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1
Perrin-Riou, Bernadette. Théorie d'Iwasawa des représentations p-adiques semi-stables. Paris: Société Mathématique de France, 2001.
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Perrin-Riou, Bernadette. Théorie d'Iwasawa des représentations p-adiques semi-stables. Paris: Société Mathématique de France, 2001.
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Pavlov, Sergey. Methods of catastrophe theory in the phenomenology of phase transitions. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1004276.
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The monograph is devoted to describing the methods of catastrophe theory and building on the basis of these methods, phenomenological models of phase transitions in solids. Methods of constructing structurally stable normal forms of functions, including functions that are imposed on the symmetry conditions. The classification of phenomenological models of phase transitions for two interacting one-component order parameter, two-component and three-component order parameters the number of control parameters varied in the experiment. Theoretical dependence of the anomalies of the physical properties of the models are compared with experimental data in ferroelectrics, magnetic materials, solid solutions of rare earth metals, multiferroics and other solids that are experiencing phase transitions.
For professionals in the field of solid state physics and phase transitions.
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Murashko, Mikhail, Igor Ivanov, and Nadezhda Knyazyuk. THE BASICS OF MEDICAL CARE QUALITY AND SAFETY PROVISION. ru: Advertising and Information Agency "Standards and quality», 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35400/978-5-600-02711-4.
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SUMMARY
Current monograph represents and reviews key approaches to creating an effective internal quality and safety control system for an organization, based on patient-oriented approach, process approach, risk management, continuous process improvement and other methods including definition of all applied terms, a number of examples and step by step manuals on executing key measures and events to create and develop a quality control system and local documentation samples.
Target audience for this monograph: hospital leadership, including CMO, deputy CMO on quality, head of quality control committee or designated quality control specialist, other medical workers.
ABOUT «THE BASICS OF MEDICAL CARE QUALITY AND SAFETY PROVISION»
All changes and reforms in healthcare should provide for medical care quality improvement, preservation of life and health of all citizens. Once an abstract word “quality” has its’ own specific meaning today, acquired by means of legislative validation of the term “medical care quality and safety”. Providing healthcare quality and safety is one of the key priorities within the confines of Russian Federation national policy for citizens’ health protection.
Current issue represents actual knowledge and practical experience in terms of medical care quality and safety control, continuous medical organization efficiency improvement. Current issue addresses the matters of theoretical and practical aspects of introducing management and internal quality and safety control system in medical care. It also contains the methodological description of Proposals (practical recommendations) of Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Healthcare, developed based on global experience generalization, adapted to Russian specificity, aimed at quality and safety provision. Current issue represents a large number of samples, examples, templates and check-list tables. Data, accumulated in the monograph, allows the reader create a proper system of measures in a medical organization to comply with the order № 381-н of Ministry of Health of Russian Federation «On approving Requirements towards organizing and executing medical care internal quality and safety control».
TARGET AUDIENCE
Current issue is intended for a wide range of readers, interested in management: for healthcare organization leaders, CMOs and deputy CMOs, deputy CMOs on quality, quality control committee leaders or designated quality control specialists, physicians, nurses, medical academicians and students, and all specialists, interested in medical organizations’ stable development and improvement.
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Stuewer, Roger H. European and Nuclear Disintegration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827870.003.0002.
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The horrific carnage on both sides of the conflict in the Great War of 1914–18 and the harsh postwar treaties transformed the face of Europe. Nuclear physics was also transformed, shortly before Rutherford left Manchester for Cambridge in early 1919, by his discovery of artificial nuclear disintegration, that alpha particles can disintegrate the nitrogen nucleus. He pursued his discovery at the Cavendish with his former Manchester student James Chadwick, who along with Charles Ellis and many others had been interned during the war in former racehorse stables in Ruhleben on the western outskirts of Berlin. Rutherford explained his discovery by assuming that an incident alpha particle expels a proton orbiting about a central core in the nitrogen nucleus, leaving a residual nucleus of lower atomic number.
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Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. Strongly stably dominated points. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.003.0008.
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This chapter focuses on the properties of strongly stably dominated types over valued fields bases. In this setting, strong stability corresponds to a strong form of the Abhyankar property for valuations: the transcendence degrees of the extension coincide with those of the residue field extension. The chapter proves a Bertini type result and shows that the strongly stable points form a strict ind-definable subset Vsuperscript Number Sign of unit vector V. It then proves a rigidity statement for iso-definable Γ-internal subsets of maximal o-minimal dimension of unit vector V, namely that they cannot be deformed by any homotopy leaving appropriate functions invariant. The chapter also describes the closure of iso-definable Γ-internal sets in Vsuperscript Number Sign and proves that Vsuperscript Number Sign is exactly the union of all skeleta.
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Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. Introduction. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.003.0001.
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This book deals with non-archimedean tame topology and stably dominated types. It considers o-minimality as an analogy and reduces questions over valued fields to the o-minimal setting. A fundamental tool, imported from stability theory, is the notion of a definable type, which plays a number of roles, starting from the definition of a point of the fundamental spaces. One of the roles of definable types is to be a substitute for the classical notion of a sequence, especially in situations where one is willing to refine to a subsequence. To each algebraic variety V over a valued field K, the book associates in a canonical way a projective limit unit vector V of spaces, which is the stable completion of V. In case the value group is ℝ, the results presented in this book relate to similar tameness theorems for Berkovich spaces.
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Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Macromolecular conformations and interactions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0025.
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As a polymer of many amino acids, any given protein can, in principle, adopt a huge number of configurations. In reality, however, the biologically stable protein adopts a single configuration that is stable over time. Thermodynamically, this configuration must represent a Gibbs free energy minimum. This chapter therefore explores how the thermodynamics and kinetics of protein folding and unfolding can be investigated experimentally (using, for example, chaotropes, heating or ligand interactions), and how these measurements can be used to enrich our understanding of protein configurations and stability.
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McKinlay Gardner, R. J., and David J. Amor. Centromere Fissions, Complementary Isochromosomes, Telomeric Fusions, Balancing Supernumerary Chromosomes, Neocentromeres, Jumping Translocations, and Chromothripsis. Edited by R. J. McKinlay Gardner and David J. Amor. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199329007.003.0012.
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This chapter reviews a number of very rare chromosomal rearrangements: centromere fissions, complementary isochromosomes, telomeric fusions, balancing supernumerary chromosomes, neocentromeres, jumping translocations, and chromothripsis. Centromere fission results when a metacentric or submetacentric chromosome splits at the centromere, giving rise to two stable telocentric products. The Robertsonian fission reverses the fusion that had originally generated it. Telomeric fusion leads to a 45-chromosome count. With the balanced complementary isochromosome carrier, two stable exactly metacentric products are generated. A balancing small supernumerary marker chromosome contains material deleted from the normal homolog. A supernumerary chromosome lacking a normal centromere can become stable and functional due to the generation of a neocentromere. In jumping translocations, a segment can move from one chromosome to two or more recipient chromosomes. Chromothripsis takes complex rearrangement to a yet more complex level. The reproductive risks associated with each are noted.
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Ellam, Rob. Isotopes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723622.001.0001.
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An isotope is a variant form of a chemical element, containing a different number of neutrons in its nucleus. Most elements exist as several isotopes. Many are stable, others are radioactive, and some may only exist fleetingly before decaying into other elements. The study of isotope ratios has become central to many areas of science, and used to probe the age and history of the Earth and the origins of the Solar System. Radioactive isotopes find wide applications, from nuclear power to medicine and carbon dating. Isotopes: A Very Short Introduction provides an overview of the nature of stable and radioactive isotopes, considering their wide range of modern applications.
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Allen, Mike, Lars Benjaminsen, Eoin O'Sullivan, and Nicholas Pleace. Ending Homelessness? Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447347170.001.0001.
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In recent years, across Europe, North America and the Antipodes, a significant number of countries, states and regions have devised strategies that aim to end long-term homelessness and the need to sleep rough. Long considered an intractable or ‘wicked’ social problem, the notion that homelessness could be ended represents a significant sea change in conceptualising and responding to homelessness. A key driver for states, regions and municipalities to devise plans to end homelessness, and an optimism that this policy objective can be achieved, is that there is an increasing research evidence base on what works to end homelessness. This increasingly sophisticated research evidence covers both the prevention of homelessness in the first instance and the support mechanisms that can ensure sustainable exits and stable, secure accommodation for people who have experienced homelessness. This book explores these issues through a detailed comparison of the experiences of Denmark, Finland and Ireland over the past decade. From 2008 to the end of 2018, the numbers living rough and in temporary and emergency accommodation showed a decline of 72 per cent in Finland, while the number of households in emergency accommodation increased by 300 per cent in Ireland; in Denmark, the number of adults in emergency accommodation increased by 12 per cent over the shorter time period of 2009–17. The purpose of this book is to offer explanations for stark variations in these outcomes despite similar starting points.
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Bolduc, Philip, Navix Order, and Emily Colgate. Epidemiology and the Spread of HIV. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0001.
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Worldwide, approximately 36 million people are infected with HIV. The number of new infections has been declining in most geographic areas including sub-Saharan Africa due to a larger number of persons receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the uptake of new prevention methods. Prevalence in many areas has either stabilized or gradually increased due to prolonged survival. The US epidemic has remained stable, with approximately 1.2 million persons living with HIV. There are fewer AIDS deaths and approximately 40,000–50,000 new infections yearly, leading to an overall increase in HIV prevalence in the United States. Globally, most new infections are via heterosexual transmission, with more than half of new infections occurring in women. In Europe and the United States, the largest number of new infections is occurring in men who have sex with men. Due to the progressive uptake of ART, mother-to-child transmission has declined significantly throughout the world.
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Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. Non-Archimedean Tame Topology and Stably Dominated Types (AM-192). Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.001.0001.
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Over the field of real numbers, analytic geometry has long been in deep interaction with algebraic geometry, bringing the latter subject many of its topological insights. In recent decades, model theory has joined this work through the theory of o-minimality, providing finiteness and uniformity statements and new structural tools. For non-archimedean fields, such as the p-adics, the Berkovich analytification provides a connected topology with many thoroughgoing analogies to the real topology on the set of complex points, and it has become an important tool in algebraic dynamics and many other areas of geometry. This book lays down model-theoretic foundations for non-archimedean geometry. The methods combine o-minimality and stability theory. Definable types play a central role, serving first to define the notion of a point and then properties such as definable compactness. Beyond the foundations, the main theorem constructs a deformation retraction from the full non-archimedean space of an algebraic variety to a rational polytope. This generalizes previous results of V. Berkovich, who used resolution of singularities methods. No previous knowledge of non-archimedean geometry is assumed and model-theoretic prerequisites are reviewed in the first sections.
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Pérotin, Virginie. Worker Co-operatives. Edited by Jonathan Michie, Joseph R. Blasi, and Carlo Borzaga. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684977.013.9.
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The chapter examines the implications of the key international research findings of the last two decades for our understanding of why worker co-operatives are created, the objectives pursued by founding and subsequent members and the spill-over effects of their performance for the communities in which the firms are found. The chapter argues that worker co-operatives, by providing institutions in which employees control most aspects of their job and firm strategy (including pay and employment trade-offs) internalise a number of externalities to the conventional operation of firms. They provide good, stable jobs in which employees’ potential and creativity can flourish. In addition to promoting economic democracy, worker co-operatives offer sustainable and local employment and are likely to have a number of positive effects on their communities’ economies, public finances and health.
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Hughes, Aaron W. Messianism in the Shadows. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190684464.003.0004.
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Chapter 3 deals with the decades immediately following the death of Muhammad and examines an inchoate set of overlapping Islams that use a number of Jewish themes and motifs (e.g., messianism) without attribution or even awareness. Such Islamically underdefined social groups paradoxically created a number of diverse and equally underdefined Jewish responses that run the gamut from the apocalyptic to what would only later emerge as normative. This is a far cry from the regnant narrative that imagines a normative and a stable Judaism on the Arabian Peninsula in the late antique period. This does not rule out that a normative Judaism was being developed in the workshops associated with the rabbis in Babylonia. What it does mean is that many scholars from the nineteenth century onward have assumed that what was happening in Babylonia was simply and straightforwardly representative of the entire Jewish world.
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Germano, Roy. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190862848.003.0007.
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This chapter concludes the book by summarizing key arguments and findings and discussing the implications of remittances for democracy. The chapter argues that remittances are a benefit to democracy when they prevent the rise of authoritarian-minded populists in times of economic crises. Remittances are harmful to democracy, however, when they reduce accountability and allow governments to neglect the poor. This chapter argues that it is in governments’ interest to augment the global flow of remittances in an effort to create the stable social and political conditions needed for economic development. The chapter also proposes a number of steps governments can take to reduce the costs of emigrating and sending remittances.
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Abraham, Bisrat K., Inti Flores, and Roy M. Gulick. Routine Testing for HIV Infection and Pre-Exposure and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0031.
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Substantial progress has been made in the fight against HIV/AIDS, and newer therapies are enabling individuals to live longer and healthier lives. Furthermore, the concept of treatment as prevention is now well solidified and has increased the urgency to identify and treat all HIV-infected individuals. As such, revised guidelines for HIV testing have shifted from a model of “targeted testing” to a more universal approach whereby all individuals have routine testing for HIV as part of medical care. Despite this approach, the number of incident HIV cases has remained stable in the United States. In addition to behavioral interventions and counseling, preventative strategies such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) are being used to help protect at-risk individuals.
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Tutino, Stefania. Different Shades of Seventeenth-Century Probabilism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694098.003.0004.
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This chapter provides a thematic analysis of some of the most significant applications of probabilism to a number of epistemological, intellectual, political, and theological questions. It focuses on four early seventeenth-century authors, each using probabilism to advance a specific intellectual agenda: Tomás Sánchez and his effort to articulate probability as a trait d’union between conscience and law in the context of his elaboration on the doctrine on marriage; Leonardus Lessius and his attempt to use probabilism to update Catholic doctrine and especially Catholic economic thought; Juan Azor and his endeavor to structure probabilism within a stable and coherent system of knowledge; and Emmanuel Sa and his vulgarization of probabilism for the sake of confessors and other readers who did not necessarily have a deep background in, and extensive knowledge of, moral theology.
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Close, Frank. 4. Odds, evens, and shells. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198718635.003.0004.
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‘Odds, evens, and shells’ considers the fundamental property laws governing nuclear structure. It explains element stability and abundance, as well as the quantum rules, magic numbers, shells, and binding energy that explain atomic and element structure. An effective guide to stability, and the pattern of radioactive decays, is given by the semi-empirical mass formula. As nature seeks stability by minimising energy, a nucleus seeks to lower the total mass or increase the binding energy by emitting an alpha particle cluster, by beta decay, or by splitting in two, as in uranium fission. Alpha decay and technetium, the lightest element that is totally radioactive, and thus without any stable isotopes, are also described.
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Franks, Hallie M. The Journey Around. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863166.003.0005.
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The four-spoked wheel that is the subject of this chapter has a number of associations: it is a children’s toy, a torture device, a love charm, and an emblem of the circle of fate. In each of these contexts, it is the wheel’s spinning that gives it resonance. In the andron, mosaic wheels draw attention to the living revolutions of wine and conversation that unfold in the andron and align sympotic circling with cyclic patterns of movement that carry a deep cultural association with universal rhythms and harmonies. The result of rhythmic turning elsewhere—in dancing or in the movements of the stars—is balance, unity, constancy, and order. These are also the values of the ideal symposium, and in highlighting the pattern of circular movement as a stable cycle, the wheel points drinkers to the promise of these results.
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Dmitrieva, Olga. Production of geminate consonants in Russian. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754930.003.0003.
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Typology of geminate consonants demonstrates a number of contextual and manner restrictions the origin of which is not well understood. The present study examines the hypothesis that geminates are restricted to certain contexts, such as intervocalic, and certain manners of articulation, such as obstruents, because the durational differences between geminates and singletons are especially pronounced in these cases. Duration of geminates and singletons in Russian was examined in naturalistic speech and in non-words to determine the effect of contextual and manner factors. Results showed that, although the absolute duration of both geminates and singletons varied significantly under the effects of contextual and manner factors, the amount of difference between geminates and singletons remained stable. The results of this study, combined with other cross-linguistic evidence, suggest that asymmetry in the extent of geminate lengthening across contexts and manners of articulation is not a likely cause of the observed typology.
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Sabharwal, Nikant, Parthiban Arumugam, and Andrew Kelion. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: clinical value. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759942.003.0010.
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Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) is most commonly used to diagnose or exclude obstructive coronary disease in patients presenting with chest pain. This chapter covers the value of MPS in this context, as well as providing detail on the guidelines which help the clinician choose what investigations are appropriate for the patient presenting with chest pain. It also details a number of considerations related to the use of MPS, such as its cost-effectiveness and the prognosis value in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease compared to exercise ECG, X-ray computed tomographic coronary angiography, and other imaging investigations. Risk assessment prior to elective non-cardiac surgery is covered, with detailed attention paid to the challenges of assessing coronary artery disease special groups including women and patients with diabetes or renal disease. This chapter also covers assessment in known stable coronary artery disease, predicting the value of coronary revascularization and hibernating myocardium.
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van Miert, Dirk. Joseph Scaliger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803935.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 shows that in Leiden around 1600 the type of philology that undermined the stability of the biblical text was kept indoors or was restricted to private correspondence. The independently minded Joseph Scaliger focused on chronology and history, and the history of the Bible was part of his studies, although it did not stand at the centre of his attention. Scaliger was reluctant to publish his philological annotations on the Bible. He adopted different levels of openness, depending on the medium. Scaliger observed that the text of the Bible was often not stable and irretrievably lost. He inculcated his textual-critical, linguistic and historical methods in his students Daniel Heinsius and Hugo Grotius. He exerted a profound influence on antiquarians such as Selden and Saumaise, not through a published work or an organized selection of biblical annotations, but through a number of methods and themes, which the next generation developed.
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Farb, Benson, and Dan Margalit. Pseudo-Anosov Theory. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691147949.003.0015.
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This chapter focuses on the construction as well as the algebraic and dynamical properties of pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms. It first presents five different constructions of pseudo-Anosov mapping classes: branched covers, constructions via Dehn twists, homological criterion, Kra's construction, and a construction for braid groups. It then proves a few fundamental facts concerning stretch factors of pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms, focusing on the theorem that pseudo-Anosov stretch factors are algebraic integers. It also considers the spectrum of pseudo-Anosov stretch factors, along with the special properties of those measured foliations that are the stable (or unstable) foliations of some pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism. Finally, it describes the orbits of a pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism as well as lengths of curves and intersection numbers under iteration.
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Trudgill, Peter. The Anthropological Setting of Polysynthesis. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.13.
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A sociolinguistically oriented study of polysynthesis literature reveals one rather striking observation. Varieties often cited as being incontrovertibly polysynthetic include languages from many different language families and different areas of the world. But many of these languages have a number of social characteristics in common: they are spoken in relatively small, traditional, non-industrialized communities, over relatively small territories. This chapter suggests that this is not a coincidence. There seems to be considerable agreement in the literature, for instance, that polysynthetic languages are ‘highly’, ‘extremely’, or ‘extraordinarily’ complex. And the literature on polysynthesis abounds in descriptors referring to their complexity as ‘exuberant’, ‘unusual’, ‘spectacular’, ‘baroque’, ‘rich’, ‘daunting’, and ‘startling’. This tallies nicely with the suggestion (Trudgill 2011) that linguistic complexity is particularly associated with relatively small, isolated, stable communities which have dense social-network structures; and is relatively unlikely to be found in large, high-contact (for example urban, colonial, standard) language varieties.
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Gielen, Stephan, Alessandro Mezzani, Paola Pontremoli, Simone Binno, Giovanni Q. Villani, Massimo F. Piepoli, Josef Niebauer, and Daniel Forman. Physical activity and inactivity. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0012.
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In this chapter the current evidence for regular aerobic exercise in primary prevention is discussed and recommendations for exercise interventions in the general population are given. Regular physical exercise is an established therapeutic strategy in a number of cardiovascular diseases and with stable chronic heart failure. In these disease entities moderate-intensity aerobic endurance training is the basis of most training programmes. However, high-intensity interval training is more effective in improving cardiovascular exercise capacity without any measurable additional risks. Resistance training can be used as an optional training component in patients with pronounced loss of lean muscle. In recent years new areas for application of exercise-based intervention have been explored: training interventions proved to be safe and effective in pulmonary hypertension, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and compensated subcritical valvular heart disease. However, in contrast to training in coronary artery disease and heart failure, the prognostic benefit is not yet established.
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Dolman, A. Johannes, Luis U. Vilasa-Abad, and Thomas A. J. Janssen. Ecohydrological Concepts of Water-Vegetation Interaction in the Drylands of Africa. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.554.
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Drylands cover around 40% of the land surface on Earth and are inhabited by more than 2 billion people, who are directly dependent on these lands. Drylands are characterized by a highly variable rainfall regime and inherent vegetation-climate feedbacks that can enhance the resilience of the system, but also can amplify disturbances. In that way, the system may get locked into two alternate stable states: one relatively wet and vegetated, and the other dry and barren. The resilience of dryland ecosystems derives from a number of adaptive mechanisms by which the vegetation copes with prolonged water stress, such as hydraulic redistribution. The stochastic nature of both the vegetation dynamics and the rainfall regime is a key characteristic of these systems and affects its management in relation to the feedbacks. How the ecohydrology of the African drylands will change in the future depends on further changes in climate, human disturbances, land use, and the socioeconomic system.
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Esaiasson, Peter, and Lena Wängnerud. Political Parties and Political Representation. Edited by Jon Pierre. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.11.
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Although Sweden is characterized by a stable formal framework for political representation, major changes during recent decades have affected the conditions in which political representation is exercised. A once orderly five-party system has evolved into an unwieldy eight-party system, and turnover in the Riksdag has increased. Parties are challenged from the inside by an increased presence of previously excluded groups, such as women and foreign-born representatives. Analyzing a unique series of mail surveys to Swedish MPs from 1985–2010, the chapter reports congruence on left–right issues versus profile issues for newcomer parties, gender gaps in policy priorities and policy standpoints, and trends in citizens’ trust in representative institutions. The long-term perspective demonstrates that Swedish political parties are successful survivors. There is stability in policy agreement on left–right issues, and the increased number of parties and women MPs has meant stronger agreement between certain segments of MPs and voters.
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Bethke, Craig M. Geochemical Reaction Modeling. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094756.001.0001.
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Geochemical reaction modeling plays an increasingly vital role in several areas of geoscience, from environmental geochemistry and petroleum geology to the study of geothermal and hydrothermal fluids. This book provides an up-to-date overview of the use of numerical methods to model reaction processes in the Earth's crust and on its surface. Early chapters develop the theoretical foundations of the field, derive a set of governing equations, and show how numerical methods can be used to solve these equations. Other chapters discuss the distribution of species in natural waters; methods for computing activity coefficients in dilute solutions and in brines; the complexation of ions into mineral surfaces; the kinetics of precipitation and dissolution reactions; and the fractionation of stable isotopes. Later chapters provide a large number of fully worked calculation examples and case studies demonstrating the modeling techniques that can be applied to scientific and practical problems. Students in a variety of specialties from low-temperature geochemistry to groundwater hydrology will benefit from the wealth of information and practical applications this book has to offer.
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Barnhurst, Kevin G. Groups Supplanted Persons. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040184.003.0004.
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This chapter focuses on the decline of people news. For several decades people news was growing element in the media landscape. By the early 1970s, The New York Times was running the Notes on People column. By the 1990s a growth area for U.S. television networks was the prime-time News magazine, a genre oriented to people stories. Reality shows, always an element of American TV, grew into a dominant genre by the early twenty-first century and made supposed “real” people the center of attention. However, by the end of the twentieth century, studies noted that people were disappearing from the front page. One cause of the depopulation of front pages is that news stories are getting longer. Even if the average news report included a stable number of persons, they would populate the news more thinly as the typical story grew longer—fewer of them would appear on any page. As the new century began, more groups stood alone as the actors in news, and ordinary named individuals almost never did.
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McMillan, John. Containing Violence and Controlling Desire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758617.003.0013.
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Deep brain stimulation and wireless deep brain stimulation have the potential to reduce or control violent dispositions. This raises the question of whether enhancing the morality of those who are likely to harm others is ethically acceptable. The implications of controlling harmful dispositions for free will is a feature of the enhancement debate, and it was a feature of worries about other techniques earlier in the twentieth century. In A Clockwork Orange, Burgess expresses the concern that a new technique that controls the violent dispositions of the central character in the book and film, Alex, violates him as a person. This chapter distinguishes a number of worries about the treatment given to Alex, and argues that we should not be concerned that altering dispositions in this way removes free will, if the conditions described in the chapter are met. Neurointerventions to control desires can be ethical when they are consistent with a person’s second-order volitions about the kinds of desires they wish to act upon. So long as a person can genuinely fit new dispositions within a stable self-conception, these new dispositions seem to enable rather than violate their free will.
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Lewington, Andrew, and Michael Weston. Imaging the urinary tract in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0210.
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Imaging the urinary tract of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) may assist identifying the cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). By the nature of their illness patients on ICU will often be clinically unstable and this will restrict the choice of imaging. Ultrasound is the most commonly used non-invasive imaging technique used, and is essential for assessing renal anatomy, determining kidney size and the presence of obstruction. New developments hold much promise and there are a number of centres now using this technology. Doppler ultrasonography has become increasingly popular to assess intrarenal blood flow. CT scanning can be used with or without contrast when ultrasonography is non-diagnostic and is very useful in identifying calcification within the renal tract. However, the patient must be stable enough for transfer to the radiology department. It is important to consider the risk of iodinated contrast-induced AKI (CI-AKI) in critically-ill patients and minimize potential renal injury. Magnetic resonance imaging may be preferred where there is risk of CI-AKI, but the logistics may prove even more demanding. Renal arteriography is rarely performed, but may be required for diagnostic and interventional procedures for renal artery stenosis or sites of active haemorrhage.
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Drutman, Lee. Breaking the Two-Party Doom Loop. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913854.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book argues that the United States now has, for the first time in American history, a genuine two-party system, with two fully-sorted, truly national parties, divided over the character of the nation. And it is a disaster. It is a party system fundamentally at odds with our anti-majoritarian, compromise-oriented governing institutions. It threatens the very foundations of fairness and shared values on which democracy in the United States depends. The book tells the story of how American politics became so toxic and why the country is now trapped in a doom loop of escalating two-party warfare from which there is only one escape: increase the number of parties through electoral reform. As it shows, American politics was once stable because the two parties held within them multiple factions, which made it possible to assemble flexible majorities and kept the climate of political combat from overheating. But as conservative Southern Democrats and liberal Northeastern Republicans disappeared, partisan conflict flattened and pulled apart. Once the parties became fully nationalized—a long-germinating process that culminated in 2010—toxic partisanship took over completely. With the two parties divided over competing visions of national identity, Democrats and Republicans no longer see each other as opponents, but as enemies. And the more the conflict escalates, the shakier America’s democracy feels.
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Hopkins, Ramona O., and James C Jackson. Cognitive Impairment Following Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0019.
Full textAbstract:
Millions of individuals each year survive critical illness, many of whom will develop post-intensive care syndrome which includes new or worsening impairments in physical, psychiatric, or cognitive functioning. Cognitive impairments are common in survivors of critical illness, are often severe, and persist years after hospital discharge. Cognitive impairments improve in some patients and, in others, appear stable over time, rather display a pattern of progressive decline. Cognitive impairment contributes to clinically significant functional decrements as well as decreased quality of life. The biological mechanisms of cognitive impairment are not well defined, although numerous risk factors have been identified. As the number of ICU survivors increases, there is a growing population of patients with cognitive impairments following critical illness, underscoring the need to address cognitive impairments through prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation. Interventions to prevent or reduce the severity of cognitive impairments (i.e. sedation, delirium, and early mobility protocols) need to be investigated. Although there are very limited examples in which rehabilitation is used in ICU populations, it may hold the potential to facilitate improvements in cognition, particularly among individuals with deficits in memory, attention, and executive functioning. Despite over a decade of focused investigation, fundamental questions pertaining to cognitive impairments after critical illness exist. Research is needed on methods to proactively identify those at risk for cognitive impairment and to develop methods which will robustly prevent and improve deficits in ICU survivors.
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Status of Road Safety in the Region of the Americas. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275120868.
Full textAbstract:
In the three years since the last road safety report was issued, the number of road traffic deaths has continued to increase throughout the Americas, reaching 154,997 deaths in 2016 (latest year of available data). However, the death rate from road traffic crashes has remained stable (15.6 per 100,000 population in 2016 as compared to 15.9 per 100,000 population in 2013). Data presented in this report show that aspects of road safety management, legislation, and post-crash care have improved in some countries. However, the improvements have been modest and it is clear that the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 3.6, to halve road traffic deaths by 2020, will not be achieved... Since 2014, more countries in the Region have implemented road safety legislation. Two additional countries, the Dominican Republic and Uruguay, established laws on drink-driving based on best practice, bringing the total to eight countries. Ecuador implemented legislation on helmet use (resulting in a total of seven countries), Dominican Republic implemented legislation on seat-belts (19 countries in total), while Chile implemented child restraint laws (two countries in total). However, no new speed laws have been enacted in the Region. Overall, four countries (Chile, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, and Uruguay) have amended their laws regarding one or more road safety risk factors to bring them in line with best practice. Despite these legislative developments, enforcement remains a major challenge in most countries...
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Kaufmann, Philipp A., and Oliver Gaemperli. Hybrid Cardiac Imaging. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0028.
Full textAbstract:
Assessment of both coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion are equally important for the appropriate treatment of patients with stable coronary artery disease. Cardiac hybrid imaging allows integration of coronary anatomy and perfusion in one all-in-one image, thereby avoiding mental integration of findings. In selected subgroups of patients, cardiac hybrid imaging has demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy compared to single modalities. The combination of coronary anatomy and function provides incremental prognostic information and improves risk stratification of patients with suspected or known CAD. Aside from CT coronary angiography, coronary artery calcium score (CACS) scans obtained from native ECG-triggered CT are used for hybrid imaging. They are used either for attenuation correction, or can be combined with radionuclide information to improve CAD detection and risk stratification. A large number of integrated hybrid scanners are commercially available and offer advantages for cardiac hybrid imaging. However, these devices are not mandatory, and hybrid imaging is perfectly feasible from two separate datasets using appropriate image fusion software. Cardiac magnetic resonance has entered the arena of hybrid imaging and several integrated PET/MRI devices are already commercially available. Its advantages include the lack of ionizing radiation and a high spatial resolution, particularly for soft tissue structures. In research, hybrid imaging moves beyond its conventional borders of perfusion imaging to target specific molecular or biological pathways that underlie cardiac disease, a concept known as molecular imaging. The combination of radionuclide imaging with CT or MRI offers attractive features to co-localize biological signals from radiolabeled targeted compounds with microanatomical structures.
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Eckert, J., P. Deplazes, and P. Kern. Alveolar echinococcosis (Echinococcus multilocularis). Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0061.
Full textAbstract:
In this chapter three forms of echinococcosis in humans are described that are caused by a larval stage (metacestode) of Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863, Echinococcus oligarthrus (Diesing, 1863) or Echinococcus vogeli Rausch and Bernstein, 1972. E. multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis (AE). In the human host the metacestode of E. multilocularis behaves like a malignant tumour, characterized by infiltrative proliferation and the potential to induce serious disease. The liver is nearly exclusively the primary site of metacestode development, but metastases may by formed in adjacent and distant organs. Typically AE exhibits a chronic progressive clinical course, which finally leads to death in up to 90% of untreated patients within 10 years after diagnosis. An undefined proportion of cases are abortive with inactivation of the parasite. Evidence has accumulated in recent years that anti-parasitic therapy with benzimidazoles (albendazole or mebendazole) over many years or lifelong, if necessary combined with interventional procedures, can inhibit disease progression and improve or stabilse the patient’s clinical condition. Radical surgery in an early stage of the infection combined with anti-parasitic therapy for two years may lead to cure. The introduction of benzimidazole therapy of AE (1977), combined with improved diagnostic and surgical procedures, has resulted in significantly increased life-expectancies of adequately treated AE patients. In highly endemic areas ultrasound population screening (partially combinated with antibody detection) has been successfully used for early detection of AE cases. Countrywide annual AE incidence rates are mostly low at approximately < 0.1 to 2.0 per 100,000 inhabitants, but they can be much higher locally. Furthermore, there are indications of emerging case numbers in some areas of Europe and Asia. In spite of relatively low case numbers, AE is a significant disease due to its severity and high costs of treatment (median costs of approximately 145,800 per case).
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Bromley, Daniel W. Possessive Individualism. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190062842.001.0001.
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The emergence of authoritarian governments in much of Europe, the British vote to leave the European Union, and widespread political anger in the United States suggest that anxiety and uncertainty now threaten to undermine stable democracies. Decades of stagnant household incomes and growing inequality are casting doubt on the benefits of capitalism. Meanwhile, millions of desperate migrants streaming north out of Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa further jeopardize political stability in the wealthy metropole. We have here an explanation for why the world finds itself in widespread dysfunction. First, there is a dominant culture of possessive individualism. This attitude has fostered political opposition to taxes, to higher wages for vast numbers of workers, and to various programs that would ease the economic burden on beleaguered households. Meanwhile, a culture of managerial capitalism suppresses wages and salaries, embraces automation, and moves jobs overseas. Voters have taken the measure of contemporary capitalism and are unimpressed. Many of the disillusioned have turned to authoritarian braggarts to rescue them from their misery. Xenophobia stalks the land. Escape from this crisis requires that the isolated acquisitive individual rediscover a sense of loyalty to others—as neighbors, as colleagues, and as participants in a shared social process of living rather than merely consuming. Escape also requires that the private firm be reimagined as a public trust in which the economic well-being of employees becomes a central part of its purpose. In the absence of these dual transformations, capitalism as we know it cannot endure.
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Lawrence, Erika, and Kieran T. Sullivan, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Relationship Science and Couple Interventions. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199783267.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Marriage and other long-term committed relationships are an integral part of our lives and confer many benefits. Unfortunately, many couples experience significant relationship distress and about half of marriages end in divorce. Among those who stay married, a notable number of couples remain in stably, severely distressed marriages for years or even decades. Given the serious physical and psychological consequences of relationship distress and divorce for spouses and their children, it is clear that relationship science––the basic and applied study of relationship development, maintenance, and dysfunction––is of critical importance.The Oxford Handbook of Relationship Science and Couple Interventionsshowcases cutting-edge research in relationship science, including couple functioning, relationship education, and couple therapy. The book begins with the most current definitions of and classifications for relationship dysfunction, which are reflected in the most recent versions of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-5)and theInternational Classification of Diagnoses (ICD-11). Next, the latest research on the biological, psychological, and interpersonal causes and correlates of couple dysfunction and subsequent treatment implications is presented. The latest findings regarding empirically supported prevention and treatment interventions for couple dysfunction are then presented, and diversity and cultural issues are discussed in the context of working with couples. The information contained in this handbook will benefit researchers who seek to understand relationship distress and design interventions to prevent and treat couple distress, and clinicians who are diagnosing, assessing, and treating couple dysfunction in their practices.
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Deadly Endings: A Powerful and Emotional Thriller with a Deadly EndingDeadly Endings Part One Chapter 1 Piombino, Italy, Easter 1907 Chapter 2 Paris, Autumn 1963 Chapter 3 Kent, England, May 1907 Chapter 4 London, October 1963 Chapter 5 Somerleyton Manor, June 1907 Chapter 6 Ham, October 1963 Chapter 7 Otford Village, June 1907 Chapter 8 The Stable Boy 1907 Chapter 9 The Chase, June 1907 Chapter 10 London, February 1964 Chapter 11 Doctor John Gale, Otford, 1907 Chapter 12 Marx Cottage, Early December 1907 Chapter 13 Ham, The Ides Of March, 1964 Chapter 14 London, 12th December 1907 Chapter 15 The HMS Aboukir, 12th December 1907 Chapter 16 Tower Bridge, 12th December 1907 Part Two Chapter 17 France 1st April 1964 Chapter 18 Moscow, April 1964 Chapter 19 Somerleyton Manor Christmas 1907, Chapter 20 Charlotte’s Mini, April 1964 Chapter 21 France, April 1964 Chapter 22 Duck’s Island, April 1964 Chapter 23 La Plaça Reial, Barcelona, April 1964 Chapter 24 The Massacre of Kalavryta 1943 Chapter 25 Somerleyton Manor, Spring 1912 Chapter 26 The Red Dragon, 1964 Chapter 27 The Lubyanka, Moscow 1964 Part Three Chapter 28 The Ritz Hotel, Barcelona 1964 Chapter 29 Moshe’s Last Job, 1964 Chapter 30 Sergei’s Villa, Barceloneta 1964 Chapter 31 Casa Batlló, Barcelona 1964 Chapter 32 Heathrow Airport, April 1964 Chapter 33 Castell de Plegamans 1964 Chapter 34 Barcelona, Thursday, 23rd April 1964 Chapter 35 Baby Paloma, Madrid 1962 Chapter 36 Barceloneta, Friday 24th April Chapter 37 Sant Ramón Clinic, June 1962 Part Four Chapter 38 Raúl Piazzolla Mainetti 1964 Chapter 39 Saturday, 25th April 1964 Chapter 40 Quarter Past Six Chapter 41 Five Minutes To Seven Chapter 42 Half Past Seven Chapter 43 Five Minutes To Eight Chapter 44 Ten Past Eight Chapter 45 Seventeen Minutes Past Eight Chapter 46 Eight Thirty Chapter 47 Ten-Thirty-Five Chapter 48 Eleven-Fifteen Chapter 49 Midnight Chapter 50 The Scylla Chapter 51 Wieniawski Concerto Number One Chapter 52 Deadly Endings. USA: Bookbaby, 2013.
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