Relevant bibliographies by topics / Number of coins

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Number of coins'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Number of coins"

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Lach, Katarzyna. "Monetization of Roman Egypt during the Flavian Dynasty (AD 69–96): the case of Alexandria and Berenike." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean XXIV, no. 1 (February 28, 2016): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0125.

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A study of coin output in Egypt during the Flavian dynasty (AD 69–96) brings to light a dichotomy in circulation between billon tetradrachms and low denomination bronze coins. The composition of hoards with Flavian silver issues suggests minimal coin production due to a sufficient quantity of Nero’s tertadrachms on the market. However, stray finds of coins from the Flavian dynasty consist mainly of bronze issues, apparently outnumbering Nero’s low-denomination coin output. A tempting idea to consider is that the low number of Flavian silver coins in circulation resulted in an extended production of bronze issues.
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Estolano, Patrick Joseph L., and Antonio H. Chua. "Spontaneous Passage of Ingested Coin in Children." Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 30, no. 2 (November 19, 2018): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32412/pjohns.v30i2.345.

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Objective: To determine the factors related to spontaneous passage of ingested coins in children. Methods: Study Design: Retrospective Study Setting: Tertiary Government Hospital Subjects: The records of 136 pediatric patients with a history of coin ingestion seen at the emergency room department of our institution between December 2012 and May 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data such as age and gender of the patient were recorded, including the type of coin, location of coin in the esophagus, time of ingestion and time of spontaneous passage into the stomach (for those that passed spontaneously). Results: Spontaneous passage in 27 out of 136 pediatric patients with radiographic evidence of a round radio-opaque foreign body initially located in the esophagus eventually passed into the stomach or intestines, accounting for 20% of the total number of cases. Coin ingestion was more common in patients aged 5 to 6 years (33% of cases), with slight male predominance (58%). One peso coins were the most common type of coin ingested, however only 24% of these spontaneously passed. The rate of spontaneous passage was highest in smaller sized coins (5 and 25 centavo coin) compared to larger sized coins (5 peso). Proximally located coins, albeit more common than middle and distally located coins, were the least likely to spontaneously pass (12%). Average time interval from ingestion to passage of the coin was 12 hours. Conclusion: Many factors are related to spontaneous passage of foreign bodies in the esophagus. The age of the patient, type of coin ingested, and initial location of the coin in the esophagus should be considered. Older patients, smaller sized coins, and distally located coins have the highest probability of spontaneous passage beyond the esophagus. A 12-hour observation period may be considered in patients with single esophageal coin ingestion. Keywords: foreign body, esophagus, esophagoscopy
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Shiu, Peter. "Can our coinage system be improved?" Mathematical Gazette 102, no. 554 (June 18, 2018): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mag.2018.53.

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Some forty years ago my wife Christine and I considered the problems in this article, which involves a fair amount of computation. Computing facilities were not good then, so we considered instead the problems in [1] in which we showed, without using computers, that there were 64703 ways to make up £1 using coins; this was before the introduction of the 20p and £1 coins, and the ½p coin was in circulation. If Christine were still with us, this would have been another piece of joint work. I therefore dedicate this article to her memory.The design of a coinage system depends on considerations we give to various criteria: for example, the number of denominations for the coins, the maximum number of coins required to deliver any given amount in a range, or the required number of coins averaged over the range; see also §3.
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Reece, Richard. "COINS AND THE LATE ROMAN ECONOMY." Late Antique Archaeology 1, no. 1 (2003): 139–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000007.

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Coins provide a source of information on the Roman economy which is not available in the written sources. They can be studied either as the products of the imperial administration—coins as struck, or as a reflection of coin use—coins as found. Coins as struck are well described in standard works of reference and only a few points of caution need to be added. Coins as found form an area of study that is in its early stages, and a rather basic general survey of the available information and methodology is needed. From these subjects a number of questions for further consideration can be framed.
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Hilmola, Olli-Pekka. "On Prices of Privacy Coins and Bitcoin." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14080361.

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Since the inauguration of cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin has been under pressure from competing tokens. As Bitcoin is a public open ledger blockchain coin, it has its weaknesses in privacy and anonymity. In the recent decade numerous coins have been initiated as privacy coins, which try to tackle these weaknesses. This research compares mostly mature privacy coins to Bitcoin, and comparison is made from a price perspective. It seems that Bitcoin is leading privacy coins in price terms, and correlation is typically high and positive. From the earlier crypto market peak of 2017–18, only a very small number of coins are showing positive returns in 2021. It is typical that many privacy coins have lost substantial amounts of their value (ranging 80–90%) or that they do not exist anymore at all. Only Horizen and Monero have shown long-term sustainability in their value; however, their price changes follow that of Bitcoin very closely. The role of privacy coins in the future remains as an open issue.
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Khovanova, Tanya, and Joshua Lee. "The 5-Way Scale." Recreational Mathematics Magazine 6, no. 11 (September 1, 2019): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rmm-2019-0001.

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Abstract In this paper, we discuss coin-weighing problems that use a 5-way scale which has five different possible outcomes: MUCH LESS, LESS, EQUAL, MORE, and MUCH MORE. The 5-way scale provides more information than the regular 3-way scale. We study the problem of finding two fake coins from a pile of identically looking coins in a minimal number of weighings using a 5-way scale. We discuss similarities and differences between the 5-way and 3-way scale. We introduce a strategy for a 5-way scale that can find both counterfeit coins among 2k coins in k + 1 weighings, which is better than any strategy for a 3-way scale.
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Cooper, Jessica, and Ognjen Arandjelović. "Learning to Describe: A New Approach to Computer Vision Based Ancient Coin Analysis." Sci 2, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci2010008.

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In recent years, a range of problems under the broad umbrella of computer vision based analysis of ancient coins have been attracting an increasing amount of attention. Notwithstanding this research effort, the results achieved by the state of the art in published literature remain poor and far from sufficiently well performing for any practical purpose. In the present paper we present a series of contributions which we believe will benefit the interested community. We explain that the approach of visual matching of coins, universally adopted in existing published papers on the topic, is not of practical interest because the number of ancient coin types exceeds by far the number of those types which have been imaged, be it in digital form (e.g., online) or otherwise (traditional film, in print, etc.). Rather, we argue that the focus should be on understanding the semantic content of coins. Hence, we describe a novel approach—to first extract semantic concepts from real-world multimodal input and associate them with their corresponding coin images, and then to train a convolutional neural network to learn the appearance of these concepts. On a real-world data set, we demonstrate highly promising results, correctly identifying a range of visual elements on unseen coins with up to 84% accuracy.
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Cooper, Jessica, and Ognjen Arandjelović. "Learning to Describe: A New Approach to Computer Vision Based Ancient Coin Analysis." Sci 2, no. 2 (April 17, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci2020027.

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In recent years, a range of problems under the broad umbrella of computer vision based analysis of ancient coins have been attracting an increasing amount of attention. Notwithstanding this research effort, the results achieved by the state of the art in published literature remain poor and far from sufficiently well performing for any practical purpose. In the present paper we present a series of contributions which we believe will benefit the interested community. We explain that the approach of visual matching of coins, universally adopted in existing published papers on the topic, is not of practical interest because the number of ancient coin types exceeds by far the number of those types which have been imaged, be it in digital form (e.g., online) or otherwise (traditional film, in print, etc.). Rather, we argue that the focus should be on understanding the semantic content of coins. Hence, we describe a novel approach—to first extract semantic concepts from real-world multimodal input and associate them with their corresponding coin images, and then to train a convolutional neural network to learn the appearance of these concepts. On a real-world data set, we demonstrate highly promising results, correctly identifying a range of visual elements on unseen coins with up to 84% accuracy.
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Robbert Fokkink. "Tossing Coins to Guess a Secret Number." American Mathematical Monthly 119, no. 4 (2012): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.4169/amer.math.monthly.119.04.337.

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Matsugasaki, Keisuke, Wakana Tsukamoto, and Yohsuke Ohtsubo. "Two Failed Replications of the Watching Eyes Effect." Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science 6, no. 2 (September 9, 2015): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2015.36.

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The watching eyes effect refers to the phenomenon that people behave more altruistically than usual when an eye-image is present in their environment. In this paper, we report two failed replications of the watching eyes effect. In both Studies 1 and 2, participants decided how many coins out of a seven coin endowment (each coin worth 100 Japanese yen) to allocate to a subsequent participant, under the assumption that the prior participant may have left them some coins. In Study 1, participants anonymously made their allocation decision while seated in front of a poster depicting either an eye-image or a geometric pattern. In Study 2, to increase the saliency of the watching eyes, participants were instructed to place the coins in envelopes (one for self and one for the subsequent participant) printed with either an eye-image or a geometric pattern. In both Studies 1 and 2, the number of coins that participants allocated to subsequent participants did not significantly differ between the eye-image and control conditions. Moreover, the proportion of participants who allocated at least one coin to subsequent participants was not significantly different across the two conditions. In our studies, altruism was not increased by watching eyes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Number of coins"

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Vodrážková, Lucie. "Slovní úlohy o penězích ve 2. ročníku ZŠ." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-411799.

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The principal objective of this thesis is the comprehension of students' mental processes while solving verbal math problems about money. There searchis focused on pupils in the first stage of primary school and in particular verbal math problems, in which nominal value of coins, quantity of coins and their total particular verbal math problems, in which nominal value of coins, quantity of coins and their total sum play a key role. There fore, the objective of this diploma thesis is to lay out classify mony-related exprecises in thee currently used lies of elementary school mathematics text books for grade. The theoretical part consist of demarcation of early school age, a certain number of fanticipate dacts by RVP ZV for the first and second educational period, numeracy, literacy, verbal math problems, various strategies on how to solve such problems, basic is sues pipils encounter whilw solving those problems, coments on the topic of verbal math problems which appear in theree volume soft text books in tended for primary schools (Prodos, Taktic, H-mat). Their division into three types (a total sum of coins, nominal value of coins and number of coins) and their mutual comparision. The goal of the practial part is to analyse thought processes of and grade pupils when solving word problems about...
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Hamáček, Jan. "Kombinatorické úlohy o mincích." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-352752.

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Práce se zabývá otázkami reprezentace zvolené částky pomocí libovolného množství mincí předep- saného typu. V první kapitole odvozujeme vzorce pro počet nereprezentovatelných částek a hodnotu největší nereprezentovatelné částky pro dvoumincové systémy. Dále ukazujeme grafový algoritmus pro výpočet Frobeniova čísla a d·kaz NP-úplnosti rozhodovacího problému reprezentovatelnosti zvolené částky v systému s více mincemi. V druhé kapitole se zabýváme výpočtem počtu reprezentací částky zvláš' v systémech o dvou nebo více mincích. Ve třetí kapitole se věnujeme otázce, zda lze ve zvoleném systému mincí použít hladový algoritmus pro nalezení reprezentace částky pomocí nejmenšího možného množství mincí. Poslední kapitola obsahuje sbírku řešených logických úloh o mincích. 1
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Lin, Yi-Xin, and 林怡欣. "Constructed a Prediction Model on Total Number of Default Coans of Small and Medium Enterprises." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3d5885.

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碩士
國立交通大學
工業工程與管理系所
106
Taiwanese economy has always been dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises. The credit of financial institutions can provide sufficient funds for SMEs. When conducting credit, financial institutions need to comply with the Basel Capital Accord III and add 0 to 2.5% of Capital Conservation Buffer. If the amount of Capital Conservation Buffer is not enough, financial institutions cannot resist the fluctuations of the economic cycle. If the amount of Capital Conservation Buffer exceeds the real demand, it will reduce the funds employed available to financial institutions and the loss of investable capital. Therefore, financial institutions need to understand the trend of defaults and the total number of defaults in the future of SME loan cases, in order to be able to prepare appropriate Capital Conservation Buffer. The purpose of this research is to construct a model for predicting whether SME loans will default. This model considers the time characteristics of different SME loan cases and uses two-stage data screening to find the model data that meets the time characteristics of each SME loan case to be predicted. Then use logistic regression to establish their respective prediction models. A set of real data of SME loan cases by a financial organization in Taiwan is used to demonsttrate the reliableness of the propose model. The results show that he default trend predicted by this research method can be close to the actual default, and better than the Cox Proportional Hazards Model. This research method can provide financial institutions with effective and reliable information, help prepare appropriate Capital Conservation Buffer, and increase the flexibility of investable capital.
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Books on the topic "Number of coins"

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Economopoulos, Karen. Coins, coupons, and combinations: The number system. Menlo Park, Calif: Dale Seymour Publications, 1998.

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Economopoulos, Karen. Coins, coupons, and combinations: The number system. Menlo Park, Calif: Dale Seymour Publications, 1998.

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Economopoulos, Karen. Coins, coupons, and combinations: The number system. Menlo Park, Calif: Dale Seymour Publications, 1998.

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Yeoman, Richard S. A guide book of United States coins, 1986: Fully illustrated catalog and valuation list - 1616 to date, a brief history of American coinage, early American coins and tokens, early mint issues, regular mint issues, private, state and territorial gold, silver and gold commemorative issues, proofs. 3rd ed. Racine, Wis: Western Pub. Co., 1985.

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Christina, Ritchie, and Peacock Jan 1955-, eds. I'm thinking of a number: Selected invitations, books, catalogues, packaged prints, objects in multiple, t-shirts, projects in and for publications, coins, and other printed matter, 1980-2010. Halifax, N.S: Press of the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, 2010.

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Agris, Joseph. The transportation coils and other plate number coil issues. Houston, Tex. (P.O. Box 20373, Houston 77225-0373): Eclectic Pub., 1987.

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Rider, John. Riders dictionarie: Corrected and augmented with the addition of many hundred words both out of the law, and out of the Latine, French, and other languages ... : the barbarovs words, which were many hundreds, are expunged, to the helpe of young scholars, which before they used in stead of good words : in the end of the dictionarie you shall finde certaine generall heads of birds, colours, dogs, fishes, hawkes, hearbs, numbers, stones, trees, weights : lastly, the names of the chiefe places and townes in England, Scotland and Ireland, &c. which were never in Riders before : also hereunto is annexed certaine tables of weights and measures, the valuation of auncient and moderne coines ... : whereunto is joyned a Dictionarie etymologicall ... London: Imprinted by Felix Kingston for Thomas Whitaker, 1985.

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Russell, Susan Jo. Coins, Coupons, & Combinations: The Number System. Dale Seymour Publications, 1996.

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Economopoulos, Karen. Coins, Coupons, and Combinations (Investigations in Number, Data, and Space). Dale Seymour Publications, 2004.

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Coins, Coupons, and Combinations: Student Activity Booklet (Investigations in Number, Data, and Space). dale seymour pub., 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Number of coins"

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Becker, Florent, Pedro Montealegre, Ivan Rapaport, and Ioan Todinca. "The Simultaneous Number-in-Hand Communication Model for Networks: Private Coins, Public Coins and Determinism." In Structural Information and Communication Complexity, 83–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09620-9_8.

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Schroeder, Manfred R. "Pseudoprimes, Poker and Remote Coin Tossing." In Number Theory in Science and Communication, 203–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-22246-1_19.

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Schroeder, Manfred R. "Pseudoprimes, Poker and Remote Coin Tossing." In Number Theory in Science and Communication, 205–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03430-9_19.

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Prodinger, Helmut. "How to Advance on a Stairway by Coin Flippings." In Applications of Fibonacci Numbers, 473–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2058-6_47.

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Jones, Huw D. "Gene silencing or gene editing: the pros and cons." In RNAi for plant improvement and protection, 47–53. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0047.

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Abstract Research into plant genetics often requires the suppression or complete knockout of gene expression to scientifically validate gene function. In addition, the phenotypes obtained from gene suppression can occasionally have commercial value for plant breeders. Until recently, the methodological choices to achieve these goals fell into two broad types: either some form of RNA-based gene silencing; or the screening of large numbers of natural or induced random genomic mutations. The more recent invention of gene editing as a tool for targeted mutation potentially gives researchers and plant breeders another route to block gene function. RNAi is widely used in animal and plant research and functions to silence gene expression by degrading the target gene transcript. Although RNAi offers unique advantages over genomic mutations, it often leads to the formation of a genetically modified organism (GMO), which for commercial activities has major regulatory and acceptance issues in some regions of the world. Traditional methods of generating genomic mutations are more laborious and uncertain to achieve the desired goals but possess a distinct advantage of not being governed by GMO regulations. Gene editing (GE) technologies have some of the advantages of both RNAi and classical mutation breeding in that they can be designed to give simple knockouts or to modulate gene expression more subtly. GE also has a more complex regulatory position, with some countries treating it as another conventional breeding method whilst the EU defines GE as a technique of genetic modification and applies the normal GMO authorization procedures. This chapter explores the pros and cons of RNAi alongside other methods of modulating gene function.
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Jones, Huw D. "Gene silencing or gene editing: the pros and cons." In RNAi for plant improvement and protection, 47–53. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0006.

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Abstract Research into plant genetics often requires the suppression or complete knockout of gene expression to scientifically validate gene function. In addition, the phenotypes obtained from gene suppression can occasionally have commercial value for plant breeders. Until recently, the methodological choices to achieve these goals fell into two broad types: either some form of RNA-based gene silencing; or the screening of large numbers of natural or induced random genomic mutations. The more recent invention of gene editing as a tool for targeted mutation potentially gives researchers and plant breeders another route to block gene function. RNAi is widely used in animal and plant research and functions to silence gene expression by degrading the target gene transcript. Although RNAi offers unique advantages over genomic mutations, it often leads to the formation of a genetically modified organism (GMO), which for commercial activities has major regulatory and acceptance issues in some regions of the world. Traditional methods of generating genomic mutations are more laborious and uncertain to achieve the desired goals but possess a distinct advantage of not being governed by GMO regulations. Gene editing (GE) technologies have some of the advantages of both RNAi and classical mutation breeding in that they can be designed to give simple knockouts or to modulate gene expression more subtly. GE also has a more complex regulatory position, with some countries treating it as another conventional breeding method whilst the EU defines GE as a technique of genetic modification and applies the normal GMO authorization procedures. This chapter explores the pros and cons of RNAi alongside other methods of modulating gene function.
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Walrand, Jean. "Multiplexing: A." In Probability in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 39–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49995-2_3.

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AbstractThis chapter explores the fluctuations of random variables away from their mean value. You flip a fair coin 100 times. How likely is it that you get 60 heads? Conversely, if you get 60 heads, how likely is it that the coin is fair? Such questions are fundamental in extracting information from data.In Sect. 3.1, we start by exploring the rate available to a user when a random number of them share a link, as illustrated in Sect. 3.1. Such calculations are central to network provisioning. The main analytical tool is the Central Limit Theorem explained in Sect. 3.2 where Gaussian random variables are also introduced and confidence intervals are defined. To share a common link, devices may be attached to a switch. For instance, the desktop computers in a building are typically connected to a switch that then sends the data to a common high-speed link. We explore the delays that packets face through the buffer of a switch in Sect. 3.3. The analysis uses a Markov chain model of the buffer. To share a wireless radio channel, devices use a multiple access protocol that regulates the transmissions. We study such schemes in Sect. 3.4. We use probabilistic models of the protocols.
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Elnaggar, Hebatalla, Pieter Glatzel, Marius Retegan, Christian Brouder, and Amélie Juhin. "X-ray Dichroisms in Spherical Tensor and Green’s Function Formalism." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 83–130. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64623-3_4.

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AbstractIn this book chapter, our goal is to provide experimentalists and theoreticians with an accessible approach to the measurement or calculation of X-ray dichroisms in X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). We start by presenting the key ideas of different calculation methods such as density functional theory (DFT) and ligand-field multiplet (LFM) theory and discuss the pros and cons for each approach. The second part of the chapter is dedicated to the expansion of the XAS cross section using spherical tensors for electric dipole and quadrupole transitions. This expansion enables to identify a set of linearly independent spectra that represent the smallest number of measurements (or calculations) to be performed on a sample, in order to extract all spectroscopic information. Examples of the different dichroic effects which can be expected depending on the type of transitions and on the symmetry of the system are then given.
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Chen, Ruizhi, and Liang Chen. "Smartphone-Based Indoor Positioning Technologies." In Urban Informatics, 467–90. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_26.

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AbstractGlobal Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have achieved great success in providing localization information in outdoor open areas. However, due to the weakness of the signal, GNSS signals cannot be received well indoors. Currently, indoor positioning plays a significant role in many areas, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI), but given the complexity of indoor spaces and topology, it is still challenging to achieve an accurate, effective, full coverage and real-time positioning solution indoors. With the development of information technology, the smartphone has become more and more popular. With a large number of sensors embedded in smartphones, it is thus possible to achieve low cost, continuity, and high usability for indoor positioning. In this chapter, we focus on indoor positioning technologies with smartphones, and in particular, emphasize the technologies based on radio frequency (RF) and built-in sensors. The pros and cons of the technologies are reviewed and discussed in the context of different applications. Moreover, the challenges of indoor positioning are pointed out and the directions for the future development of this area are discussed.
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Millward, Jason M., João S. Periquito, Paula Ramos Delgado, Christian Prinz, Thoralf Niendorf, and Sonia Waiczies. "Preparation of Ex Vivo Rodent Phantoms for Developing, Testing, and Training MR Imaging of the Kidney and Other Organs." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 75–85. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_5.

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AbstractHere we describe a simple and inexpensive protocol for preparing ex vivo rodent phantoms for use in MR imaging studies. The experimental animals are perfused and fixed with formaldehyde, and then wrapped with gauze and sealed with liquid latex. This yields a phantom that preserves all organs in situ, and which avoids the need to keep fixed animals and organs in containers that have dimensions very different from living animals. This is especially important for loading in MR detectors, and specifically the RF coils, they are usually used with. The phantom can be safely stored and conveniently reused, and can provide MR scientists with a realistic phantom with which to establish protocols in preparation for preclinical in vivo studies—for renal, brain, and body imaging. The phantom also serves as an ideal teaching tool, for trainees learning how to perform preclinical MRI investigations of the kidney and other target organs, while avoiding the need for handling living animals, and reducing the total number of animals required.This protocol chapter is part of the PARENCHIMA initiative “MRI Biomarkers for CKD” (CA16103), a community-driven Action of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers.
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Conference papers on the topic "Number of coins"

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Aoki, Yutaro, Glenn Harvel, Toshiharu Sakura, and Takeyoshi Sunagawa. "Development of a Gel Type Dosimeter for X-Ray Fields." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67618.

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In recent years, use of radiation beams or particle beams have been put to practical use for cancer therapy. In cancer radiation therapy, visualization of radiation patterns is absolutely necessary for precisely evaluating the dose distribution. Therefore, gel type or Fricke type dosimeters [1] are considered useful for visualization. In this study, we developed a new type of gel dosimeter using a doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based solution. This gel uses a red color based chemical reaction that occurs when the active agent is separated. Irradiation of the gel with X-rays is sufficient to break the chemical bonds of the active agent. We irradiated different gel samples with X-rays from a Hitachi MBR-1520R-3 source under different configurations to test the gel performance. We used UV-VIS spectrometry to measure the absorbance of transmitted light through the gel. For the active agent, the absorbance is at a peak wavelength of 490 nm. The amount of absorbance is proportional to the number of interactions with X-rays. We irradiated the gel between 0.5Gy-10Gy with visualization of the gel by photography and spectrometry between each irradiation. The spectrometry was performed using a StellarNet Black Comet system observing the absorbance between 300nm and 600nm. The results show that as the X-ray dose increases, the gel transitions from a clear gel to a light pink gel and then to a red gel. All colors are translucent and allow for the passage of light. The first samples were done in clear plastic containers of 250 ml size. The containers were filled with gel to eliminate air and possible oxygen contamination. The second set of experiments repeated the first study but used metallic coins as X-ray shields. The regions covered by the coins were protected from the dose and remained clear. A sharp edge was observed at the edge of the coin. This implies that the gel does not diffuse and hence can represent a dose distribution as long as it is not mixed. The third samples were placed in disposable cells for measurement of absorbance. The absorbance had a peak in the vicinity wavelength of 490nm. The results confirmed the absorbance to be proportional for increasing applied dose. In summary, a color transition gel was developed for use in detecting irradiation dose from X-rays. This technique has potential application for visualization of dose during medical procedures.
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2

Badowich, Connor, and Loic Markley. "Optimal Number of Coils for Wireless Power Transfer through Cascaded Resonator Systems." In 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apusncursinrsm.2019.8889254.

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Xu, Siqi, Qian Zhao, Liu Li, Nan Li, and Wenjun Tan. "The Effect of The Number of Sensor Coils on Sensitivity in Electromagnetic Tomography." In ISICDM 2020: The Fourth International Symposium on Image Computing and Digital Medicine. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3451421.3451470.

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Mahboubi, D., and M. H. Saidi. "Optimal Behavior of Hot Water Heating Coils at Steady Conditions." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68455.

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Hot water heating coils are key components in air conditioning systems undergo heat transfer. The most widely used exchangers (coils) take the form of fin and tube configuration in association with the application of air conditioning systems. In this research, thermodynamic modeling and mathematical optimization of hot water heating coils at steady conditions, approaching minimum energy consumption are achieved. The modeling procedure for heating coils is done based on the log mean temperature difference (LMTD) method. The objective function for optimization is pressure drop of air crossing coil per heating load of the system. This unction comprises all thermal and geometrical parameters of the coils such as coil surface area, number of rows, fin spacing and air side pressure drop of the coil. The objective function is minimized using Lagrange multipliers method. The optimization results are composed of minimum pressure drop, optimum surface area, optimum number of rows and fin spacing. The effects of varying the heating load, fin efficiency and the surface area of the coils on optimum behavior of them are investigated as well.
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Hayashitani, Masahiro, Kohei Okazaki, and Naoaki Yamanaka. "A New Burst Assembly Technique Supporting Fair QoS about the Number of Hops in OCBS Multi-hop Networks." In COIN-NGNCON 2006 - The Joint International Conference on Optical Internet and Next Generation Network. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coinngncon.2006.4454472.

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Fei Yang and Lixin Tang. "A scatter search optimization for ship consolidation plan for strip coils to reduce the number of shuffling." In 2009 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Intelligent Systems (ICIS 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icicisys.2009.5357826.

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Eça, Luís, Gonçalo Saraiva, Guilherme Vaz, and Hugo Abreu. "The Pros and Cons of Wall Functions." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41518.

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Simulations of viscous flows based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations have become an engineering tool used on a daily basis. One of the main goals of such calculations is to determine friction forces, which are a consequence of the shear-stress at solid walls. In RANS (and other more sophisticated mathematical models), there are two main approaches for the determination of the shear-stress at a wall: direct application of the no-slip condition, i.e. the velocity gradient is determined directly at the surface; wall functions which determine the shear-stress at the wall from semi-empirical equations applicable up to the outer edge of the so-called “wall layer/log layer”. Although the first option is physically preferable, its numerical requirements may lead to iterative convergence problems and/or excessive calculation times. Therefore, especially at high Reynolds numbers, it is not unusual to use the latter approach. In this paper we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of wall-function boundary conditions. To this end we have calculated the flow around a flat plate, conventional and laminar airfoils and a circular cylinder. The influence of the location where wall functions are applied (distance to the wall) and the effect of the Reynolds number (ranging from model to full scale applications) are discussed. Griding requirements for wall-function boundary conditions are also addressed. The results obtained with wall functions are compared with those obtained from the direct application of the no slip at the wall. The results obtained in this study show that the use of wall functions in viscous flow calculations may be justifiable or completely unacceptable depending on the flow conditions. Furthermore, it is also shown that wall-function boundary conditions also require clustering of grid nodes close to the wall, but obviously less demanding than the direct application of no slip condition.
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Ghobadi, M., and Y. S. Muzychka. "Pressure Drop in Mini-Scale Coiled Tubing." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63348.

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In the present study, laminar, steady state flow in mini-scale coiled tubes was studied experimentally. Three different tube diameters: 1.6 mm, 1.27 mm and 1.016 mm with different lengths of 1 m and 0.5 m were coiled with different radius of curvature to provide data over a wide range of Reynolds numbers from 5 to 2300. A simple empirical model is developed based on the experimental results to predict the pressure drop increase based on Dean number. The results and simple model are also compared to a well-known existing model for circular tubing. The coiled tube lengths used in this study were long enough to consider the flow to be fully developed. The effects of varying curvature and tube length are also studied. The pitch of the coils is restricted to the diameter of the tube to minimize the effect of coiling. Dean number is used instead of Coiled number (modified Dean number) which allows the results to be expanded to spiral and curved tubing.
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Katinas, Christopher, and Ahmad Fakheri. "Flow Characteristics in Helical Pipes of Various Coil Geometries With Rectangular Cross Section." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39260.

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Although curved pipes are commonly used in industrial operations, such as chemical reactors and heat exchangers, few investigations have been performed to develop an understanding of how tightly wound coils impact the heat transfer rate and friction factor in the laminar flow regime. Small coil radius geometries exhibit interesting characteristics that impact both Nusselt number and friction factor. Numerical solutions are presented for rectangular ducts of various coil diameters and aspect ratios which are compared with available experimental and analytical solutions to determine their applicabilty to tightly wound coils. A new non-dimensional parameter called the modified friction factor is presented and correlated to the results presented in this study. Additionally, a correlation for Nusselt number is presented for a variety of coil diameter ratios for curved square channels.
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Ghobadi, M., and Y. S. Muzychka. "Fully Developed Heat Transfer in Mini Scale Coiled Tubing for Constant Wall Temperature." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63344.

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An experimental study on heat transfer enhancement in mini scale coiled tubing for isothermal conditions is conducted. Copper coils with three different radii of curvature (1 cm, 2 cm, and 4 cm), and in four lengths (1, 2, 3 and 4 coil turns) were used. The tube length is long enough to consider the flow to be hydro-dynamically fully developed. Hence, the effects of varying curvatures and lengths on heat transfer are studied. The pitch of the coil is restricted to diameter of the tube to minimize the effect of coiling. Dean number is used instead of Coiled number (modified Dean number), and hence, the results can be expanded to spiral and curved tubing. Water and two different silicone oils (0.65 cSt, 1 cSt) were used in the experiments to examine the effect of Prandtl number on coiled tubing heat transfer augmentation. Prandtl number from 5 to 15 is covered in this paper. A new correlation is proposed to calculate Nusselt number in fully developed coiled tubing based on the current results. In addition, dimensionless mean wall flux and dimensionless thermal length are also considered besides Nusselt, Reynolds, and Dean numbers.
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Reports on the topic "Number of coins"

1

Price, Roz. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) – What are They and What are the Barriers and Enablers to Their Use? Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.098.

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This rapid review examines literature around Nature-based Solutions (NbS), what are NbS, the pros and cons of NbS, design and implementation issues (including governance, indigenous knowledge), finance and the enabling environment. The breadth of NbS and the evidence base means that this rapid review only provides a snapshot of the information available, and therefore does not consider all types of NbS, nor all sectors that they have been used in. Considering this limited scope, this report highlights many issues, some of which are that Covid-19 has highlighted the importance of NbS, Pros of NbS include the low cost compared to infrastructure alternatives; the flexibility in addressing multiple climate challenges; potential co-benefits such as better water quality, improved health, cultural benefits, biodiversity conservation. The literature also notes the cons of NbS including slow adaptation or co-benefits, very context specific making effectiveness difficult to measure and many of the benefits are non-monetary and hard to measure. The literature consulted suggest a number of knowledge gaps in the evidence base for NbS effectiveness including lack of: robust and impartial assessments of current NbS experiences; site specific knowledge of field deployment of NbS; timescales over which benefits are seen and experienced; cost-effectiveness of interventions compared to or in conjunction with alternative solutions; and integrated assessments considering broader social and ecological outcomes
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2

Suh, Jooyeoun, Changa Dorji, Valerie Mercer-Blackman, and Aimee Hampel-Milagrosa. Valuing Unpaid Care Work in Bhutan. Asian Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200065-2.

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A growing body of scholarly literature has attempted to measure and value unpaid care work in various countries, but perhaps only the government statistical agencies in the United States and the United Kingdom have seriously undertaken periodic and systematic measures of the time spent on unpaid work at the national level, and partially incorporated those values into their gross domestic product(GDP). One country that has been ahead of its time on aspects of societal welfare measurement is Bhutan, which produces the Gross National Happiness (GNH) Index. However, until the first GNH Survey, in 2008, Bhutan did not have any sense of the size and distribution of unpaid work, despite its strong societal norms about the value of volunteering and community work. This paper is the first to estimate the value of unpaid care work in Bhutan. It shows the pros and cons of various approaches and their equivalent measures of unpaid care work as a share of GDP. As with similar studies on the topic, this paper also finds that women spend more than twice as much time as men performing unpaid care work, regardless of their income, age, residency, or number of people in the household. The paper also provides recommendations for improving the measurement of unpaid care work in Bhutan.
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