Academic literature on the topic 'Number stables'
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Journal articles on the topic "Number stables"
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Kraus, Alain. "Courbes elliptiques semi-stables et corps quadratiques." Journal of Number Theory 60, no. 2 (October 1996): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jnth.1996.0122.
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KRAUS, ALAIN. "COURBES ELLIPTIQUES SEMI-STABLES SUR LES CORPS DE NOMBRES." International Journal of Number Theory 03, no. 04 (December 2007): 611–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793042107001127.
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Let K be a number field. In this paper, we are interested in the following problem: does there exist a constant cK, which depends only on K, such that for any semi-stable elliptic curve defined over K, the Galois representation in its p-torsion points is irreducible whenever p is a prime number greater than cK? In case the answer is positive, how can we get such a constant? We prove that if a certain condition is satisfied by K, the answer is positive and we obtain cK explicitly. Furthermore, we prove that this condition is realized in many situations.
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Poyeton, Léo. "(ϕ,τ)-modules différentiels et représentations potentiellement semi-stables." Journal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux 33, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 139–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5802/jtnb.1156.
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Tauvel, Patrice, and Rupert W. T. Yu. "Indice et formes linéaires stables dans les algèbres de Lie." Journal of Algebra 273, no. 2 (March 2004): 507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8693(03)00376-4.
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Semelbauer, Marek, Barbara Mangová, Marek Barta, and Milan Kozánek. "The Factors Influencing Seasonal Dynamics and Spatial Distribution of Stable Fly Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera, Muscidae) within Stables." Insects 9, no. 4 (October 16, 2018): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9040142.
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The biology of the stable fly is fairly well known, but factors influencing the distribution of adult stable flies within stables are still inadequately investigated. The four experimental stables were located in south western Slovakia. Within each stable, five sticky traps were localized along the stable, and the flies were weekly counted during the flight season of years 2015–2017. Seasonal activity and stable fly abundance in relation to temperature, rainfall, light conditions, relative air humidity, and cows per stable were evaluated. The seasonal activity of the stable fly shows one large peak at the end of summer and a second smaller peak just before the end of the flight season. The spatial distribution of stable flies was unique for each stable. All of the environmental variables had significant and mostly positive effect on stable fly abundance. The strongest and most positive effect on stable fly counts was temperature and rainfall five weeks prior to collecting session. Within the stable, cow number, air humidity, and light conditions are the strongest candidates to influence their distribution.
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Szarska, E., A. Cywińska, P. Ostaszewski, and A. Kowalska. "Effectiveness of training programmes used in two stables of thoroughbred race horses." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 681–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2014-0099.
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Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the training methods used in two stables and their effects on selected blood parameters and race results. A total number of 36 thoroughbred race horses was examined in two groups, trained by two trainers. Twenty-four horses (group A) were trained at Sluzewiec and the remaining twelve horses (group B) were kept and trained in a private stable. The experiment lasted for five months. The activities of CPK (creatine phosphokinase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and the concentration of LA (lactic acid) were determined. The speed was controlled and recorded by a Garmin GPS system. The analysis of the General Handicap rating demonstrated that the training methods used in stable A were more effective and resulted in better classification of these horses. Training methods in both stables were evaluated and compared on the basis of maximal speeds during training sessions and related post exercise LA concentrations. The main differences between training methods used in both stables concerned the workload and the time of work with the rider. Analysis of the values measured in individual horses from stable B have shown that AST and CK activities were high not only in all young, 2-year-old horses but also in three older ones. This seems to confirm the lack of balance and proper movement coordination in these horses, resulting in high activities of muscle enzymes.
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Pellarin, Federico. "Sur les idéaux stables dans certains anneaux différentiels de formes quasi-modulaires de Hilbert." Ramanujan Journal 15, no. 2 (February 2008): 147–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11139-007-9069-x.
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Crawford, Kylie L., Anna Finnane, Ristan M. Greer, Clive J. C. Phillips, Emma L. Bishop, Solomon M. Woldeyohannes, Nigel R. Perkins, and Benjamin J. Ahern. "A Prospective Study of Training Methods for Two-Year-Old Thoroughbred Racehorses in Queensland, Australia, and Analysis of the Differences in Training Methods between Trainers of Varying Stable Sizes." Animals 11, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11040928.
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Worldwide, musculoskeletal injuries remain a major problem for the Thoroughbred racing industry. There is a strong interest in developing training and management strategies to reduce the impact of musculoskeletal injuries, however, progress has been limited by studies reporting conflicting findings, and a limited understanding of the role of different training methods in preventing injury. There is little data on patterns of rest periods and exercise data and how these vary between trainers. This prospective study of two-year-old racehorses was conducted in Queensland, Australia and involved weekly personal structured interviews with 26 trainers over 56 weeks. Detailed daily exercise data for 535 horses providing 1258 training preparations and 7512 weeks at risk were collected. Trainers were categorised into three groups by the mean number of two-year-old horses that they had in work each week over the study duration: (1) Small stables with five or less, (2) Medium stables with 6 to 15 and (3) Large stables with greater than 15 horses in training. Differences between trainers with small, medium and large stable sizes were evaluated using linear regression, Kruskal–Wallis equality-of-populations rank test if linear models were mis-specified or Chi-squared tests for categorical variables. Significant differences were observed between trainers, with horses from larger stables accumulating a greater high-speed exercise volume (p < 0.001), attaining training milestones more frequently (p = 0.01) and taking less time to reach their training milestones (p = 0.001). This study provides detailed data to which training practices from other locations can be compared. Presenting actual training data rather than trainers’ estimation of a typical program provides a more accurate assessment of training practices. Understanding how training practices vary between regions improves comparability of studies investigating risk factors and is an important step towards reducing the impact of musculoskeletal injuries.
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Redbo, I., P. Redbo-Torstensson, F. O. Ödberg, A. Hedendahl, and J. Holm. "Factors affecting behavioural disturbances in race-horses." Animal Science 66, no. 2 (April 1998): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800009644.
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AbstractThe aim of the present study was to identify relations between stereotyped behaviours (cribbing, weaving and box-walking) and wood-chewing in thoroughbred flat-racing horses (TB) and standardbred trotters and the different management, feeding and training factors to which these horses are exposed. This was obtained by inquiries to all the professional trainers of TB and trottinghorses used for racing in Sweden. The usable response rates were 61% for trotters and 72% for TB representing 4597 trotters from 234 stables and 644 TB from 38 stables. A small field study was carried out to control the validity of the main study which gave results similar to those in the main study. There was a large difference between the two horse categories in the occurrence of behavioural disturbances. The TB had significantly more stereotypies than the trotters (P < 0·001) but there were no differences in the occurrence of wood-chewing. There were several differences in external factors between the horse categories, e.g. trotters had more opportunities for social contacts with other horses, they also had more free time outside the stable and they were trained a shorter time per week than the TB. The TB were given larger amounts of concentrate than the trotters. Wood-chewing within each horse category was explained by the amount of roughage (P < 0·05 in trotters and P < 0·001 in TB) together with other factors. Stereotypies in the TB were explained by: amount of concentrate (positive relation), number of horses per trainer (positive relation) and amount of roughage (negative relation).
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Cooper, J. J., S. Johnson, N. McCall, and N. Davidson. "Meal frequency and stereotypic behaviour in stabled horses." BSAP Occasional Publication 32 (2004): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00041355.
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Locomotor stereotypies such as weaving and nodding are commonly observed as pre–feeding activity in stabled horses (Cooper, McDonald and Mills, 2001), whilst oral activities such as crib–biting and woodchewing may be associated with the post–feeding period (McGreevy and Nicol, 1998) particularly in horses fed a low–fibre concentrate (Nicol et al., 2002). In this study, we investigated the effect of increasing the number of meals of concentrate whilst maintaining the same daily concentrate intake, on the behaviour of stabled horses with particular reference to stereotypic activities such as weaving and crib–biting. The study was carried out on a working equestrian yard with stables for up to 50 horses.A pilot study was used to record incidence of stereotypic behaviour and to select subjects for the main study. In this, the behaviour of 30 warm–blooded horses was recorded during their morning (0830h) and afternoon (1630h) concentrate meals. Each meal consisted of 0.5kg of a commercial feed, mixed with 1kg of soaked sugar beet pulp and 0.5kg of chopped hay and straw mixed in a bucket.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Number stables"
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Benchetrit, Yohann. "Propriétés géométriques du nombre chromatique : polyèdres, structures et algorithmes." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAM049/document.
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Le calcul du nombre chromatique et la détermination d'une colo- ration optimale des sommets d'un graphe sont des problèmes NP- difficiles en général. Ils peuvent cependant être résolus en temps po- lynomial dans les graphes parfaits. Par ailleurs, la perfection d'un graphe peut être décidée efficacement. Les graphes parfaits sont caractérisés par la structure de leur poly- tope des stables : les facettes non-triviales sont définies exclusivement par des inégalités de cliques. Réciproquement, une structure similaire des facettes du polytope des stables détermine-t-elle des propriétés combinatoires et algorithmiques intéressantes? Un graphe est h-parfait si les facettes non-triviales de son polytope des stables sont définies par des inégalités de cliques et de circuits impairs. On ne connaît que peu de résultats analogues au cas des graphes parfaits pour la h-perfection, et on ne sait pas si les problèmes sont NP-difficiles. Par exemple, les complexités algorithmiques de la re- connaissance des graphes h-parfaits et du calcul de leur nombre chro- matique sont toujours ouvertes. Par ailleurs, on ne dispose pas de borne sur la différence entre le nombre chromatique et la taille maxi- mum d'une clique d'un graphe h-parfait. Dans cette thèse, nous montrons tout d'abord que les opérations de t-mineurs conservent la h-perfection (ce qui fournit une extension non triviale d'un résultat de Gerards et Shepherd pour la t-perfection). De plus, nous prouvons qu'elles préservent la propriété de décompo- sition entière du polytope des stables. Nous utilisons ce résultat pour répondre négativement à une question de Shepherd sur les graphes h-parfaits 3-colorables. L'étude des graphes minimalement h-imparfaits (relativement aux t-mineurs) est liée à la recherche d'une caractérisation co-NP com- binatoire de la h-perfection. Nous faisons l'inventaire des exemples connus de tels graphes, donnons une description de leur polytope des stables et énonçons plusieurs conjectures à leur propos. D'autre part, nous montrons que le nombre chromatique (pondéré) de certains graphes h-parfaits peut être obtenu efficacement en ar- rondissant sa relaxation fractionnaire à l'entier supérieur. Ce résultat implique notamment un nouveau cas d'une conjecture de Goldberg et Seymour sur la coloration d'arêtes. Enfin, nous présentons un nouveau paramètre de graphe associé aux facettes du polytope des couplages et l'utilisons pour donner un algorithme simple et efficace de reconnaissance des graphes h- parfaits dans la classe des graphes adjointsComputing the chromatic number and finding an optimal coloring of a perfect graph can be done efficiently, whereas it is an NP-hard problem in general. Furthermore, testing perfection can be carried- out in polynomial-time. Perfect graphs are characterized by a minimal structure of their sta- ble set polytope: the non-trivial facets are defined by clique-inequalities only. Conversely, does a similar facet-structure for the stable set polytope imply nice combinatorial and algorithmic properties of the graph ? A graph is h-perfect if its stable set polytope is completely de- scribed by non-negativity, clique and odd-circuit inequalities. Statements analogous to the results on perfection are far from being understood for h-perfection, and negative results are missing. For ex- ample, testing h-perfection and determining the chromatic number of an h-perfect graph are unsolved. Besides, no upper bound is known on the gap between the chromatic and clique numbers of an h-perfect graph. Our first main result states that the operations of t-minors keep h- perfection (this is a non-trivial extension of a result of Gerards and Shepherd on t-perfect graphs). We show that it also keeps the Integer Decomposition Property of the stable set polytope, and use this to answer a question of Shepherd on 3-colorable h-perfect graphs in the negative. The study of minimally h-imperfect graphs with respect to t-minors may yield a combinatorial co-NP characterization of h-perfection. We review the currently known examples of such graphs, study their stable set polytope and state several conjectures on their structure. On the other hand, we show that the (weighted) chromatic number of certain h-perfect graphs can be obtained efficiently by rounding-up its fractional relaxation. This is related to conjectures of Goldberg and Seymour on edge-colorings. Finally, we introduce a new parameter on the complexity of the matching polytope and use it to give an efficient and elementary al- gorithm for testing h-perfection in line-graphs
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Lennon, Craig. "On the likely number of stable marriages." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1194991095.
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Moore, Dennis. "HILBERT POLYNOMIALS AND STRONGLY STABLE IDEALS." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/math_etds/2.
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Strongly stable ideals are important in algebraic geometry, commutative algebra, and combinatorics. Prompted, for example, by combinatorial approaches for studying Hilbert schemes and the existence of maximal total Betti numbers among saturated ideals with a given Hilbert polynomial, three algorithms are presented. Each of these algorithms produces all strongly stable ideals with some prescribed property: the saturated strongly stable ideals with a given Hilbert polynomial, the almost lexsegment ideals with a given Hilbert polynomial, and the saturated strongly stable ideals with a given Hilbert function. Bounds for the complexity of our algorithms are included. Also included are some applications for these algorithms and some estimates for counting strongly stable ideals with a fixed Hilbert polynomial.
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Michelotti, Matteo. "The atmospheric stable boundary layer: Data analysis and comparison with similarity theories." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6288/.
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The objective of this dissertation is to study the structure and behavior of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) in stable conditions. This type of boundary layer is not completely well understood yet, although it is very important for many practical uses, from forecast modeling to atmospheric dispersion of pollutants.
We analyzed data from the SABLES98 experiment (Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment in Spain, 1998), and compared the behaviour of this data using Monin-Obukhov's similarity functions for wind speed and potential temperature.
Analyzing the vertical profiles of various variables, in particular the thermal and momentum fluxes, we identified two main contrasting structures describing two different states of the SBL, a traditional and an upside-down boundary layer.
We were able to determine the main features of these two states of the boundary layer in terms of vertical profiles of potential temperature and wind speed, turbulent kinetic energy and fluxes, studying the time series and vertical structure of the atmosphere for two separate nights in the dataset, taken as case studies.
We also developed an original classification of the SBL, in order to separate the influence of mesoscale phenomena from turbulent behavior, using as parameters the wind speed and the gradient Richardson number.
We then compared these two formulations, using the SABLES98 dataset, verifying their validity for different variables (wind speed and potential temperature, and their difference, at different heights) and with different stability parameters (zita or Rg).
Despite these two classifications having completely different physical origins, we were able to find some common behavior, in particular under weak stability conditions.
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Wolff, Sebastien Jean. "Statically Stable Assembly Sequence Generation And Structure Optimization For A Large Number Of Identical Building Blocks." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14045.
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This work develops optimal assembly sequences for modular building blocks. The underlying concept is that an automated device could take a virtual shape such as a CAD file, and automatically decide how to physically build the shape using simple, identical building blocks. This entails deciding where to place blocks inside the shape and generating an efficient assembly sequence that a robot could use to build the shape. The blocks are defined in a general, parameterized manner such that the model can be easily modified in the future.
The primary focus of this work is the development of methods for generating assembly sequences in a time-feasible manner that ensure static stability at each step of the assembly. Most existing research focuses on complete enumeration of every possible assembly sequence and evaluation of many possible sequences. This, however, is not practical for systems with a large number of parts for two reasons: (1) the number of possible assembly sequences is exponential in the number of parts, and (2) each static stability test is very time-consuming. The approach proposed here is to develop a multi-hierarchical rule-based approach to assembly sequences. This is accomplished by formalizing and justifying both high-level and mid-level assembly rules based on static considerations.
Application of these rules helps develop assembly sequences rapidly. The assembly sequence is developed in a time-feasible manner according to the geometry of the structure, rather than evaluating statics along the way. This work only evaluates the static stability of each step of the assembly once. The behavior of the various rules is observed both numerically and through theory, and guidelines are developed to suggest which rules to apply.
A secondary focus of this work is to introduce methods by which the inside of the structure can be optimized. This structure optimization research is implemented by genetic algorithms that solve the multi-objective optimization problem in two dimensions, and can be extended to three dimensions.
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Ivanov, Alexander [Verfasser], and Jakob [Akademischer Betreuer] Stix. "Arithmetic and anabelian theorems for stable sets of primes in number fields / Alexander Ivanov ; Betreuer: Jakob Stix." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1177148366/34.
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Passuello, Alberto. "Semidefinite programming in combinatorial optimization with applications to coding theory and geometry." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00948055.
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We apply the semidefinite programming method to obtain a new upper bound on the cardinality of codes made of subspaces of a linear vector space over a finite field. Such codes are of interest in network coding.Next, with the same method, we prove an upper bound on the cardinality of sets avoiding one distance in the Johnson space, which is essentially Schrijver semidefinite program. This bound is used to improve existing results on the measurable chromatic number of the Euclidean space.We build a new hierarchy of semidefinite programs whose optimal values give upper bounds on the independence number of a graph. This hierarchy is based on matrices arising from simplicial complexes. We show some properties that our hierarchy shares with other classical ones. As an example, we show its application to the problem of determining the independence number of Paley graphs.
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Sato, Fernando Massami. "Numerical experiments with stable versions of the Generalized Finite Element Method." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-16102017-101710/.
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The Generalized Finite Element Method (GFEM) is essentially a partition of unity based method (PUM) that explores the Partition of Unity (PoU) concept to match a set of functions chosen to efficiently approximate the solution locally. Despite its well-known advantages, the method may present some drawbacks. For instance, increasing the approximation space through enrichment functions may introduce linear dependences in the solving system of equations, as well as the appearance of blending elements. To address the drawbacks pointed out above, some improved versions of the GFEM were developed. The Stable GFEM (SGFEM) is a first version hereby considered in which the GFEM enrichment functions are modified. The Higher Order SGFEM proposes an additional modification for generating the shape functions attached to the enriched patch. This research aims to present and numerically test these new versions recently proposed for the GFEM. In addition to highlighting its main features, some aspects about the numerical integration when using the higher order SGFEM, in particular are also addressed. Hence, a splitting rule of the quadrilateral element area, guided by the PoU definition itself is described in detail. The examples chosen for the numerical experiments consist of 2-D panels that present favorable geometries to explore the advantages of each method. Essentially, singular functions with good properties to approximate the solution near corner points and polynomial functions for approximating smooth solutions are examined. Moreover, a comparison among the conventional FEM and the methods herein described is made taking into consideration the scaled condition number and rates of convergence of the relative errors on displacements. Finally, the numerical experiments show that the Higher Order SGFEM is the more robust and reliable among the versions of the GFEM tested.O Método dos Elementos Finitos Generalizados (MEFG) é essencialmente baseado no método da partição da unidade, que explora o conceito de partição da unidade para compatibilizar um conjunto de funções escolhidas para localmente aproximar de forma eficiente a solução. Apesar de suas vantagens bem conhecidas, o método pode apresentar algumas desvantagens. Por exemplo, o aumento do espaço de aproximação por meio das funções de enriquecimento pode introduzir dependências lineares no sistema de equações resolvente, assim como o aparecimento de elementos de mistura. Para contornar as desvantagens apontadas acima, algumas versões aprimoradas do MEFG foram desenvolvidas. O MEFG Estável é uma primeira versão aqui considerada na qual as funções de enriquecimento do MEFG são modificadas. O MEFG Estável de ordem superior propõe uma modificação adicional para a geração das funções de forma atreladas ao espaço enriquecido. Esta pesquisa visa apresentar e testar numericamente essas novas versões do MEFG recentemente propostas. Além de destacar suas principais características, alguns aspectos sobre a integração numérica quando usado o MEFG Estável de ordem superior, em particular, são também abordados. Por exemplo, detalha-se uma regra de divisão da área do elemento quadrilateral, guiada pela própria definição de sua partição da unidade. Os exemplos escolhidos para os experimentos numéricos consistem em chapas com geometrias favoráveis para explorar as vantagens de cada método. Essencialmente, examinam-se funções singulares com boas propriedades de aproximar a solução nas vizinhanças de vértices de cantos, bem como funções polinomiais para aproximar soluções suaves. Ademais, uma comparação entre o MEF convencional e os métodos aqui descritos é feita levando-se em consideração o número de condição do sistema escalonado e as razões de convergência do erro relativo em deslocamento. Finalmente, os experimentos numéricos mostram que o MEFG Estável de ordem superior é a mais robusta e confiável entre as versões do MEFG testadas.
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Ishak, Muhammad Izzuddin Syakir. "A Reconnaissance Study of Water and Carbon Fluxes in Tropical Watersheds of Peninsular Malaysia: Stable Isotope Constraints." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30564.
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Evapotranspiration is a nexus for planetary energy and carbon cycles, as yet poorly constrained. Here I use stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen to partition flux of water due to plant transpiration from the direct evaporative flux from soils, water bodies and plant. The study areas, Langat and Kelantan watersheds represent examples of domains dominated by the respective Southwest and Northeast monsoons on the two sides of the main orographic barrier (Titiwangsa mountain range). Mean annual rainfall for the Langat watershed, obtained from 30 years of hydrological data, is 2145 ± 237 mm. Tentatively, 48% of this precipitation returns to the atmosphere via transpiration (T), with 33% partitioned into discharge (Q), 8% into interception (In), and 11% into evaporation (Ed). In the Kelantan watershed, the mean annual rainfall, also based on the 30 year hydrological data, is 2383 ± 120 mm. Similar to Langat, the T accounts for 43% of precipitation (P), 45% is discharged into South China Sea (Q), 12% partitioned into interception (In) and tentatively 0% for evaporation (Ed). Ed for the Langat watershed represents only a small proportion in terms of volumetric significance, up to almost ~11% with strong effect on the isotopic fingerprints of waters associated with the summer Southwest Monsoon (SWM). Note, however, that insignificant Ed for the Kelantan watershed may be an artefact of rain and river water sampling at only coastal downstream portion of the watershed. High humidity (80%) also was recorded for the Malaysian Peninsula watershed.
T appropriates about half of all solar energy absorbed by the continents, here ~1000*103 g H2O m-2 yr-1 similar to other tropical regions at 900-1200*103 g H2O m-2 yr-1. The associated carbon fluxes are ~ 1300 g C m-2yr-1, independent of P. Vegetation responses to solar irradiance, via T and photosynthesis reflects the importance of stomatal regulation of the water and carbon fluxes. In order to maintain high transpiration in the tropical region, “constant” water supply is required for continuous pumping of water that delivers nutrients to the plant, suggesting that water and carbon cycle are co-driven by the energy of the sun. The existence of the water conveyor belt may be precondition for nutrient delivery, hence operation of the carbon cycle. Potentially, this may change our perspective on the role that biology plays in the water cycle. In such perspective, the global water cycle is the medium that redistributes the incoming solar energy across the planet, and the anatomical structures of plants then help to optimize the loop of energy transfer via evaporation and precipitation in the hydrologic cycle.
The main features of aquatic geochemistry of the Langat and Kelantan rivers inferred from the Principal Component Analysis are controlled by three components that explain 80% and 82% of total variances. These components are reflecting of the geogenic factor with superimposed pollution, the latter particularly pronounced in urbanized sections of the Langat river and dominant in downstream of the Kelantan river. There is no correlation between seasonal variations in major ion chemistry and environmental variables such as precipitation, discharge, temperature or solar activity.
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Lê, Ngoc C. "Algorithms for the Maximum Independent Set Problem." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-172639.
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This thesis focuses mainly on the Maximum Independent Set (MIS) problem. Some related graph theoretical combinatorial problems are also considered. As these problems are generally NP-hard, we study their complexity in hereditary graph classes, i.e. graph classes defined by a set F of forbidden induced subgraphs.
We revise the literature about the issue, for example complexity results, applications, and techniques tackling the problem. Through considering some general approach, we exhibit several cases where the problem admits a polynomial-time solution. More specifically, we present polynomial-time algorithms for the MIS problem in:
+ some subclasses of $S_{2;j;k}$-free graphs (thus generalizing the classical result for $S_{1;2;k}$-free graphs);
+ some subclasses of $tree_{k}$-free graphs (thus generalizing the classical results for subclasses of P5-free graphs);
+ some subclasses of $P_{7}$-free graphs and $S_{2;2;2}$-free graphs; and various subclasses of graphs of bounded maximum degree, for example subcubic graphs.
Our algorithms are based on various approaches. In particular, we characterize augmenting graphs in a subclass of $S_{2;k;k}$-free graphs and a subclass of $S_{2;2;5}$-free graphs. These characterizations are partly based on extensions of the concept of redundant set [125]. We also propose methods finding augmenting chains, an extension of the method in [99], and finding augmenting trees, an extension of the methods in [125]. We apply the augmenting vertex technique, originally used for $P_{5}$-free graphs or banner-free graphs, for some more general graph classes.
We consider a general graph theoretical combinatorial problem, the so-called Maximum -Set problem. Two special cases of this problem, the so-called Maximum F-(Strongly) Independent Subgraph and Maximum F-Induced Subgraph, where F is a connected graph set, are considered. The complexity of the Maximum F-(Strongly) Independent Subgraph problem is revised and the NP-hardness of the Maximum F-Induced Subgraph problem is proved. We also extend the augmenting approach to apply it for the general Maximum Π -Set problem.
We revise on classical graph transformations and give two unified views based on pseudo-boolean functions and αff-redundant vertex. We also make extensive uses of α-redundant vertices, originally mainly used for $P_{5}$-free graphs, to give polynomial solutions for some subclasses of $S_{2;2;2}$-free graphs and $tree_{k}$-free graphs.
We consider some classical sequential greedy heuristic methods. We also combine classical algorithms with αff-redundant vertices to have new strategies of choosing the next vertex in greedy methods. Some aspects of the algorithms, for example forbidden induced subgraph sets and worst case results, are also considered.
Finally, we restrict our attention on graphs of bounded maximum degree and subcubic graphs. Then by using some techniques, for example ff-redundant vertex, clique separator, and arguments based on distance, we general these results for some subclasses of $S_{i;j;k}$-free subcubic graphs.
Books on the topic "Number stables"
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Perrin-Riou, Bernadette. Théorie d'Iwasawa des représentations p-adiques semi-stables. Paris: Société Mathématique de France, 2001.
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Perrin-Riou, Bernadette. Théorie d'Iwasawa des représentations p-adiques semi-stables. Paris: Société Mathématique de France, 2001.
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Pavlov, Sergey. Methods of catastrophe theory in the phenomenology of phase transitions. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1004276.
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The monograph is devoted to describing the methods of catastrophe theory and building on the basis of these methods, phenomenological models of phase transitions in solids. Methods of constructing structurally stable normal forms of functions, including functions that are imposed on the symmetry conditions. The classification of phenomenological models of phase transitions for two interacting one-component order parameter, two-component and three-component order parameters the number of control parameters varied in the experiment. Theoretical dependence of the anomalies of the physical properties of the models are compared with experimental data in ferroelectrics, magnetic materials, solid solutions of rare earth metals, multiferroics and other solids that are experiencing phase transitions.
For professionals in the field of solid state physics and phase transitions.
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Murashko, Mikhail, Igor Ivanov, and Nadezhda Knyazyuk. THE BASICS OF MEDICAL CARE QUALITY AND SAFETY PROVISION. ru: Advertising and Information Agency "Standards and quality», 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35400/978-5-600-02711-4.
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SUMMARY
Current monograph represents and reviews key approaches to creating an effective internal quality and safety control system for an organization, based on patient-oriented approach, process approach, risk management, continuous process improvement and other methods including definition of all applied terms, a number of examples and step by step manuals on executing key measures and events to create and develop a quality control system and local documentation samples.
Target audience for this monograph: hospital leadership, including CMO, deputy CMO on quality, head of quality control committee or designated quality control specialist, other medical workers.
ABOUT «THE BASICS OF MEDICAL CARE QUALITY AND SAFETY PROVISION»
All changes and reforms in healthcare should provide for medical care quality improvement, preservation of life and health of all citizens. Once an abstract word “quality” has its’ own specific meaning today, acquired by means of legislative validation of the term “medical care quality and safety”. Providing healthcare quality and safety is one of the key priorities within the confines of Russian Federation national policy for citizens’ health protection.
Current issue represents actual knowledge and practical experience in terms of medical care quality and safety control, continuous medical organization efficiency improvement. Current issue addresses the matters of theoretical and practical aspects of introducing management and internal quality and safety control system in medical care. It also contains the methodological description of Proposals (practical recommendations) of Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Healthcare, developed based on global experience generalization, adapted to Russian specificity, aimed at quality and safety provision. Current issue represents a large number of samples, examples, templates and check-list tables. Data, accumulated in the monograph, allows the reader create a proper system of measures in a medical organization to comply with the order № 381-н of Ministry of Health of Russian Federation «On approving Requirements towards organizing and executing medical care internal quality and safety control».
TARGET AUDIENCE
Current issue is intended for a wide range of readers, interested in management: for healthcare organization leaders, CMOs and deputy CMOs, deputy CMOs on quality, quality control committee leaders or designated quality control specialists, physicians, nurses, medical academicians and students, and all specialists, interested in medical organizations’ stable development and improvement.
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Stuewer, Roger H. European and Nuclear Disintegration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827870.003.0002.
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The horrific carnage on both sides of the conflict in the Great War of 1914–18 and the harsh postwar treaties transformed the face of Europe. Nuclear physics was also transformed, shortly before Rutherford left Manchester for Cambridge in early 1919, by his discovery of artificial nuclear disintegration, that alpha particles can disintegrate the nitrogen nucleus. He pursued his discovery at the Cavendish with his former Manchester student James Chadwick, who along with Charles Ellis and many others had been interned during the war in former racehorse stables in Ruhleben on the western outskirts of Berlin. Rutherford explained his discovery by assuming that an incident alpha particle expels a proton orbiting about a central core in the nitrogen nucleus, leaving a residual nucleus of lower atomic number.
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Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. Strongly stably dominated points. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.003.0008.
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This chapter focuses on the properties of strongly stably dominated types over valued fields bases. In this setting, strong stability corresponds to a strong form of the Abhyankar property for valuations: the transcendence degrees of the extension coincide with those of the residue field extension. The chapter proves a Bertini type result and shows that the strongly stable points form a strict ind-definable subset Vsuperscript Number Sign of unit vector V. It then proves a rigidity statement for iso-definable Γ-internal subsets of maximal o-minimal dimension of unit vector V, namely that they cannot be deformed by any homotopy leaving appropriate functions invariant. The chapter also describes the closure of iso-definable Γ-internal sets in Vsuperscript Number Sign and proves that Vsuperscript Number Sign is exactly the union of all skeleta.
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Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. Introduction. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.003.0001.
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This book deals with non-archimedean tame topology and stably dominated types. It considers o-minimality as an analogy and reduces questions over valued fields to the o-minimal setting. A fundamental tool, imported from stability theory, is the notion of a definable type, which plays a number of roles, starting from the definition of a point of the fundamental spaces. One of the roles of definable types is to be a substitute for the classical notion of a sequence, especially in situations where one is willing to refine to a subsequence. To each algebraic variety V over a valued field K, the book associates in a canonical way a projective limit unit vector V of spaces, which is the stable completion of V. In case the value group is ℝ, the results presented in this book relate to similar tameness theorems for Berkovich spaces.
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Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Macromolecular conformations and interactions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0025.
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As a polymer of many amino acids, any given protein can, in principle, adopt a huge number of configurations. In reality, however, the biologically stable protein adopts a single configuration that is stable over time. Thermodynamically, this configuration must represent a Gibbs free energy minimum. This chapter therefore explores how the thermodynamics and kinetics of protein folding and unfolding can be investigated experimentally (using, for example, chaotropes, heating or ligand interactions), and how these measurements can be used to enrich our understanding of protein configurations and stability.
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McKinlay Gardner, R. J., and David J. Amor. Centromere Fissions, Complementary Isochromosomes, Telomeric Fusions, Balancing Supernumerary Chromosomes, Neocentromeres, Jumping Translocations, and Chromothripsis. Edited by R. J. McKinlay Gardner and David J. Amor. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199329007.003.0012.
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This chapter reviews a number of very rare chromosomal rearrangements: centromere fissions, complementary isochromosomes, telomeric fusions, balancing supernumerary chromosomes, neocentromeres, jumping translocations, and chromothripsis. Centromere fission results when a metacentric or submetacentric chromosome splits at the centromere, giving rise to two stable telocentric products. The Robertsonian fission reverses the fusion that had originally generated it. Telomeric fusion leads to a 45-chromosome count. With the balanced complementary isochromosome carrier, two stable exactly metacentric products are generated. A balancing small supernumerary marker chromosome contains material deleted from the normal homolog. A supernumerary chromosome lacking a normal centromere can become stable and functional due to the generation of a neocentromere. In jumping translocations, a segment can move from one chromosome to two or more recipient chromosomes. Chromothripsis takes complex rearrangement to a yet more complex level. The reproductive risks associated with each are noted.
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Ellam, Rob. Isotopes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723622.001.0001.
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An isotope is a variant form of a chemical element, containing a different number of neutrons in its nucleus. Most elements exist as several isotopes. Many are stable, others are radioactive, and some may only exist fleetingly before decaying into other elements. The study of isotope ratios has become central to many areas of science, and used to probe the age and history of the Earth and the origins of the Solar System. Radioactive isotopes find wide applications, from nuclear power to medicine and carbon dating. Isotopes: A Very Short Introduction provides an overview of the nature of stable and radioactive isotopes, considering their wide range of modern applications.
Book chapters on the topic "Number stables"
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Filaseta, Michael, Jacob Juillerat, and Jeremiah Southwick. "Widely Digitally Stable Numbers." In Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, 161–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67996-5_9.
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Tschinkel, Yuri, and Kaiqi Yang. "Potentially Stably Rational Del Pezzo Surfaces over Nonclosed Fields." In Combinatorial and Additive Number Theory III, 227–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31106-3_17.
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Chen, Zizhong, and Jack Dongarra. "Numerically Stable Real Number Codes Based on Random Matrices." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 115–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11428831_15.
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Gathmann, Andreas, Hannah Markwig, and Dennis Ochse. "Tropical Moduli Spaces of Stable Maps to a Curve." In Algorithmic and Experimental Methods in Algebra, Geometry, and Number Theory, 287–309. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70566-8_12.
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Baumann, Ringo, and Hannes Strass. "On the Maximal and Average Numbers of Stable Extensions." In Theory and Applications of Formal Argumentation, 111–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54373-9_8.
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de Bruyn Kops, Stephen M., James J. Riley, and Kraig B. Winters. "Reynolds and Froude Number Scaling in Stably-Stratified Flows." In IUTAM Symposium on Reynolds Number Scaling in Turbulent Flow, 71–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0997-3_13.
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Alhazov, Artiom. "Number of Protons/Bi-stable Catalysts and Membranes in P Systems. Time-Freeness." In Membrane Computing, 79–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11603047_6.
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Kabanov, Alexandre, and Takashi Kimura. "Intersection Numbers on the Moduli Spaces of Stable Maps in Genus 0." In Noncommutative Differential Geometry and Its Applications to Physics, 63–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0704-7_5.
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Galluccio, Anna, Claudio Gentile, and Paolo Ventura. "The stable set polytope of claw-free graphs with stability number greater than three." In Operations Research Proceedings, 47–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29210-1_8.
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Sheng, Ying, Yoni Zohar, Christophe Ringeissen, Andrew Reynolds, Clark Barrett, and Cesare Tinelli. "Politeness and Stable Infiniteness: Stronger Together." In Automated Deduction – CADE 28, 148–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79876-5_9.
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AbstractWe make two contributions to the study of polite combination in satisfiability modulo theories. The first is a separation between politeness and strong politeness, by presenting a polite theory that is not strongly polite. This result shows that proving strong politeness (which is often harder than proving politeness) is sometimes needed in order to use polite combination. The second contribution is an optimization to the polite combination method, obtained by borrowing from the Nelson-Oppen method. The Nelson-Oppen method is based on guessing arrangements over shared variables. In contrast, polite combination requires an arrangement over all variables of the shared sorts. We show that when using polite combination, if the other theory is stably infinite with respect to a shared sort, only the shared variables of that sort need be considered in arrangements, as in the Nelson-Oppen method. The time required to reason about arrangements is exponential in the worst case, so reducing the number of variables considered has the potential to improve performance significantly. We show preliminary evidence for this by demonstrating a speed-up on a smart contract verification benchmark.
Conference papers on the topic "Number stables"
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Talmi, Igal, Ismail Boztosun, and A. B. Balantekin. "Old and New Magic Numbers." In NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS: Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics: From Stable Beams to Exotic Nuclei. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3039860.
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Bonatsos, Dennis, E. A. McCutchan, R. F. Casten, Ismail Boztosun, and A. B. Balantekin. "0[sup +] states in the large boson number limit of the Interacting Boson Approximation model." In NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS: Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics: From Stable Beams to Exotic Nuclei. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3039862.
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Garrett, Aaron, Zizhong Chen, and Daniel Eric Smith. "Constructing numerically stable real number codes using evolutionary computation." In the 12th annual conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1830483.1830697.
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RUNCHAL, AKSHAI, M. ANAND, and HUKAM MONGIA. "An unconditionally-stable central differencing scheme for high Reynolds number flows." In 25th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1987-60.
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Davies, Teresa, Xin Liang, Jieyang Chen, and Zizhong Chen. "Simulated Annealing to Generate Numerically Stable Real Number Error Correction Codes." In 2015 IEEE 17th International Conference on High-Performance Computing and Communications; 2015 IEEE 7th International Symposium on Cyberspace Safety and Security; and 2015 IEEE 12th International Conference on Embedded Software and Systems. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hpcc-css-icess.2015.238.
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Yamamoto, Takahiro. "Euler number formulas in terms of singular fibers of stable maps." In Proceedings of the Australian-Japanese Workshop. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812706898_0020.
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Liu, Mingqian, Junlin Zhang, and Qinghai Yang. "Transmit Antennas Number Estimation for MIMO Systems with Alpha-Stable Noise." In 2021 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc51323.2021.9498928.
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Karlin, Anna R., Shayan Oveis Gharan, and Robbie Weber. "A simply exponential upper bound on the maximum number of stable matchings." In STOC '18: Symposium on Theory of Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3188745.3188848.
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Abbasi, Naeem, Jacques Athow, and Aishy Amer. "Real-time FPGA architecture of modified Stable Euler-Number algorithm for image binarization." In 2009 16th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing ICIP 2009. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip.2009.5413985.
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Reeves, Galen. "Beyond sparsity: Universally stable compressed sensing when the number of ‘free’ values is less than the number of observations." In 2013 IEEE 5th International Workshop on Computational Advances in Multi-Sensor Adaptive Processing (CAMSAP). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/camsap.2013.6713996.
Full textReports on the topic "Number stables"
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Ma, Zhiwen. High-Temperature Thermochemical Storage with Redox-Stable Perovskites for Concentrating Solar Power, CRADA Number: CRD-14-554. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1389213.
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Himmel, M. E. Clone Bacterial Thermal Stable Enzymes in T. Reesei: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-01-00105. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/988106.
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Frost, Jennifer J., Jennifer Mueller, and Zoe H. Pleasure. Trends and Differentials in Receipt of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services in the United States: Services Received and Sources of Care, 2006–2019. Guttmacher Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/2021.33017.
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Key Points Seven in 10 U.S. women of reproductive age, some 44 million women, make at least one medical visit to obtain sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services each year. While the overall number of women receiving any SRH service remained relatively stable between 2006–2010 and 2015–2019, the number of women receiving preventive gynecologic care fell and the number receiving STI testing doubled. Disparities in use of SRH services persist, as Hispanic women are significantly less likely than non-Hispanic White women to receive SRH services, and uninsured women are significantly less likely to receive services than privately insured women. Publicly funded clinics remain critical sources of SRH care for many women, with younger women, lower income women, women of color, foreign-born women, women with Medicaid coverage and women who are uninsured especially likely to rely on publicly funded clinics. Among women who go to clinics for SRH care, two-thirds report that the clinic is their usual source for medical care. Among those relying on both private providers and public clinics, the proportion of women who reported receiving a combination of contraceptive and STI/HIV care increased between 2006–2010 and 2015–2019. Implementation of the Affordable Care Act has likely contributed to some of the changes observed in where women receive contraceptive and other SRH services and how they pay for that care: The share of women receiving contraceptive services who go to private providers rose from 69% to 77% between 2006–2010 and 2015–2019, in part because more women gained private or public health insurance coverage and there was a greater likelihood that their health insurance would cover SRH services. There was a complementary drop in the share of women receiving contraceptive services who went to a publicly funded clinic, from 27% in 2006–2010 to 18% in 2015–2019. For non-Hispanic Black women, immigrant women and uninsured women, there was no increase in the use of private providers for contraceptive care from 2006–2010 to 2015–2019. Among women served at publicly funded clinics between 2006–2010 and 2015–2019, there were significant increases in the use of both public and private insurance to pay for their care.
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Barbuscia, Anna, and Chiara Comolli. Gender and socioeconomic inequalities in health and wellbeing across age in France and Switzerland. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.res2.2.
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There is increasing evidence that wellbeing is unequally distributed across sociodemographicgroups in contemporary societies. However, less is known about thedivergence across social groups of trajectories of wellbeing across age groups.This issue is of great relevance in contexts characterised by changing populationstructures and growing imbalances across and within generations, and in whichensuring that everyone has the opportunity to have a happy and healthy life courseis a primary welfare goal. In this study, we investigate wellbeing trends in Franceand Switzerland across age, gender, and socioeconomic status groups. We use twohousehold surveys (the Sant´e et Itin´eraires Professionnels and the Swiss HouseholdPanel) to compare the unfolding inequalities in health and wellbeing across agegroups in two rich countries. We view wellbeing as multidimensional, followingthe literature highlighting the importance of considering different dimensions andmeasures of wellbeing. Thus, we investigate a number of outcomes, includingdifferent measures of physical and mental health, as well as of relational wellbeing,using a linear regression model and a linear probability model. Our findings showinteresting country and dimension-specific heterogeneities in the development ofhealth and wellbeing over age. While our results indicate that there are gender andeducational inequalities in both Switzerland and France, and that gender inequalitiesin mental health accumulate with age in both countries, we also find that educationalinequalities in health and wellbeing remain rather stable across age groups.
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Soenko, Yevgeny. TYPOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL VISION. Intellectual Archive, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2331.
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The research is based on the statement that retina produces the proper level of electrical activity, sourcing visual system. I started the research with partial darkening of different parts of the visual fields of humans to register possible psychological and physiological changes. The tested showed dramatically increasing variability and number of changes within just four exact types of darkening. More, emotional and physiological aspects of those changes were polarized into general acceptance and general rejection of a certain type of darkening in most of the individual tests. Thus the tested formed two opposite groups within every one of those types of darkening: a group with general negative reactions and a group with general positive ones. Further, those types of darkening turned out combined in pairs. General tune of reactions of most of the tested changed to strictly reverse within a pair of upper-lower types of darkening of peripheral vision and outer-inner ones as well. Between the pairs of types of darkening, there was no correspondence. The tested showed stability of their reactions during at least several months. Thus I may state a possibility of existence in the visual system of humans of two independent neuropsychological structures both having two alternative modes of functioning with a stable preference of just one of them in every individual case. If it is true, there may be a vision-based typology.
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Nolan, Brian, Brenda Gannon, Richard Layte, Dorothy Watson, Christopher T. Whelan, and James Williams. Monitoring Poverty Trends in Ireland: Results from the 2000 Living in Ireland survey. ESRI, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/prs45.
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This study is the latest in a series monitoring the evolution of poverty, based on data gathered by The ESRI in the Living in Ireland Surveys since 1994. These have allowed progress towards achieving the targets set out in the National Anti Poverty Strategy since 1997 to be assessed. The present study provides an updated picture using results from the 2000 round of the Living in Ireland survey. The numbers interviewed in the 2000 Living in Ireland survey were enhanced substantially, to compensate for attrition in the panel survey since it commenced in 1994. Individual interviews were conducted with 8,056 respondents. Relative income poverty lines do not on their own provide a satisfactory measure of exclusion due to lack of resources, but do nonetheless produce important key indicators of medium to long-term background trends. The numbers falling below relative income poverty lines were most often higher in 2000 than in 1997 or 1994. The income gap for those falling below these thresholds also increased. By contrast, the percentage of persons falling below income lines indexed only to prices (rather than average income) since 1994 or 1997 fell sharply, reflecting the pronounced real income growth throughout the distribution between then and 2000. This contrast points to the fundamental factors at work over this highly unusual period: unemployment fell very sharply and substantial real income growth was seen throughout the distribution, including social welfare payments, but these lagged behind income from work and property so social welfare recipients were more likely to fall below thresholds linked to average income. The study shows an increasing probability of falling below key relative income thresholds for single person households, those affected by illness or disability, and for those who are aged 65 or over - many of whom rely on social welfare support. Those in households where the reference person is unemployed still face a relatively high risk of falling below the income thresholds but continue to decline as a proportion of all those below the lines. Women face a higher risk of falling below those lines than men, but this gap was marked among the elderly. The study shows a marked decline in deprivation levels across different household types. As a result consistent poverty, that is the numbers both below relative income poverty lines and experiencing basic deprivation, also declined sharply. Those living in households comprising one adult with children continue to face a particularly high risk of consistent poverty, followed by those in families with two adults and four or more children. The percentage of adults in households below 70 per cent of median income and experiencing basic deprivation was seen to have fallen from 9 per cent in 1997 to about 4 per cent, while the percentage of children in such households fell from 15 per cent to 8 per cent. Women aged 65 or over faced a significantly higher risk of consistent poverty than men of that age. Up to 2000, the set of eight basic deprivation items included in the measure of consistent poverty were unchanged, so it was important to assess whether they were still capturing what would be widely seen as generalised deprivation. Factor analysis suggested that the structuring of deprivation items into the different dimensions has remained remarkably stable over time. Combining low income with the original set of basic deprivation indicators did still appear to identify a set of households experiencing generalised deprivation as a result of prolonged constraints in terms of command over resources, and distinguished from those experiencing other types of deprivation. However, on its own this does not tell the whole story - like purely relative income measures - nor does it necessarily remain the most appropriate set of indicators looking forward. Finally, it is argued that it would now be appropriate to expand the range of monitoring tools to include alternative poverty measures incorporating income and deprivation. Levels of deprivation for some of the items included in the original basic set were so low by 2000 that further progress will be difficult to capture empirically. This represents a remarkable achievement in a short space of time, but poverty is invariably reconstituted in terms of new and emerging social needs in a context of higher societal living standards and expectations. An alternative set of basic deprivation indicators and measure of consistent poverty is presented, which would be more likely to capture key trends over the next number of years. This has implications for the approach adopted in monitoring the National Anti-Poverty Strategy. Monitoring over the period to 2007 should take a broader focus than the consistent poverty measure as constructed to date, with attention also paid to both relative income and to consistent poverty with the amended set of indicators identified here.
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Aalto, Juha, and Ari Venäläinen, eds. Climate change and forest management affect forest fire risk in Fennoscandia. Finnish Meteorological Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361355.
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Forest and wildland fires are a natural part of ecosystems worldwide, but large fires in particular can cause societal, economic and ecological disruption. Fires are an important source of greenhouse gases and black carbon that can further amplify and accelerate climate change. In recent years, large forest fires in Sweden demonstrate that the issue should also be considered in other parts of Fennoscandia. This final report of the project “Forest fires in Fennoscandia under changing climate and forest cover (IBA ForestFires)” funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, synthesises current knowledge of the occurrence, monitoring, modelling and suppression of forest fires in Fennoscandia. The report also focuses on elaborating the role of forest fires as a source of black carbon (BC) emissions over the Arctic and discussing the importance of international collaboration in tackling forest fires. The report explains the factors regulating fire ignition, spread and intensity in Fennoscandian conditions. It highlights that the climate in Fennoscandia is characterised by large inter-annual variability, which is reflected in forest fire risk. Here, the majority of forest fires are caused by human activities such as careless handling of fire and ignitions related to forest harvesting. In addition to weather and climate, fuel characteristics in forests influence fire ignition, intensity and spread. In the report, long-term fire statistics are presented for Finland, Sweden and the Republic of Karelia. The statistics indicate that the amount of annually burnt forest has decreased in Fennoscandia. However, with the exception of recent large fires in Sweden, during the past 25 years the annually burnt area and number of fires have been fairly stable, which is mainly due to effective fire mitigation. Land surface models were used to investigate how climate change and forest management can influence forest fires in the future. The simulations were conducted using different regional climate models and greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Simulations, extending to 2100, indicate that forest fire risk is likely to increase over the coming decades. The report also highlights that globally, forest fires are a significant source of BC in the Arctic, having adverse health effects and further amplifying climate warming. However, simulations made using an atmospheric dispersion model indicate that the impact of forest fires in Fennoscandia on the environment and air quality is relatively minor and highly seasonal. Efficient forest fire mitigation requires the development of forest fire detection tools including satellites and drones, high spatial resolution modelling of fire risk and fire spreading that account for detailed terrain and weather information. Moreover, increasing the general preparedness and operational efficiency of firefighting is highly important. Forest fires are a large challenge requiring multidisciplinary research and close cooperation between the various administrative operators, e.g. rescue services, weather services, forest organisations and forest owners is required at both the national and international level.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.
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In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.
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Independent Consultation and Investigation Mechanism: 2020 Annual Report. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003200.
Full textAbstract:
2020 was an unprecedented year for everyone, because of the COVID-19 pandemic. MICI experienced this reality first-hand and was dedicated to reducing the disruptions in the operation of the mechanism due to the new circumstances, particularly in case management and accessibility. In numbers, MICIs complaint portfolio remained stable in 2020, with minimal variations compared to previous years. The Mechanism handled 21 complaints in total (two and three complaints less than in 2019 and 2018, respectively), 10 of which were new cases received in 2020. This report presents the management of each of these cases, as well as the main results in promoting access, learning and institutional strengthening.
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Association Amal Al Mansour: Supporting vulnerable youth into work every step of the way. Oxfam IBIS, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7901.
Full textAbstract:
Oxfam’s Youth Participation and Employment (YPE) project helped Hind, a young woman in Morocco, to enter the labour market. Though she is educated, her skills were insufficient to get a job. The Amal Al Mansour Association, a YPE partner, helped her with practical training in developing soft skills and accessing the formal labour market. With support from the Association, she got a job in the retail sector. Her current job is a stepping-stone to achieving her personal and professional goals. She wants to obtain her law degree and find a stable job in line with her qualifications. In the context of the COVID-19 crisis, the number of available jobs has decreased, and it is hard to get a full-time salaried position. Hind is hopeful that the YPE programme can help young people in Morocco through advocating for decent work for vulnerable young people.