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1
Pimentel, Patrícia Guimarães, Elzânia Sales Pereira, Augusto César de Queiroz, Ivone Yurika Mizubuti, José Gilson Louzada Regadas Filho, and Iana Sérvulo Gomes Maia. "Intake, apparent nutrient digestibility and ingestive behavior of sheep fed cashew nut meal." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 40, no. 5 (2011): 1128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982011000500026.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate intake, nutrient apparent digestibility and ingestive behavior of sheep fed rations with cashew nut meal (CNM) at the levels of 0; 10; 20 and 30% in the concentrate ration. It was used a double 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design. Intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter, crude protein, mineral matter, non-fibrous carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients were not influenced by the addition of CNM, however, intake of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber and total carbohydrates presented a quadratic behavior with the increase of content of lipids in the ration. Apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein, NDF, acid detergent fiber and non-fibrous carbohydrates was not influenced by the addition of CNM in the rations; however digestibility of ether extract and total carbohydrates presented quadratic and linear behavior, respectively. It was not observed any significant differences in time spent with feeding and rumination, however, total chewing time was influenced, presenting increasing linear behavior with the levels of CNM. Concerning to intakes of dry matter and NDF per hour, feed efficiency and rumination were not affected by increase on lipid content in the rations. Ruminating chews time per rumen bolus, number of ruminated boli and the number of ruminating chews per day were not influenced by experimental rations. In sheep feeding management, it is suggested as a feeding alternative the use of up to 30% of CNM in the concentrate ration if it is available.
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Philp, Joshua, Adam M. Komarek, Sarah J. Pain, Xueling Li, and William Bellotti. "Improving the use of available feed resources to overcome sheep feeding deficits in western China." Animal Production Science 56, no. 9 (2016): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14694.
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Socioeconomic and agro-ecological circumstances often compel smallholder livestock farmers in the developing world to maintain livestock over winter, and this can incur production penalties due to insufficient feed quality and availability. Recent policy efforts in western China have attempted to address this issue through the promotion of lucerne production to support growing livestock numbers with its high nitrogen content, however lucerne is underutilised by farmers and rarely maintained beyond harvest. The potential benefits to production of storing enough lucerne to meet the minimum nitrogen requirements of rumen function during the winter deficit were explored in an experiment in Qingyang Prefecture, Gansu Province, P.R. China. Tan weaner sheep (mean weight 15.4 kg) were fed corn straw, corn grain and lucerne hay in respective ratios of 80 : 20 : 0 [metabolisable energy (ME) = 7.4 MJ/kg DM, crude protein = 40 g/kg DM; ‘R1’] or 55 : 20 : 25 (ME = 8.2 MJ/kg DM, crude protein = 65 g/kg DM; ‘R2’). Rations were offered daily in a constant quantity that supplied ~80% maintenance energy requirements at the start of the experiment. Sheep fed R2 retained 0.7 kg more on average than those fed R1 (P < 0.01) after 20 days under experimental conditions with a mean weight change of –0.089 kg/day for R1 and –0.055 kg/day for R2 (P < 0.01). Sheep fed R1 experienced a sustained loss in digestive function over time, with ration DM digestibility decreasing by 0.56% per day (P < 0.01, R2 = 0.65), and MJ of ME per kg of ingested DM (M/D) decreasing by 0.06 MJ/kg DM per day (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.98). The mean M/D of R1 had fallen to 6.1 after 20 days (P < 0.01). The mean DM digestibility and M/D observed in R2-fed animals remained comparatively stable, with no statistically significant differences between starting and finishing values (P > 0.05). The results indicate that the capacity for underfed Tan weaner sheep to absorb energy from low protein rations typical of winter rapidly degrades and that the lucerne hay in the diet prevented this decline. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate that conserving lucerne for inclusion in winter rations is a potential strategy for smallholder farmers to maintain the digestive efficiency of Tan sheep during sustained underfeeding contributing to greater retention of liveweight on restricted diets.
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Kenney, PA. "Effects of lupin grain and type of cereal grain on the value of a hay supplement in the diet of lambing ewes during drought." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 4 (1985): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850766.
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Two flocks of Border Leicester x Merino ewes, due to lamb at different times (early or late winter), were fed drought rations of either wheat or oat grain, with or without lupin grain, and with or without hay, from 2 weeks before to 6 weeks after lambing. All ewes were offered an estimated 8.7 and 14.5 MJ ME/head.day when pregnant and lactating, respectively. Lupins, when included in the diet, replaced 25% of cereal grain ME; and hay replaced 14% and 20% of cereal grain ME for pregnant and lactating ewes, respectively. Treatment rations had no effect on liveweight or condition of the ewes. Effects on lamb birth weights, growth rate to 17 days, numbers weaned, ewe milk production after 29 days lactation and ewe fleece weights were as follows. Feeding oats, in comparison to wheat, improved growth rate (30 g/day), numbers weaned (16 per 100 ewes lambing) and fleece weight (90 g). Feeding lupins improved birth weight (0.2 kg), growth rate (20 g/day), numbers weaned (12 per 100 ewes lambing), milk production (18 ml/h) and fleece weight (70 g). Feeding hay improved growth rate (17 g/day) but decreased fleece weight (160 g). There were no interactions between treatments. Treatment rations did not affect fertility in the year following feeding.
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Kotliar, Oleksii, and Oleksii Mamenko. "Humic feed additives with micro elements in pig feeding." Pig breeding the interdepartmental subject scientific digest, no. 74 (February 28, 2020): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.37143/0371-4365-2020-74-12.
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It was proposed to use in the feeding of lactating sows from 2nd till 60th days of suckling period and their piglets from 15th till 75th days of life the combination of humate food additive (0,25 g / kg of mixed foods) with salt form of micro element in the quantity of 25 % of micro element deficit in sow ration (or respectively in piglet dry feeding) plus taste additive (saccharin) (0.2 g / kg of mixed foods). It was proposed to use the same feed additive (without taste additive) in rations of growing gilts from 4.5th till 7.5th month of living.Use of 4 micro elements (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn) sum in form of combyhumate with taste additive on the rations of lactating sows and their sucking and weaned piglets permits to decrease the quantity of additionally added micro elements in the rations in 5 times for Fe and in 4 times for Cu, Mn and Zn comparing with the sum of these micro elements in salt form with additional increasing at 95th day age, average data: number of piglets per farrowing by 0.8 piglet, survival ability by 11.2 %, piglet live mass by 3.2 %, live mass of farrowing by 13.0 %, sow milk productivity by 10.9 %, daily gains by 3.4 %. Use of 3 micro elements (Cu, Mn, Zn) sum in combyhumate form (without saccharin) in rations of 4.5th – 7.5th month age gilts permits to decrease the quantity of additionally added micro elements in the rations in 4 times comparing with the sum of these micro elements in salt form with additional increased at 8.5th month age: average live mass by 5.3 %, average daily gains by 10.4 %. After the 1st farrowing average reproductive parameters at 60th day age increased comparing with control: number of piglets/farrowing by 9.9 %, survival ability by 5.7 %, sow milk productivity by 8.5 %, live mass of farrowing by 11.7 %. Key words: pig feeding, micro elements, salts, chelates, combyhumates, taste additives.
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Sloan, B. K., P. Rowlinson, and D. G. Armstrong. "A note on concentrate energy source for dairy cows in mid lactation." Animal Science 45, no. 2 (1987): 321–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100018900.
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The forage: concentrate ratio in the diet is known to influence the fermentation characteristics in the rumen (Sudweeks, Ely, Mertens and Sisk, 1981). Increasing the proportion of concentrates in rations fed to dairy cows has been shown to narrow the acetate plus butyrate: propionate ratio in the rumen (Sutton, 1981) with an associated depression in milk fat concentration (Ørskov, Reid and McDonald, 1981). The magnitude of the effect, on milk yield and composition, of increasing the concentrate proportion in the ration has been shown to be dependent on feeding level (Sutton, 1981), and the number of meals of concentrate per day (Johnson, 1979) and also may be influenced by dietary protein level and source (Ørskov et al., 1981).
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Hadaš, Zdeněk, Marie Čechová, and Pavel Nevrkla. "Effect of feeding sows on rations enriched with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and the growth capacity and survival of their piglets." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 6 (2012): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260060081.
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The evaluation of the effect of supplements of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) given to pregnant and lactating sows on the phenotypic manifestation of their reproductive performance and on the birth and weaning weight of piglets was performed under conditions of a commercial herd of pigs. The experiment involved altogether 40 hybrid sows divided into two equal groups, i.e. Controls with 20 sows and Experimental Group with also 20 sows. Experimental Group received within the time interval from the 108th day of pregnancy to the 28th day after the parturition a supplement of 2 % of CLA. In individual litters the following performance parameters were recorded: number of all newborn piglets, number of piglets born alive, number of stillbirths, number of weaned piglets and individual weights of newborn piglets and weaned piglets. Obtained results concerning numbers of all newborn piglets in Controls and Experimental Group (i.e. 12.20 ± 2.09 and 11.85 ±2.58, respectively) indicate that supplementing of the feeding ration with CLA in the last stage of pregnancy does not influence the size of litter. In Controls, numbers of piglets born alive were higher by 0.4 animals per litter; this difference, however, was statistically insignificant. Also the weights of newborn and weaned piglets were not influenced by the supplement of CLA. Statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) were found out between Controls and Experimental Group in numbers of weaned piglets, viz. 9.75 ± 1.68 vs. 8.35 ± 1.39, respectively, and between corresponding losses until weaning, viz. 0.95± 1.39 vs. 2.60 ± 1.93 in Controls and Experimental Group, respectively (P ≤ 0.01).
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Orr, R. J., T. T. Treacher, and V. C. Mason. "The effect of ammonia treatment on the intake of straw and hay when offered with rations of concentrates to ewes in late pregnancy." Animal Science 40, no. 1 (1985): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100031895.
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ABSTRACTFinnish Landrace × Dorset Horn ewes were offered 300, 600 or 900 g fresh weight per day of concentrates and forage ad libitum from day 105 of pregnancy until lambing. Spring barley straw (S) or hay (H) was offered either untreated (U) or following treatment with anhydrous ammonia in an oven (T). Organic matter digestibilities (in vitro) were 0·42, 0·58, 0·42 and 0·60 and nitrogen contents were 7·2, 18·6, 12·0 and 25·0 g/kg dry matter for US, TS, UH and TH respectively. Forage intake did not differ between ewes carrying two or more foetuses but the small number of ewes carrying one foetus ate more straw (6·8 v. 4·5 g organic matter (OM) per kg live weight) than ewes carrying two or more foetuses. Ammonia treatment increased intake; the increase was larger on straw (4·6 v. 100 g OM per kg live weight) than on hay (9·0 v. 10·7 g OM per kg live weight). Replacement rates of forage by concentrates were -0·21, +0·06, -0·48 and +0·08 kg forage per kg concentrates for treatments US, TS, UH and TH respectively; only the value for treatment UH differed significantly from zero. On most treatments forage intake decreased as pregnancy progressed and the declines were greater when treated forages were offered. Concentrate level had a large effect on most aspects of ewe performance. Ewes offered treated forage gained slightly more weight in pregnancy (138 v. 104 g/day), had a slightly smaller decrease in body condition score (-0·54 v. -0·68) between day 105 and lambing but did not have greater lamb birth weights than ewes on untreated forage.
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Kenney, PA, and RS Smith. "Effects of including lupins with cereal grain rations on the production of lambing ewes during drought." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 3 (1985): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850529.
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In this experiment, 520 Border Leicester x Merino ewes 2 or 6 years of age and pregnant to Dorset Horn rams were held under simulated drought conditions and fed drought rations. Similar weights of oats or wheat with 0, 15, 30, 45 or 60% lupin grain were fed from 2 weeks before till 9 weeks after lambing, in 1979. Mean improvement in production as a result of including lupins in diets was 3 kg in liveweight of ewes, 6% (per ewe lambing) in ewe survival, 24% (per lamb born) in lamb survival, 41 g/day in lamb growth rate and 0.3 kg in ewe greasy fleece weight. The major response was to the increase in proportion of lupins from 0 to 15%. Type of cereal grain did not affect these responses. Wool from all treatments except oats alone was weakest in the first 4 weeks after lambing. Wool from 4% of ewes fed wheat alone was down-graded because of the ease with which staples broke under tension. The total number of lambs born in 1980 was not affected by previous treatment, even though ewes previously fed oats in 1979 had more twins than those fed wheat and the previous feeding of lupins decreased the number of ewes bearing single lambs.
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Beauchemin, K. A., M. Maekawa, and D. A. Christensen. "Effect of diet and parity on meal patterns of lactating dairy cows." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 82, no. 2 (2002): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a01-080.
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Four multiparous and four primiparous lactating dairy cows housed in stalls were used in a double 4 × 4 Latin square to determine the effect of parity and diet on meal patterns. Cows were fed one of four diets: three total mixed rations containing 40, 50, or 60% barley silage on a dry matter (DM) basis, and a diet in which forage and concentrate were allocated separately (SI) containing 50% concentrate. Dry matter intake was similar for all diets (18.2 ± 0.6 kg d-1), as were the number of meals per day (10 ± 1 meals d-1) and meal duration (35 ± 3 min meal-1). Meal size was larger (5.2 vs. 1.1 or 1.9 kg DM meal-1), and eating rate was faster (0.265 vs. 0.053 or 0.034 kg DM min-1) when cows consumed concentrate, compared with silage or TMR, respectively. Meal size of TMR, silage or concentrate was positively related to DM intake (r = 0.82, 0.76, and 0.98; respectively). For cows consuming TMR, the number of meals per day was negatively related to DM intake (r = -0.41). Dry matter intake increased when meal size increased, primarily as a result of longer meals and, to a lesser extent, faster eating rate. Feeding management had little effect on meal patterns. Multiparous cows tended to eat more in each meal compared with primiparous cows, but both groups spent the same amount of time eating per meal. Key words: Cows, parity, meal patterns, feeding management
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ЛАТЫШЕВА, О. В., and А. В. ИВАНОВ. "EFFECT OF PVMC DEADWOOD AND OF PVMC LACTATION ON THE COW REPRODUCTION." Molochnoe i miasnoe skotovodstvo, no. 5 (September 22, 2021): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33943/mms.2021.11.38.005.
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Изучено влияние на репродуктивную функцию коров белково-витаминно-минеральных концентратов (БВМК) с кормовой добавкой «AMG-COMPLEX», состоящей из эфирных масел и растительных экстрактов. Для проведения опыта были сформированы контрольная и опытная группы по 70 голов с учетом количества дней до отела из коров второй и третьей стельности. Животным контрольной группы скармливали основной рацион. Для коров опытной группы были составлены рационы с БВМК, которыми заменяли пропорциональное количество концентрированных кормов и часть витаминно-минерального премикса. Они получали БВМК для сухостойных коров в количестве 300 г на 1 голову в сутки с 60-го по 20-й день до отела и по 200 г на 1 голову в сутки с 20-го дня до отела. После отела 60 дней им скармливали БВМК для раздоя в количестве 1200 г на 1 голову в сутки. Использование БВМК в рационах коров опытной группы способствовало улучшению у них репродуктивной функции и снижению частоты гинекологических заболеваний после отела в 4,5 раза. Индекс осеменения в опытной группе составил 1,73 (P≤0,05), что на 0,76 ниже, чем у животных контрольной группы. Средняя продолжительность сервис-периода в опытной группе составила 87,71 дня (P≤0,01) и была короче, чем в контроле, на 14,72 дня. The effect on the reproductive function of cows of the protein-vitamin-mineral concentrate with the feed additive ʺAMG-COMPLEXʺ, consisting of essential oils and plant extracts, was studied. To experiment, taking into account the number of days before calving, control and experimental group of 70 heads each were formed from cows of the second and third pregnancy. In the scientific and economic experiment, the cows of the control group consumed the feed of the main rations. For the cows of the experimental group rations were made with PVMC, which replaced the proportional amount of concentrated feed and a part of the vitamin-mineral premix. They received PVMC deadwood in the amount of 300 g per 1 head per day from 60th to 20th day before calving and 200 g per 1 head per day 20 days before calving. 60 days after calving they received PVMC lactation in the amount of 1200 g per head per day. Feeding PVMC to cows of the experimental group contributed to the improvement of reproductive function and a decrease in the frequency of gynaecological diseases after calving by 4.5 times. The insemination index in the experimental group was 1.73 (P≤0.05), which is 0.76 lower than in the animals in the control group. The average duration of the service period in the experimental group was 87.71 days (P≤0.01) and was shorter than in the control by 14.72 days.
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Buzzell, N., S. Blash, K. Miner, et al. "94 Impact of number of embryos transferred on the number of offspring produced in a commercial transgenic founder production operation." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 1 (2019): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv31n1ab94.
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The production of transgenic founder dairy goats (cross-bred Saanens, Alpines, Toggenburgs, and Nubians) involves the collection, microinjection, and transfer of numerous embryos into suitable recipient goats to ultimately produce a transgenic founder(s). The objective of this study was to determine the most efficient number of microinjection embryos to transfer to suitable recipients for transgenic founder generation. This is critically important in a commercial production program, as it impacts the goal for the number of embryos collected from donors, number of recipients utilised, and, hence, the overall number of surgical procedures being performed. The entire embryo collection, transfer, and founder-generation process is continuously being evaluated for ways to become more efficient in producing transgenic animals. During LFB USA’s commercial founder-production campaigns over the years (1997-2017), pronuclear microinjection was performed and 3, 4, or 5 embryos were transferred to female goat recipients. The recipients were synchronized using a progesterone implant on Day 0, a prostaglandin injection at Day 7, an injection of 300-500IU of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin on Day 13, progesterone implant removal on Day 14, and surgical transfer of pronuclear microinjected 1- or 2-cell embryos into the oviduct on Day 17. The individual totals and calculation for offspring per embryos transferred was compared for 3, 4, and 5 embryos transferred per recipient and was determined to be (1659/8637) 0.19, (912/4548) 0.20, and (112/675) 0.17, respectively. These embryo efficacy ratios were not significantly different (P&gt;0.05) using the Wald Chi-squared test under logistic regression, and suggests that the number of offspring born is not impacted by number of embryos transferred. Seasonality was also evaluated in this production environment located in North America, with in-season being considered September to December and out-of-season being January to July. Nulliparous recipients during in-season (September to December) embryo transfer operations produced a significant difference, with totals and calculation for (offspring per embryo transferred) of (470/2346) 0.20, (260/1088) 0.24, and (23/190) 0.12 for 3, 4, and 5 embryo transfers, respectively (Table 1). This data indicates that when using nulliparous recipients during the in-season, transferring 4 embryos is optimal for offspring produced. Table 1.Comparison of the individual totals and the calculation of (offspring/embryo) by parity and season
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Ivanov, A., and A. Betin. "The effectiveness of the use of feed additive Agolin Ruminant in the rations of lactating cows." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2004-04.
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An important task for livestock farms is the use of plant feed extracts to improve the effectiveness of dairy production. The development of new alternative drugs based on natural plants allows for the biological protection of animals. Agolin Ruminant is multi-functional feed additive is a mixture of high-quality active ingredients of plant origin, which is designed to optimize consumption and improve feed conversion in the dairy industry. The purpose of the work was to find the increase in the productivity of high-yield cows by using feed additives based on plant extracts on a large number of animals. Production tests have been carried out in the dairy complex of LLC “Tambov-milk” in the Tambov region on Holstein cows with actual productivity at the level of 8500–9000 kg of milk per year. Analysis of cow productivity indicates a positive effect of the introduction of the feed additive Agolin Ruminant in the ration of animals. For example, in the control group of cows for 30 days of lactation the average daily milk yield from 1 cow was 27,44 kg, in the experimental group 28,14 kg, which was more than 700 g or 2,55 %. The introduction of the Agolin Ruminant feed additive into the ration of animals in the experimental group had a positive effect on the fat content in milk, which at the end of the research period was 3,69 % in the control group, and 3,71 % in the experimental group or 0,02 abs.% higher. The protein content in milk in the control group of cows was 3,16 %, and in the experimental group 3,18 % the excess was also equal to 0,02 abs.%. Economic calculations indicate the effectiveness and expediency of using the Agolin Ruminant feed additive in feeding highly productive cows. At the sale price of 1 kg of milk for 29,0 rubles the productivity of cows have been increased by 0,7 kg, and the income from 1 head per day has increased by 17,3 rubles minus the cost of feed additive.
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Halachmi, I., S. Ofir, and J. Miron. "Comparing two concentrate allowances in an automatic milking system." Animal Science 80, no. 3 (2005): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/asc40480339.
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AbstractThis study investigated the potential for applying an automatic milking system (AMS) to the management of high-yielding cows offered a total mixed ration (TMR). The null hypothesis was that it is desirable to maintain even in AMS, the TMR feeding management practice recommended for high-yielding cows and therefore it can be attained by ‘reducing the concentrate allocation in the robot without reducing the number of milkings’. Two feeding regimes were used: the ‘candy concept’, with only 1·2 kg of food concentrate – the minimum to attract the cow – provided at each visit to the milking robot; and the provision of a maximum of 7 kg of food concentrate per day. Approximately 100 cows were subjected to one or other of these two treatments. Although the cows in the first treatment consumed approximately 3·5 kg of concentrate per day and those in the second treatment approximately 5 kg per day, no significant differences were observed in the numbers of voluntary milkings.
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Velazco, J. I., D. J. Cottle, and R. S. Hegarty. "Methane emissions and feeding behaviour of feedlot cattle supplemented with nitrate or urea." Animal Production Science 54, no. 10 (2014): 1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14345.
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Nitrate may serve as a non-protein nitrogen (NPN) source in ruminant diets while also reducing enteric methane emissions. A study was undertaken to quantify methane emissions of cattle when nitrate replaced urea in a high concentrate diet. Twenty Angus steers were allocated to two treatment groups and acclimated to one of two iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous finisher rations (containing NPN as urea or as calcium nitrate), with all individual feeding events recorded. A single methane measurement device (C-lock Inc., Rapid City, SD, USA) was exchanged weekly between treatments (2 × 1-week periods per treatment) to provide estimations of daily methane production (DMP; g CH4/day). A 17% reduction in estimated DMP (P = 0.071) resulted from nitrate feeding, attributed to both a tendency for reduced dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.088) and H2 capture by the consumed nitrate. NO3-fed cattle consumed a larger number of meals (14.69 vs 7.39 meals/day; P < 0.05) of smaller size (0.770 vs 1.820 kg/meal) each day, so the average interval between a feeding event and methane measurement was less in NO3-fed cattle (3.44 vs 5.15 h; P < 0.05). This difference could potentially have skewed the estimated DMP and contributed to the tendency (P = 0.06) for NO3-fed cattle to have a higher methane yield (g CH4/kg DMI) than urea-fed cattle. This study found short-term methane emission measurements made over 2 weeks (per treatment group) were adequate to show dietary nitrate tended to reduce emission and change the feeding pattern of feedlot cattle. Changes in feeding frequency may have confounded the ability of short-term methane measurements to provide data suitable for accurately estimating methane per unit feed intake.
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Kotrbáček, V., J. Doucha, and T. Offenbartl. "Use of Chlorella as a carrier of organic-bound iodine in the nutrition of sows." Czech Journal of Animal Science 49, No. 1 (2011): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4267-cjas.
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The effect of supplementation with iodine incorporated into biomass of the unicellular alga Chlorella on the content of this element in colostrum and milk was investigated in sows of the Large White breed. Experiments were conducted in two elite herds with different levels of iodine supply in basal feed mixtures. On farm A the feed mixture contained 1 549 &micro;g I/kg, on farm B it was 228 &micro;g I/kg. Pregnant sows on both farms were divided into control and experimental group a fortnight before parturition. Control group comprised 8 sows on farm A and 6 sows on farm B. As the sows on both farms received feed rations of 3 kg feed per head/day, iodine uptake of control animals was 4 647 &micro;g I per head/day on farm A and 684 &micro;g I per head/day on farm B. In addition to this supply experimental sows, 9 animals on farm A and 6 animals on farm B, received 450 &micro;g per head/day of iodine bound in Chlorella biomass. Total iodine uptake was 5 097 &micro;g per head/day on farm A and 1 134 &micro;g per head/day on farm B. Supplementation also continued in the lactation period when total iodine uptake increased with increasing feed consumption. The supplement of organically bound iodine for experimental sows continued to be 450 &micro;g per head/day. Colostrum samples were taken in both groups on the first two days after parturition while milk samples were taken at the end of the third week of lactation. Iodine concentration in these samples and in feed mixtures was determined spectrophotometrically according to Sandell-Kolthoff&rsquo;s method. Numbers of born and reared piglets, and lactation performance of sows determined by weighing litters on day 21 of piglet life were investigated in individual sows. This litter weight was used to calculate average weight gains of piglets for the period of investigations. The supplementation of Chlorella -bound iodine increased the content of this element in colostrum of experimental sows from 365 &plusmn; 81 &micro;g/l to 492 &plusmn; 122 &micro;g/l on farm A (p &lt; 0.05) and from 241 &plusmn; 70 &micro;g/l to 391 &plusmn; 75 &micro;g/l on farm B (p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.01). Iodine concentration in milk decreased in all sows, particularly in the animals included in both experimental groups, where it decreased to about half the values detected in colostrum (p &lt; 0.01). Lower iodine content in milk of supplemented sows corresponded with their higher lactation performance. Differences in milk production were obvious mainly on farm B, i.e. in sows with low uptake of dietary iodine. The average lactation performance of supplemented sows on this farm was 61.2 &plusmn; 7.95 kg/head while in controls it was 54.9 &plusmn; 4.22 kg/head. As the number of experimental animals was low, this difference was below the level of statistical significance. Neither was it possible to prove the higher weight gains of piglets found out in both experimental groups on a significance level. No relationship was established between the number of reared piglets and supplementation of organically bound iodine. It can be concluded from the results that the supplementation of iodine bound in Chlorella biomass increased its concentration in colostrum of sows with both the low and the high dietary uptake of this element, which proved its good utilisation. A possible positive effect of this supplementation on lactation performance of sows and weight gains of piglets should be verified in further experiments. &nbsp;
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Miyajima, Daiichiro. "Seed-producing System in Salvias." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 3 (1996): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.3.419.
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The seed-producing system of salvias (Salvia splendens Sello) was investigated. The number of florets opening per day per plant increased with the increase in days from anthesis. Pollinators that effectively worked were small-sized insects. High pollen viability was observed on the stigmatic surface, and pollen tubes reached the ovules within 3 hours after pollination. Fertilized ovules became mature seeds within 25 days after fertilization. Pollination within 1 day after opening of florets resulted in a high percentage of seed setting. The pollen-ovule ratios indicated that salvias were facultative xenogamous. Actually, the salvias had heterostyle florets and the ability to set seeds without pollinators.
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Gopaldas, Tara, and Sunder Gujral. "A Multinutrient Package of Iron, Vitamin A, and Iodine Improved the Productivity and Earnings of Women Tea Pickers in South India." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 24, no. 2 (2003): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482650302400215.
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Tea-picking is a highly skilled activity that is usually performed by women. This study, conducted on the Balanoor Plantations, India, from 1996 to 1998, was successful in empowering 339 women pickers and their families to take iron (60 mg of elemental iron two times a week) and vitamin A (1,600 IU) once a week, and to purchase subsidized iodized salt (30 ppm) from the plantation ration shop. The average hemoglobin level of the pickers rose significantly (p < .001) from 11.0 g/dl at baseline to 11.9 g/dl at the end of the nine months of intervention. The average amount of tea per picker increased significantly (p < .001) from 22.9 to 25.6 kg. There was a significant decrease in the number of “moderate pickers,” who picked between 14 and 25 kg per day, and a significant increase in the number of “good pickers,” who picked more than 25 kg per day, and the earnings of the majority of the pickers increased. The management of the estate where the intervention occurred benefited from a decrease in the number of pickers needed during the supplement period from 2,857 to 2,763, with no significant change in the yield per hectare in the two years. The yield per hectare on the control estate was not significantly different from that on the intervention estate, and the average amount of tea picked per worker was the same for the two periods (20.8 and 20.7 kg).
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Breunig, Ian, Qing Zheng, Alan White, Christianna Williams, and Allison Muma. "RATES OF HOSPITALIZATION AND EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT VISITS AND THE QUALITY OF NURSING HOMES IN THE U.S." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (2019): S688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2536.
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Abstract CMS strives to reduce costs and improve care for nursing home (NH) residents by reducing acute care transfers. We used a national database of Medicare claims and the Minimum Data Set to build NH stays from July 2017 through June 2018 and identify dates of hospital admissions and emergency department visits without hospitalization (ED) among all residents. We calculated rates of 30-day re-hospitalization and ED among short-stay (rehabilitation) residents, and the number of hospitalizations or ED per long-stay resident day (LSRD), then examined associations with NH Five-Star ratings (data.medicare.gov) and other provider characteristics available from Medicare administrative data. We identified 1.79 million short-stays and 898,290 long-stays at 15,576 NHs. Nationally, the 30-day re-hospitalization rate is 22.6%, the short-stay ED rate is 12.0%, there was one hospitalization every 561 LSRD (1.8 per 1000 LSRD), and there was one ED every 617 LSRD (1.6 per 1000 LSRD). Median facility rates were 22.3% (IQR=17.8%, 27.1%) for 30-day re-hospitalizations, 12.0% (IQR=8.7%, 16.1%) for short-stay EDs, 1.6 hospitalizations per 1000 LSRD (IQR=1.1, 2.3), and 1.4 ED per 1000 LSRD (IQR =0.9, 2.2). Higher rates were strongly associated with lower Five-Star ratings, particularly staffing ratings, and larger, for-profit, non-hospital facilities; even after risk-adjustment. NH variation and associations with provider characteristics suggest it is possible to further reduce acute care transfers. CMS incorporated these measures into the Five-Star rating system, providing greater transparency for residents and possibly incentivizing NHs to improve through competition. Future research should monitor success or identify the need for other avenues to improve.
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Edgerton, V. R., M. Y. Zhou, Y. Ohira, et al. "Human fiber size and enzymatic properties after 5 and 11 days of spaceflight." Journal of Applied Physiology 78, no. 5 (1995): 1733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.5.1733.
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Biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle were obtained from three astronauts before and after two 5-day flights and from five astronauts before and after one 11-day flight (space shuttle flights: STS-32, -33, and -34). Muscle fibers from two separate samples from each biopsy were classified as type I and II or as type I, IIA, and IIB by using qualitative myofibrillar adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) staining. Cross-sectional area (CSA), number of capillaries per fiber, and the activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPD), and myofibrillar ATPase were determined from one sample of fibers of each myofibrillar ATPase type. Postflight biopsies had 6–8% fewer type I fibers than preflight. Mean fiber CSAs were 16–36% smaller after the 11-day flight with the relative effect being type IIB > IIA > I. Mean fiber CSAs were 11 and 24% smaller in type I and II fibers after 5 days of flight. Myofibrillar ATPase activities increased in type II but not in type I fibers after flight, whereas SDH activity was unaffected in either fast or slow fibers. GPD activity in type I fibers was approximately 80% higher (P > 0.05) postflight compared with preflight. Myofibrillar ATPase/SDH ratios in type II fibers were higher after than before flight, suggesting that some fast fibers were more susceptible to fatigue after flight. The GPD/SDH ratios were elevated in some type I fibers after spaceflight. The number of capillaries per fiber was 24% lower after than before flight, whereas the number of capillaries per unit CSA of muscle tissue was unchanged. These data suggest that adaptations in the size, metabolic properties, and vascularity of muscle fibers can occur rapidly in the space environment. These adaptations were qualitatively similar to those observed in animals after actual or simulated spaceflight conditions for short periods.
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Pottinger, T., and I. Brierley. "A putative cortisol receptor in the rainbow trout erythrocyte: stress prevents starvation-induced increases in specific binding of cortisol." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 14 (1997): 2035–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.14.2035.
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Binding sites for the steroid hormone cortisol, with characteristics typical of a steroid receptor, were detected in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) erythrocyte. Binding of [3H]cortisol to a washed and purified erythrocyte suspension was saturable (Bmax=0.33&plusmn;0.06 fmol per 2x10(6) cells; approximately 100&plusmn;18 sites per cell; mean &plusmn; s.e.m., N=6), of high affinity (Kd=4.7&plusmn;0.4 nmol l-1) and reversible in the presence of an excess of unlabelled ligand. Maximum levels of specific binding were observed within 60 min of the addition of [3H]cortisol at 4 &deg;C and were stable for 2&shy;3 h. Within 20 min of the addition of excess unlabelled ligand, 60 % of specifically bound [3H]cortisol had dissociated. Both dexamethasone and cortisol completely displaced specifically bound [3H]cortisol at 100-fold excess, whereas a 1000-fold excess of unlabelled cortisone, 11-ketotestosterone, oestradiol-17&szlig;, testosterone and 17,20&szlig;-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one failed to displace specifically bound [3H]cortisol completely. Specific binding sites for [3H]cortisol were located predominantly (92 %) within the cytosolic fraction of the erythrocyte, with a trace amount of specific binding (8 %) detectable in the membrane fraction. No specific binding of [3H]cortisol was apparent in the erythrocyte nuclear fraction. A 7 day period of confinement stress resulted in no significant change in the number of erythrocyte cortisol-binding sites in rainbow trout, although plasma cortisol levels were significantly elevated in the stressed fish. However, in control unconfined fish, there was a progressive and significant increase in the amount of specifically bound cortisol per cell during the course of the experiment (from 0.097&plusmn;0.030 to 0.260&plusmn;0.070 fmol per 2x10(6) cells). A similar result was obtained when the experiment was repeated for confirmation. In both experiments, food was withheld from control and confined fish because of the negative impact of stress on appetite. The possibility that the increase in the number of erythrocyte cortisol-binding sites was related to the withdrawal of food was tested by quantifying the amount of specifically bound cortisol in erythrocytes over a 14 day period in unstressed rainbow trout maintained on normal rations and in unstressed fish from which food was withheld. A significant increase in the amount of specifically bound cortisol was observed with time in the fasted fish (from 0.33&plusmn;0.07 to 0.53&plusmn;0.03 fmol per 2x10(6) cells). These data suggest that the abundance of erythrocyte cortisol-binding sites in trout is a function of nutritional status and that stress opposes a fasting-induced increase in the number of binding sites.
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Murfee, Walter L., Laura A. Hammett, Caroline Evans, et al. "High-frequency, low-magnitude vibrations suppress the number of blood vessels per muscle fiber in mouse soleus muscle." Journal of Applied Physiology 98, no. 6 (2005): 2376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01135.2004.
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Extremely low-magnitude (0.3 g), high-frequency (30–90 Hz), whole body vibrations can stimulate bone formation and are hypothesized to provide a surrogate for the oscillations of muscle during contraction. Little is known, however, about the potential of these mechanical signals to stimulate adaptive responses in other tissues. The objective of this study was to determine whether low-level mechanical signals produce structural adaptations in the vasculature of skeletal muscle. Eight-week-old male BALB/cByJ (BALB) mice were divided into two experimental groups: mice subjected to low-level, whole body vibrations (45 Hz, 0.3 g) superimposed on normal cage activities for 15 min/day ( n = 6), and age-matched controls ( n = 7). After the 6-wk experimental protocol, sections from end and mid regions of the soleus muscles were stained with lectin from Bandeiraea Simplicifolia, an endothelial cell marker, and smooth muscle (SM) α-actin, a perivascular cell marker. Six weeks of this low-level vibration caused a 29% decrease in the number of lectin-positive vessels per muscle fiber in the end region of the soleus muscle, indicating a significant reduction in the number of capillaries per muscle fibers. Similarly, these vibrations caused a 36% reduction in SM α-actin-positive vessels per muscle fiber, indicating a reduction in the number of arterioles and venules. The decreases in lectin- and SM α-actin-positive vessels per muscle fiber ratios were not significant in the mid muscle sections. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of the vasculature in mouse skeletal muscle to whole body, low-level mechanical signals.
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Campbell, Lauren, and Yue Li. "Are Facebook user ratings associated with hospital cost, quality and patient satisfaction? A cross-sectional analysis of hospitals in New York State." BMJ Quality & Safety 27, no. 2 (2017): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2016-006291.
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BackgroundHospital care costs are high while quality varies across hospitals. Patient satisfaction may be associated with better clinical quality, and social media ratings may offer another opportunity to measure patient satisfaction with care.ObjectivesTo test if Facebook user ratings of hospitals are associated with existing measures of patient satisfaction, cost and quality.Research designData were obtained from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Hospital Compare, the Hospital Inpatient Prospective Payment System impact files and the Area Health Resource File for 2015. Information from hospitals’ Facebook pages was collected in July 2016. Multivariate linear regression was used to test if there is an association between Facebook user ratings (star rating and adjusted number of ‘likes’) and Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) patient satisfaction measures, the 30-day all-cause readmission rate, and the Medicare spending per beneficiary (MSPB) ratio.SubjectsOne hundred and thirty-six acute care hospitals in New York State in 2015.ResultsAn increase in the Facebook star rating is associated with significant increases in 21/23 HCAHPS measures (p≤0.003). An increase in the adjusted number of ‘likes’ is associated with very small increases in 3/23 HCAHPS measures (p<0.05). Facebook user ratings are not associated with the 30-day all-cause readmission rate or the Medicare spending per beneficiary ratio.ConclusionsResults demonstrate an association between HCAHPS patient satisfaction measures and Facebook star ratings. Adjusted number of ‘likes’ may not be a useful measure of patient satisfaction.
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Hunter, Fiona F., and Tami M. Sadonoja. "Effects of temperature and predator:prey ratio on feeding rate in larvae of Atherix lantha Webb (Diptera: Athericidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 4 (1997): 644–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-081.
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Predator:prey experiments were conducted in the laboratory using snipe fly (Atherix lantha Webb) larvae as predators and hydropsychid caddisflies (Cheumatopsyche spp.) as prey. The effects on feeding rate of two different temperature regimes (20 and 10 °C) and five different predator:prey ratios (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3) were tested. The number of caddisflies consumed per A. lantha larva per day was significantly greater at 20 °C than at 10 °C for the 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 ratios (2×, 7×, and 2× greater, respectively). There were no significant differences between the 20 and 10 °C treatments at either the 3:1 or 1:3 ratio.
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Emmert, Martin, and Stuart McLennan. "One Decade of Online Patient Feedback: Longitudinal Analysis of Data From a German Physician Rating Website." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 7 (2021): e24229. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/24229.
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Background Feedback from patients is an essential element of a patient-oriented health care system. Physician rating websites (PRWs) are a key way patients can provide feedback online. This study analyzes an entire decade of online ratings for all medical specialties on a German PRW. Objective The aim of this study was to examine how ratings posted on a German PRW have developed over the past decade. In particular, it aimed to explore (1) the distribution of ratings according to time-related aspects (year, month, day of the week, and hour of the day) between 2010 and 2019, (2) the number of physicians with ratings, (3) the average number of ratings per physician, (4) the average rating, (5) whether differences exist between medical specialties, and (6) the characteristics of the patients rating physicians. Methods All scaled-survey online ratings that were posted on the German PRW jameda between 2010 and 2019 were obtained. Results In total, 1,906,146 ratings were posted on jameda between 2010 and 2019 for 127,921 physicians. The number of rated physicians increased constantly from 19,305 in 2010 to 82,511 in 2018. The average number of ratings per rated physicians increased from 1.65 (SD 1.56) in 2010 to 3.19 (SD 4.69) in 2019. Overall, 75.2% (1,432,624/1,906,146) of all ratings were in the best rating category of “very good,” and 5.7% (107,912/1,906,146) of the ratings were in the lowest category of “insufficient.” However, the mean of all ratings was 1.76 (SD 1.53) on the German school grade 6-point rating scale (1 being the best) with a relatively constant distribution over time. General practitioners, internists, and gynecologists received the highest number of ratings (343,242, 266,899, and 232,914, respectively). Male patients, those of higher age, and those covered by private health insurance gave significantly (P<.001) more favorable evaluations compared to their counterparts. Physicians with a lower number of ratings tended to receive ratings across the rating scale, while physicians with a higher number of ratings tended to have better ratings. Physicians with between 21 and 50 online ratings received the lowest ratings (mean 1.95, SD 0.84), while physicians with >100 ratings received the best ratings (mean 1.34, SD 0.47). Conclusions This study is one of the most comprehensive analyses of PRW ratings to date. More than half of all German physicians have been rated on jameda each year since 2016, and the overall average number of ratings per rated physicians nearly doubled over the decade. Nevertheless, we could also observe a decline in the number of ratings over the last 2 years. Future studies should investigate the most recent development in the number of ratings on both other German and international PRWs as well as reasons for the heterogeneity in online ratings by medical specialty.
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Shaw, Douglas V. "Heterogeneity of Segregation Ratios from Selfed Progenies Demonstrate Polygenic Inheritance for Day Neutrality in Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.)." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128, no. 4 (2003): 504–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.128.4.0504.
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Selfed progenies were generated using 10 day-neutral genotypes from the University of California (UC) strawberry breeding program as parents and their offspring were classified for late-summer flowering response. The grandparents of each selfed progeny included one of four day-neutral genotypes and one of eight short-day genotypes. Under the null hypothesis of genetic control by a single locus with the allele for day-neutrality dominant to the allele for short-day flowering response, all of these day-neutral parent genotypes must be heterozygous and their selfed offspring were expected to fit a 3:1 ratio of day-neutral: short-day phenotypes. The percentage of day-neutral offspring observed over all progenies was 70.9%, and was significantly smaller than the expected value of 75% (χ21 = 5.08, P < 0.02). The percentage of day-neutral offspring for individual progenies ranged from 41.4% to 84.8%, and highly significant heterogeneity was detected among progenies (χ29 = 40.3, P < 0.01). Selfed progeny means for the cumulative late-summer flowering score calculated using the day-neutral fraction of offspring varied from 1.31 to 2.35 and progeny means for the number of inflorescences per plant ranged from 3.5 to 9.9; these differences among progenies were highly significant (P < 0.01). These observations can be used to conclusively reject the hypothesis that day-neutrality in this domestic strawberry population is controlled by a single locus.
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Abouleish, Amr E., Donald S. Prough, Charles W. Whitten, et al. "Comparing Clinical Productivity of Anesthesiology Groups." Anesthesiology 97, no. 3 (2002): 608–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200209000-00014.
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Background Intergroup comparisons of clinical productivity are important for strategic planning and evaluation of clinical and business operations. However, in a preliminary study, comparisons of two anesthesiology groups using "per full-time equivalent" measurements were confounded by different concurrencies or staffing ratios, whereas measurements based on "per operating room (OR) site," "per case," and "billed American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) units per hour of care" permitted meaningful comparisons despite differing concurrencies. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these measurements would allow for meaningful comparisons when applied to multiple groups. Methods Annual totals of total ASA units (tASA), 15-min time units, and the number of cases billed, as well as the average number of daily anesthetizing sites (OR sites) staffed and the average number of anesthesiologists required to the staff sites, were collected from each group that participated. All anesthesia care billed with ASA units was included, except for obstetric care. Any clinical service not billed using ASA units was excluded. Productivity measurements (concurrency, tASA/OR site, hours billed per OR site per day, hours billed per case, tASA billed per hour of anesthesia care, and base units per case) were calculated. Median and range for all groups and for private-practice and academic groups were determined. Results Eleven private-practice and nine academic groups from 12 states participated in the study. Productivity measurements that are influenced by duration of surgery (hours billed per case, tASA billed per hour of anesthesia care) differed significantly between groups, with private-practice groups having shorter duration than academic groups (median hours billed per case, 1.5 2.6, respectively). Although tASA/OR site measurements were similar in private-practice and academic groups, academic groups worked significantly longer hours billed per OR site per day (median, 6.0 h 7.8, respectively) to achieve the same level of tASA/OR site. Hourly billing productivity (tASA billed per hour of anesthesia care) correlated highly with surgical duration (hours billed per case). Conclusion This study demonstrates a method of comparing departmental clinical productivity between anesthesiology groups. Private-practice groups provided care for cases of shorter duration than academic groups. This difference was evident in several productivity measurements.
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Karatzia, Maria A., Panagiotis D. Katsoulos, and Harilaos Karatzias. "Diet supplementation with clinoptilolite improves energy status, reproductive efficiency and increases milk yield in dairy heifers." Animal Production Science 53, no. 3 (2013): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11347.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term dietary inclusion of clinoptilolite on the energy status, reproductive parameters and milk yield of dairy heifers. Eighty Holstein pregnant heifers were equally divided to two groups: treatment group heifers were fed the ration supplemented with 200 g clinoptilolite per day; control group heifers were fed the basal ration and served as controls. The experiment started on Day 210 of gestation and lasted until the end of the first lactation period. Blood samples were collected from each animal at the start of the experiment, 30 days later on the day of calving and then on a monthly basis and were analysed for serum glucose and ketone bodies. On the same days, all animals were monitored for body condition score. Cows were observed for heat every day and were inseminated at first heat after the 60th day postpartum. Calving to first heat interval, calving to first service interval, number of services per conception and calving interval were calculated for both groups. Milk yield for each cow was recorded monthly and 305-day milk yield was calculated. Clinoptilolite supplementation significantly increased body condition score and blood serum concentration of glucose and significantly decreased blood serum concentration of ketone bodies. Clinoptilolite also improved significantly the reproductive parameters evaluated and significantly increased milk production. These results indicate that daily dietary administration of 200 g of clinoptilolite can be used for the improvement of animal performance in dairy herds.
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Ostlie, K. R., J. Luedeman, P. Price, K. Helgeson, and J. Rowe. "Evaluation of Transgenic Corn Against European Corn Borer, 1997C." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (1998): 377–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.377.
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Abstract This experiment was conducted to assess the performance of Bacillus thuringienis (Bt) trangenic corn hybrids (100- and 105-day RM) and comparable non-Bt hybrids against a natural ECB infestation in east central Minnesota. Plots, each measuring 50 ft by 8 rows (30- inch row spacing), were established in Dakota silt loam soil on 19 May at a rate of 32,000 seeds per acre. Plots were arranged in a RCB with four replications. ECB injury assessments for first generation on 30 Jul included % shotholing from the center two rows of each plot and leaf injury ratings (1 to 9 scale) from 10 plants per plot. Tunnel length and number from first generation were measured from 10 plants per plot on 13-15 Aug. Measurements for second generation ECB on 14, 20, & 27 Oct included cumulative tunnel length and number, fall larvae, ear and shank damage from 10 plants per plot. Plants were harvested on 6 Nov and yields were corrected to 15.5% moisture.
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Cislo, Paul, and Jonathan Reuning-Scherer. "Effects of radium-223 dichloride (Ra-223) on risk for hospitalization and health care resource use in the phase 3 ALSYMPCA trial." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 30_suppl (2014): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.30_suppl.21.
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21 Background: Ra-223 is a first-in-class alpha-emitter approved for treatment (tx) of patients (pts) with castration-resistant prostate cancer and symptomatic bone metastases. In ALSYMPCA, Ra-223 significantly improved overall survival by 3.6 months vs placebo (pbo) (HR = 0.70; 95% CI, 0.58-0.83; P < 0.001) and was well tolerated. To understand whether the tx benefit corresponds to differences in utilization, hospitalization and other types of health care resource use were evaluated. Methods: Data on hospitalization, nursing home visits, home health care and adult day care services use, and physician visits were captured for each pt. Tx groups were compared, based on percentage needing each type of health care resource, using Fisher’s exact test. To account for differences in each pt resource use in ALSYMPCA, the number of encounters (eg, office visits) and duration of encounters (eg, days hospitalized) were divided by observation time. The mean number and duration of encounters were compared using analysis of variance. To compare tx groups based on the rate of use per year, incidence rates and ratios were calculated using a generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression model. Results: The mean follow-up time in months for Ra-223 vs pbo was 10.0 vs 8.6. The incidence rate for Ra-223 vs pbo was 1.1 vs 1.4 (incidence rate ratio = 0.77; 95% CI, 0.62-0.95; P = 0.013). The mean number of hospitalizations and hospitalization days per year for Ra-223 vs pbo were 1.3 vs 1.7 (P = 0.020) and 8.1 vs 14.6 (P < 0.001), respectively. The percentage of pts that required hospitalization was nominally lower for Ra-223 vs pbo (42.3% vs 49.0%, P = 0.062). Among pts who experienced at least one hospitalization, the mean number of hospitalization days per year for Ra-223 vs pbo pts was 19.4 vs 30.4 (P < 0.001). No significant differences were found between tx groups in terms of visits or durations of time in nursing homes per year, amount of adult day care and home health care services utilized per year, and number of physician visits per year. Conclusions: Compared with pbo, Ra-223 tx resulted in a 23% reduction in incidence of hospitalizations per year and about 6.5 fewer hospitalization days per pt per year. Clinical trial information: NCT00699751.
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Converse, Reagan R., John F. Griffith, Rachel T. Noble, Richard A. Haugland, Kenneth C. Schiff, and Stephen B. Weisberg. "Correlation between Quantitative PCR and Culture-Based Methods for Measuring Enterococcus spp. over Various Temporal Scales at Three California Marine Beaches." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 4 (2011): 1237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.07136-11.
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ABSTRACTSeveral studies have examined how fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) measurements compare between quantitative PCR (qPCR) and the culture methods it is intended to replace. Here, we extend those studies by examining the stability of that relationship within a beach, as affected by time of day and seasonal variations in source.Enterococcusspp. were quantified at three southern California beaches in the morning and afternoon using two qPCR assays, membrane filtration, and defined-substrate testing. While qPCR and culture-based measurements were consistently and significantly correlated, strength of the correlation varied both among and within beaches. Correlations were higher in the morning (0.45 < ρ < 0.74 [P< 0.002]) than in the afternoon (0.18 < ρ < 0.45 [P< 0.021]) and higher when the fecal contamination was concentrated (0.38 < ρ < 0.83 [P< 0.001]) than when it was diffuse (0.19 < ρ < 0.34 [P< 0.003]). The ratios of culture-based and qPCR results (CFU or most probable number [MPN] per calibrator cell equivalents [CCE]) also varied spatially and temporally. Ratios ranged between 0.04 and 0.85 CFU or MPN per CCE and were lowest at the beach affected by diffuse pollution. Patterns in the ratios over the course of the day were dissimilar across beaches, increasing with time at one beach and decreasing at another. The spatial and temporal variability we observed indicate that the empirical relationship between culture-based and qPCR results is not universal, even within a beach.
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Matsuda, Yoshikazu, Dong-Kyu Jang, Joonho Chung, John Michael Wainwright, and Demetrius Lopes. "Preliminary outcomes of single antiplatelet therapy for surface-modified flow diverters in an animal model: analysis of neointimal development and thrombus formation using OCT." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 11, no. 1 (2018): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-013935.
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ObjectiveTo evaluate the rate of neointimal development and thrombus formation of surface-modified flow diverters in single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in a porcine model.MethodsWe divided 10 experimental pigs into two groups. One group (n=6) received dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) and the other group (n=4) received SAPT. Four stents (two per carotid artery) were implanted in both groups. The stents used were the Pipeline Flex embolization device (PED Flex), Pipeline Flex with Shield technology (PED Shield), and the Solitaire AB stent. All animals underwent weekly angiography and OCT. The OCT data were analyzed using the following measurements: neointimal ratio ((stent – lumen area)/stent area), stent-coverage ratio (number of stent struts covered by neointima/total stent struts), and the presence or absence of thrombus formation per 1 mm cross-section.ResultsPED Flex and Shield in the SAPT group had higher neointimal ratios than in the DAPT group (P<0.001, respectively). In the DAPT group, the speed of endothelial growth on day 7 in the PED Shield group was higher than that in the PED Flex group (P<0.001). In the SAPT group, PED Flex demonstrated significantly more thrombus formation on day 7 than PED Shield (P<0.001).ConclusionsThe PED Shield stent showed faster endothelial growth than the other devices and comparable neointimal volume. There was significantly less thrombus formation on PED Shield than PED Flex when using SAPT in a porcine model.
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DÓREA, F. C., D. J. COLE, and D. E. STALLKNECHT. "Quantitative exposure assessment of waterfowl hunters to avian influenza viruses." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 5 (2012): 1039–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812001720.
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SUMMARYThe potential for direct transmission of type A influenza viruses from wild waterfowl to humans is undefined. This study estimated exposure of hunters to avian influenza virus (AIV) resulting from direct contact with potentially infected waterfowl in Georgia (GA), Louisiana (LA) and Minnesota (MN), and demonstrated variation in the risk of exposure to AIV by hunting location and time. Hunting begins earlier in MN, starting in October, and later in GA and LA, usually starting in November. In addition, the numbers of hunters and birds harvested varies considerably in each state, with LA hosting the largest harvest in the USA Temporal effects resulted in variation of the exposure risk per hunter-day, with a higher risk associated with the earlier months of the hunting season. Exposure risk in locations varied due to AIV prevalence during each hunting season, average bird harvest per hunter-day, and ratio of juveniles/adult birds harvested (higher risk associated with higher ratios). Population risk is discussed based on the exposure risk and number of active hunters in each state per month. The risk of human exposure to AIV was also shown to be temporally distinct from the time of greatest risk of human influenza A infection during circulation of seasonal human influenza viruses, making recombination events due to co-infection unlikely.
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Cloete, S. W. P., A. R. Gilmour, J. J. Olivier, and J. B. van Wyk. "Genetic and phenotypic trends and parameters in reproduction, greasy fleece weight and liveweight in Merino lines divergently selected for multiple rearing ability." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 8 (2004): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02225.
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Genetic and phenotypic trends and parameters were estimated for reproduction, fleece weight and liveweight in a South African Merino population, divergently selected from 1986, either for (H line) or against (L line) maternal multiple rearing ability. Annual reproduction, ewe greasy fleece weight and pre-joining liveweight data were recorded on 809 Merino ewes, from 1986 to 2002. Phenotypic trends indicated divergence in reproduction traits between the H and L lines. The direct additive variance ratio (h2 ± s.e.) for day of lambing was 0.08 ± 0.02. Estimates of h2 for reproduction traits were: 0.10 ± 0.02 for number of lambs born per ewe; 0.04 ± 0.02 for number of lambs weaned per ewe; and 0.04 ± 0.02 for weight of lamb weaned per ewe, corrected for the gender of the lamb. Corresponding h2 estimates for annual production were 0.57 ± 0.06 for greasy fleece weight and 0.48 ± 0.06 for ewe liveweight at joining. Service sire only exerted a significant (P<0.05) effect on day of lambing, but it accounted for merely 2% of the overall phenotypic variation. Ewe permanent environment variance ratios (c2ewe) for the reproduction traits were: 0.07 ± 0.03 for number of lambs born per ewe; 0.11 ± 0.03 for number of lambs weaned per ewe; and 0.11 ± 0.03 for total weight of lamb weaned per ewe. Corresponding c2ewe estimates for annual production traits were 0.14 ± 0.05 for greasy fleece weight and 0.27 ± 0.06 for ewe joining weight. Genetic and ewe permanent environmental correlations between measures of reproduction exceeded 0.7. Genetic correlations of reproduction traits with greasy fleece weight were low and variable in sign. Genetic correlations of reproduction traits with ewe joining weight were positive and particularly high for weight of lamb weaned. Permanent environmental correlations of reproduction traits with greasy fleece weight and joining weight were generally low to moderate. Genetic trends for the H and L lines (derived from averaged direct breeding values within birth years) were divergent (P<0.01) for all reproduction traits. Expressed as percentage of the overall least squares means of the respective traits, breeding values in the H line increased annually, with 1.3% for lambs born per ewe, 1.5% for lambs weaned per ewe and by 1.8% for weight of lamb weaned per ewe. Corresponding trends in the L line were, respectively, –0.6%, –1.0% and –1.2% per year. Substantial genetic progress in annual lamb output was attainable, despite relatively small h2 estimates. This response was achieved without unfavourable genetic changes in wool and liveweight.
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Guillot, Justine, Denis Lebel, Hélène Roy, Philippe Ovetchkine, and Jean-François Bussières. "Usefulness of Defined Daily Dose and Days of Therapy in Pediatrics and Obstetrics-Gynecology: A Comparative Analysis of Antifungal Drugs (2000–2001, 2005–2006, and 2010–2011)." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 19, no. 3 (2014): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-19.3.196.
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OBJECTIVES: The objective was to describe antifungal drug use by using the number of defined daily doses (DDD)/1000 patient-days per antifungal, the number of days of therapy (DOT)/1000 patient-days per antifungal, and the mean dose in mg/kg/day per antifungal during a 10-year period. METHODS: Retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study, in a mother-child university hospital center, with 400 pediatric beds and 100 obstetrics-gynecology beds. All inpatients who received 1 of the 7 authorized antifungals on the institution’s local formulary in 2000–2001, 2005–2006, or 2010–2011 were included. Prescriptions for emergency department and outpatient clinics were excluded. The data were extracted from the patients’ computerized medication profiles linked to patient admission, discharge, and transfer data. The DDD, DOT, and the mean dose in mg/kg/day were calculated for each antifungal and overall. RESULTS: There was a 2.97-fold increase in the overall number of DDD/1000 patient-days, from 14.8 in 2000–2001 to 37.5 in 2005–2006 and 43.9 in 2010–2011. There was a 2.97-fold increase in the overall number of DOT/1000 patient-days, from 22.8 in 2000–2001 to 50.3 in 2005–2006 and 67.8 in 2010–2011. CONCLUSIONS: It can be difficult to compare the use of antifungal drugs among institutions, owing to numerous factors, but it gives an idea about the consumption outside the studied center. Moreover, these ratios help to evaluate the use of antifungals within a same institution. These data could be correlated among others, with resistance patterns, in order to improve our daily practice concerning antifungal prescription.
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Ostlie, K. R., J. Luedeman, P. Price, J. Bhend, B. Potter, and P. Porter. "Evaluation of Transgenic Corn Against European Corn Borer, 1997B." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (1998): 376–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.376.
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Abstract This experiment was conducted to assess the performance of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic corn hybrids (100- and 105-day RM) and comparable non-Bt hybrids against a natural ECB infestation in southwest Minnesota. Plots, each measuring 50 ft by 8 rows (30-inch row spacing), were established in Normania loam soil on 5 May at a rate ol 30,000 seeds per acre. Plots were arranged in a RCB with four replications. ECB injury assessments for first generations on 4 Aug included % shotholing from the center two rows of each plot and leaf injury ratings from 10 plants per plot. Tunnel length and number from both the first generation and univoltine generations were measured simultaneously from 10 plants per plot on 27 Aug. Measurements for second-generation ECB on 15-16 Oct included cumulative tunnel length and number, fall larvae, and ear and shank damage. Plots were harvested on 23 Oct and yields were corrected to 15.5% moisture.
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TAKAGI, H., and ELLIOT BLOCK. "EFFECTS OF FEEDING COUMAPHOS TO DAIRY COWS AT VARIOUS STAGES OF LACTATION ON SUBCLINICAL PARASITE INFECTION AND MILK PRODUCTION." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 1 (1986): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-015.
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Twenty-eight Holstein cows were allocated to 14 blocks of two cows each, balanced for previous lactation performance, stage of lactation and parity number. Cows within each block were randomly assigned to a treated or untreated (control) group. Treated cows received coumaphos on day 0 (December) according to manufacturer's recommendations and were re-treated when fecal worm egg counts increased in April, May and August. Control and treated animals were fed similar rations formulated according to production and had access to different but similar pastures during the pasture season (May to October). Milk was weighed daily and sampled weekly for fat and protein determination during the 50-wk trial. Treatment reduced fecal egg counts by 84.8% initially. Average egg count per 5 g feces was reduced to 15.1 in treated cows compared with 37.1 in controls. Tracer calves that grazed on pasture with control cows had an average of 6.3 times more gastrointestinal worms than calves grazing with treated cows. Milk production was not significantly different between groups for the 50 wk of the trial; however, compared with control cows, treated cows produced 2.07 kg d−1 more milk when on pasture and 3.9 kg d−1 more milk when housed indoors after the grazing season. Treatment reduced milk production during the initial housing period. Key words: Subclinical parasitism, dairy cattle (lactating), coumaphos, host-parasite relationships
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Ma, Y., O. S. Kjesbu, and T. Jørgensen. "Effects of ration on the maturation and fecundity in captive Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, no. 4 (1998): 900–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-305.
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We examined the effects of amount of food on vitellogenic oocyte size and number (fecundity) between two experimental groups of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) kept in separate but identical compartments of a large seawater tank. Growth and maturation were monitored for 1.5 years. Each group of 200 fish was fed exclusively on krill. At the end of the experiment, a high-ration group, fed 12 mg ·g fish-1 ·day-1, had similar weights-at-length as wild specimens of the same stock. A low-ration group fed about half the amount of the high-ration group had significantly lower weights-at-length. Ration had no effect on oocyte size and relative potential fecundity (oocytes per gram), but mean potential fecundity (oocytes per fish) of the low-ration fish was 26% lower than that of the high-ration fish. The relative intensity of early stages of atresia was quantified histologically. Atresia is a common phenomenon in Atlantic herring and increases markedly with suboptimal feeding. Mean relative atretic intensities were estimated at about 3 and 6% for the high- and low-ration groups, respectively, but with large intragroup variation. Modeled realized fecundity (spawned eggs per fish) indicated a 9 and 40% reduction compared with the measured potential fecundities, respectively.
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Torres-Collado, Laura, Laura María Compañ-Gabucio, Sandra González-Palacios, et al. "Coffee Consumption and All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality in an Adult Mediterranean Population." Nutrients 13, no. 4 (2021): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13041241.
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We assessed the association between usual coffee consumption and all-cause, cardiovascular (CV), and cancer mortality in an adult population in Spain, taking into account both the amount and type of coffee consumed. We used baseline data on coffee consumption and other personal variables, and the number of deaths during an 18-year follow-up period, for 1567 participants aged 20 years and older from the Valencia Nutrition Study in Spain. Total, caffeinated, and decaffeinated coffee consumption was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Cox regression models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During the 18-year follow-up period, 317 died; 115 due to CV disease and 82 due to cancer. Compared with no-consumption, the consumption of ≤1 cup per day and >1 cup per day of coffee was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality, HR = 0.73 (95% CI: 0.56–0.97) and HR 0.56 (95% CI: 0.41–0.77), respectively. A lower cancer mortality was observed among drinkers of more than 1 cup per day compared with nondrinkers, HR 0.41 (95% CI 0.20–0.86). Regarding the type of coffee, only the overall consumption of caffeinated coffee was associated with lower all-cause mortality at 12 and 18 years of follow-up, HR = 0.66 (95% CI:0.46–0.94) and HR = 0.59 (95% CI: 0.44–0.79), respectively. In conclusion, this study suggests that the moderate consumption of coffee, particularly caffeinated coffee (range 1–6.5 cups per day), is associated with a lower all-cause and cancer mortality after a long follow-up period. No significant association was found between coffee consumption and CVD mortality.
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Lakso, A. N., G. B. Mattii, J. P. Nyrop, and S. S. Denning. "Influence of European Red Mite on Leaf and Whole-canopy Carbon Dioxide Exchange, Yield, Fruit Size, Quality, and Return Cropping in `Starkrimson Delicious' Apple Trees." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 5 (1996): 954–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.5.954.
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The hypothesis was tested that effects of late-season European Red Mite (ERM) [Panonychus ulmi (Koch)] injury on apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit development are better explained by carbon physiology than by pest densities. Midseason ERM populations were allowed to develop in mature semi-dwarf `Starkrimson Delicious'/M26 trees with moderately heavy crops, then were controlled with miticides at different mite-day (activity of one mite per leaf for 1 day) levels as estimated by weekly leaf sampling. The range of final mite-days was from 250 to 2100 on individual trees. Seasonal fruit growth patterns were monitored. Diurnal whole-canopy net CO2 exchange rate (NCER) was measured in eight clear flexible balloon whole-canopy chambers on several dates before and after mite infestations. Mite injury reduced fruit growth rates. Leaf and whole-canopy NCER were reduced similarly. Late season fruit growth and final fruit size were correlated with accumulated mite-days, but were better correlated to whole-canopy NCER per fruit. Fruit firmness, color, soluble solids and starch ratings showed no correlation to mite-days. Number of flower clusters per tree and final fruit per tree the following year were not related to accumulated mite-days, but final fruit per tree the following year were better correlated to whole-canopy NCER per fruit. These results generally supported the hypothesis.
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Kurepin, Leonid V., Linda J. Walton, David M. Reid, C. C. Chinnappa, and Richard P. Pharis. "Photoperiod, light quality, and irradiance effects on flowering in the alpine and prairie ecotypes of Stellaria longipes." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 6 (2007): 538–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-047.
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Plants growing in vegetative shade are subjected to reductions in both red to far-red (R/FR) light ratio and in irradiance levels of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). In this report we have attempted to uncouple the reduced R/FR ratio- and low PAR-mediated effects of shade on flowering in the ramets of Stellaria longipes Goldie s.l. (Caryophyllaceae) ecotypes collected from alpine “sun” and lower elevation prairie “shade” habitats. Both ecotypes were also tested for their flowering response (defined as the number of open flowers per ramet) to daylength. The alpine ecotype plants can best be classified as day-neutral, whereas prairie ecotype plants require long-days (LD). Under a low PAR of 115 μmol m–2·s–1 given under LD conditions at a reduced (0.7) R/FR ratio, alpine ecotype plants flowered significantly later relative to plants grown under the low PAR at a normal (1.22) R/FR ratio. In contrast, plants of the prairie ecotype flowered earlier under the reduced R/FR ratio combined with the same low PAR. Flower number per ramet differed significantly between the two ecotypes, with alpine ecotype plants developing fewer flowers under a low PAR (109 μmol m–2·s–1 irradiance) relative to a high PAR of 611 μmol m–2·s–1 (both given at a normal R/FR ratio). The prairie ecotype plants responded differently and had similar flower numbers under both low and high PARs at the normal (1.22) R/FR ratio. However, growing the prairie ecotype plants under a reduced R/FR ratio at a low PAR showed a significant increase in number of flowers. In contrast, plants grown under high (2.7) and normal (1.9) R/FR ratios combined with low PAR produced many more flowers than the alpine ecotype. Thus, the two components of shade, reduced R/FR ratio and low PAR can cause distinctly different flowering responses in sun and shade plants of S. longipes.
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Bakkar, M. N., S. M. Basmaeil, and A. A. Hamam. "Meat production and quality two unique properties of young camels." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 53, no. 2 (2000): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9756.
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(texte complet en anglais)Eighteen one-hump black (Majaheem) young camels were used to study growth rate and carcass percentage. The animals were selected and bought of similar age (about six months) and weight (around 150 kg). They were assigned randomly into three feeding groups. Each group was fed two types of rations: (A) concentrated pellets 18% crude protein at the rate of 1.5% CWT; and (B) one of three types of roughage: (a) alfalfa hay, (b) Rhodes grass hay, or (c) wheat straw treated with ammonia gas. Roughage was weighed and fed ad libitum. The experiment was ended when anirnals were about 14 months of age. Average body weights were 315, 298.8 and 291.4 kg for the three groups, respectively. Average daily gains for the three respective groups were 932, 803 and 767 g per day. Average carcass weights/kg (and carcass percentages) of each group were 180.6 (57.3%) for alfalfa, 170.7 (57.1%) for Rhodes and 168.1 (57.7%) for treated straw. Average forequarters weights/kg (and percentages to the carcass) were 98.9 (54.8%), 95.6 (56%) and 88.1 (52.4%) for the three groups, respectively. The hindquarters average weights/kg (and percentages) for the three respective groups were: 81,7 (45.2%), 75.1 (44%) and 80 (47.6%). Eight-year records (1986-1994) on carcasses of carnels, cattle and sheep were obtained from Riyadh Modem Slaughterhouse. The total number of animals killed was 3,891,301. Comparisons were made between the number of anirnals killed and the number of carcasses destroyed for each of the three species. It was found that on average for every carnel carcass destroyed 12 carcasses of cattle and 19 carcasses of sheep were destroyed. These results show clearly that camels produce the most hygienic meat for human consumption in comparison with cattle and sheep.
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Murray, PJ, JB Rowe, DW Pethick, and NR Adams. "The effect of nutrition on testicular growth in the Merino ram." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 1 (1990): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900185.
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Fifteen rams were used in a series of three experiments in which different nutritional treatments were allocated to groups of 5 individually housed animals (3 treatments per experiment). In all experiments one group received only the basal ration (1 kg/day of a pelleted diet) and a second group was fed this ration plus 750 g/day of lupins. The remaining three treatments were: (1) the basal ration plus an intra-abomasal infusion of casein (200 g/day) and glucose (1 12 g/day); (2) a pelleted diet consisting of the basal ration plus oil (60 g/day) and VFA salts (255 g/day), together with an intra-abomasal infusion of casein (200 g/day) and glucose (112 g/day), and (3) the basal ration plus 800 g/day of barley. Experiments were carried out over a period of 42-49 days and measurements were made of testicular size, wool growth, liveweight and digestibility of the diets. The results of this study were compared with those of a number of published and unpublished experiments. Testicular growth was highly correlated (r= 0.86) with liveweight change in a curvilinear relationship. Change in liveweight and respiration rate were highly correlated with digestible energy intake (r=0.79 and r=0.94 respectively). Wool growth was highly correlated (r=0.97) with crude protein intake and nitrogen balance, with digestible energy having only a marginal influence. There was also a high correlation (r= 0.85) between digestible energy intake and testicular growth, with dietary protein having only a marginal influence. Comparison of these data with published data on testicular growth in rams confirmed the above relationships. It was concluded that testicular growth in rams responds more to digestible energy intake and liveweight change than to crude protein availability.
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Contreras, T., MP Olivar, JI González-Gordillo, and PA Hulley. "Feeding patterns of transforming and juvenile myctophids that migrate into neustonic layers." Marine Ecology Progress Series 650 (September 17, 2020): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13234.
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Adult and juvenile myctophids feed at night in the epipelagic zone (<200 m) and are more dispersed in the mesopelagic zone (200-1000 m) during the daylight hours. In contrast, larvae inhabit the upper 200 m throughout a 24 h period and have daylight feeding patterns. Transforming stages occur both at the surface and in the mesopelagic zone and show less-defined feeding patterns. In this study, we analysed the trophic ecology of transforming and juvenile stages of 4 myctophids that occupy the neustonic layers (first 0-20 cm of the water column) during their nightly vertical migrations: Dasyscopelus asper, Gonichthys cocco, Myctophum affine, and M. nitidulum. Day and night neuston samples were collected across the equatorial and tropical Atlantic in April 2015. Transforming and juvenile stages occurred at night in the neuston, where they fed, but were absent from this layer during the day. The highest prey ingestion was observed between 01:00 and 04:00 h (UTC). Feeding incidence and the number of prey ingested increased from transformation stages to juvenile stages. Although the maximum prey size increased with fish body length, there was no significant increasing trend in mean prey sizes, but a great variability in the sizes of consumed prey. Diets of the 4 species mainly comprised a variety of copepod genera, usually dominated by Oncaea species. There was no evidence of resource partitioning among the 4 myctophid species. Estimates of daily feeding rations, based on the relationship between carbon content per gut and carbon content of fish body, throughout the night feeding period, showed that these species in these early stages ingested between 0.43 and 5.78% of their body carbon weight daily. We suggest that the occurrence and feeding of these early stages in the neuston may contribute to reducing trophic competition between migrating myctophids by space segregation.
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Morozov, Sergey, Vasily Kropochev, and Vasily Isakov. "Number of Gastroesophageal Refluxes Detected With Oesophageal pH-Impedance Study Correlates With Dietary Patterns." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (2021): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab038_045.
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Abstract Objectives To evaluate association of number of gastroesophageal refluxes detected with oesophageal pH-impedance study with dietary patterns Methods Subjects referred to oesophageal pH-impedance examination were invited to participate in the study, approved by LEC. In case of agreement, they were asked to provide data of their usual nutrition based on food frequency questionnaire (Nutrilogic, Russia). Diet was assessed in accordance with healthy eating index, for the following main groups of products: grains, fruits, vegetables, dairy products, meats, fats and confectioneries. The results are shown as a quotient of dividing the actual values by the recommended. Spearman rank R was used to analyse correlation between number of gastroesophageal refluxes (GER) detected with oesophageal pH-impedance examination and dietary patterns assessment. Results Data of 40 consecutive patients (12 of them with confirmed gastroesophageal reflux disease, 28 females, age (Mean ± SD): 52.2 ± 12.9 y.o.) served as the source for the study. Mean energy value of the ration was 2302 ± 1391 kcal/day. Dietary patterns for main food groups was as follows: grains 1.4 ± 0.7, vegetables 1.1 ± 0.7, fruits 0.8 ± 0.9, dairy products 0.6 ± 0.6, meats 1.7 ± 1.0, fats 0.6 ± 0.8, confectionaries 0.3 ± 0.5. Mean number of GERs was 43.8 ± 24.4, acid GERs - 26.2 ± 20.5 per day. Direct medium-strength correlation was found between pattern of dairy products consumption and total number of GERs (Spearman R = 0.47, P &lt; 0.05), weak-acid GERs (R = 0.49, P &lt; 0.05), non-acid GERs (R = 0.62, P &lt; 0.05). Pattern of confectionaries consumption was associated with high (that reached proximal oesophagus, ∼17 cm above LES) GERs: R = 0.47, P &lt; 0.05. Conclusions This preliminary results may serve as a basis for further research in larger comparative trials and may be considered when diet modification is planned for patients with GERD. Funding Sources Russian Science Foundation research grant #19–76-30014.
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Joseph, C. "Effect of a monitored care unit on resource utilization in a pediatric ICU." American Journal of Critical Care 6, no. 4 (1997): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc1997.6.4.296.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of a monitored care unit on resource utilization in a pediatric ICU. METHODS: The study was done at a 205-bed pediatric medical center located in northern California. Efficiency of resource utilization in the pediatric ICU was evaluated by comparing the following factors before and after the implementation of a monitored care unit: (1) efficiency in the pediatric ICU, (2) number of patients turned away for lack of beds, (3) hours of nursing care per patient day, and (4) cost (as estimated from charge ratios) in the monitored care unit for care of patients admitted because of some common reasons. RESULTS: Efficiency in the pediatric ICU increased significantly after implementation of a monitored care unit. The number of patients not admitted to the pediatric ICU because not enough beds were available was identical before and after establishment of the monitored care unit. After the monitored care unit was established, hours of nursing care per patient day were significantly reduced, enabling the number of patient days to be increased without increasing cost. In addition, cost comparisons showed a decrease in both length of stay and total cost per admission for patients undergoing ventriculoperitoneal shunt revision and lambdoidal suture synostectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Use of beds in the pediatric ICU was more efficient when a high-observation setting was available for low-risk monitored patients. Key differences in patterns of use were observed. Compared with the pediatric ICU, the monitored care unit requires fewer personnel and less expensive equipment and supplies, but it still allows potentially life-threatening complications to be recognized and treated. For patients who meet its admission criteria, the monitored care unit is a safe alternative to the pediatric ICU.
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Wei, Shu-Ge, Ren Wang, Michael J. Smirle, and Huan-Li Xu. "Release of Osmia excavata and Osmia jacoti (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) for apple pollination." Canadian Entomologist 134, no. 3 (2002): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent134369-3.
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AbstractTwo species of bees native to China, Osmia excavata Alfken and Osmia jacoti Cockerell, were released in 1991–1993 to observe life-history characteristics and assess pollination efficiency. Osmia excavata successfully established in both coastal (Shandong Province) and interior (Hebei Province) habitats, whereas O. jacoti was only able to establish in the coastal habitat. Sex ratios (female:male) ranged from 1:1.05 for O. jacoti to 1:2.46 for O. excavata. Apple, Malus domestica Borkh (Rosaceae), pollination was enhanced following the release of either species in orchards in Shandong. Fruit diameter increased following the release of either Osmia species in 'Red Delicious' blocks compared with control blocks where no pollination treatment was applied. The number of seeds per fruit was also increased relative to controls, and the percentage of asymmetrical fruit decreased. Release of O. excavata produced the best results for this cultivar. For 'Ralls Janet', the number of seeds per fruit increased following the release of either species and the percentage of asymmetrical apples decreased. Effects on fruit diameter were confounded by poor cultural practices (i.e., lack of adequate fruit thinning) in these 'Ralls Janet' blocks. Fruit set increased relative to controls following release of either Osmia species for both apple cultivars. Release of O. excavata also produced higher fruit set relative to blocks that received hand pollination treatment; release of O. jacoti was better than hand pollination only for 'Red Delicious'. Observations on the behaviour of individuals showed that O. excavata averaged 49.6 foraging trips per day and set an estimated 3108 fruit on 'Ralls Janet'; O. jacoti made fewer foraging trips (average of 31.2) per day and set 1831 fruit. Both species were more efficient pollinators than Apis mellifera. Osmia excavata would appear to be a better candidate for commercial apple pollination than O. jacoti under conditions similar to those in this study.
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Iraira, Sergio P., Ana Madruga, María Pérez-Juan, et al. "Performance, behaviour and meat quality of beef heifers fed concentrate and straw offered as total mixed ration or free-choice." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 13, no. 4 (2015): e0610. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2015134-8003.
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<p>Eighteen Simmental heifers were fed concentrate and barley straw offered as a total mixed ration (TMR) or separately as a free choice (FCH) to compare performance, behaviour, and meat quality. The heifers were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design. Animals were allotted to roofed pens with 3 animals per pen, and 3 pens per treatment. Intake of concentrate, average daily gain, and gain to feed ratio were not different between diets, being on average 7.6 kg/day, 1.38 kg/day and 0.18 kg/kg, respectively. Straw intake was greater in TMR than in FCH treatment (0.7 <em>vs</em> 0.3 kg/day, respectively; <em>p</em>&lt;0.001). Crude protein intake, neutral detergent fibre intake and water consumption did not differ between treatments. Time spent eating was longer in FCH than in TMR (<em>p=</em>0.001), whereas time spent ruminating and total chewing time were longer (<em>p</em>&lt;0.01) in TMR than in FCH. The number of displacements resulting from competition for feed in the main feeder in TMR treatment tended to be greater than in FCH treatment. There were no differences in the carcass characteristics and quality of meat of animals assigned to the different feeding methods, but the percentage of 18:2 n-6 was higher in FCH treatment. In summary, these results suggest that the use of TMR as a feeding method in beef cattle fed high concentrate diets did not affect performance and increased time spent ruminating with a potential decrease of ruminal acidosis incidence.</p>
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Pearse, BH, NP McMeniman, and KF Dowsett. "Effect of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) supplementation on ovarian and pituitary activity in ewes." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 3, no. 1 (1991): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9910109.
Full textAbstract:
In each of three experiments, thirty seasonally anoestrous Border Leicester ewes were fed on a maintenance ration of oaten chaff. Fifteen of them were given a supplement of 500 g lupin grain per head per day. The ewes were treated with 10 mg follicle stimulating hormone (Expt 1), 600 I.U. pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (Expt 2) and either 150 or 300 micrograms gonadotrophin releasing hormone (Expt 3) to determine whether the ovaries and/or the anterior pituitary were capable of responding to the nutrient status of the animals and influencing ovulation rate. In each experiment, the number and size of corpora lutea and follicles in the lupin-supplemented and -unsupplemented groups were similar. It was concluded that the mechanism by which lupins increase the ovulation rate is probably neural and not a result of direct effect on either the pituitary or the ovaries.
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Stoyanovskyi, V. H., O. I. Matsiuk та V. A. Kolotnyskyy. "Динаміка лейкоцитів крові поросят у різні стресорні періоди онтогенезу при згодовуванні добавок «В-глюкан» та «Біовір»". Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 19, № 73 (2017): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7340.
Full textAbstract:
The article provides the results of the research of the number of different types of leukocytes in blood of piglets at stress periods of ontogenesis while adding to their ration probiotic feed additives «B-Glukan» and «Biovir». There was formed three groups for conducting the research – Control (K), and two research (D1, D2), with 10 piglets in each group. Starting from 5th to 45th day age, piglets of the D1 group were fed with feed additive «B-Glukan», piglets of D2 group were fed with feed additive «Biovir» with the amount of 10 mg/kg of body mass per day. At the 28th day piglets were separated from sow. The material for the research was blood, which was taken in the morning, before the process of animals feeding, using the method of puncture of cranial vena cava at the 25th day of life (period before separation), at the 29th day of life (1 day after separation), at the 35th day of life (7 days after separation), at the 58th day of life (20 days after separation), at the 88th day of life (60 days after separation). The blood was determined by the absolute content of granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes using hematology analyzer MITIKH-18 (Switzerland). It is proven that while adding for D1 and D2 groups of piglets feed additives «B-Glukan» and «Biovir» in amount of 10 gr/kg body mass per day during 5th–45th day age promotes oxygen-transport function of blood, normalization of physiological state of an animals' organism in the period of adaptation to the stress action due to the process of separation, that can show the increase of leukocytes content in blood in 1.9 and 2.6 times (Р < 0.01), owing to granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes, in comparison with the animals of K group. Better result at the analysis of experimental material was obtained in piglets of D2 group, which were fed with feed additive «Biovir».
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Winnicki, Stanisław, Jerzy Lech Jugowar, Zbigniew Sobek, Anna Nienartowicz-Zdrojewska, and Jolanta Różańska-Zawieja. "Analysis of milk traits in relation to feeding level and organization in a herd of high-yielding cows." Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego 12, no. 4 (2016): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5399.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the study was to determine factors influencing the balance of energy and protein in high-yielding cows. Daily milk yield, lactation number and month of lactation were analysed. The study was carried out in a herd with yield of 11,000 kg milk/year, on 517 lactating cows. The cows were divided into four feeding groups. They were fed TMR calculated for levels of milk production, as follows: group 1 – for 45 kg, group 2 – for 35 kg, group 3 – for 26 kg and group 4 – for 20 kg. The actual mean milk yield for these groups was 49.1 kg, 38.1 kg, 26.3 kg and 17.5 kg per day. Each group consisted of cows in their first to sixth lactation and in their first to tenth month of lactation. No significant differences were noted in daily milk yield between lactation numbers or months of lactation. As milk yield increased in the groups, the content of fat and protein decreased. The estimated balance of energy, based on the protein percentage in the milk, was negative for nearly the entire lactation in group 1, for the first four months of lactation in group 2, for the first two months in group 3, and in the second month of lactation for group 4. Group 1 was divided into three subgroups according to yield: up to 45 kg, 45-50 kg and 50 kg or more. Energy was estimated to be wellbalanced only in the first subgroup. The balance of energy in the cows was strongly determined by daily milk yield, and to a lesser degree by the month of lactation. Protein, based on the concentration of urea in the milk, was well-balanced in groups 1 and 2. In groups 3 and 4, the recommended level of protein in the rations was exceeded by 10-20%.