Academic literature on the topic 'Number of openings'
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Journal articles on the topic "Number of openings"
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Badarloo, Baitollah, and Faezeh Jafari. "A Numerical Study on the Effect of Position and Number of Openings on the Performance of Composite Steel Shear Walls." Buildings 8, no. 9 (2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8090121.
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Use of composite steel shear walls (CSSW) in earthquake-resistant structures has grown in recent years. However, no thorough information exists on their performance, especially in cases where openings are present. In the present study, in order to first validate the analysis method, ABAQUS was used to model the studied composite shear wall with gap at UC-Berkeley, according to the results of which, a good agreement between the experimental and analytical models was observed. Then, the effect of the position and number of the openings on the performance of the walls was addressed. To this end, models with various openings, including openings close to the beam/column, horizontal/vertical openings and distributing opening, were prepared and analyzed. The results indicate that the maximum reduction in stiffness and strength occurred in walls with single openings. The size of opening and the opening’s area significantly affect shear wall performance. Ultimately, artificial neural network and fitness function tools were employed to obtain predictive models for shear wall performance. A neural network has proven an appropriate alternative method for predicting the displacement, stress, and strength of the composite shear wall.
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Waleed Kh. Hadi and May J. Hamoodi. "Experimental Study on Composite Beams with Circular Web Openings." University of Thi-Qar Journal for Engineering Sciences 5, no. 1 (2014): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31663/utjes.v5i1.611.
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The behavior of composite beams with circular web openings is described. Four composite beams comprising one control beam were tested. The perforated beams have six circular openings with various locations. Opening size was fixed (66.7% of the steel section web depth) while number of openings in each composite beam was varied. Deflections at midspan and at openings were observed. Cracking of concrete slab and behavior of each opening were explained in detail. Tests indicated that circular web opening reduced the strength of composite beams. The behavior of composite beams relatively unaffected by the presence of circular web openings up to first yield. Less effect for the inclusion of circular web openings located out of midspan. The concrete slab has limited contribution to the strength of composite beams with circular web openings.
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Meyoof, Tareq R., Amer F. Izzet, and Majid M. Kharnoob. "Performance of reinforced concrete non-prismatic beams having multiple openings configurations." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 31, no. 1 (2022): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0043.
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Abstract This experimental study demonstrates the gable-reinforced concrete beams’ behavior with several number of openings (six and eight) and posts’ inclination, aimed to find the strength reduction in this type of beam. The major results found are: for the openings extending over similar beam length it is better to increase the number of posts (openings), i.e., increasing opening number led to decrease in opening area, which allows us to transmit stresses and act as lever arms between the upper and the lower chords. Also, findings revealed that the inclined posts have larger loading at the mid-point relative to vertical ones. For gables with vertical posts having six and eight openings, the ultimate strength reduction was 31.5 and 25.6%, whereas it was 29 and 17.3% for those with inclined posts, respectively.
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Ali, Hasan Hussein, and Abdul Muttailb I. Said. "Flexural behavior of concrete beams with horizontal and vertical openings reinforced by glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 31, no. 1 (2022): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0045.
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Abstract This study conducted an analytical investigation on the behavior of concrete beams with openings reinforced by glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. In this study, five proposed beams reinforced by GFRP bars as flexural and shear reinforcement with openings were numerically examined. The variables were the opening orientation (vertical and horizontal) and the number of openings. These openings were located within the flexural zone of the proposed beams. The result shows that the vertical openings had a significant effect over the horizontal openings on reducing the ultimate load and increasing the mid-span deflection compared with the control beam. Moreover, the results showed that when replacing two adjacent openings by one equivalent opening, the capacity of the beam is decreased.
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Nie, Xuefei, Shishun Zhang, Zeyu Gao, and Zhuo Zeng. "A review on the behaviour of reinforced concrete beams with fibre-reinforced polymer-strengthened web openings." Advances in Structural Engineering 25, no. 2 (2021): 426–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13694332211046344.
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Web openings often need to be created in reinforced concrete (RC) beams for the passages of utility ducts and/or pipes. Such web openings reduce the cross-section area of the beam in the affected region, leading to decrease in its load-carrying capacity and stiffness. Therefore, a fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)-strengthening system generally needs to be applied around the web opening to ensure the safety of the weakened beam. A number of studies have been conducted by researchers all over the world to examine the behaviour of RC beams with FRP-strengthened web opening/web openings, and plenty of useful findings have been generated. This article presents a critical literature review of existing relevant research from three aspects: experimental studies, numerical studies and theoretical studies. The effect of main factors, including the size, shape, location and number of the web opening, the shape and shear span ratio of the beam, the concrete strength, the loading scheme and the FRP-strengthening scheme, on the structural performance of RC beams with FRP-strengthened web opening/web openings have been thoroughly analysed and discussed. Finally, directions for future research based on the gaps which exist in existing studies are pointed out.
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AlJallad, Sadjad Amir, and Haitham Al-Thairy. "EFFECT OF WEB OPENING ON THE AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY OF STEEL COLUMNS WITH COLD FORMED THIN WALLED SECTION (CFS)." Kufa Journal of Engineering 7, no. 3 (2016): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/731200.
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In this paper, an experimental study has been presented to investigate the effects of web opening on the behavior and failure of steel columns with cold formed thin walled sections (CFS) subjected to axial compressive load. Twenty small scale steel columns with cold formed box and channel sections and a total length of 500 mm have been considered in the experimental tests. Ten of the tested steel columns specimens have a box section with dimensions of (100×100×2) mm (height × width× thickness), and the other ten columns specimens have a channel sections with dimensions of (100×50×2) mm (height × width× thickness). To investigate the effect of the number and the shape of web opening on the axial compressive strength of steel columns, each ten columns with same cross section shape was divided into three groups of three columns in addition to the reference column which has no web openings. All groups of columns have same opening area which is located at the web of the section, but each group has a different opening shape (square, rectangular, and circular shapes), and each steel column within each group has different numbers of opening distributed along column length (one, two, and three openings). Each steel column specimens was subjected to an increasing static load up to column failure which indicated by the reloading of the test machine. The study has shown that for most of the tested columns, increasing the numbers of web openings results in decreasing the column axial strength compared to the reference steel column. The maximum percentage of the reduction in the columns axial compressive strength caused by the presence of web opening was found to be about 30% and 45% of the reference columns strength for columns with box and channel shape sections, respectively. It has also been found that the reduction in the axial compressive strength of the column specimens caused by the presence of web openings is lower for the circular shape openings compared to that for rectangular and/or square shape web openings.
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Doshi, Akash, and Rebecca Shadowen. "Opening Doors in the Operating Rooms: An Intervention and Outcome Study." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (2020): s336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.943.
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Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality with an estimated cost of $3–10 billion annually in the United States. Laminar air flow in the operating room (OR) is 1 factor in reducing SSIs. Opening the OR door results in interruption of laminar air flow. As a part of annual infection prevention evaluation of our facility, we observed cases in the OR in which we identified excessive unnecessary door openings during surgical cases. We report an intervention in door openings in the OR and the effect on infection rate after surgery. Methods: We conducted an observational analytical study using prospective audit and feedback. Door-opening counters were placed on 4 OR doors. Each day, they were reset and the number was logged for each case by the circulating nurse. A baseline number of door openings was established between April 18, 2019, and May 2, 2019. Subsequently, daily feedback sheets were provided to all persons involved in the previous day’s procedures detailing the rationale to limit unnecessary door openings and the number of door openings that had occurred during the case(s) in which they were specifically involved from May 3, 2019, to June 4, 2019. Analyses of postoperative infection rates compared with historical controls were conducted. Using Stata version 15 statistical software, independent sample t tests were performed to see the difference between control and intervention groups. A CI 95% was set for significance. Results: There were no differences between control and intervention groups with the number of procedures (71 vs 80), OR, duration of procedure, or type of case. Outliers due to vibration of doors triggering the counters were removed, and door stabilizations were performed throughout the study. After removing outliers, there were no differences in control groups and interventions groups (39 vs 43). An independent sample t test showed a significant difference in the mean number of door openings between the control and intervention groups: 32.13 versus 24.84 (P < .05 and P = .0072). There have been no postoperative infections in any of the cases in the study to date compared to an overall annual rate of 1.5% in 2018 at our facility. Conclusions: Prospective audit and feedback to OR staff can reduce the number of unnecessary door openings during operating procedures. The baseline number of door openings from this study was 25 per case. No postoperative infections occurred in the patients receiving surgery in this study.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
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Jarallah, Husain Khalaf, and Nidaa Qassim Jassim. "Ductility Improvement of R.C Beams with Large Web opening by using Reactive Powder Concrete Layers." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 25, no. 3 (2018): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.25.3.06.
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In this investigation the effect of large web opening on the on the behaver of beams made by normal concrete (NC) and reactive powder concrete (RPC) have been studied. The experimental work consists of casting and testing in flexure 12 rectangular simply supported reinforced concrete beams. The main parameters of this test are opening locations and normal concrete and RPC location with is the section. The ultimate loads, cracking loads, load -deflection behavior, skew of the openings (deflection at the two opposite corners of openings) and ductility were discussed. These results showed that increase ultimate loads (Pu) and stiffness by increase RPC layers. The using RPC layers increase ultimate load about (1-30) %. Using RPC in compression fiber is found to be more effective than using RPC in tension fiber. The cracking load of hybrid beam with one layer of RPC in compression fiber (having one opening) higher than NC beams by 48.5%. The ultimate strength was decreases with increases opening about (4-21)%, thus indicating that the stiffness decreases accordingly. Hybrid beams with RPC in tension fiber failed with less crack than those for hybrid beams with RPC in compression fiber at the same number of openings. The skew at opening of flexural zone show greater values than the skew at opening in shear zone for each beam until failure. The increase in the number of openings leads to increase in the ductility because it reduces the strength of beams.
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Ali, Hasan Hussein, and Abdulmuttailb I. Said. "Experimental Study on the Performance of Concrete Beams Including Holes Reinforced with Glass Fiber Polymer." E3S Web of Conferences 427 (2023): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342702010.
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This paper carried out An examination of the performance characteristics of concrete beams including openings that were reinforced with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars. This investigation studied five reinforced concrete (RC) beams with both longitudinal and transverse GFRP reinforcement with openings in two directions (horizontal and vertical) were studied. Both the orientation of the openings and the number of openings were considered to be the main parameters in this research. These holes are located in the beams' flexural region. The results demonstrate that relative to the reference beam, the vertical openings significantly reduced the maximum load of the tested beams by 27.8% and increased the mid-span displacement by 39% relative to the control beam. In addition, the research results demonstrated that the strength of the beam was scaled down if one equivalent opening was used to substitute for two adjacent openings.
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Colleu, T., and S. Benitez. "RAY-BASED DETECTION OF OPENINGS IN URBAN AREAS USING MOBILE LIDAR DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B3 (June 9, 2016): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b3-591-2016.
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The detection of openings like windows or doors is of great interest in the field of urban modeling. Mobile LIDAR data provides valuable 3D information for that purpose. There are generally two main problems: The estimation of wall’s surface, and the distinction between opening areas and occluded areas. Indeed, openings may be visible or occluded with regard to the sensor. The method presented in this paper focuses on the detection of visible openings using intersections between laser rays and walls. In particular, it shows that detection of visible openings can be reduced to a single distance threshold once the surface of the wall is computed. Thus all the complexity is actually in the estimation of the wall’s surface. The opening contours are then obtained by clustering the visible opening points and fitting them with rectangles. The main advantage of ray-based detection is its robustness to occlusions. This method requires the LIDAR sensor positions and angles for every laser point. Results are evaluated quantitatively on two datasets with ground truth. Qualitative results on larger datasets are also given. The results show good precision. The recall (or completeness) depends on the number of occluded openings.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Number of openings"
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Olivieri, Chiara. "Characterization of flow structures during continuous valve opening testing for Swirl Number evaluation in Diesel engine cylinder." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/12492/.
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As world trucks (busses and industrial diesel engines) producer, Scania AB needs to respect international regulation about pollution and to develop competitive products.
To accomplish these goals the engines production needs to respect the design and the tolerances given by the development department. One of the main parameter to be controlled is the Swirl Number, the ratio between the angular momentum and the axial momentum of the flow inside the cylinder. Nowadays the Swirl evaluation test is performed on few sample cylinder heads with stationary test at the central laboratory at the Scania Technical Center in Sweden. Considering both the test mean time (25 min- utes) and the time required to bring the cylinder heads from the production sites to the laboratory, in case of error Scania will suffer large economic losses.
The aim of this work was to reduce the test time needed to perform experimental test to evaluate the Swirl Number and the Flow Coefficient. The time reduction was obtained investigating a continuous way to perform the evaluation test. Experimental tests show that continuous tests to evaluate the Swirl Number are possible. With the set up used in this work the test time was 10 minutes, saving the 65% of the original time.
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Nylén, Ulf. "Development of ring-opening catalysts for diesel quality improvement." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Chemical Engineering and Technology, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1712.
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<p>The global oil refining industry with its present shift inproduct distribution towards fuels such as gasoline and dieselwill most likely hold the fort for many years to come. However,times will change and survival will very much depend onprocessing flexibility and being at the frontiers of refiningtechnology, a technology where catalysts play leading roles.Today oil refiners are faced with the challenge to producefuels that meet increasingly tight environmentalspecifications, in particular with respect to maximum sulphurcontent. At the same time, the quality of crude oil is becomingworse with higher amounts of polyaromatics, heteroatoms(sulphur and nitrogen) and heavy metals. In order to staycompetitive, it is desirable to upgrade dense streams withinthe refinery to value-added products. For example, upgradingthe fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) by-product light cycle oil(LCO) into a high quality diesel blending component is a veryattractive route and might involve a two-step catalyticprocess. In the first step the LCO is hydrotreated andheteroatoms are removed and polyaromatics are saturated, in thesecond step naphthenic rings are selectively opened to improvethe cetane number of the final product.</p><p>The present research is devoted to the second catalytic stepof LCO upgrading and was carried out within the framework of aEuropean Union project entitled RESCATS.</p><p>From the patent literature it is evident that iridium-basedcatalysts seem to be good candidates for ring-opening purposes.A literature survey covering ring opening of naphthenicmolecules shows the need for extending investigations toheavier model substances, more representative of the dieselfraction than model compounds such as alkylated mono C5 and C6-naphthenic rings frequently employed in academic studies.</p><p>Ring-opening catalysts, mainly Pt-Ir based, were synthesisedat KTH by two different methods: the microemulsion and theincipient wetness methods. Characterization of the catalystswas performed using a number of techniques including TPR,TEM-EDX, AFM and XPS etc. Catalytic screening at atmosphericpressure using pure indan as model substance was utilized todetect ring-opening activity and the magnitude of selectivityto desired cetane-boosting products. The development of suchring-opening catalysts is the topic of Paper I.</p><p>When designing a catalytic system aimed at refiningpetroleum, it is crucial to monitor the evolution of thesulphur distribution throughout the different stages of theprocess so that catalyst properties and reaction parameters canbe optimised. The final section of this thesis and Paper II arethus devoted to high-resolution sulphur distribution analysisby means of a sulphur chemiluminescence detector (SCD).</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>ring opening, naphthenes, cetane numberimprovement, indan, light cycle oil (LCO), Pt-Ir catalyst,catalyst characterization, aromatic sulphur compounds, GC-SCD,distribution, analysis.</p>
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Cardenas, Llontop Yerussa Stephanie, and Cavero Carla Cecilia Cier. "Análisis de los factores que influyeron en el desarrollo de la demanda turística de los principales países para el Perú, durante el periodo 1996-2018." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653370.
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La presente investigación tiene como objetivo principal analizar los factores que influyeron en el desarrollo de la demanda turística de los principales países para el Perú, durante el periodo 1996-2018. El objetivo principal es confirmar si el PBI per cápita de los turistas internacionales, la apertura comercial y el tipo de cambio real, influyen positivamente en los turistas internacionales al momento de realizar un viaje al Perú.
Para ello se ha realizado un análisis de los principales países que representan la mayor demanda turística para el Perú, los cuales representan más del 60%. Asimismo, se ha usado un modelo de data panel dinámico; sometiéndose el mismo a pruebas previas de verificación de datos, para dar veracidad al modelo.
El presente trabajo de investigación posee un enfoque cuantitativo, basado en información de fuentes secundarias. Por otra parte, como forma complementaria, se realizaron entrevistas a expertos en el turismo para poder tener un panorama más amplio sobre el tema y así realizar un trabajo más enriquecedor. Según los resultados obtenidos del modelo, se evidencia que existe una relación estructural obtenida, lo cual brinda una relación positiva y estadísticamente significativa entre las variables explicativas PBI per cápita y apertura comercial.
Finalmente, la variable tipo de cambio real si bien es cierto no constituye una variables explicativa, si adopta al modelo en su rol de forma logarítmica como una variable determinística, es decir es excluida de las elasticidades a largo plazo pero cumple su rol de establecer tendencia que siguen las demás variables.<br>The main objective of this research is to analyze the factors that influenced the development of tourism demand in the main countries for Peru during the period 1996-2018. The main objective is to confirm whether the GDP per capita of international tourists, trade opening and the real exchange rate, positively influence international tourists when making a trip to Peru.
To this end, an analysis has been carried out of the main countries representing the highest tourism demand for Peru, which represent more than 60 %. A dynamic data panel model has also been used; it is submitted to previous data verification tests to give the model accuracy.
This research has a quantitative approach, based on information from secondary sources. Moreover, as a complementary form, interviews were conducted with tourism experts in order to have a broader picture on the subject and thus to carry out a more enriching work. According to the results obtained from the model, it is evident that there is a structural relationship obtained, which provides a positive and statistically significant relationship between the explanatory variables GDP per capita and trade opening.
Finally, the real exchange rate variable while true does not constitute an explanatory variable, if it adopts the model in its role logarithmically as a deterministic variable, that is, it is excluded from long-term elasticities but fulfills its role in establishing trends that follow the other variables.<br>Tesis
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Lang, Shen Chao, and 沈超朗. "The Effect of Parameters Velocity, Position, Size,Numbers at Inlet and Exit Openings on the Flow Fields in a Partially Open Enclosure with Heat Source." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98986776427665081539.
Full textBooks on the topic "Number of openings"
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Beacham, Kay. Shadow Work . . Opening Pandora's Box: Step Number One Identify Your Narcissism. Lulu Press, Inc., 2023.
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Prophet, Jane, and Helen V. Pritchard, eds. Plants by Numbers. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350351042.
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This open access book takes a queer feminist technoscience approach to the ecologies that emerge from our entanglements with nonhumans (air, rocks, algae, trees, soil, and plants) and computational hard/software. In Plants by Numbers, artists, feminist techno-scientists, and theorists working with computation address the current need to think beyond the human paradigm, opening up new fields of debate that question the troubled relationship between ecosystems and human technology. Organised around three key themes – techno-nature entanglements, plants as resistant agents, and becoming-with-plants – the volume provides a vital pathway through complex theoretical ideas that inform the practices of artists working in the fields of computation and ecology. Taking art theoretical and art practice approaches, contributors describe how we might design, make, and imagine computational processes differently, or otherwise, through the co-production of artworks with plants. The authors show how these artworks open up new potentialities, and anti-colonial perspectives, in the ways they engage with the contested sites of knowing and unknowing in technoscience. These artworks might act as communicative media between the biological and technological, thus opening up new potential areas of research whilst producing new ethical-political engagements. The eBook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com. Open access was funded by the University of Michigan.
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Restaurant Success, by the Numbers: A money-guy's guide to opening the next hot spot. Ten Speed Press, 2014.
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Fields, Roger. Restaurant Success by the Numbers: A Money-Guy's Guide to Opening the Next Hot Spot. Ten Speed Press, 2007.
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Elliott, Doreen, and Uma A. Segal, eds. Refugees Worldwide. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216984245.
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With increasing changes in the socio-political climate of the world as well as with the rising numbers of natural disasters, people of all ethnicities and nationalities are frequently forced from their homes and their homelands. While there is a substantial body of work that addresses refugee policies, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other specific issues, there have been few attempts to understand refugee health or comprehend overall refugee adaptation—until now. This is the first work to address refugee issues worldwide, addressing the psychological, health, human rights, political, public policy, law, economic, social, and personal aspects of this universal problem. Refugees Worldwide also includes examples of first-person refugee stories from around the world—eye-opening information not available in any other work. Drawing on the expertise of myriad international researchers, theoreticians, and practitioners from representative nations around the world, this four-volume set effectively speaks to a number of refugee issues from a truly global perspective.
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Segal, Uma A., and Doreen Elliott, eds. Refugees Worldwide. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216984252.
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With increasing changes in the socio-political climate of the world as well as with the rising numbers of natural disasters, people of all ethnicities and nationalities are frequently forced from their homes and their homelands. While there is a substantial body of work that addresses refugee policies, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other specific issues, there have been few attempts to understand refugee health or comprehend overall refugee adaptation—until now. This is the first work to address refugee issues worldwide, addressing the psychological, health, human rights, political, public policy, law, economic, social, and personal aspects of this universal problem. Refugees Worldwide also includes examples of first-person refugee stories from around the world—eye-opening information not available in any other work. Drawing on the expertise of myriad international researchers, theoreticians, and practitioners from representative nations around the world, this four-volume set effectively speaks to a number of refugee issues from a truly global perspective.
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Segal, Uma A., and Doreen Elliott, eds. Refugees Worldwide. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216984269.
Full textAbstract:
With increasing changes in the socio-political climate of the world as well as with the rising numbers of natural disasters, people of all ethnicities and nationalities are frequently forced from their homes and their homelands. While there is a substantial body of work that addresses refugee policies, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other specific issues, there have been few attempts to understand refugee health or comprehend overall refugee adaptation—until now. This is the first work to address refugee issues worldwide, addressing the psychological, health, human rights, political, public policy, law, economic, social, and personal aspects of this universal problem. Refugees Worldwide also includes examples of first-person refugee stories from around the world—eye-opening information not available in any other work. Drawing on the expertise of myriad international researchers, theoreticians, and practitioners from representative nations around the world, this four-volume set effectively speaks to a number of refugee issues from a truly global perspective.
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Elliott, Doreen, and Uma A. Segal, eds. Refugees Worldwide. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216984276.
Full textAbstract:
With increasing changes in the socio-political climate of the world as well as with the rising numbers of natural disasters, people of all ethnicities and nationalities are frequently forced from their homes and their homelands. While there is a substantial body of work that addresses refugee policies, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other specific issues, there have been few attempts to understand refugee health or comprehend overall refugee adaptation—until now. This is the first work to address refugee issues worldwide, addressing the psychological, health, human rights, political, public policy, law, economic, social, and personal aspects of this universal problem. Refugees Worldwide also includes examples of first-person refugee stories from around the world—eye-opening information not available in any other work. Drawing on the expertise of myriad international researchers, theoreticians, and practitioners from representative nations around the world, this four-volume set effectively speaks to a number of refugee issues from a truly global perspective.
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Raban, Mukthar. Blended Learning: Opening Post-School Education in South Africa through Innovative Pedagogy. African Minds, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781928502425_p04.
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The advent of new technologies has always spurred pedagogical innovations, whether it be the blackboard, the overhead projector or, today, the internet. Each innovation opens up new opportunities for teaching and learning while resolving challenges that started to build up during the previous technology eras. Currently, post-school education and training (PSET) institutions face an array of challenges, including the need to increase student access to quality education, the rising costs associated with providing full-time education, and diminishing faculty resources relative to growth in student numbers. Essentially, PSET institutions need to be able to educate more students in a way that is financially sustainable for both them and their students.
Book chapters on the topic "Number of openings"
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Tanguy, Ludovic, Céline Poudat, and Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac. "Exploring interactions in Wikipedia talk pages." In Studies in Corpus Linguistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.121.03tan.
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Abstract In this chapter we analyze how users interact on Wikipedia talk pages, focusing on the patterns that emerge from a large corpus of 5 million threads across three languages. These patterns take three simple features into account: who posts, when they post, and after whom they post. We begin with an overview and a closer examination of some extreme behaviours: threads with the highest number of users and posts, or those with the longest duration. We then propose fine-grained typologies to analyze the content of a sample of monologal and trilogal openings. This analysis allows us to identify recurring behaviours, some of which we consider specific to the Wikipedia and its contributors, and others more common in online discussions.
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Inwagen, Peter van. "Opening Statement." In Do Numbers Exist? Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003008712-2.
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Craig, William Lane. "Opening Statement." In Do Numbers Exist? Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003008712-3.
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Inwagen, Peter van. "Reply to William Lane Craig's Opening Statement." In Do Numbers Exist? Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003008712-5.
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Craig, William Lane. "Reply to Peter van Inwagen's Opening Statement." In Do Numbers Exist? Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003008712-6.
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Tatsumi, Tomomasa. "Iutam and Turbulence Symposium Opening Address." In IUTAM Symposium on Reynolds Number Scaling in Turbulent Flow. Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0997-3_1.
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Gireesha, H. M., Prabha C. Nissimgoudar, and Nalini C. Iyer. "Fusion of Face Recognition and Number Plate Detection for Automatic Gate Opening System." In Information and Communication Technology for Competitive Strategies (ICTCS 2020). Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0882-7_83.
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Marmur, Michael. "Masoret: Tradition!" In Living The Letters. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-81041-1_14.
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Abstract Through a study of the Hebrew word used to denote tradition, and referring also to the opening number of a famous Broadway musical, this chapter explores the concept of tradition. Many Jews claim to be tradition’s faithful representative, but it is not clear what is meant by tradition and how it is best protected. Contemporary scholarship and traditional sources are incorporated into this study of tradition. The term “bounded indeterminacy” is employed some of the paradoxes of tradition. The claim is made that at its heart, Jewish tradition calls for itself to be re-imagined.
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Bloch, William Goldbloom. "Openings." In The Unimaginable Mathematics of Borges’ Library of Babel. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195334579.003.0010.
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Abstract In this chapter, i assemble some facts for the purpose of sketching a picture of the mathematics Borges may have known and how it may have affected the story. In his prologue to the first part of Ficciones, Borges winks yet again at the reader when he writes “I am not the first author of the narrative titled ‘The Library of Babel’; those curious to know its history and its prehistory may interrogate a certain page of Number 59 of the journal Sur, which records the heterogenous names of Leucippus and Lasswitz, of Lewis Carroll and Aristotle.” This is precisely the issue of Sur in which his essay “The Total Library” appears.
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Schroeder F.C., Higgins K.G., Wright P., and Potts D.M. "Assessment of overbridge openings on the London Underground tunnel network." In Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. IOS Press, 2011. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-801-4-1733.
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This paper presents soil-structure interaction analyses of overbridge openings on the London Underground tunnel network. In agreement with observations, the three dimensional analyses show a satisfactory performance of these assets for a number of different conditions, whereas two dimensional approaches indicated that overbridges should be under significant distress.
Conference papers on the topic "Number of openings"
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Keiser, James R., Joseph R. Kish, Adam W. Willoughby, Hu F. Longmire, and Douglas L. Singbeil. "Studies of Degraded Smelt Spout Opening Tubes." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07211.
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Abstract Co-extruded type 304L stainless steel/SA210 carbon steel tubes have been used on the floors and lower walls of many black liquor recovery boilers to address the wall thinning problem that has been an issue for boiler owners and operators. Use of these tubes greatly reduced the corrosion issue, but corrosion was still sometimes observed and cracking was discovered in some tubes, particularly those that are bent to form the openings for smelt spouts. Because cracks in the opening tubes were sometimes observed to extend a significant distance into the tube wall and because these cracks were found fairly frequently, tubes made from a number of alternate cladding materials were tried in place of the 304L clad opening tubes. This paper describes the results of examinations of spout opening tubes of the standard 304L/carbon steel and of several alternate materials. In addition to the corrosion and cracking seen in the spout opening tubes, another issue associated with these tubes has been observed: preferential corrosion of the weld cap is sometimes seen on butt welds attaching the spout opening tubes made with alternate cladding materials to the standard 304L/carbon steel co-extruded wall tubes. Some information on the observations of this corrosion is also included in this paper.
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Zhang, Yiwen, Si-Ao Li, Xiaoyan Wang, et al. "Wedge Angle and Direction Detection of Multi-opening Object Using Deep Learning." In Imaging Systems and Applications. Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/isa.2022.itu5e.2.
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CNN is used to identify the number of openings, wedge angle and direction of multi-opening object with probing Gaussian beam. 97.37% accuracy is achieved for different classifications with 1° precision and up to 36 openings.
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Anami, Keiko, Noriaki Ishii, and Charles W. Knisely. "Dynamic Stability Identification of a Full-Scale Tainter-Gate and Extension of Gate-Opening Range for Operation." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45418.
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To assure the complete stability and long-term safe operation of the large number of Tainter gates used worldwide, an effective method of distinguishing those gates susceptible to instability from unsusceptible gates is essential. This paper presents a case study of the dynamic stability identification of an operational Tainter gate in Japan, based on field vibration testing using steel-rod breaking excitation. First, an overview of the field vibration test and the in-water natural vibration characteristics of the gate is presented. The dynamic stability of the gate was identified from the test results in conjunction with our previously developed theoretical analysis. From the specific test data for a limited number of operating conditions, our theoretical analysis permits assessment of the dynamic stability of the gate for all operating conditions. In particular, the dynamic stability of the gate for small gate openings was confirmed, and subsequently validated by long-duration ambient excitation tests with very small gate openings. This study was the first attempt at operating the gate at openings smaller than the conventional minimum recommended opening. As a result, not only did the field test validate the gate’s reliability for long-term operation, but it also permitted an extension of the gate-opening range for operation.
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Li, Hongmin, Edward A. Evans, and G. X. Wang. "A Numerical Study of Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in a Hydrothermal Autoclave With a Single- or Multi-Hole Baffle." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47371.
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Hydrothermal solution growth is an important technique to grow high quality piezoelectric single crystals. In industry hydrothermal crystal growth, an autoclave is divided into two chambers by a baffle located in the middle height. Industrial practice found that better quality crystals could be grown under certain baffle hole openings or using a multi-hole baffle. This paper presents a numerical study of the effects of the baffle opening, as well as the arrangement of holes on the baffle, on the fluid flow and temperature fields in an industry-size autoclave. A wide range of baffle hole openings from 2% to 25%, together with five hole-arrangements, is investigated. Computational results indicate that changing the baffle hole opening and number of holes on the baffle are effective ways to control the temperature uniformity in the upper growing chamber. With a single-hole baffle, a smaller hole-opening leads to a weaker flow field and more uniform temperature in the growing chamber. With the same opening area, a multi-hole baffle will perform better than a single-hole baffle. The number of holes in a multi-hole baffle shows a strong effect on thermal condition in the upper chamber with 8-hole baffles working better than both baffles with 4 and 16 holes. The hole-arrangement, however, does have significant effect on thermal condition in the growing chamber.
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Jankee, Punyagandhaa, Mahendra Gooroochurn, and Devin Bhoodoo. "Field Investigations, Simulation and Numerical Analysis of the Suitability of Aluminium Opening Design in the Residential Sector Inmauritius." In International Conference on Advances in Materials Science 2021. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-g44qy3.
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The use of aluminium as material of choice in the manufacture of window and door openings in Mauritius has escalated significantly in recent years. This has given rise to a considerable number of small-and medium-sized companies operating in the aluminium fabrication sector. The main aim of this study was to identify and investigate the common problems reported with aluminium openings and to assess the structural resistance, water-tightness and safety of the openings. A survey was carried out among local aluminium importers and fabrication companies to gather information about the different profiles and grades of aluminium commonly used for exterior window and door applications in the residential sector. A questionnaire was designed and circulated to clients of aluminium fenestration products. This helped to identify the most common problems encountered with aluminium openings. Site visits were also conducted which enabled the investigation of some common problems identified such as water ingress and rigidity of moving parts. The structural loading of openings was assessed using finite element analysis using SolidWorks. Models of openings of different sizes and corresponding to typical opening designs used locally were created and a uniform pressure was applied on the frames. This uniform pressure was derived from a wind speed of 280 km/h – the maximum wind speed used for design calculations for buildings in Mauritius. The resulting deflections were analysed and compared to the maximum permissible deflections – which were calculated using the guidelines of North American Fenestration Standard (NAFS-11). Results showed that the maximum deflections for frames sizes exceeding a span of 1.5 m, exceeded the maximum allowable values, and necessitated the use of more rigid profiles. Deflections observed in the triple frame design were also higher than those in the double frame. These observations point out to the need of selecting the right profiles for different sized applications to ensure that openings do not incur significant deflections when subjected to wind loads, which would be encountered during severe cyclonic conditions in the island.
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Idris, A., and B. P. Huynh. "Computational Study of Single-Sided Ventilation Through a 3-Dimensional Room." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87162.
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Ventilation flow through a 3-dimensional rectangular-box room is investigated numerically, by using a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software package. The room has all its window openings located on one wall, and the wind is assumed to blow parallel to this wall. The standard K-epsilon turbulence model is used. Air’s flow rate and flow pattern are considered in terms of wind speed and the openings’ characteristics, such as their number, location, size and shape. For a constant total area of the openings, it is found that ventilation rate increases with more openings, especially when they are widely separated or positioned at different heights.
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Fumizawa, Motoo, and Hidenori Horiuchi. "Helium-Air Exchange Flow Rate Measurement Through a Small Opening." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37008.
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Buoyancy-driven counter flows of helium-air were investigated through horizontal and inclined small openings. Counter flows may occur following a window opening as ventilation, fire in the room as well as a pipe rupture accident in a high temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor [1]. The counter flows also occur following the fusion reactor accident of LOVA that takes place through the breaches of vacuum vessel penetration duct [2]. The experiment has carried out by a test chamber filled with helium and flow was visualized by the smoke wire method. The flow behavior has recorded by a high-speed camera with a computer system. The image of the flow was transferred to the digital data, thus the flow velocity was measured by PTV software. The mass fraction in the test chamber was measured by electronic balance. The detected data was arranged by the densimetric Floude number of the counter flow rate that derived from the dimensional analysis. The method of mass increment was developed and applied to measure the counter flow rate. By removing the cover plate placed on the top of the opening, the counter flow initiated. Air enters the test chamber and the mass of the gas mixture in the test chamber increased. The volumetric counter flow rate was evaluated from the mass increment data. In the case of inclination openings, the results of both methods were compared. The inclination angle for maximum densimetric Floude number decreased with increasing length-to-diameter ratio of the opening. For a horizontal opening, the results from the method of mass increment agreed with those obtained by other authors for a water-brine system.
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Idris, A., and B. P. Huynh. "Computational Study of Single-Sided Ventilation Through a 3-Dimensional Room With Rounded Edges." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65843.
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A commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software package is used to investigate numerically a 3-dimensional rectangular-box room with rounded edges. The room has all its window openings located on one wall only. The standard K-ε turbulence model is used. Air’s flow rate and flow pattern are considered in terms of wind speed and the openings’ characteristics, such as their number, location, size and shape. Especially, comparison with ventilation rate corresponding to when the room edges are sharp is made; and thereby the effects of the edges being rounded are examined.
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Krueger, Paul S. "Circulation of Vortex Rings Formed From Tube and Orifice Openings." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98268.
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Two common configurations for generating vortex rings via jet pulses are the tube and orifice geometries. The orifice geometry forces the flow to contract as it approaches the jet exit plane, which can strongly affect vorticity flux and the circulation of the resulting ring. The author’s recent extension of the traditional slug model for vortex ring circulation (called the “pressure corrected” or PC model) accounts for the geometric differences between the tube and orifice cases, but model validation for the orifice geometry has been limited due to the lack of data for this configuration. The present study compares process of circulation generation by tube and orifice geometries using numerical simulations of finite duration jets from tube and orifice openings. Total jet slug length-to-diameter ratios (L/D) in the range of 0.5 to 3.5 and a jet Reynolds number of 2000 are considered. The numerical results confirm the underlying assumptions of the PC model. The model results for the tube geometry are within 14% of the numerical results. Incorporating the scaling of ring velocity with ejected jet length (X/D) obtained from the present numerical results improves the predictions for the orifice case, giving accuracy to within 20%. The overall geometry effect appears as a two-fold increase in circulation for the orifice case over the tube case at the same L/D.
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Enayati, Hooman, Abhilash J. Chandy, and Minel J. Braun. "Numerical Simulations of Turbulent Natural Convection in Laterally-Heated Cylindrical Enclosures With Baffles for Crystal Growth." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66106.
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Ammonothermal crystal growth technique is one of the most effective methods used for growing Gallium Nitride (GaN) crystals. GaN crystals have wide applications in light emitting diodes (LEDs) or UV lasers. Three-dimensional large eddy simulations (LES) of natural convection in a laterally heated cylindrical reactor, using the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software ANSYS FLUENT, are presented for a Rayleigh number of Ra = 8.8 × 106. The objective of the current calculations is to understand the effect(s) of opening area of the baffle on the flow pattern and temperature distribution inside the reactor. The baffles considered in this study are annular hollow discs with different opening areas. Three cases with total opening areas of 40%, 25% and 100% (baffle-less) are considered. Velocity and temperature distributions across the different planes and lines, are analyzed in order to obtain information on the flow and heat transfer processes (temperature maps) resulting from various baffle openings.
Reports on the topic "Number of openings"
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Kayo, Genku, and Nobue Suzuki. Measurement of air change behaviour at Finnish apartment rooms. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541579038.
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While the expectation for natural ventilation is increasing under the context of COVID-19, fresh air at residential houses in Finland is basically guaranteed by mechanical ventilation systems. It means that natural ventilation is not considered as an available potential of ventilation in Finnish building regulation. Even if the mechanical ventilation system handles the air quality, the natural ventilation by window opening is expected to be a supportive measure. However, there is not enough measured data about how much air change is fulfilled by window opening. The article describes the evaluation of fresh air accessibility by window openings at six Finnish apartments. To understand the behaviour of air change, CO2 mass balance equation model was applied. The results of summer season clarified that the actual number of air changes are 085 to 1.54 times per hour with one-side opening. The CO2 mass balance model for apartments, which is a kind of tracer gas decay method, is an effective way to estimate the actual number of air changes without preventing occupants’ daily living. Since some buildings, such as residential, school, churches, are affected by the moisture problems, the management of moisture behaviour by both natural and mechanical ventilation is essential.
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Kerber, Steve. Impact of Ventilation on Fire Behavior in Legacy and Contemporary Residential Construction. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/gieq2593.
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Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service ventilation practices as well as the impact of changes in modern house geometries. There has been a steady change in the residential fire environment over the past several decades. These changes include larger homes, more open floor plans and volumes and increased synthetic fuel loads. This series of experiments examine this change in fire behavior and the impact on firefighter ventilation tactics. This fire research project developed the empirical data that is needed to quantify the fire behavior associated with these scenarios and result in immediately developing the necessary firefighting ventilation practices to reduce firefighter death and injury. Two houses were constructed in the large fire facility of Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL. The first of two houses constructed was a one-story, 1200 ft, 3 bedroom, bathroom house with 8 total rooms. The second house was a two-story 3200 ft, 4 bedroom, 2.5 bathroom house with 12 total rooms. The second house featured a modern open floor plan, two- story great room and open foyer. Fifteen experiments were conducted varying the ventilation locations and the number of ventilation openings. Ventilation scenarios included ventilating the front door only, opening the front door and a window near and remote from the seat of the fire, opening a window only and ventilating a higher opening in the two-story house. One scenario in each house was conducted in triplicate to examine repeatability. The results of these experiments provide knowledge for the fire service for them to examine their thought processes, standard operating procedures and training content. Several tactical considerations were developed utilizing the data from the experiments to provide specific examples of changes that can be adopted based on a departments current strategies and tactics.
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Talamas Marcos, Miguel Ángel. Preliminary Evidence of Surviving Competition: Neighborhood Shops vs. Convenience Chains. Inter-American Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004453.
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Hundreds of millions of microenterprises in emerging economies face increased competition from the entry and expansion of large firms that offer similar products. This paper studies how one of the worlds most prevalent microenterprises, neighborhood shops, confront competition from convenience chains (e.g., 7-Eleven) in Mexico. To address the endogeneity in time and location of chains store openings, I pair two-way fixed effects with a novel instrument that, at the neighborhood level, shifts the profitability of chains but not of shops. An expansion from zero to the average number of chain stores in a neighborhood reduces the number of shops by 16%. Consistent with the theoretical framework, this reduction is not driven by an increase in shop exit but by a decrease in shop entry. Shops retain their sales of fresh products and 96% of their customers, but customers visit shops less often and spend less on non-fresh and packed goods. I present evidence consistent with shops surviving by exploiting comparative advantages stemming from being small and owner-operated, such as lower agency costs, building relationships with the community, and offering informal credit.
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Talamas Marcos, Miguel Ángel. Surviving Competition: Neighborhood Shops vs. Convenience Chains. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005065.
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Hundreds of millions of microenterprises in emerging economies face increased competition from the entry and expansion of large firms that offer similar products. This paper studies how one of the world's most prevalent microenterprises, neighborhood shops, confront competition from convenience chains (e.g., 7-Eleven) in Mexico. To address the endogeneity in time and location of chain store openings, I pair two-way fixed effects with a novel instrument that, at the neighborhood level, shifts the profitability of chains but not of shops. An expansion from zero to the average number of chain stores in a neighborhood reduces the number of shops by 15%. This reduction is not driven by increased shop exits but by decreased shop entries. Shops retain their sales of fresh products and 96% of their customers, but customers visit shops less often and spend less on non-fresh and packed goods. The evidence suggests that shops survive by exploiting comparative advantages stemming from being small and owner-operated, such as lower agency costs, relationships with the community, broader and tailored product mix, and informal credit. The welfare gains of convenience chains replacing shops are increasing in household income.
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Fee, Kyle D. Does Job Quality Affect Occupational Mobility? Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-cd-20220804.
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Job quality, a well-known topic in workforce development circles, is an underutilized but useful lens with which to examine labor market conditions. The Aspen Institute (2020), a long-time advocate for job quality, defines it as “a range of attributes that drive worker experiences: wages, benefits, scheduling, legal rights, equity and inclusion, opportunity to build skills and advance, supportive work environment, and worker voice.” Given the record number of resignations and available job openings, especially in the lower-paid industry sectors, along with popular labor market narratives around the Great R’s (Resignation, Renegotiation, Reshuffle), I wonder to what extent job quality plays a role in the occupational mobility of workers. Occupational mobility includes all potential outcomes an individual has when holding a job. For instance, in addition to the option of changing to another occupation, an individual can remain in that occupation, become unemployed, or leave the labor force. Occupational mobility metrics are an appealing way to explore labor market conditions because they provide a dynamic perspective, while traditional metrics such as unemployment and labor force participation rates tend to be static observations.
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Kerber, Steve. Study of the Effectiveness of Fire Service Vertical Ventilation and Suppression Tactics in Single Family Homes. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/iwzc6477.
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Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service ventilation and suppression practices as well as the impact of changes in modern house geometries. There has been a steady change in the residential fire environment over the past several decades. These changes include larger homes, more open floor plans and volumes, and increased synthetic fuel loads. This investigation examined the influence of these changes to the fire behavior and subsequent impact on firefighter tactics relative to horizontal and vertical ventilation and suppression. It is anticipated that the results of this investigation will be incorporated into improved firefighting tactics and decision making to reduce firefighter injuries and fatalities. Vertical ventilation has been used successfully but also resulted in firefighter fatalities in the past, as it is not easily coordinated with suppression and other fire ground tasks such as horizontal ventilation. It is not straightforward for firefighters to train on the effects of vertical ventilation since fire service training structures and props do not allow for ventilation-limited fire conditions with representative fuel loads and floor plans that will be encountered on the fire ground. Thus, guidance on the effectiveness of vertical ventilation comes from experience gained during real incidents, but under many different fire ground conditions. This has made it difficult to develop comprehensive guidance on the coordination of vertical ventilation with other firefighter tactics, and how these tactics may influence the fire dynamics in the burning home. The purpose of this study was to improve the understanding of the fire dynamics associated with the use of vertical ventilation so that it may be more effectively deployed on the fire ground. Two houses were constructed in the large fire facility of Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL. The first house was a one-story house (1200 ft, three bedrooms, one bathroom) with a total of 8 rooms. The second house was a two-story house (3200 ft, four bedrooms, two and a half bathrooms) with a total of 12 rooms. The second house featured a modern open floor plan, two-story great room and open foyer. A total of seventeen experiments were conducted varying the ventilation locations and the number of ventilation openings. Ventilation scenarios included ventilating the front door and a window near the seat of the fire (with modern and legacy furnishings) to link to the previous research on horizontal ventilation, opening the front door and ventilating over the fire and remote from the fire. Additional experiments examined controlling the front door, making different sized ventilation holes in the roof and the impact of exterior hose streams. The results from the experiments led to identification of tactical considerations for the fire service to integrate into their education and fire ground strategies and tactics where applicable.
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Bolton, Laura. WASH in Schools for Student Return During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.024.
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The literature on WASH and school re-opening during the COVID-19 pandemic is dominated by guidelines with little in the way of recent evidence or lessons learned. Analysis of data from school re-openings at the end of 2020 suggests that with mitigation measures in place community infection rates should not be affected by children returning to school. Although children carry a lower risk of infection, they do have large numbers of contact in the school environment, so hygiene and distancing measures are important. The key guidelines for WASH in schools during the COVID-19 pandemic include: children and all school staff must be educated with regards to hand hygiene; hand hygiene stations must be provided at entrances and exits; hand washing must be frequent and requires sufficient water and soap; school buses should have hand hygiene measures in place; and the school environment must be disinfected daily. Environmental, or nudge-based, cues are recommended to support behaviour change in children based on pre-COVID-19 evidence. Examples include colourful footprints leading to a handwashing facility, images of eyes above handwashing facilities, embedding toys in soap, and putting pictures of germs on surfaces.
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Pargeter. L51507 Field Weldability of High-Strength Pipeline Steels. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010535.
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This document reports on research to assess the weldability of a range of high-strength (X80 grade) line pipe steels using both small-scale weldability trials, the Welding Institute of Canada test, and full-scale girth welds. Hardness and tensile tests were used to assess strength, and Charpy V and crack tip opening displacement tests were used to assess toughness. Experimental results are provided and a number of conclusions are listed.
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Linker, Raphael, Murat Kacira, Avraham Arbel, Gene Giacomelli, and Chieri Kubota. Enhanced Climate Control of Semi-arid and Arid Greenhouses Equipped with Fogging Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593383.bard.
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The main objectives were (1) to develop, implement and validate control procedures that would make it possible to maintain year-round air temperature and humidity at levels suitable for crop cultivation in greenhouses operating in arid and semi-arid regions and (2) to investigate the influence of the operational flexibility of the fogging system on the performance of the system. With respect to the development of climate controllers, we developed a new control approach according to which ventilation is used to maintain the enthalpy of the greenhouse air and fogging is used to adjust the humidity ratio inside the greenhouse. This approach is suitable mostly for greenhouses equipped with mechanized ventilation, and in which the air exchange rate can be controlled with enough confidence. The development and initial validation of the controllers were performed in a small experimental greenhouses located at the Agricultural Research Organization and very good tracking were obtained for both air temperature and relative humidity (maximum mean deviations over a 10-min period with constant setpoints lower than 2.5oC and 5% relative humidity). The robust design approach used to develop the controllers made it possible to transfer successfully these controllers to a much larger semi-commercial greenhouse located in the much drier Arava region. After only minimal adjustments, which did not require lengthy dedicated experiments, satisfactory tracking of the temperature and humidity was achieved, with standard deviation of the tracking error lower than 1oC and 5% for temperature and relative humidity, respectively. These results should help promote the acceptance of modern techniques for designing greenhouse climate controllers, especially since given the large variety of greenhouse structures (shape, size, crop system), developing high performance site-specific controllers for each greenhouse is not feasible. In parallel to this work, a new cooling control strategy, which considers the contribution of humidification and cooling from the crop, was developed for greenhouses equipped with natural ventilation. Prior to the development of the cooling strategy itself, three evapotranspiration models were compared in terms of accuracy and reliability. The cooling strategy that has been developed controls the amount of fog introduced into the greenhouse as well as the percentage of vent openings based on the desired vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and enthalpy, respectively. Numerical simulations were used to compare the performance of the new strategy with a constant fogging rate strategy based on VPD, and on average, the new strategy saved 36% water and consumed 30% less electric energy. In addition, smaller air temperature and relative humidity fluctuations were achieved when using the new strategy. Finally, it was demonstrated that dynamically varying the fog rate and properly selecting the number of nozzles, yields additional water and electricity savings.
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Willits, Daniel H., Meir Teitel, Josef Tanny, Mary M. Peet, Shabtai Cohen, and Eli Matan. Comparing the performance of naturally ventilated and fan-ventilated greenhouses. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586542.bard.
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The objectives of this project were to predict the performance of naturally and fan-ventilated greenhouses as a function of climate, type of crop, evaporative cooling and greenhouse size, and to estimate the effects of the two cooling systems on yield, quality and disease development in the different crops under study. Background In the competitive field of greenhouse cultivation, growers and designers in both the US and Israel are repeatedly forced to choose between naturally ventilated (NV) and fan ventilated (FV) cooling systems as they expand their ranges in an effort to remain profitable. The known advantages and disadvantages of each system do not presently allow a clear decision. Whether essentially zero operating costs can offset the less dependable cooling of natural ventilation systems is question this report hopes to answer. Major Conclusions US It was concluded very early on that FV greenhouses without evaporative pad cooling are not competitive with NV greenhouses during hot weather. During the first year, the US team found that average air temperatures were always higher in the FV houses, compared to the NV houses, when evaporative pad cooling was not used, regardless of ventilation rate in the FV houses or the vent configuration in the NV houses. Canopy temperatures were also higher in the FV ventilated houses when three vents were used in the NV houses. A second major conclusion was that the US team found that low pressure fogging (4 atm) in NV houses does not completely offset the advantage of evaporative pad cooling in FV houses. High pressure fog (65 atm) is more effective, but considerably more expensive. Israel Experiments were done with roses in the years 2003-2005 and with tomatoes in 2005. Three modes of natural ventilation (roof, side and side + roof openings) were compared with a fan-ventilated (with evaporative cooling) house. It was shown that under common practice of fan ventilation, during summer, the ventilation rate is usually lower with NV than with FV. The microclimate under both NV and FV was not homogeneous. In both treatments there were strong gradients in temperature and humidity in the vertical direction. In addition, there were gradients that developed in horizontal planes in a direction parallel to the direction of the prevailing air velocity within the greenhouse. The gradients in the horizontal direction appear to be larger with FV than with NV. The ratio between sensible and latent heat fluxes (Bowen ratio) was found to be dependent considerably on whether NV or FV is applied. This ratio was generally negative in the naturally ventilated house (about -0.14) and positive in the fan ventilated one (about 0.19). Theoretical models based on Penman-Monteith equation were used to predict the interior air and crop temperatures and the transpiration rate with NV. Good agreement between the model and experimental results was obtained with regard to the air temperature and transpiration with side and side + roof ventilation. However, the agreement was poor with only roof ventilation. The yield (number of rose stems longer than 40 cm) was higher with FV