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Journal articles on the topic 'Number neutrality'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Görgülü, Emrah. "Nominals and number neutrality in languages." Language and Linguistics Compass 12, no. 10 (2018): e12301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12301.

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2

Chan, Tsan Ung. "True Neutrality, Complementary Principle and the Neutrality of Our Universe." International Journal of Modern Physics E 07, no. 06 (1998): 747–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301398000427.

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The criteria of true neutrality would infer that the neutrino is not a truly neutral particle and thus would imply that ββoν decay is forbidden, in agreement with the absence of any evidence of this process so far. Any fundamental interaction admits at least one truly neutral particle as messenger. Materialization through SM interactions corresponds to the creation of a pair of baryon antibaryon or lepton antilepton. These pairs have the same quantum numbers as those of the neutral messenger responsible for their creation. No net change of baryon number or lepton number could be obtained throu

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Mursanto, Deddy. "SANKSI PIDANA BAGI PEGAWAI NEGERI SIPIL (PNS) YANG TIDAK NETRAL DALAM PEMILIHAN KEPALA DAERAH (PILKADA) KOTA BAUBAU BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG APARATUR SIPIL NEGARA." Jurnal Hukum Volkgeist 2, no. 2 (2018): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v2i2.89.

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in the election of the head of the area (of the elections) town of Baubau on the basis of legislation ASN. The method used is the normative research methods, the data obtained will be analyzed are descriptive. Results found is the Neutrality of CIVIL SERVANTS, is the solution to solve the problems of the participation of CIVIL SERVANTS in political parties. With the inception of law No. 2014 about 15 years of Civilian rule, State Apparatus is expected to neutralize Government and then the Government should be able to realize the regulation, thus the goal of neutrality would be achieved . Law e

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4

Johnson, Charles R., Erik A. Schreiner, and Ludwig Elsner. "Eigenvalue neutrality in block triangular matrices." Linear and Multilinear Algebra 27, no. 4 (1990): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081089008818019.

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5

Fu, Y. X., and W. H. Li. "Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations." Genetics 133, no. 3 (1993): 693–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/133.3.693.

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Abstract Mutations in the genealogy of the sequences in a random sample from a population can be classified as external and internal. External mutations are mutations that occurred in the external branches and internal mutations are mutations that occurred in the internal branches of the genealogy. Under the assumption of selective neutrality, the expected number of external mutations is equal to theta = 4Ne mu, where Ne is the effective population size and mu is the rate of mutation per gene per generation. Interestingly, this expectation is independent of the sample size. The number of exter

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Bylinina, Lisa, and Alexander Podobryaev. "Plurality in Buriat and Structurally Constrained Alternatives." Journal of Semantics 37, no. 1 (2019): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffz017.

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Abstract We offer a solution to a puzzle in the number interpretation of nominals in Buriat. Buriat has a two-way number opposition in morphology (unmarked vs. plural), but semantically, both forms may be number neutral. We show that even though the number neutrality of unmarked nominals is heavily restricted, it does not boil down to (pseudo-)incorporation. Our proposal is that unmarked nominals can be either singular (projecting a NumP) or numberless (lacking a NumP). In case they are singular, they are semantically strictly atomic, but when there are numberless they are truly number neutral

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7

Kraut, Richard. "Politics, Neutrality, and the Good." Social Philosophy and Policy 16, no. 1 (1999): 315–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026505250000234x.

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A large number of prominent philosophers have in recent years advocated the thesis that the modern nation-state should adopt a stance of neutrality toward questions about the nature of the human good. The government, according to this way of thinking, has two proper goals, neither of which require it to make assumptions about what the constituents of a flourishing life are. First, the state must protect people against the invasion of their rights and uphold those principles of justice without which there can be no stable and lasting social order. This goal is accomplished through a guarantee o

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8

Andriychuk, Oles. "(Why) Did EU Net Neutrality Rules Overshoot the Mark? Internet, Disruptive Innovation and EU Competition Law & Policy." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 11, no. 18 (2018): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2018.11.18.9.

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This essay raises a number of theses in support for a more liberalised approach to EU Net Neutrality rules. It offers a graded system of levels of regulatory intervention, arguing that soft Net Neutrality rules are capable of meeting all positive objectives of regulation without causing the problems generated by hard Net Neutrality rules, such as those currently in place in the EU. Hard Net Neutrality rules prevent Internet Service Providers (ISPs) from making disruptive innovations. Meanwhile, they enable some Content and Application Providers (CAPs) to monopolise many markets via (disruptive

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9

Quer, Josep, Christine L. Hershey, Esteban Domingo, John J. Holland, and Isabel S. Novella. "Contingent Neutrality in Competing Viral Populations." Journal of Virology 75, no. 16 (2001): 7315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.16.7315-7320.2001.

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ABSTRACT The replicative fitness of a genetically marked (MARM-C) population of vesicular stomatitis virus was examined in competition assays in BHK-21 cells. In standard fitness assays involving up to eight competition passages of the mixed populations, MARM-C competes equally with the wild type (wt), but very prolonged competitions always led to the wt gaining dominance over MARM-C in a very slowed, nonlinear manner (J. Quer et al., J. Mol. Biol. 264:465–471, 1996). In the present study we show that a number of quite unrelated environmental perturbations, which decreased virus replication du

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10

Joyce, Paul. "Robustness of the Ewens sampling formula." Journal of Applied Probability 32, no. 3 (1995): 609–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3215116.

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Under the assumptions of the neutral infinite alleles model, K (the total number of alleles present in a sample) is sufficient for estimating θ (the mutation rate). This is a direct result of the Ewens sampling formula, which gives a consistent, asymptotically normal estimator for θ based on K. It is shown that the same estimator used to estimate θ under neutrality is consistent and asymptotically normal, even when the assumption of selective neutrality is violated.

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Joyce, Paul. "Robustness of the Ewens sampling formula." Journal of Applied Probability 32, no. 03 (1995): 609–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200103079.

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Under the assumptions of the neutral infinite alleles model, K (the total number of alleles present in a sample) is sufficient for estimating θ (the mutation rate). This is a direct result of the Ewens sampling formula, which gives a consistent, asymptotically normal estimator for θ based on K. It is shown that the same estimator used to estimate θ under neutrality is consistent and asymptotically normal, even when the assumption of selective neutrality is violated.

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12

Rogerson, David Alfred, Pedro Seixas, and James Robert Holmes. "Net Neutrality: An Incyte Perspective responding to recent developments in the European Union." Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 4, no. 4 (2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/ajtde.v4n4.79.

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The road to net neutrality within the European Union (EU) has been slow and winding. However, a major milestone was reached in August 2016 through the publication of the BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation by National Regulators of European Net Neutrality Rules. These Guidelines, which must be given the “utmost consideration” by national regulators, provide the EU’s first detailed and unambiguous regulatory commitment to net neutrality, and are carefully crafted to balance the needs of content providers and network operators. This extended article explores the scope of the net neutrality pr

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13

Rogerson, David Alfred, Pedro Seixas, and James Robert Holmes. "Net Neutrality: An Incyte Perspective responding to recent developments in the European Union." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 4, no. 4 (2017): 17–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v4n4.79.

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The road to net neutrality within the European Union (EU) has been slow and winding. However, a major milestone was reached in August 2016 through the publication of the BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation by National Regulators of European Net Neutrality Rules. These Guidelines, which must be given the “utmost consideration” by national regulators, provide the EU’s first detailed and unambiguous regulatory commitment to net neutrality, and are carefully crafted to balance the needs of content providers and network operators. This extended article explores the scope of the net neutrality pr

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14

Riora, Muhammad, Ulya Kencana, and Kun Budianto. "Netralitas Politik Aparatur Sipil Negara dalam Perspektif Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia." Wajah Hukum 4, no. 2 (2020): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v4i2.189.

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In the legal and governmental aspects, bureaucratic reform is very urgent to be realized, including the policy of ASN political neutrality. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the political neutrality policy of ASN according to Law Number 5 of 2014 concerning State Civil Servants in the Perspective of Human Rights Protection. The scope of this research is carried out by drawing legal principles against written positive law. Legal principles are used in interpreting Law Number 5 of 2014 concerning ASN by relating it to the perspective of protecting human rights. The method used is normative j

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Lancaster, P., and L. Rodman. "Invariant Neutral Subspaces for Symmetric and Skew Real Matrix Pairs." Canadian Journal of Mathematics 46, no. 3 (1994): 602–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cjm-1994-032-4.

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AbstractReal matrix pairs (A,H) satisfying det H ≠ 0, HT = εH, and HA - ηATH, where ε, η take the values +1 or —1, are considered. It is shown that maximal A-invariant H-neutral subspaces have the same dimension (depending on ε and η), called the order of neutrality of the pair (A, H). The order of neutrality of definitizable pairs is investigated. In particular, this concept is used to obtain lower bounds for the number of pure imaginary eigenvalues of low rank perturbations of definitizable pairs when (ε,η) = (1, - 1 ) and when (ε,η) = (—1,—1).

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Barnett, William A., and Liting Su. "RISK ADJUSTMENT OF THE CREDIT-CARD AUGMENTED DIVISIA MONETARY AGGREGATES." Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, S1 (2018): 90–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100518000160.

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While credit cards provide transactions services, as do currency and demand deposits, credit cards have never been included in measures of the money supply. The reason is accounting conventions, which do not permit adding liabilities, such as credit card balances, to assets, such as money. However, economic aggregation theory and index number theory measure service flows and are based on microeconomic theory, not accounting. Barnett et al. derived the aggregation and index number theory needed to measure the joint services of credit cards and money. They derived and applied the theory under th

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O'Dwyer, James P., and Anne Kandler. "Inferring processes of cultural transmission: the critical role of rare variants in distinguishing neutrality from novelty biases." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1735 (2017): 20160426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0426.

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Neutral evolution assumes that there are no selective forces distinguishing different variants in a population. Despite this striking assumption, many recent studies have sought to assess whether neutrality can provide a good description of different episodes of cultural change. One approach has been to test whether neutral predictions are consistent with observed progeny distributions, recording the number of variants that have produced a given number of new instances within a specified time interval: a classic example is the distribution of baby names. Using an overlapping generations model,

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18

Khloussy, Elissar, and Yuming Jiang. "Revenue-Maximizing Radio Access Technology Selection with Net Neutrality Compliance in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9706813.

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The net neutrality principle states that users should have equal access to all Internet content and that Internet Service Providers (ISPs) should not practice differentiated treatment on any of the Internet traffic. While net neutrality aims to restrain any kind of discrimination, it also grants exemption to a certain category of traffic known as specialized services (SS), by allowing the ISP to dedicate part of the resources for the latter. In this work, we consider a heterogeneous LTE/WiFi wireless network and we investigate revenue-maximizing Radio Access Technology (RAT) selection strategi

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19

Furqon, Eki. "Kedudukan Komisi Aparatur Sipil Negara dalam Menjaga Netralitas Aparatur Sipil Negara pada Pemilihan Umum 2019 Ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 Tentang Pemilihan Umum (Studi Kasus pada Pemilu 2019 di Provinsi Banten)." Ajudikasi : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 4, no. 1 (2020): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30656/ajudikasi.v4i1.2157.

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The 2019 General Election which is a combination of the Presidential Election and the Election of legislative members still raises several issues regarding the neutrality of the ASN in its implementation in Banten Province. ASN neutrality is in the public spotlight because there are still cases that occurred in the 2019 Election Period in Banten Province. KASN has the authority to oversee the application of the ASN code of conduct both at the central and regional levels. This research uses a qualitative research method with descriptive research type. Based on the results of the study in this s

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Layton, Roslyn. "Net Neutrality and Mobile App Innovation in Denmark and Netherlands 2010–2016." Review of Network Economics 17, no. 3 (2018): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rne-2019-0012.

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Abstract Net neutrality or “Open Internet” rulemaking has been ongoing for more than a decade. Some 50 nations have adopted formal rules including the US (then repealed), the European Union, India, and many countries in Latin America. Among other arguments, it is asserted that net neutrality rules are necessary for application innovation. While the focus for policymakers has largely been to make rules, there is less attention on how to measure the impact of such rules and how well they achieve their innovation goals. The article summaries a specific research investigation to what degree the in

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Hu, Xin-Sheng, Yang Hu, and Xiaoyang Chen. "Testing neutrality at copy-number-variable loci under the finite-allele and finite-site models." Theoretical Population Biology 112 (December 2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tpb.2016.07.002.

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22

Pariangu, Umbu TW. "NETRALITAS APARATUR SIPIL NEGARA DAN BIROPATOLOGI DALAM PEMILIHAN KEPALA DAERAH." Journal Publicuho 3, no. 4 (2020): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.35817/jpu.v3i4.15375.

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The politicization of the bureaucracy cannot be separated from its mutualism character. Regional heads need electoral nutrition from ASN to win their political machine, while ASN needs political networks and closeness to power to build a career in the bureaucracy. This phenomenon will only destroy impartiality, thicken discrimination and KKN-ism in public services, shackle politics in a political remuneration cage and, no less important, reduce the value of democracy. This study method uses a qualitative method, where data is obtained using a literature review. The literature exploration in th

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23

Chadha, Jagjit S., and Charles Nolan. "A Long View of the UK Business Cycle." National Institute Economic Review 182 (October 2002): 72–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795010218200108.

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We outline a number of ‘stylised’ facts on the UK business cycle obtained from analysis of the long-run UK annual dataset. The findings are to some extent standard. Consumption and investment are pro-cyclical, with productivity playing a dominant role in explaining business cycle fluctuations at all horizons. Money neutrality obtains over the long run but there is clear evidence of non-neutrality over the short run, particularly at the business cycle frequencies. Business cycle relationships with the external sector via the real exchange rate and current account are notable. Postwar, the price

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FERREIRA, CÂNDIDA. "GENETIC REPRESENTATION AND GENETIC NEUTRALITY IN GENE EXPRESSION PROGRAMMING." Advances in Complex Systems 05, no. 04 (2002): 389–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525902000626.

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The neutral theory of molecular evolution states that the accumulation of neutral mutations in the genome is fundamental for evolution to occur. The genetic representation of gene expression programming, an artificial genotype/phenotype system, not only allows the existence of non-coding regions in the genome where neutral mutations can accumulate but also allows the controlled manipulation of both the number and the extent of these non-coding regions. Therefore, gene expression programming is an ideal artificial system where the neutral theory of evolution can be tested in order to gain some

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Macucci, Massimo, and Paolo Marconcini. "Theoretical Comparison between the Flicker Noise Behavior of Graphene and of Ordinary Semiconductors." Journal of Sensors 2020 (March 9, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2850268.

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Graphene is a material of particular interest for the implementation of sensors, and the ultimate performance of devices based on such a material is often determined by its flicker noise properties. Indeed, graphene exhibits, with respect to the vast majority of ordinary semiconductors, a peculiar behavior of the flicker noise power spectral density as a function of the charge carrier density. While in most materials flicker noise obeys the empirical Hooge law, with a power spectral density inversely proportional to the number of free charge carriers, in bilayer, and sometimes monolayer, graph

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Ma, J. Z. G., A. Hirose, J. P. St -Maurice, and W. Liu. "Nonlinear electrostatic ion-acoustic "oscilliton" waves driven by charge non-neutrality effects." Annales Geophysicae 29, no. 1 (2011): 123–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-123-2011.

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Abstract. Nonlinear "oscilliton" structures features a low-frequency (LF) solitary envelope, the amplitude of which is modulated violently by superimposed high-frequency (HF) oscillations. We have studied the charge non-neutrality effects on the excitation of electrostatic ion-acoustic (IA) oscillitons. A two-fluid, warm plasma model is employed, and a set of nonlinear self-similar equations is solved in a cylindrical geometry. Under charge-neutrality conditions, three conventional IA structures (namely, sinusoidal, sawtooth, and spicky/bipolar) are obtained. By contrast, under charge non-neut

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Krifka, Manfred, and Fereshteh Modarresi. "Number Neutrality and Anaphoric Update of Pseudo-Incorporated Nominals in Persian (and Weak Definites in English)." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 26 (November 22, 2016): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v26i0.3919.

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Persian shows differential object marking. We argue that objects withoutthe object marker rā are pseudo-incorporated in the verbal predicate. Specifically,we argue for an existential closure operator over the vP that binds the eventvariable of the verbal predicate, and that nominals within the vP are interpretedas dependent definites with respect to the event. We show that this results in anapparent number neutrality of such nominals, and a maximality interpretation ofanaphoric uptakes typical of E-type pronouns. The semantic contribution of nominalswithin and outside of the vP is modeled in D

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Hartl, Daniel L., Daniel E. Dykhuizen, and Antony M. Dean. "LIMITS OF ADAPTATION: THE EVOLUTION OF SELECTIVE NEUTRALITY." Genetics 111, no. 3 (1985): 655–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/111.3.655.

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ABSTRACT Many enzymes in intermediary metabolism manifest saturation kinetics in which flux is a concave function of enzyme activity and often of the Michaelis-Menten form. The result is that, when natural selection favors increased enzyme activity so as to maximize flux, a point of diminishing returns will be attained in which any increase in flux results in a disproportionately small increase in fitness. Enzyme activity ultimately will reach a level at which the favorable effect of an increase in activity is of the order 1/(4Ne) or smaller, where Ne is the effective population number. At thi

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SOCORRO GARCIA, M., and M. TERESA LAMATA. "A MODIFICATION OF THE INDEX OF LIOU AND WANG FOR RANKING FUZZY NUMBER." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 15, no. 04 (2007): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488507004765.

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Different methods have been proposed for ranking fuzzy numbers. These include methods based on distances, centroid point, coefficient of variation, and weighted mean value. However, there is still no method that can always give a satisfactory result to every situation; some are counterintuitive and not discriminating. This paper presents an approach for ranking fuzzy numbers with integral value that is an extension of the index of Liou and Wang. This method, that is independent of the type of membership function used, can rank more than two fuzzy numbers simultaneously. This ranking method use

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KACZMAREK, ANNA M., and MARIUSZ KACZMAREK. "CALCULATOR FOR FINDING COMPOSITION OF (Me1)x1(Me2)x2(CcHhNnOo)x3(NO3)x4(H2O)x5(Cl)x6 TYPE COMPLEX FROM ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS DATA." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 09, no. 06 (2010): 1043–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633610006195.

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The paper presents the method and numerical program along with graphical user interface for finding the probable composition of Schiff base complexes based on elemental analysis data. The applied algorithm uses sorting procedure of possible variations of number of groups under condition of electrical neutrality. The program was tested for a few examples and its usefulness was discussed.

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Wu, Yue, Xi Xiong, and Yi Zhang. "Effects of convincing power and neutrality on minority opinion spreading." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 06 (2017): 1750058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917500580.

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The dynamics evolution of the minority opinion in public debates is studied using a convincing power (CP) model with neutrality. In a given group, an agent with a definite standpoint (yes or no) can be persuaded to be a neutral agent, if its capacity of persuasion is lower than the average CP of its opponents. Besides that a neutral agent will change its state and follow a more persuasive opinion. Starting from two opposite opinions with different rates, repeated local discussions are found to drive the minority reversal. It reveals that in addition to the initial minority, the number of neutr

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Schmid, Karl J., Loredana Nigro, Charles F. Aquadro, and Diethard Tautz. "Large Number of Replacement Polymorphisms in Rapidly Evolving Genes of Drosophila: Implications for Genome-Wide Surveys of DNA Polymorphism." Genetics 153, no. 4 (1999): 1717–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/153.4.1717.

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AbstractWe present a survey of nucleotide polymorphism of three novel, rapidly evolving genes in populations of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans. Levels of silent polymorphism are comparable to other loci, but the number of replacement polymorphisms is higher than that in most other genes surveyed in D. melanogaster and D. simulans. Tests of neutrality fail to reject neutral evolution with one exception. This concerns a gene located in a region of high recombination rate in D. simulans and in a region of low recombination rate in D. melanogaster, due to an inversion. In the latter case

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Anderson, Neil O., and Peter D. Ascher. "468 Inheritance of Day Neutrality and Heat-delay Insensitivity in Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelv." HortScience 35, no. 3 (2000): 474E—474. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.474e.

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Greenhouse and garden chrysanthemums are quantitative short-day (SD) plants for flower bud initiation (FBI) and qualitative (obligate) SD plants for flower bud development (FBD). Continuous or intermittent application of red light in the middle of the dark period (night), inhibits FBI. The chrysanthemum breeding program has been selecting for day-neutral (DN) types, i.e. that will undergo FBI and FBD under any photoperiod. The inheritance of DN was studied using six cultivars (n = 2 SD types, n = 4 DN types) that were crossed in a complete diallel over two crossing periods. Pollinations were r

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Bose, M. "Stimulated Brillouin scattering of an electromagnetic wave in a magnetoactive dissipative multi-ion-species plasma." Journal of Plasma Physics 53, no. 2 (1995): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800018079.

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Stimulated Brillouin scattering of an electromagnetic wave is investigated analytically in a dissipative magnetized plasma in the presence of negative ions. With an increase in the number of negative ions (maintaining quasi-neutrality), it is found that the growth rate of ion-acoustic waves decreases very slowly up to 50% concentration (i.e. half of the total ionic contribution) of negative ions. Further increase in the number density of negative ions beyond 50% results in a sharp fall in growth rate.

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Slatkin, Montgomery. "An exact test for neutrality based on the Ewens sampling distribution." Genetical Research 64, no. 1 (1994): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300032560.

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SummaryUsing the Ewens sampling distribution of selectively neutral alleles in a finite population, it is possible to develop an exact test of neutrality by finding the probability of each configuration with the same sample size and observed number of allelic classes. The exact test provides the probability of obtaining a configuration with the same or smaller probability as the observed configuration under the null hypothesis. The results from the exact test may be quite different from those from the Ewens—Watterson test based on the homozygosity in the sample. The advantages and disadvantage

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Câmara, Fernando Portela. "Ethics and conflict of interest in psychiatric research." Revista Latinoamericana de Psicopatologia Fundamental 9, no. 2 (2006): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1415-47142006002002.

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This article discusses the relationship between personal interests and medical research. The presence of research professionals who conduct studies which will later be used for market investments through new pharmaceutical products or procedures has brought up a number of issues, especially regarding the neutrality of the use of such products. The fact that some researchers receive shares in stocks and profits of some companies, and the way the companies finance them and use their credibility in scientific marketing have been a source of concern to scientific journals, the academic community a

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Boldyreva, S. Yu, R. Yu Boldyrev, and G. S. Ragozin. "A ‘Secret alliance’ or ‘Freedom from any alliances’? NATO accession debate in Sweden and Finland, 1991—2016." Baltic Region 12, no. 2 (2020): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2020-2-2.

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The authors analyze the policy of NATO towards Sweden and Finland, the neutral states of Northern Europe, in 1991—2016. The authors emphasize that Finland and Sweden have always been of high strategic importance for NATO and the EU defence policy. The authors investigate the main areas of cooperation between NATO and the non-aligned countries of Northern Europe. The authors describe the prerequisites, prospects and possible consequences of Sweden and Finland’s membership in NATO. Special attention is paid to the evolution of the policy of neutrality of these countries before and after their ac

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Turmel, Patrick. "Are Cities Illiberal?" Les ateliers de l'éthique 4, no. 2 (2018): 202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1044463ar.

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One of the main characteristics of today’s democratic societies is their pluralism. As a result, liberal political philosophers often claim that the state should remain neutral with respect to different conceptions of the good. Legal and social policies should be acceptable to everyone regardless of their culture, their religion or their comprehensive moral views. One might think that this commitment to neutrality should be especially pronounced in urban centres, with their culturally diverse populations. However, there are a large number of laws and policies adopted at the municipal level tha

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Hendy, Michael D., Michael D. Woodhams, and Andrew Dodd. "Modelling mitochondrial site polymorphisms to infer the number of segregating units and mutation rate." Biology Letters 5, no. 3 (2009): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0104.

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We present a mathematical model of mitochondrial inheritance evolving under neutral evolution to interpret the heteroplasmies observed at some sites. A comparison of the levels of heteroplasmies transmitted from mother to her offspring allows us to estimate the number N x of inherited mitochondrial genomes (segregating units). The model demonstrates the necessity of accounting for both the multiplicity of an unknown number N x , and the threshold θ , below which heteroplasmy cannot be detected reliably, in order to estimate the mitochondrial mutation rate μ m in the maternal line of descent. O

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Slatkin, Montgomery, and Giorgio Bertorelle. "The Use of Intraallelic Variability for Testing Neutrality and Estimating Population Growth Rate." Genetics 158, no. 2 (2001): 865–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/158.2.865.

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Abstract To better understand the forces affecting individual alleles, we introduce a method for finding the joint distribution of the frequency of a neutral allele and the extent of variability at closely linked marker loci (the intraallelic variability). We model three types of intraallelic variability: (a) the number of nonrecombinants at a linked biallelic marker locus, (b) the length of a conserved haplotype, and (c) the number of mutations at a linked marker locus. If the population growth rate is known, the joint distribution provides the basis for a test of neutrality by testing whethe

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Lumley, Risa M. "The Academic Library and Social Justice: Exploring Librarian Attitudes at One HSI." Journal of Hispanic Higher Education 19, no. 4 (2019): 472–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538192718823179.

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Librarians have the potential to influence the university’s representation of knowledge, making it important to understand the attitudes they bring to work each day. Results of this Q study indicate librarians may believe their profession’s ethos of neutrality renders debate over social justice within the library moot. Only a small number of librarians at this Hispanic-serving institution envision themselves positioned to promote social justice by empowering students to use the resources currently available within the library.

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Weil, Carola. "The Protection-Neutrality Dilemma in Humanitarian Emergencies: Why the Need for Military Intervention?" International Migration Review 35, no. 1 (2001): 79–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2001.tb00005.x.

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For humanitarian organizations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the recent evolution of military engagement in Complex Humanitarian Emergencies has been a mixed blessing. This article examines the protection-neutrality dilemma confronting UNCHR in the face of increased military humanitarian action. The conceptual framework presented here suggests that military forces may in fact act as an important “norms entrepreneur,” influencing how protection norms affect international responses to humanitarian emergencies. The linking of forced migration and security has

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Thomas-Orillard, Michele, and Bernard Jeune. "GENE ACTIONS INVOLVED IN DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF OVARIOLES AND STERNITE CHAETAE IN FRESHLY COLLECTED STRAINS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER." Genetics 111, no. 4 (1985): 819–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/111.4.819.

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ABSTRACT The nature of gene action involved in the mode of determination of two quantitative traits of Drosophila melanogaster, e.g., number of ovarioles and sternite chaetae, was studied in freshly captured strains and their crosses, using the biomodel built up by Cockerman and Weir. The results proved to be similar to those obtained with laboratory populations. The genome is by far the most important source of variation for the two traits. Extragenetic interactions are far more important in freshly captured stock than in flies which have already been propagated for several years in the labor

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Kolmogorova, Anastasia V. "The Specificity of Emotionally Neutral Internet Texts." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 458 (2020): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/458/3.

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The article aims to discuss the problem of verbal features distinguishing emotionally neutral texts from emotional ones. Such features are necessary for elaborating a computer classifier designed to assign Internet texts in Russian to different emotional classes of texts including the neutral class. The complex analysis of the notion of neutrality in stylistics, axiology, emotiology and sentiment analysis allowed the author to formulate the preliminary hypothesis that emotionally neutral texts are marked by (1) the absence of obscene words and evaluative adjectives; (2) the non-expression of t

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Hastings, Alan. "Substitution Rates Under Stabilizing Selection." Genetics 116, no. 3 (1987): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/116.3.479.

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ABSTRACT Allelic substitutions under stabilizing phenotypic selection on quantitative traits are studied in Monte Carlo simulations of 8 and 16 loci. The results are compared and contrasted to analytical models based on work of M. Kimura for two and "infinite" loci. Selection strengths of S = 4Nes approximately four (which correspond to reasonable strengths of selection for quantitative characters) can retard substitution rates tenfold relative to rates under neutrality. An important finding is a strong dependence of per locus substitution rates on the number of loci.

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Malfatti, German, Milva Orsaria, Gustavo A. Contrera, and Fridolin Weber. "Quark-hadron Phase Transition in Proto-Neutron Stars Cores Based on a Non-local NJL Model." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 45 (January 2017): 1760039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194517600394.

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We study the QCD phase diagram using a non-local SU(3) NJL model with vector interactions among quarks. We analyze several thermodynamic quantities such as entropy and specific heat, and study the influence of vector interactions on the thermodynamic properties of quark matter. Upon imposing electric charge neutrality and baryon number conservation on the field equations, we compute models for the equation of state of the inner cores of proto-neutron stars by providing a non-local treatment of quark matter for astrophysics.

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Fetscher, Justus. "Neutralität Eine sachliche Lektüre von Gottfried Kellers Romeo und Julia auf dem Dorfe." Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte 62, no. 2 (2010): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157007310791185564.

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AbstractGottfried Keller's “A Village Romeo and Juliet” contains an astonishing number of neuter terms that are of key importance to this novella. This observation is in line with Keller's predilection for miniaturized worlds and diminutives, played out in this narrative through two basic traits: the reduction of the Shakespearean tragedy to a novella that is a “village story” and the nicknames given to its female protagonist (“Vreeli”, “Vrenchen”). Around one pole of neutrality the story assembles a cluster of terms that convey things in an abstract, generalized manner. Other neutral nouns ma

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Ricklefs, Robert E., and Susanne S. Renner. "Response to Comments on “Global Correlations in Tropical Tree Species Richness and Abundance Reject Neutrality”." Science 336, no. 6089 (2012): 1639.6–1639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1222685.

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The neutral models in the Technical Comments depend on the assumption of an initially homogeneous global tropical forest flora. Fossil data and phylogenetic reconstructions instead reveal a high degree of provincialism before the development of modern tropical forests with only occasional long-distance dispersal between continental regions, favoring parallel diversification of a small number of ancestral lineages that dispersed between regions at widely different times.

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Zhang, Shuangxi, Michel Mehrenberger, and Christophe Steiner. "Computing the Double-Gyroaverage Term Incorporating Short-Scale Perturbation and Steep Equilibrium Profile by the Interpolation Algorithm." Plasma 2, no. 2 (2019): 91–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plasma2020009.

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In the gyrokinetic model and simulations, when the double-gyroaverage term incorporates the combining effect contributed by the finite Larmor radius, short scales of the perturbation, and steep gradient of the equilibrium profile, the low-order approximation of this term could generate unignorable error. This paper implements an interpolation algorithm to compute the double-gyroaverage term without low-order approximation to avoid this error. For a steep equilibrium density, the obvious difference between the density on the gyrocenter coordinate frame and the one on the particle coordinate fra

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López, María A., and Carlos López-Fanjul. "Spontaneous mutation for a quantitative trait in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Response to artificial selection." Genetical Research 61, no. 2 (1993): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300031219.

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SummaryDivergent selection for abdominal bristle number was carried out for 47 generations, starting from a completely homozygous population of Drosophila melanogaster. All lines were selected with the same proportion (20%) but at two different numbers of selected parents of each sex (5 or 25). A significant response to selection was obtained in 25 lines (out of 40). In most cases, it could be wholly attributed to a single mutation of relatively large effect (> 0·3 phenotypic standard deviations). A total number of 30 mutations were detected. In agreement with theory, larger responses in ea

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