while a
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He, Xingxi, and Donald J. Leo. "Monte-Carlo Simulation of Ion Transport at the Polymer-Metal Interface." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79765.

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The transport of charge due to electric stimulus is the primary mechanism of actuation for a class of polymeric active materials known as ionomeric polymer transducers. Continuum-based models of ion transport have been developed for the purpose of understanding charge transport due to diffusion and migration. In this work a two dimensional ion hopping model has been built to describe ion transport in ionomeric polymer transducer (IPT) with Monte-Carlo simulation. In the simulation, cations are distributed on 50nm × 50nm × 1nm (or 50nm × 10 nm × 1nm) lattice cells of IPT while the same number o
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Bluestein, Andrew M., and Douglas Bohl. "Effect of Neutrally Buoyant Particles on Horizontal Turbulent Flow Through a Tee-Junction." In ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2020-20364.

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Abstract Turbulent particle-laden flows are of high interest due to their presence in many industrial applications. High Reynolds number flows containing solid particles, create complex flows and erosive environments. The effect that the particles have on the turbulence of the surrounding fluid is referred to in the literature as turbulence modulation. This is an area of research in which there is still much to learn to enable a deeper understanding of the physics behind these complex flows. Data that would be of particular usefulness are at higher Reynolds numbers (Re ≥ 100,000), and dense lo
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Cho, Byung Rae, Young Won Kim, and Jung Yul Yoo. "Lateral Migration of Neutrally-Buoyant Particles in a Square Microchannel at Low Reynolds Numbers." In ASME 2009 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2009-78310.

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Lateral migration of particles has drawn a lot of attention in suspension community for the last 50 years. Since there is no need for extra external forces, lateral migration of particles plays an important role in constructing microfluidic devices in diverse engineering applications. In this paper, an experimental study on lateral migration of neutrally-buoyant spherical particles transported through a square microchannel is carried out using a fluorescent microscope at low Reynolds numbers. Fluorescent microspheres with diameters of d = 6 μm, 10 μm, and 16 μm are adopted as the test particle
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