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1
Lach, Katarzyna. "Monetization of Roman Egypt during the Flavian Dynasty (AD 69–96): the case of Alexandria and Berenike." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean XXIV, no. 1 (February 28, 2016): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0125.
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A study of coin output in Egypt during the Flavian dynasty (AD 69–96) brings to light a dichotomy in circulation between billon tetradrachms and low denomination bronze coins. The composition of hoards with Flavian silver issues suggests minimal coin production due to a sufficient quantity of Nero’s tertadrachms on the market. However, stray finds of coins from the Flavian dynasty consist mainly of bronze issues, apparently outnumbering Nero’s low-denomination coin output. A tempting idea to consider is that the low number of Flavian silver coins in circulation resulted in an extended production of bronze issues.
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Estolano, Patrick Joseph L., and Antonio H. Chua. "Spontaneous Passage of Ingested Coin in Children." Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 30, no. 2 (November 19, 2018): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32412/pjohns.v30i2.345.
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Objective: To determine the factors related to spontaneous passage of ingested coins in children.
Methods:
Study Design: Retrospective Study
Setting: Tertiary Government Hospital
Subjects: The records of 136 pediatric patients with a history of coin ingestion seen at the emergency room department of our institution between December 2012 and May 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data such as age and gender of the patient were recorded, including the type of coin, location of coin in the esophagus, time of ingestion and time of spontaneous passage into the stomach (for those that passed spontaneously).
Results: Spontaneous passage in 27 out of 136 pediatric patients with radiographic evidence of a round radio-opaque foreign body initially located in the esophagus eventually passed into the stomach or intestines, accounting for 20% of the total number of cases. Coin ingestion was more common in patients aged 5 to 6 years (33% of cases), with slight male predominance (58%). One peso coins were the most common type of coin ingested, however only 24% of these spontaneously passed. The rate of spontaneous passage was highest in smaller sized coins (5 and 25 centavo coin) compared to larger sized coins (5 peso). Proximally located coins, albeit more common than middle and distally located coins, were the least likely to spontaneously pass (12%). Average time interval from ingestion to passage of the coin was 12 hours.
Conclusion: Many factors are related to spontaneous passage of foreign bodies in the esophagus. The age of the patient, type of coin ingested, and initial location of the coin in the esophagus should be considered. Older patients, smaller sized coins, and distally located coins have the highest probability of spontaneous passage beyond the esophagus. A 12-hour observation period may be considered in patients with single esophageal coin ingestion.
Keywords: foreign body, esophagus, esophagoscopy
3
Shiu, Peter. "Can our coinage system be improved?" Mathematical Gazette 102, no. 554 (June 18, 2018): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mag.2018.53.
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Some forty years ago my wife Christine and I considered the problems in this article, which involves a fair amount of computation. Computing facilities were not good then, so we considered instead the problems in [1] in which we showed, without using computers, that there were 64703 ways to make up £1 using coins; this was before the introduction of the 20p and £1 coins, and the ½p coin was in circulation. If Christine were still with us, this would have been another piece of joint work. I therefore dedicate this article to her memory.The design of a coinage system depends on considerations we give to various criteria: for example, the number of denominations for the coins, the maximum number of coins required to deliver any given amount in a range, or the required number of coins averaged over the range; see also §3.
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Reece, Richard. "COINS AND THE LATE ROMAN ECONOMY." Late Antique Archaeology 1, no. 1 (2003): 139–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000007.
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Coins provide a source of information on the Roman economy which is not available in the written sources. They can be studied either as the products of the imperial administration—coins as struck, or as a reflection of coin use—coins as found. Coins as struck are well described in standard works of reference and only a few points of caution need to be added. Coins as found form an area of study that is in its early stages, and a rather basic general survey of the available information and methodology is needed. From these subjects a number of questions for further consideration can be framed.
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Hilmola, Olli-Pekka. "On Prices of Privacy Coins and Bitcoin." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14080361.
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Since the inauguration of cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin has been under pressure from competing tokens. As Bitcoin is a public open ledger blockchain coin, it has its weaknesses in privacy and anonymity. In the recent decade numerous coins have been initiated as privacy coins, which try to tackle these weaknesses. This research compares mostly mature privacy coins to Bitcoin, and comparison is made from a price perspective. It seems that Bitcoin is leading privacy coins in price terms, and correlation is typically high and positive. From the earlier crypto market peak of 2017–18, only a very small number of coins are showing positive returns in 2021. It is typical that many privacy coins have lost substantial amounts of their value (ranging 80–90%) or that they do not exist anymore at all. Only Horizen and Monero have shown long-term sustainability in their value; however, their price changes follow that of Bitcoin very closely. The role of privacy coins in the future remains as an open issue.
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Khovanova, Tanya, and Joshua Lee. "The 5-Way Scale." Recreational Mathematics Magazine 6, no. 11 (September 1, 2019): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rmm-2019-0001.
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Abstract In this paper, we discuss coin-weighing problems that use a 5-way scale which has five different possible outcomes: MUCH LESS, LESS, EQUAL, MORE, and MUCH MORE. The 5-way scale provides more information than the regular 3-way scale. We study the problem of finding two fake coins from a pile of identically looking coins in a minimal number of weighings using a 5-way scale. We discuss similarities and differences between the 5-way and 3-way scale. We introduce a strategy for a 5-way scale that can find both counterfeit coins among 2k coins in k + 1 weighings, which is better than any strategy for a 3-way scale.
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Cooper, Jessica, and Ognjen Arandjelović. "Learning to Describe: A New Approach to Computer Vision Based Ancient Coin Analysis." Sci 2, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci2010008.
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In recent years, a range of problems under the broad umbrella of computer vision based analysis of ancient coins have been attracting an increasing amount of attention. Notwithstanding this research effort, the results achieved by the state of the art in published literature remain poor and far from sufficiently well performing for any practical purpose. In the present paper we present a series of contributions which we believe will benefit the interested community. We explain that the approach of visual matching of coins, universally adopted in existing published papers on the topic, is not of practical interest because the number of ancient coin types exceeds by far the number of those types which have been imaged, be it in digital form (e.g., online) or otherwise (traditional film, in print, etc.). Rather, we argue that the focus should be on understanding the semantic content of coins. Hence, we describe a novel approach—to first extract semantic concepts from real-world multimodal input and associate them with their corresponding coin images, and then to train a convolutional neural network to learn the appearance of these concepts. On a real-world data set, we demonstrate highly promising results, correctly identifying a range of visual elements on unseen coins with up to 84% accuracy.
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Cooper, Jessica, and Ognjen Arandjelović. "Learning to Describe: A New Approach to Computer Vision Based Ancient Coin Analysis." Sci 2, no. 2 (April 17, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci2020027.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, a range of problems under the broad umbrella of computer vision based analysis of ancient coins have been attracting an increasing amount of attention. Notwithstanding this research effort, the results achieved by the state of the art in published literature remain poor and far from sufficiently well performing for any practical purpose. In the present paper we present a series of contributions which we believe will benefit the interested community. We explain that the approach of visual matching of coins, universally adopted in existing published papers on the topic, is not of practical interest because the number of ancient coin types exceeds by far the number of those types which have been imaged, be it in digital form (e.g., online) or otherwise (traditional film, in print, etc.). Rather, we argue that the focus should be on understanding the semantic content of coins. Hence, we describe a novel approach—to first extract semantic concepts from real-world multimodal input and associate them with their corresponding coin images, and then to train a convolutional neural network to learn the appearance of these concepts. On a real-world data set, we demonstrate highly promising results, correctly identifying a range of visual elements on unseen coins with up to 84% accuracy.
9
Robbert Fokkink. "Tossing Coins to Guess a Secret Number." American Mathematical Monthly 119, no. 4 (2012): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.4169/amer.math.monthly.119.04.337.
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Matsugasaki, Keisuke, Wakana Tsukamoto, and Yohsuke Ohtsubo. "Two Failed Replications of the Watching Eyes Effect." Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science 6, no. 2 (September 9, 2015): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2015.36.
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The watching eyes effect refers to the phenomenon that people behave more altruistically than usual when an eye-image is present in their environment. In this paper, we report two failed replications of the watching eyes effect. In both Studies 1 and 2, participants decided how many coins out of a seven coin endowment (each coin worth 100 Japanese yen) to allocate to a subsequent participant, under the assumption that the prior participant may have left them some coins. In Study 1, participants anonymously made their allocation decision while seated in front of a poster depicting either an eye-image or a geometric pattern. In Study 2, to increase the saliency of the watching eyes, participants were instructed to place the coins in envelopes (one for self and one for the subsequent participant) printed with either an eye-image or a geometric pattern. In both Studies 1 and 2, the number of coins that participants allocated to subsequent participants did not significantly differ between the eye-image and control conditions. Moreover, the proportion of participants who allocated at least one coin to subsequent participants was not significantly different across the two conditions. In our studies, altruism was not increased by watching eyes.
11
Bugarchev, Alexey I., Pavel N. Petrov, Alfira Z. Singatullina, Airat G. Sitdikov, and Eugenia F. Shaykhutdinova. "Bulgar Coins of Khan Pulad of Izmery Treasure." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 2, no. 36 (June 25, 2021): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2021.2.36.53.64.
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The article considers coins of the Bulgar minting of the Golden Horde Khan Pulad (1407–1410), deposited in the Izmery treasure. The total number of dirhams with the name of this khan reaches 220 copies. When studying the weight characteristics of coins, it was found that the mode corresponds to the value of 0.73 ± 0.02 g. Having studied the elemental composition of the surface layer of coin metal 50 dirhams, the authors established the amount of silver, copper and other elements: silver – 80.8–82.7%; copper – 15.2–16.9%; gold – 0.5%, the remaining components – about 1.7%. A comparison of the weight and elemental composition of the surface layer of the coins of Pulad and the previous ruler – Khan Shadibek, helped establish a slight decrease in the weight of Bulgar coins. The authors conclude that under Pulad in the Bulgar region there were no changes in coinage in the form of reforms.
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Milejski, Paweł. "Coins from the Streets of Racibórz." Notae Numismaticae - TOM XV, no. 15 (May 17, 2021): 235–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.52800/ajst.1.a.13.
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The aim of the article is to present numismatic collections from the Museum in Racibórz which have been found at municipal sites during supervision and regular archaeological excavations. This will allow us to observe which coins have come to Racibórz (germ. Ratibor) and (Upper) Silesia over the centuries. The analysed coins will be compared with finds obtained during excavations in other cities in Upper Silesia – Gliwice (germ. Gleiwitz) (the market square and St. George’s Church in Czechowice (germ. Schechowitz)) and Bytom (germ. Beuthen) (St. Margaret’s Hill) – and in the main centre in Lower Silesia, Wrocław (germ. Breslau) (Nowy Targ Square and St. Elizabeth’s Church). The study includes 76 coins acquired in the years 1979–2015 on 12 sites located within the borders of the city of Racibórz. This number includes the hoard of 17 Prague groschen of Wenceslas II, 56 single finds and three coin-like objects. In addition, two metal objects were included in the study which were discovered near the castle in the district of Racibórz – Ostróg. Both objects are difficult to identify, initially defined as a ring eye and a weight (monetary or merchant). The entire collection is dominated by Bohemian coins, including Prague groschen, parvus and white pennies. Silesian coins are the second largest group – three wide bracteates (unfortunately without provenance), a very rare Opava heller of Přemek I (1377–1433) and two groeschels of Ferdinand II (1617–1637). Moreover, two rare pennies of Sigismund III (1587–1632) struck in Poznań mint were found, which usually give way to pennies and ternarius struck in Łobżenica mint, which were not recorded in the collection from Racibórz. Considering all the coins in chronological terms, the dominant coins are late medieval ones – from the second half of the 13th century to the first half of the 15th century. The second concentration of Racibórz finds is from the 18th–20th century. A comparative analysis of coins discovered in Racibórz, Gliwice and Bytom and the hoard of Prague groschen from Błażejowice (germ. Blaschowitz) confirms the hypothesis of Borys Paszkiewicz that it was through Upper Silesia that Bohemian coins reached the territory of present day Poland. As a result, there is a significant number of small Bohemian coins in this area, with a smaller number to be found deeper within Poland.
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Ma, Yuanyuan, and Ognjen Arandjelović. "Classification of Ancient Roman Coins by Denomination Using Colour, a Forgotten Feature in Automatic Ancient Coin Analysis." Sci 2, no. 1 (March 24, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci2010018.
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Ancient numismatics, that is, the study of ancient currencies (predominantly coins), is an interesting domain for the application of computer vision and machine learning, and has been receiving an increasing amount of attention in recent years. Notwithstanding the number of articles published on the topic, the variety of different methodological approaches described, and the mounting realisation that the relevant problems in the field are most challenging indeed, all research to date has entirely ignored one specific, readily accessible modality: colour. Invariably, colour is discarded and images of coins treated as being greyscale. The present article is the first one to question this decision (and indeed, it is a decision). We discuss the reasons behind the said choice, present a case why it ought to be reexamined, and in turn investigate the issue for the first time in the published literature. Specifically, we propose two new colour-based representations specifically designed with the aim of being applied to ancient coin analysis, and argue why it is sensible to employ them in the first stages of the classification process as a means of drastically reducing the initially enormous number of classes involved in type matching ancient coins (tens of thousands, just for Ancient Roman Imperial coins). Furthermore, we introduce a new data set collected with the specific aim of denomination-based categorisation of ancient coins, where we hypothesised colour could be of potential use, and evaluate the proposed representations. Lastly, we report surprisingly successful performances which goes further than confirming our hypothesis—rather, they convincingly demonstrate a much higher relevant information content carried by colour than even we expected. Thus we trust that our findings will be noted by others in the field and that more attention and further research will be devoted to the use of colour in automatic ancient coin analysis.
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Ma, Yuanyuan, and Ognjen Arandjelović. "Classification of Ancient Roman Coins by Denomination Using Colour, a Forgotten Feature in Automatic Ancient Coin Analysis." Sci 2, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci2020037.
Full textAbstract:
Ancient numismatics, that is, the study of ancient currencies (predominantly coins), is an interesting domain for the application of computer vision and machine learning, and has been receiving an increasing amount of attention in recent years. Notwithstanding the number of articles published on the topic, the variety of different methodological approaches described, and the mounting realisation that the relevant problems in the field are most challenging indeed, all research to date has entirely ignored one specific, readily accessible modality: colour. Invariably, colour is discarded and images of coins treated as being greyscale. The present article is the first one to question this decision (and indeed, it is a decision). We discuss the reasons behind the said choice, present a case why it ought to be reexamined, and in turn investigate the issue for the first time in the published literature. Specifically, we propose two new colour-based representations specifically designed with the aim of being applied to ancient coin analysis, and argue why it is sensible to employ them in the first stages of the classification process as a means of drastically reducing the initially enormous number of classes involved in type matching ancient coins (tens of thousands, just for Ancient Roman Imperial coins). Furthermore, we introduce a new data set collected with the specific aim of denomination-based categorisation of ancient coins, where we hypothesised colour could be of potential use, and evaluate the proposed representations. Lastly, we report surprisingly successful performances which goes further than confirming our hypothesis—rather, they convincingly demonstrate a much higher relevant information content carried by colour than even we expected. Thus we trust that our findings will be noted by others in the field and that more attention and further research will be devoted to the use of colour in automatic ancient coin analysis.
15
Kwon, Wook Taek. "A Study on the Coins and Their Uses in the Chinese Han Dynasty Excavated in Japan and Southern Part of the Korean Peninsula." Yeongnam Archaeological Society, no. 84 (May 30, 2019): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47417/yar.2019.84.5.
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This study is focused on figuring out the changes in the coin use according to its inflow, use and disuse by comparing in what condition did the coins of Chinese Han(漢) era had excavated which have been found a lot in southern part of Korea and Japan. Also, this study suggests several possible causes of concentration of Huoquan(貨泉) in Japan. Since the 2nd century B.C., many polities have been formed in Korean peninsula and Japan and they started to obtain the relics of Han through Nakrang(樂浪) for their political purpose to strengthen their political power. Coins used in Han era are also thought to be obtained as prestige goods or souvenirs at first. To some point in 1st century B.C., coins are thought to be used in exchanging things for everyday life as a number of them were found in middle stops on coastal trade routes. Since it is assumed that there were times when these two forms of trade coexisted, coins must have been brought in various routes. Since the beginning of 1st century, some changes are found in the condition of coins being excavated, which is no longer buried in tombs, but only in coastal areas, and a number of them are excavated in Japan. Especially in Japan, a great number of coins named Huoquan are found due to the intentional spread of Nakrang. It is assumed that Nakrang supplied Wangmang coins to the surrounding areas which had lost their value for currency after the collapse of the Xin(新). Refer to documents and ethnographic examples, it is believe that Huoquan which had supplied to Korean peninsula and Japan might have been used for other uses, not for intended use. There are three possibilities for use: First, they could have been used for other purposes such as passes when Samhan(三韓) people trade with Nakrang, secondly, for foreign currency of Nakrang, and third, they might have lost their values so that discarded. Fourthly, they could be used to pray for the safety of the voyage.
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Kirill, Elokhin. "Badges on the Spanish coins of 17th century." Latin-american Historical Almanac 28, no. 1 (November 9, 2020): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2305-8773-2020-28-1-7-23.
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The article is devoted to the study of badges depicted on the coins of the last Spanish Habsburgs (Philip III, Philip IV, Charles II). The badges on the coins of the first Habsburgs on the Spanish throne in the 16th century have already been studied, however, the badge culture re-flected in the coins as a whole, especially systemically, has not been studied. Historiography devoted to this problem is practically absent, many researchers focus only on the arms, therefore a decision was made about such a study. The article discusses a number of problems related to coin minting in both the Old and the New Worlds, changes in badg-es, the partial loss of some trends in the Spanish badge culture, and the influence of the Spanish badge tradition on other cultures. The minting of coins with badges in the vice kingdoms outside the Iberian Peninsu-la is also being studied. Spanish Habsburgs in the 17th century on Ital-ian coins, with the help of mottos, revealing the meaning of the mes-sages to patrials, sought to show in their badges the zeal in defending the faith, the desire to establish peace and abundance. In Milan, com-memorative coin-like tokens with badges were dedicated to the visits of the Spanish queens. Perhaps this was a local peculiarity of reverence and respect for the suzerain and members of his family. The article ex-plores new trends in coinage with the predominant use of monograms and propaganda issues.
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GORLOV, K., and V. KILDYUSHEVSKY. "NUMISMATIC MATERIALS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT THE PETER AND PAUL FORTRESS IN 2017 AND 2019 AND THEIR BEARING ON THE DATING OF THE CULTURAL LAYER." TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE FOR THE HISTORY OF MATERIAL CULTURE Russian Academy of Science 23 (2020): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/2310-6557-2020-23-153-162.
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A log-and-earth fortress on Zayachy island in the Neva River mouth was erected in 1703 by direction of Peter the Great. The building works took a short period from early May to late August. The construction of the stone fortress started in 1706. In 2017 and 2019, in the course of archaeological excavations carried out by IHMC RAS, a unique cultural layer with remains of the first log-and-earth fortress was discovered on the territory of the Menshikov bastion. Among the most important finds there are 18 coins issued by Peter I, including 14 wire kopecks, three copper quarter-kopeck pieces, and one copper half-kopeck coin. Two more coins with denomination of 1/6 öre were issued by Charles Х of Sweden (fig. 1; table). This numismatic collection is a reliable dating material, allowing to identify the constructions found in the cultural layer as the first log- and-earth fortress of Peter the Great, that became the historical core of Saint Petersburg. Worthy of note is the presence in the collection of a number of coins minted with dies made with the same punches, and the absence of coins minted in 1703. The presence of Swedish coins may be indica- tive of the participation in the construction works of captive Swedish soldiers, who could have lost the coins. At the same time it cannot be excluded that these coins were brought to Zayachy island with earth from Nyenschanz, which was used as a source of building materials.
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Kropff, Antony, and Jos P. A. Van der Vin. "Coins and Continuity in the Dutch River Area at the End of the Third Century AD." European Journal of Archaeology 6, no. 1 (2003): 55–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/eja.2003.6.1.55.
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The coin series from sites in the Dutch River area show a break during the last three decades of the third century and the first decade of the fourth century AD. Coins minted for Aurelian and his successors to the throne up to Constantine I are very scarce for all sites. The break has been interpreted to indicate the end of occupation of castella and settlements around AD 275. When the site finds from the Dutch River area are presented in the form of an adapted histogram however, the coin series show a striking similarity to site finds from Roman Britain, where, on the whole, continuity was safeguarded during the third century. The article argues that this gap in the coin series – detectable all over the western part of the Roman Empire – is caused by the special character of coin circulation during this period in the west and does not indicate the end of activities on the site that provided the coins. Coin finds even seem to suggest continuity during this period for a number of sites in the Dutch River area.
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Walmsley, Alan. "Coin Frequencies in Sixth and Seventh Century Palestine and Arabia: Social and Economic Implications." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 42, no. 3 (1999): 326–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520991208644.
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AbstractLarge scale excavations at the ancient urban sites of Pella and Jarash (Gerasa) in Jordan have produced a statistically viable body of data on coin supply and circulation in Byzantine and early Islamic Palestine and Arabia. A comparison of the copper coins (folles and fractions) recovered at these sites reveals consistent trends, notably a major increase in supply during the reigns of Justin I and especially Justin II. After Justin II (d. 578) there is a marked decline in the supply and circulation of copper coins, even taking into account ß uctuating production levels and quality of folles in the later sixth and seventh centuries. The presence of a greater number of mints suggests no major consignments but only the local circulation of coins. A minor improvement in coinage levels at Pella in the late sixth to early seventh century may re ß ect the growing local strategic importance of the town. Support for this explanation can be seen in the expansion of Pella's Byzantine fort and, soon after, the important battle between the Islamic and Byzantine armies in 635.
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Holman, David. "Iron Age Coinage and Settlement in East Kent." Britannia 36 (November 2005): 1–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3815/000000005784016892.
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ABSTRACTSince 1991, recording of metal-detector and archaeological finds in east Kent has shown that Iron Age coins are far more numerous than previously thought. Their quantity and distribution suggests widespread use and acceptance. Continental links, suggesting trade activity, are also evident. A number of sites producing large numbers of coins and other evidence of Iron Age (and Roman) occupation have been identified, with chronological and functional differences being apparent. Away from these sites, significant numbers of coins have been recorded from across much of the surrounding area, enabling comparisons to be made between individual sites and the background distribution, leading to a greater understanding of Iron Age coinage and settlement in east Kent.
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Heisinger, Luke, Paul Newton, and Eva Kanso. "Coins falling in water." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 742 (February 21, 2014): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.6.
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AbstractWhen a coin falls in water, its trajectory is one of four types, determined by its dimensionless moment of inertia $I^\ast $ and Reynolds number $\text {Re}$: (A) steady; (B) fluttering; (C) chaotic; or (D) tumbling. The dynamics induced by the interaction of the water with the surface of the coin, however, makes the exact landing site difficult to predict a priori. Here, we describe a carefully designed experiment in which a coin is dropped repeatedly in water to determine the probability density functions (p.d.f.s) associated with the landing positions for each of the four trajectory types, all of which are radially symmetric about the centre drop-line. In the case of the steady mode, the p.d.f. is approximately Gaussian distributed with small variances, indicating that the coin is most likely to land at the centre, right below the point from which it is dropped. For the other falling modes, the centre is one of the least likely landing sites. Indeed, the p.d.f.s of the fluttering, chaotic and tumbling modes are characterized by a ‘dip’ around the centre. In the tumbling mode, the p.d.f. is a ring configuration about the centreline whereas in the chaotic mode, the p.d.f. is generally a broadband distribution spread out radially symmetrically about the centreline. For the steady and fluttering modes, the coin never flips, so the coin lands with the same side up as when it was dropped. The probability of heads or tails is close to 0.5 for the chaotic mode and, in the case of the tumbling mode, the probability of heads or tails is based on the height of the drop which determines whether the coin flips an even or odd number of times during descent.
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PURI, N. K., M. HAJIVALIEI, S. C. BEDI, N. SINGH, I. M. GOVIL, M. L. GARG, D. K. HANDA, K. L. GOVIL, B. ROUT, and V. VIJAYAN. "THE ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT INDIAN COINS OF KUSANAS AND EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIOD USING PROTON INDUCED X-RAY EMISSION (PIXE) TECHNIQUE." International Journal of PIXE 13, no. 03n04 (January 2003): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083503000208.
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As part of the study of trace elemental analysis of ancient Indian coins, twenty-five coins belonging to medieval period (11th-14th century A.D) and fifty-nine coins belonging to Kusanas (78-250 A.D) from India have been analysed using Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) technique. The elements S , Ca , Fe , Cu , Ag , Sn , Pb were detected in 11th-14th century A.D. coins while elements namely S , Cl , K , Ca , Ti , Cr , Mn , Fe , Ni , Cu , As and Zn were detected in most of the Kusanas coins. Based on the elemental analysis different hypotheses put forward in the earlier literature were examined. The presence of Pb determined in medieval period coins does not rule out the utilization of local source of silver extracted from argentiferous galena instead of the Faranjal mines of Afghanistan as normally accepted. From the consistent concentration of Ag in these coins despite the change of Kingdoms it is confirmed that beside the rulers the commercial communities had a great influence in the currency of medieval period. This is the first attempt where reasonable number of ancient coins belonging to different periods were analysed by modern non destructive multi-elemental technique such as PIXE and has put the importance of the elemental analysis of ancient Indian coins in the proper perspective.
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Lanchier, N., and S. Reed. "The role of cooperation in spatially explicit economical systems." Advances in Applied Probability 50, no. 3 (September 2018): 743–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apr.2018.34.
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Abstract In this paper we are concerned with a model in econophysics, the subfield of statistical physics that applies concepts from traditional physics to economics. Our model is an example of an interacting particle system with disorder, meaning that some of the transition rates are not identical but rather drawn from a fixed distribution. Economical agents are represented by the vertices of a connected graph and are characterized by the number of coins they possess. Agents independently spend one coin at rate one for their basic need, earn one coin at a rate chosen independently from a distribution ϕ, and exchange money at rate µ with one of their nearest neighbors, with the richest neighbor giving one coin to the other neighbor. If an agent needs to spend one coin when his/her fortune is at 0, he/she dies, i.e. the corresponding vertex is removed from the graph. Our first results focus on the two extreme cases of lack of cooperation µ=0 and perfect cooperation µ = ∞ for finite connected graphs. These results suggest that, when overall the agents earn more than they spend, cooperation is beneficial for the survival of the population, whereas when overall the agents earn less than they spend, cooperation becomes detrimental. We also study the infinite one-dimensional system. In this case, when the agents earn less than they spend on average, the density of agents that die eventually is bounded from below by a positive constant that does not depend on the initial number of coins per agent or the level of cooperation.
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Anwar, Hafeez, Serwah Sabetghadam, and Peter Bell. "An Image-Based Class Retrieval System for Roman Republican Coins." Entropy 22, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22080799.
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We propose an image-based class retrieval system for ancient Roman Republican coins that can be instrumental in various archaeological applications such as museums, Numismatics study, and even online auctions websites. For such applications, the aim is not only classification of a given coin, but also the retrieval of its information from standard reference book. Such classification and information retrieval is performed by our proposed system via a user friendly graphical user interface (GUI). The query coin image gets matched with exemplar images of each coin class stored in the database. The retrieved coin classes are then displayed in the GUI along with their descriptions from a reference book. However, it is highly impractical to match a query image with each of the class exemplar images as there are 10 exemplar images for each of the 60 coin classes. Similarly, displaying all the retrieved coin classes and their respective information in the GUI will cause user inconvenience. Consequently, to avoid such brute-force matching, we incrementally vary the number of matches per class to find the least matches attaining the maximum classification accuracy. In a similar manner, we also extend the search space for coin class to find the minimal number of retrieved classes that achieve maximum classification accuracy. On the current dataset, our system successfully attains a classification accuracy of 99% for five matches per class such that the top ten retrieved classes are considered. As a result, the computational complexity is reduced by matching the query image with only half of the exemplar images per class. In addition, displaying the top 10 retrieved classes is far more convenient than displaying all 60 classes.
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Jonsson, K. "A Note On the Mid-Eighteenth-Century Study of Dirhams Found in Sweden." Russian History 28, no. 1-4 (2001): 199–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633101x00127.
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AbstractIn the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a number of hoards containing "oriental" coins were found in Sweden. While Georg Wallin (1686-1760) is known to have already attributed Islamic coins in 1729,1 it was not until the mid-eighteenth century that a more detailed study of the material commenced. With no claim to being a comprehensive study, this article will deal with part of the material relating to work on Islamic coins carried out between 1749 and 1786.
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Vincent, Lionel, W. Scott Shambaugh, and Eva Kanso. "Holes stabilize freely falling coins." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 801 (July 21, 2016): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.432.
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The free fall of heavy bodies in a viscous fluid medium is a problem of interest to many engineering and scientific disciplines, including the study of unpowered flight and seed dispersal. The falling behaviour of coins and thin discs in particular has been categorized into one of four distinct modes; steady, fluttering, chaotic or tumbling, depending on the moment of inertia and Reynolds number. This paper investigates, through a carefully designed experiment, the falling dynamics of thin discs with central holes. The effects of the central hole on the disc’s motion is characterized for a range of Reynolds number, moments of inertia and inner to outer diameter ratio. By increasing this ratio, that is, the hole size, the disc is found to transition from tumbling to chaotic then fluttering at values of the moment of inertia not predicted by the falling modes of whole discs. This transition from tumbling to fluttering with increased hole size is viewed as a stabilization process. Flow visualization of the wake behind annular discs shows the presence of a vortex ring at the disc’s outer edge, as in the case of whole discs, and an additional counter-rotating vortex ring at the disc’s inner edge. The inner vortex ring is responsible for stabilizing the disc’s falling motion. These findings have significant implications on the development of design principles for engineered robotic systems in free flight, and may shed light on the stability of gliding animals.
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Dixon, Mark R., Immaculada B. Aban, Linda J. Hayes, and Scott Harrington. "A Regression Model of Subjective Probability." Psychological Reports 84, no. 2 (April 1999): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.2.399.
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The present study was conducted to examine if the cognitive representation of subjective probability could be better objectified. Subjects were required to play a commercial slot machine and afterwards make an estimation as to the machine's percentage of payback. A linear regression analysts indicated that such a subjective probability estimation is developed by a combination of the number of coins played, the number of coins won, and the number of winning games. These findings suggest that examining such environmental variables may provide an explanation for the development of subjective probabilities.
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Kalpathy, Ravi, Hosam M. Mahmoud, and Mark Daniel Ward. "Asymptotic Properties of a Leader Election Algorithm." Journal of Applied Probability 48, no. 02 (June 2011): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200008056.
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We consider a serialized coin-tossing leader election algorithm that proceeds in rounds until a winner is chosen, or all contestants are eliminated. The analysis allows for either biased or fair coins. We find the exact distribution for the duration of any fixed contestant; asymptotically, it turns out to be a geometric distribution. Rice's method (an analytic technique) shows that the moments of the duration contain oscillations, which we give explicitly for the mean and variance. We also use convergence in the Wasserstein metric space to show that the distribution of the total number of coin flips (among all participants), suitably normalized, approaches a normal limiting random variable.
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Kalpathy, Ravi, Hosam M. Mahmoud, and Mark Daniel Ward. "Asymptotic Properties of a Leader Election Algorithm." Journal of Applied Probability 48, no. 2 (June 2011): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1308662645.
Full textAbstract:
We consider a serialized coin-tossing leader election algorithm that proceeds in rounds until a winner is chosen, or all contestants are eliminated. The analysis allows for either biased or fair coins. We find the exact distribution for the duration of any fixed contestant; asymptotically, it turns out to be a geometric distribution. Rice's method (an analytic technique) shows that the moments of the duration contain oscillations, which we give explicitly for the mean and variance. We also use convergence in the Wasserstein metric space to show that the distribution of the total number of coin flips (among all participants), suitably normalized, approaches a normal limiting random variable.
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Fawcett, T. G., J. R. Blanton, T. N. Blanton, L. Arias, and T. Suscavage. "Non-destructive evaluation of Roman coin patinas from the 3rd and 4th century." Powder Diffraction 33, no. 2 (April 4, 2018): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715618000180.
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Roman bronze coins from the 3rd and 4th century AD exhibit a wide variety of chemistries on their surfaces. This variation has been attributed to the variable methods used to produce the coins, a large number of mints producing bronze currency, and the periods of currency devaluation within the Roman Empire. Besides the base bronze metallurgy (Cu,Sn), Ag, Pb, and Zn were frequently used as coinage metals. Silver coatings were often applied to increase the apparent value of the coins. Over the centuries these surfaces corroded producing a range of patinas. Non-destructive X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence methods were used to evaluate ancient bronze coins. These methods are limited by their half depth of penetration into the coins, so the focus was on the chemistry of the patina's and how they related to the current appearance. Several 3rd-century bronze coins exhibited a very dark patina that was often composed of CuCl, Cu2O (cuprite) and several forms of copper hydroxyl chloride, resulting from surface deterioration caused by corrosion and is often referred to as bronze disease. Coins of the latter 3rd century and 4th century often exhibit patinas that are corrosion products of lead, silver, and tin, as lead and tin preferentially oxidize relative to the bronze alloys.
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Raju, Linga. "Tipu Sultan’s Mint Policy – An Analyse." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, S1-Feb (February 6, 2021): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8is1-feb.3961.
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This paper examines the mint policy of Tipu sultan. There are evidences of the coinage of Tipu sultan. There are several mints where coins were minted all through his 17 years of reign he issued coins of different denominations & different weight. There were several mints along his empire. Hider issued coins only in gold & copper. Historians have proved with evidence that Tipu sultan issued initial coins from his Sri Rangapattanna mint only. Some coins were issued form nagar mint. The number of mints was increased after fifth year of his reign now there were eight mints in his empire. His mint policy had economic as well as political implications. He was seriously affected by the colonial intrusions into Mysore territory. He wanted to make his country’s resources to churn out beneficial results for the countrymen. He had far reaching visions about making Mysorean economy support his wars with British. Hence his mint policy was minutely designed & effectively implemented.
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Ma, Ming, Kulwinder Singh, Dong Won Park, and Juno Chang. "Use of Region-Oriented Segmentation in Coin Recognition." Key Engineering Materials 277-279 (January 2005): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.277-279.312.
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Region-oriented segmentation is a simple relatively robust method for coin recognition. In this paper we present the use of Region-oriented segmentation for Coin Recognition. We use an improved K-Means Clustering Algorithm, which has the advantage to speed up the automatic determining of the optimal number of classes, to group all the gray-levels into several clusters. With the help of this cluster algorithm a label image of original coin image is obtained. In turn, the features such as area, perimeter, compactness and polar distance are extracted from the label image. The coins presented in the image could be recognized by matching the classifiers stored in the database. Several common segmentation approaches are also presented here in comparing to the region-oriented segmentation.
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Zraziuk, Z. "HISTORY OF COINS-CABINET COLLECTION OF UNIVERSITY OF ST. VOLODYMYR (1920's – 1930's)." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 145 (2020): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2020.145.5.
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The article is dedicated to the history of one of the largest and most well-known academic numismatic collection of Russian Empire - the Coins cabinet of the University of St. Volodymyr. It was created in 1834 by combining collections from educational institutions closed after the Polish uprising of 1830-31. Over the years this institution gathered a collection of more than 60,000 coins and medals. During its existence, it was overseen by: P. Yarkovsky, M. Yakubovich, A. Krasovsky, Ya. Voloshinsky, K. Strashkevich, V. Ikonnikov, V. Antonovich, Y. Kulakovsky, P. Smirnov. The collection was studied by such famous numismatists as H. Mazurkevich, E. Gutten-Chapsky, B. Dorn, A. Kunnik, I. Tolstoy, Y. Iversen, M. Bilyashevsky, K. Bolsunovsky and others. The work on the collection of the Coins cabinet produced a number of numismatic scientists who made a significant contribution to the development of numismatic science - Y. Voloshinsky. K. Strashkevich, V. Antonovich, M. Bilyashevsky, K. Bolsunovsky. Because of the work of these scientists Kyiv became one of the centers of numismatic research. They have a credit for a considerable amount of fundamental works on numismatics, the discovery of new coins. During Soviet times in the 1920's, University of St. Volodymyr was reorganized into the Institute of People's Education. The outstanding numismatic collection was considered unnecessary for this institution. Since 1924 the collection was under the control of Ukrainian Archeological Commission at the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. For 20-30 years Ukrainian Archeological Commission has been trying to find a place for coin repositories and create a numismatics museum based on this collection. Unfortunately, these plans have not been implemented. After a decade of transfers and calamities, the numismatic collection of the university was given to the Central Historical Museum. As a separate collection - the Mints cabinet of the University of St. Volodymyr ceased to exist.
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Hemapriya, T., K. S. Archana, and T. Anupriya. "Comparison of preprocessing techniques for coin recognition using image processing methods." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.21 (April 20, 2018): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.21.12405.
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Coin is very important role in human’s day life. For daily routine like shop, super market, banks etc the coins to be used. The coin is important part of economies and currency and it is used to pay for goods and also for our needs. Here the Indian coin has many number of count five rupee, ten rupee, two rupee, from this any one of the coin we are going to extract the texture feature for our Indian coin, first step is to preprocess the image is that method to enhance the image and remove the noise from enhanced image. For extracting clear information the image has to be preprocessed through some of the filtering techniques such as image size has to be resized, changing the contrast of the image, changing RGB to grayscale conversion for further operation such as segmentation and classification. At last the values to be compared by using PSNR, SNR, MSE of Filter noise removal with respective coin images.
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Kim, Seokhyun, and Yongsu Park. "DDR-Coin: An Efficient Probabilistic Distributed Trigger Counting Algorithm." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 11, 2020): 6446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226446.
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A distributed trigger counting (DTC) problem is to detect w triggers in the distributed system consisting of n nodes. DTC algorithms can be used for monitoring systems using sensors to detect a significant global change. When designing an efficient DTC algorithm, the following goals should be considered; minimizing the whole number of exchanged messages used for counting triggers and even distribution of communication loads among nodes. In this paper, we present an efficient DTC algorithm, DDR-coin (Deterministic Detection of Randomly generated coins). The message complexity—the total number of exchanged messages—of DDR-coin is O(nlogn(w/n)) in average. MaxRcvLoad—the maximum number of received messages to detect w triggers in each node—is O(logn(w/n)) on average. DDR-coin is not an exact algorithm; even though w triggers are received by the n nodes, it can fail to raise an alarm with a negligible probability. However, DDR-coin is more efficient than exact DTC algorithms on average and the gap between those is increased for larger n. We implemented the prototype of the proposed scheme using NetLogo 6.1.1. We confirmed that experimental results are close to our mathematical analysis. Compared with the previous schemes—TreeFill, CoinRand, and RingRand— DDR-coin shows smaller message complexity and MaxRcvLoad.
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Bradley, Ben. "Saving People and Flipping Coins." Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 3, no. 1 (June 2, 2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26556/jesp.v3i1.29.
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Suppose you find yourself in a situation in which you can either save both A and B or save only C. A, B and C are relevantly similar – all are strangers to you, none is more deserving of life than any other, none is responsible for being in a life-threatening situation, and so on. John Taurek argued that when deciding what to do in such a situation, you should flip a coin, thereby giving each of A, B and C a 50% chance of survival (Taurek 1977: 303). Only by doing this can we treat each person with the appropriate degree of respect. Taurek seemed to be employing the “Equal Greatest Chance” principle (EGC), according to which, when deciding whom to save, one must give each person the greatest possible chance of survival consistent with everyone else having the same chance. An obvious alternative is the “Save the Greater Number” principle (SGN). I describe an example that shows that EGC is false. I show that the example also demonstrates the falsity of other related views, including Jens Timmermann’s “Individualist Lottery Principle.” I conclude that SGN is true. And I extend the argument to other kinds of cases, showing that which person should be saved may depend on whether some additional well-being may be gained for someone in the process.
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Bespalov, A. L., and I. G. Svidrak. "Increasing the productivity and accuracy of separation into fractions of a mixture of dissimilar disc-shaped products." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 93 (May 13, 2020): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-f9311.
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During collection and counting of coins or tokens, the mixture must be divided into fractions by denomination. Methods of separating coins and existing designs of equipment for separation are considered. It is revealed that the existing designs of vibration devices for sorting disc-shaped parts have low productivity, as well as a fairly large sorting error. A set of elements affecting the performance and efficiency of vibration separators with electromagnetic drives is considered. A new separator design based on a vibrating hopper feeder is proposed. Changed the geometry of the working body and parameters of other elements that affect the accuracy of the separation process and its performance. A prototype of the vibration separator was made according to the project of the proposed design. Experimental studies of the separation process on this separator were carried out to identify the parameters of the accuracy of separation of a mixture of coins with a nominal value of one and two kopecks at different speeds of the process. The research was conducted on two batches of 1000-piece coins with a nominal value of one and two kopecks. Both batches were mixed, the mixture was loaded into the separator hopper in bulk and the separation process was carried out, at the end of which the number of coins of both denominations was determined, which were not in their own separate batches. For each transport speed, fifty measurements were made and the arithmetic mean value of the indicator was determined. It was found that the absolute accuracy of separation on this device is achieved at a speed of vibration transport up to 0.5 m/s. When upgrading the separation zone using compressed air jets, absolute separation accuracy is achieved at a speed of up to 1 m/s. It is established that the new design of the vibration separator proposed by the authors significantly increases the productivity of the sorting process by denominations (diameters) of the coin mixture into fractions with absolute separation accuracy. This device can also be used for sorting small parts or products that have the shape of disks (washers, rondels, buttons, etc.).
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XU, CHANG, and HELEN WANG. "Managing a Multicurrency System in Tang China: The View from the Centre." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 23, no. 2 (April 2013): 223–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186313000175.
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When the Tang dynasty took power in 618, it inherited the multicurrency system of earlier dynasties. The zuyongdiao tax system, in effect from the start of the dynasty, required each taxpayer to submit taxes in grain, labour and cloth. At the same time, the government also minted coins, which constituted some 10 per cent of the total money supply. A persistent shortage of copper limited the number of minted coins the government could issue. Accordingly, officials tried to ensure that sufficient coins and textiles circulated so that both forms of money remained in use. They displayed no consistent preference for one form of money over the other but devised policies to encourage the use of whichever form was then in short supply.
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SEGAWA, ETSUO, and NORIO KONNO. "LIMIT THEOREMS FOR QUANTUM WALKS DRIVEN BY MANY COINS." International Journal of Quantum Information 06, no. 06 (December 2008): 1231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749908004456.
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We obtain some rigorous results on limit theorems for quantum walks driven by many coins introduced by Brun et al. in the long time limit. The results imply that whether the behavior of a particle is quantum or classical depends on the three factors: the initial qubit, the number of coins M, d = [t/M], where t is time step. Our main theorem shows that we can see a transition from classical behavior to quantum one for a class of three factors.
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Kuznetsov, Vladimir D., and Mikhail G. Abramzon. "The Rebellion in Phanagoria in 63 BC (New Numismatic Evidence)." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17, no. 1 (2011): 75–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092907711x575340.
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Abstract The authors publish the coins found in excavations at Phanagoria in 2007-2008, conducted by the Taman Archeological Mission of the Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences. This unique numismatic material allows the authors to clarify a number of important events in the history of the Bosporan Kingdom under Mithradates VI Eupator. The most significant finds of the two archaeological seasons are a so-called “hoard” and two purses containing Bosporan and Pontic coins, many isolated silver coins of Panticapaion and Phanagoria, a tetradrachm of Mithradates VI and a golden piece of jewellery found in a large burnt building situated on the acropolis. These finds are thought to be connected not just with the general historical context of the epoch but specifically with the events of 63 BC.
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YAMAMOTO, KEN, and YOSHIHIRO YAMAZAKI. "MULTIFRACTAL ASPECTS OF AN EFFICIENT CHANGE-MAKING PROCESS." Fractals 21, no. 02 (June 2013): 1350014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x1350014x.
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In this paper, we focus on the "minimal payment" which minimizes the number of coins left after the payment. Two kinds of multifractal properties of the minimal payment are studied. The first one is a frequency distribution of change amounts, and the second one is a visiting probability on the delay plot of successive change amounts. When the face values of coins are power of two (1, 2, 4, 8, …), we find that these two distributions are related to well-known multifractal models, and derive analytical expressions of multifractal spectra.
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Pan, Li Ai, and Qiu Lei Du. "Study on Automatic Sorting and Counting Machine for Coin." Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (September 2013): 872–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.872.
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RMB contains a large number of coins in circulation in the financial and other fields, this coin inventory and classification, is through manual means, this mode of operation and low work efficiency and give the operator a great trouble, the labor intensity greatly, and not accurate. In the paper, an automatic sorting and measuring machine has been designed and mainly used for sorting, counting, packaging to a variety of coin. The main function of automatic sorting and measuring machine are automatic sorting, counting and packaging. The machine mainly consists of mechanical systems and control systems. It is applied to the modern innovative design and it is the device meeting the need in places for many small denominations of currency. The machine has achieved automation, improved labor productivity, and also brought many conveniences to life. The machine is the inevitable trend of future development.
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Andrade, R. F. S., and A. M. C. Souza. "Discrete-time quantum walks generated by aperiodic fractal sequence of space coin operators." International Journal of Modern Physics C 29, no. 10 (October 2018): 1850098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183118500985.
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Properties of one-dimensional discrete-time quantum walks (DTQWs) are sensitive to the presence of inhomogeneities in the substrate, which can be generated by defining position-dependent coin operators. Deterministic aperiodic sequences of two or more symbols provide ideal environments where these properties can be explored in a controlled way. Based on an exhaustive numerical study, this work discusses a two-coin model resulting from the construction rules that lead to the usual fractal Cantor set. Although the fraction of the less frequent coin [Formula: see text] as the size of the chain is increased, it leaves peculiar properties in the walker dynamics. They are characterized by the wave function, from which results for the probability distribution and its variance, as well as the entanglement entropy, were obtained. A number of results for different choices of the two coins are presented. The entanglement entropy has shown to be very sensitive to uncovering subtle quantum effects present in the model.
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SAHINALP, S. CENK, EVAN EICHLER, PAUL GOLDBERG, PETRA BERENBRINK, TOM FRIEDETZKY, and FUNDA ERGUN. "IDENTIFYING UNIFORMLY MUTATED SEGMENTS WITHIN REPEATS." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 02, no. 04 (December 2004): 657–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720004000788.
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Given a long string of characters from a constant size alphabet we present an algorithm to determine whether its characters have been generated by a single i.i.d. random source. More specifically, consider all possible n-coin models for generating a binary string S, where each bit of S is generated via an independent toss of one of the n coins in the model. The choice of which coin to toss is decided by a random walk on the set of coins where the probability of a coin change is much lower than the probability of using the same coin repeatedly. We present a procedure to evaluate the likelihood of a n-coin model for given S, subject a uniform prior distribution over the parameters of the model (that represent mutation rates and probabilities of copying events). In the absence of detailed prior knowledge of these parameters, the algorithm can be used to determine whether the a posteriori probability for n=1 is higher than for any other n>1. Our algorithm runs in time O(ℓ4 log ℓ), where ℓ is the length of S, through a dynamic programming approach which exploits the assumed convexity of the a posteriori probability for n. Our test can be used in the analysis of long alignments between pairs of genomic sequences in a number of ways. For example, functional regions in genome sequences exhibit much lower mutation rates than non-functional regions. Because our test provides means for determining variations in the mutation rate, it may be used to distinguish functional regions from non-functional ones. Another application is in determining whether two highly similar, thus evolutionarily related, genome segments are the result of a single copy event or of a complex series of copy events. This is particularly an issue in evolutionary studies of genome regions rich with repeat segments (especially tandemly repeated segments).
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Lins, Sóstenes L., and Diogo B. Henriques. "Closed, oriented, connected 3-manifolds are subtle equivalence classes of plane graphs." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 27, no. 14 (December 2018): 1850077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216518500773.
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A blink is a plane graph with an arbitrary bipartition of its edges. As a consequence of a recent result of Martelli, it is shown that the homeomorphisms classes of closed oriented 3-manifolds are in 1-1 correspondence with specific classes of blinks. In these classes, two blinks are equivalent if they are linked by a finite sequence of local moves, where each one appears in a concrete list of 64 moves: they are organized in 8 types, each being essentially the same move on 8 simply related configurations. The size of the list can be substantially decreased at the cost of loosing symmetry, just by keeping a very simple move type, the ribbon moves denoted [Formula: see text] (which are in principle redundant). The inclusion of [Formula: see text] implies that all the moves corresponding to plane duality (the starred moves), except for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], are redundant and the coin calculus is reduced to 36 moves on 36 coins. A residual fraction link or a flink is a new object which generalizes blackboard-framed link. It plays an important role in this work. It is in the aegis of this work to find new important connections between 3-manifolds and plane graphs.
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PASTOR-ABIA, LUIS, JOSÉ M. PÉREZ-JORDÁ, EMILIO SAN-FABIÁN, ENRIQUE LOUIS, and FERNANDO VEGA-REDONDO. "STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR AND INFORMATION TRANSMISSION IN A STYLIZED (SO-CALLED CHINOS) GUESSING GAME." Advances in Complex Systems 04, no. 02n03 (June 2001): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525901000152.
Full textAbstract:
A guessing game very popular in some European countries involves several players hiding in their hands a number of coins (or pebbles) between zero and three, then attempting to guess in turn the total number of coins in the hands of everyone, with the restriction that no player can repeat the guess issued by any predecessor. After a full round, the player, if any, who guesses correctly wins. Of course, rounds without a winner are also possible, in which case a new round is started afresh. The purpose of the present article is to present an analysis of this game (called Chinos in Spain, as a perturbation of "chinas", i.e. pebbles), and some of its possible variants. Our primary aim is to show its potential to shed light on some issues of strategic behavior and information transmission that seem very germane to some social and economic problems.
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Crummy, Nina. "Bears and Coins: The Iconography of Protection in Late Roman Infant Burials." Britannia 41 (July 5, 2010): 37–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x1000005x.
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ABSTRACTA number of infant burials in Britain, both cremations and inhumations, contained a consistent deposit of a small jet bear, black mineral jewellery, a coin, and a pottery beaker. Some of the graves held several examples of these items, and some a wider variety of objects. Comparison with more obviously amuletic grave deposits from Butt Road, Colchester, and Lankhills, Winchester, suggests that the coins were selected for their reverse image, and that both they and the bears are representations of guardians placed in the burials to ensure that the child did not enter the underworld alone and unprotected. These bears are set in the wider context of the animal's iconography and mythology, with particular reference to the Greek cult of Artemis, who oversaw childbirth and child-rearing. The choice and importance of materials and the positions of objects within graves are also briefly explored and the social identity of the dead infants is examined. In an appendix of other burials containing jet animals, the Chelmsford hoard of jet jewellery is reinterpreted as grave goods from the inhumation of a young woman.
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Femenias-Hermida, Alberto, Cristian Munteanu, and José Vázquez-Naya. "Design and Implementation of a Physical Bitcoin Coin." Proceedings 54, no. 1 (August 20, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020054021.
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One of the major factors hindering the adoption of crypto assets in general, and Bitcoin in particular, is the high level of complexity they present to the common user. Although physical coins are a possible solution, the need to place trust in the manufacturers (so that they throw away the private key) is a big drawback that has hampered their widespread use. The recent boom of the maker movement has brought in a significant number of users with access to 3D printing devices, as well as the supporting electronic and computing resources. We have taken advantage of these capabilities to develop an open source project that interested parties can use to easily print a physical model of a Bitcoin coin, along with the necessary software that allows the creation and validation of keys and addresses.
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Skowronek, Russell K., and Max M. Houck. "The Nondestructive Identification of Worn Coins from the Marquette Mission Site, St. Ignace, Michigan." American Antiquity 55, no. 2 (April 1990): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281651.
Full textAbstract:
During the past 20 years a growing number of archaeologists have focused their investigations on contact and early historic-era sites in the New World. Frequently the most difficult aspect of these studies is the accurate identification of a site's age, function, and cultural affiliation from recovered material remains. Concurrent with this research has been an increasing concern for the conservation and preservation of the fragile objects recovered from these sites. One of the most important classes of artifacts for the dating and cultural identification of sites are coins. In this study we review a variety of nondestructive surface-enhancement techniques that were undertaken for the detailed examination of worn coins recovered from the seventeenth-century Marquette Mission site in Michigan's Upper Peninsula.
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Kluczek, Agata. "Barbarians on the Coins of Trajan Decius (249–251)." Studia Ceranea 10 (December 23, 2020): 337–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.10.16.
Full textAbstract:
During Trajan Decius’s reign (249–251) in a number of provincial mints – Alexandria, Caesarea Maritima, Magnesia ad Sipylum and Nicomedia – coins were issued featuring the theme of the barbarian (an enemy or a captive) in reverse iconography. In this article, I discuss these coins, considering them in the context of the iconographic tradition and the activity of the particular mints during Decius’s reign, and also in relation to the ideology of victory and the dynastic ideology. They are interesting especially because the theme of the barbarian was not utilised in the parallel imperial coinage. Nevertheless, its presence in provincial coinage is also of a marginal nature. Moreover, the end of Decius’s reign also coincided with a time-related hiatus in the use of the theme in provincial coinage.