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1

Bodily, Chris H. "Numerical Differentiation Using Statistical Design." NCSU, 2002. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07082002-235127/.

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Derivatives are frequently required by numerical procedures across many disciplines. Numerical differentiation can be useful for approximating derivatives. This dissertation will introduce computational differentiation (the process by which derivatives are obtained with a computer), focusing on statistical response surface (RSM) designs for approximating derivatives. The RSM designs are compared with two competing numerical methods: namely a rival saturated statistical design approach, and a method employing finite differencing. A covariance model incorporating function curvature and computer round-off error is proposed for estimating the derivative approximation variances. These variances and the computational workload each method requires become the basis for comparing the derivative approximations. A diagnostic test for variable scaling errors is also described.
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2

Hu, Luoan 1954. "DBDF: An implicit numerical differentiation algorithm for integrated circuit simulation." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277918.

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Frequently, the design of integrated circuits cannot be accomplished by purely analytical techniques. Accurate and efficient algorithms for numerical circuit simulation are important tools. Several circuit simulators, such as SPICE, have been made available for this task. Contrary to many other applications of numerical system simulation, integrated circuit problems don't lend themselves to a formulation of state-space models, since the space charge in a p-n junction is a nonlinear and noninvertible function of the voltage across the junction. Therefore, it is necessary to employ numerical differentiation instead of numerical integration in this type of simulation study. The numerical algorithms employed in today's circuit simulators are fairly primitive. SPICE, for example, offers only two very simple implementations of the trapezoidal rule and of the backwards differentiation formula. This thesis describes the design and implementation of DBDF, a specification of a numerical method in Nordsieck format for solving circuit simulation problems. A formal stability and truncation error analysis are included.
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3

Hodson, Joshua D. "Numerical Analysis and Spanwise Shape Optimization for Finite Wings of Arbitrary Aspect Ratio." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7574.

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This work focuses on the development of efficient methods for wing shape optimization for morphing wing technologies. Existing wing shape optimization processes typically rely on computational fluid dynamics tools for aerodynamic analysis, but the computational cost of these tools makes optimization of all but the most basic problems intractable. In this work, we present a set of tools that can be used to efficiently explore the design spaces of morphing wings without reducing the fidelity of the results significantly. Specifically, this work discusses automatic differentiation of an aerodynamic analysis tool based on lifting line theory, a light-weight gradient-based optimization framework that provides a parallel function evaluation capability not found in similar frameworks, and a modification to the lifting line equations that makes the analysis method and optimization process suitable to wings of arbitrary aspect ratio. The toolset discussed is applied to several wing shape optimization problems. Additionally, a method for visualizing the design space of a morphing wing using this toolset is presented. As a result of this work, a light-weight wing shape optimization method is available for analysis of morphing wing designs that reduces the computational cost by several orders of magnitude over traditional methods without significantly reducing the accuracy of the results.
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4

Safiran, Niloofar Verfasser], Uwe [Akademischer Betreuer] Naumann, and Erika [Akademischer Betreuer] [Ábrahám. "Differentiation of numerical simulations with embedded nonlinear systems and integrals / Niloofar Safiran ; Uwe Naumann, Erika Ábrahám." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1196018057/34.

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5

Othmane, Amine. "Contributions to numerical differentiation using orthogonal polynomials and its application to fault detection and parameter identification." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPAST144.

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La reconstruction de grandeurs non mesurées de systèmes dynamiques se résume souvent à la connaissance de dérivées d'ordres arbitraires mais fini des variables connues du système. L'approximation de ces dérivées à partir de mesures perturbées est néanmoins connu pour être un problème complexe. Toutefois, des algorithmes de différentiation numérique basés sur des polynômes orthogonaux et des séries de Fourier généralisées tronquées peuvent le simplifier considérablement. Ces dérivateurs sont en effet robustes aux bruits de mesure et peuvent contribuer à la résolution de problèmes complexes dans le domaine de l'automatique. Néanmoins, la sélection des paramètres des dérivateurs ainsi que leurs implémentations en temps réel constituent des défis critiques lors de l'application de ces méthodes. Ce travail présente un cadre unifié pour la synthèse et l'analyse de dérivateurs basés sur des polynômes orthogonaux classiques. Des approches existantes sont davantage développées et leurs relations avec les méthodes établies sont analysées. Les dérivateurs basés sur les polynômes de Jacobi, également appelés dérivateurs algébriques, constituent une classe particulière des algorithmes étudiés dans ce travail. Des directives pour la sélection des paramètres sont déduites à partir des interprétations des filtres des dérivateurs afin d'obtenir les propriétés souhaitées dans le domaine fréquentiel. Une nouvelle approche de paramétrage basée sur un problème d'optimisation et nécessitant uniquement le signal mesuré est proposée. Lors de la discussion de l'implémentation en temps discret, la préservation des propriétés dans le domaine fréquentiel est abordée en détail. Une étude expérimentale compare les résultats issus des différents dérivateurs. Les approximations obtenues, la charge de calcul et les besoins de mémoire sont analysés et interprétés. Les deux dernières caractéristiques sont essentielles pour les applications en temps réel. L'application des dérivateurs dans le domaine de l'automatique est démontrée à l'aide de deux études expérimentales pour la détection de défauts avec des algorithmes basés sur des modèles physiques. Tout d'abord, la collision d'une balle de ping-pong avec une plaque à lévitation magnétique est discutée. Seules la mesure de la position de la plaque et les forces appliquées sont disponibles. L'approche proposée réduit considérablement le temps de calcul et les besoins en mémoire comparée aux méthodes considérées jusqu'à présent. En outre, la nouvelle approche réduit la hauteur de chute minimale détectable de la balle. Ensuite, une approche est proposée pour une détection efficace et en temps réel des défauts dans des roulements. Cette méthode est validée à l'aide de données expérimentales provenant de différents bancs d'essai. Des approches d'estimation de paramètres sont ensuite discutées. Ce travail généralise des algorithmes récemment proposés. Les conditions de convergence dérivées sont moins restrictives que celles publiées précédemment. De plus, cette approche permet d'identifier un sous-ensemble de paramètres, même si certains ne sont pas excités. Deux études expérimentales valident l'analyse théorique. Les résultats sont comparés à ceux obtenus avec des estimateurs établis et des méthodes algébriques d'estimation des paramètres. Ces exemples confirment les potentiels de ces méthodes développées dans ce travail
The reconstruction of unmeasured quantities in dynamical systems often boils down to the knowledge of derivatives of the measured system variables. The approximation of these derivatives in the presence of measurement disturbances is known to be challenging. However, numerical differentiation algorithms based on orthogonal polynomials and truncated generalised Fourier series may considerably simplify the problem. These differentiators are robust to measurement disturbances and may contribute to solving complex control engineering tasks. Critical challenges for the application of the methods are the selection of favourable parameters and their real-time implementation. This work presents a unified framework for synthesizing and analysing differentiators based on classical orthogonal polynomials. Existing approaches are extended, and their relations to established methods are investigated. Differentiators based on Jacobi polynomials, also known as algebraic differentiators, form a particular class of the considered algorithms. Parameter selection guidelines are derived based on filter interpretations of the differentiators to achieve desired frequency-domain properties. The discussion of the discrete-time implementation emphasizes the preservation of the latter properties. A new tuning approach based on an optimization problem which requires only the measured signal is proposed. An experimental case study compares the performance of the differentiators in the presence of measurement disturbances. The approximation results, the computational burden, and the storage requirements are discussed in detail. Especially the latter two properties are crucial for real-time applications. The differentiators are used for model-based fault detection problems in two experimental case studies. First, the collision of a table tennis ball with a magnetically supported plate is discussed. Only the measurement of the plate position and the applied forces are known. The proposed approach significantly reduces the computational burden and memory requirements when compared to previously considered methods. Besides, the new approach decreases theminimum detectable falling height of the ball. Then, a model-based approach for the efficient real-time detection of faults in rolling element bearings is proposed. The approach is validated using experimental data from different test benches. Finally, a parameter estimation problem is discussed. This work generalises recently proposed algorithms. The derived convergence conditions are less restrictive than the previously published ones. Besides, this approach allows identifying a subset of parameters even if some are not excited. Two experimental case studies validate the theoretical analysis. The results are compared to those achieved using standard gradient estimators and algebraic parameter estimation methods. These examples underline the great potential of these methods
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6

Tateneni, Krishna. "Use of automatic and numerical differentiation in the estimation of asymptotic standard errors in exploratory factor analysis /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487950658548932.

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7

Heller, Richard. "Checkpointing without operating system intervention implementing Griewank's algorithm." Ohio : Ohio University, 1998. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1176494831.

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8

Birkisson, Asgeir. "Numerical solution of nonlinear boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations in the continuous framework." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1df19052-5eb3-4398-a7b2-b103e380ec2c.

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Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) play an important role in mathematics. Although intrinsically, the setting for describing ODEs is the continuous framework, where differential operators are considered as maps from one function space to another, common numerical algorithms for ODEs discretise problems early on in the solution process. This thesis is about continuous analogues of such discrete algorithms for the numerical solution of ODEs. This thesis shows how Newton's method for finite dimensional system can be generalised to function spaces, where it is known as Newton-Kantorovich iteration. It presents affine invariant damping strategies for increasing the chance of convergence for the Newton-Kantorovich iteration. The derivatives required in this continuous setting are Fréchet derivatives, the continuous analogue of Jacobian matrices. In this work, we present how automatic differentiation techniques can be applied to compute Fréchet derivatives. We introduce chebop, a Matlab solver for nonlinear boundary-value problems, which combines damped Newton iteration in function space and automatic Fréchet differentiation. By proving that affine operators have constant Fréchet derivatives, it is demonstrated how automatic linearity detection of computed quantities can be implemented. This is valuable for black-box solvers, which can use the information to determine whether an iteration scheme has to be employed for solving a problem. Like nonlinear systems of equations, nonlinear boundary-value problems can have multiple solutions. This thesis present two techniques for obtaining multiple solutions of operator equations: deflation and path-following. An algorithm combining the two techniques is proposed.
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9

Pantland, Nicolette Ariana. "3D numerical techniques for determining the foot of a continental slope." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49807.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides an opportunity for qualifying coastal signatory states to claim extended maritime estate. The opportunity to claim rests on the precept that in certain cases a continental shelf extends beyond the traditionally demarcated two hundred nautical mile (200M) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) mark. In these cases a successful claim results in states having sovereign rights to the living and non-living resources of the seabed and subsoil, as well as the sedentary species, of the area claimed. Where the continental shelf extends beyond the 200M mark, the Foot of the Continental Slope (FoS) has to be determined as one of the qualifying criteria. Article 76 of UNCLOS de nes the FoS as ". . . the point of maximum change in the gradient at its base." Currently Caris Lots is the most widely used software which incorporates public domain data to determine the FoS as a step towards defining the offshore extent of an extended continental shelf. In this software, existing methods to compute the FoS are often subjective, typically involving an operator choosing the best perceived foot point during consideration of a two dimensional profile of the continental slope. These foot points are then joined by straight lines to form the foot line to be used in the desk top study (feasibility study). The purpose of this thesis is to establish a semi-automated and mathematically based three dimensional method for determination of the FoS using South African data as a case study. Firstly, a general background of UNCLOS is given (with emphasis on Article 76), including a brief discussion of the geological factors that influence the characteristics of a continental shelf and thus factors that could influence the determination of the FoS. Secondly, a mathematical method for determination of the surfaces of extremal curvature (on three dimensional data), originally proposed by Vanicek and Ou in 1994, is detailed and applied to two smooth, hypothetical sample surfaces. A discussion of the bathymetric data to be used for application introduces the factors to be taken into account when using extensive survey data as well as methods to process the raw data for use. The method is then applied to two sets of gridded bathymetric data of differing resolution for four separate regions around the South African coast. The ridges formed on the resulting surfaces of maximum curvature are then traced in order to obtain a foot line definition for each region and each resolution. The results obtained from application of the method are compared with example foot points provided by the subjective two dimensional method of computation within the Caris Lots software suite. A comparison of the results for the different resolutions of data is included to provide insight as to the effectiveness of the method with differing spatial coarseness of data. Finally, an indication of further work is provided in the conclusion to this thesis, in the form of a number of recommendations for possible adaptations of the mathematical and tracing methods, and improvements thereof.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Verenigde Nasies se Konvensie oor die Wet van die See (UNCLOS) bied 'n geleentheid aan kwalifiserende state wat ondertekenaars van die Konvensie is om aanspraak te maak op uitgebreide maritieme gebied. Die geleentheid om op uitgebreide gebied aanspraak te maak berus op die veronderstelling dat 'n kontinentale tafel in sekere gevalle tot buite die tradisioneel afgebakende 200 seemyl eksklusiewe ekonomiese zone (EEZ) strek. In sulke gevalle het 'n suksesvolle aanspraak die gevolg dat die staat soewereine reg oor die lewende en nie-lewende bronne van die seevloer en ondergrond verkry, sowel as die inwonende spesies van die gebied buite die EEZ waarop aanspraak gemaak word. Die voet van die kontinentale tafel (FoS) moet vasgestel word as een van die bepalende kriteria vir afbakening van die aanspraak waar die kontinentale tafel tot buite die EEZ strek. Artikel 76 van UNCLOS defineer die FoS as ". . . die punt van maksimale verandering in die helling by sy basis." Die mees algemeen gebruikte rekenaar sagteware wat openbare domein data aanwend om die voet van die helling te bepaal, is tans "Caris Lots." Die metodes wat in die program gebruik word om die voet van die helling te bepaal, is dikwels subjektief en berus tipies op 'n operateur se keuse van die beste afgeskatte punt van die voet van die helling uit 'n oorweging van 'n twee dimensionele profiel van die kontinentale tafel. Die berekende voet-punte word dan deur middel van reguit lyne verbind om 'n hellingsvoetlyn te vorm. Hierdie voetlyn kan dan in die Suid-Afrikaanse lessenaarstudie (doenlikheidstudie) oor die bepaling van die voet van die kontinentale tafel gebruik word. Die doel van hierdie verhandeling is om 'n semi-outomatiese en wiskundig gebaseerde drie-dimensionele metode te beskryf vir die vasstelling van die FoS, deur as 'n gevallestudie van Suid-Afrikaanse data gebruik te maak. 'n Algemene agtergrond van UNCLOS, met beklemtoning van Artikel 76, word eerstens gegee. 'n Kort bespreking van die geologiese faktore wat die kontinentale tafel beïnvloed en wat gevolglik 'n invloed kan hê op die vasstelling van die voet van die helling, is ingesluit. Tweedens word 'n wiskundige metode, wat oorspronklik in 1994 deur Vanicek en Ou voorgestel is, vir bepaling van die oppervlaktes van maksimale kromming (gebaseer op drie-dimensionele data) in detail bespreek en 'n voorbeeld van 'n toepassing op twee gladde, denkbeeldige oppervaktes word beskryf. Die faktore wat in ag geneem moet word wanneer omvattende dieptemeting data gebruik word, en die metodes wat gebruik word om die rou data te verwerk, word ingelei deur 'n bespreking van die aard van die dieptemeting data wat gebruik is. Die metode word dan toegepas op twee stelle geruite dieptemeting data van verskillende resolusies vir vier afsonderlike streke om die Suid-Afrikaanse kus. Die riwwe wat op die resulterende oppervlaktes van maksimale kromming gevorm word, word dan nagetrek ten einde 'n lyndefinisie van die voet van die kontinentale tafel vir elke streek teen elke resolusie te bepaal. Die resultate verkry uit toepassings van die metode word vergelyk met hellingsvoetpunte soos bepaal deur die subjektiewe twee dimensionele berekeningsmetode in die "Caris Lots" rekenaar-program. 'n Vergelyking van die resultate vir die verskillende data resolusies word ingesluit om die doeltreffendheid van die metode met betrekking tot die hantering van verskillende ruimtelike data resolusies te ondersoek. 'n Aanduiding van verdere werk, bestaande uit 'n aantal aanbevelings vir moontlike aanpassings en verbeterings van die wiskundige en natrek metodes, word ten slotte in die gevolgtrekking van die verhandeling verskaf.
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10

Stary, Tomas. "Mathematical and computational study of Markovian models of ion channels in cardiac excitation." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/24166.

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This thesis studies numerical methods for integrating the master equations describing Markov chain models of cardiac ion channels. Such models describe the time evolution of the probability that ion channels are in a particular state. Numerical simulations of such models are often computationally demanding because many solvers require relatively small time steps to ensure numerical stability. The aim of this project is to analyse selected Markov chains and develop more efficient and accurate solvers. We separate a Markov chain model into fast and slow time-scales based on the speed of transitions between states. Eliminating the fast transitions, we find an asymptotic reduction of zeroth-order and first-order in a small parameter describing the time-scales separation. We apply the theory to a Markov chain model of the fast sodium channel INa. We consider several variants for classifying some transitions as fast in order to find reduced systems that yield a good accuracy. However, the time step size is still restricted by numerical instabilities. We adapt the Rush-Larsen technique originally developed for gate models. Assuming that a transition matrix can be considered constant during each time step, we solve the Markov chain model analytically. The solution provides a recipe for a stable exponential solver, which we call "Matrix Rush-Larsen" (MRL). Using operator splitting we design an even more flexible "hybrid" method that combines the MRL with other solvers. The resulting improvement in stability allows a large increase in the time step size. In some models, we obtain reasonably accurate results 27 times faster using a hybrid method than with the forward Euler method, even with the maximal time step allowed by the stability constraint. Finally, we extend the cardiac simulation package BeatBox by the developed exponential solvers. We upgrade a format of "ionic" modules which describe a cardiac cell, in order to allow for a specific definition of Markov chain models. We also modify a particular integrator for ionic modules to include the MRL and the hybrid method. To test the functionality of the code, we have converted a number of cellular models into the ionic format. The documented code is available in the official BeatBox package distribution.
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11

Alici, Haydar. "Pseudospectral Methods For Differential Equations: Application To The Schrodingertype Eigenvalue Problems." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1086198/index.pdf.

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In this thesis, a survey on pseudospectral methods for differential equations is presented. Properties of the classical orthogonal polynomials required in this context are reviewed. Differentiation matrices corresponding to Jacobi, Laguerre,and Hermite cases are constructed. A fairly detailed investigation is made for the Hermite spectral methods, which is applied to the Schrö
dinger eigenvalue equation with several potentials. A discussion of the numerical results and comparison with other methods are then introduced to deduce the effciency of the method.
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12

Ahlberg, Jesper, and Esbjörn Blomquist. "Online Identification of Running Resistance and Available Adhesion of Trains." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-71301.

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Two important physical aspects that determine the performance of a running train are the total running resistance that acts on the whole train moving forward, and the available adhesion (utilizable wheel-rail-friction) for propulsion and breaking. Using the measured and available signals, online identification of the current running resistance and available adhesion and also prediction of future values for a distance ahead of the train, is desired. With the aim to enhance the precision of those calculations, this thesis investigates the potential of online identification and prediction utilizing the Extended Kalman Filter. The conclusions are that problems with observability and sensitivity arise, which result in a need for sophisticated methods to numerically derive the acceleration from the velocity signal. The smoothing spline approximation is shown to provide the best results for this numerical differentiation. Sensitivity and its need for high accuracy, especially in the acceleration signal, results in a demand of higher sample frequency. A desire for other profound ways of collecting further information, or to enhance the models, arises with possibilities of future work in the field.
Två viktiga fysikaliska aspekter som bestämmer prestandan för ett tåg i drift är det totala gångmotståndet som verkar på hela tåget, samt den tillgängliga adhesionen (användbara hjul-räl-friktionen) för framdrivning och bromsning. Från de tillgängliga signalerna önskas identifiering, samt prediktering, av dessa två storheter, under drift. Med målet att förbättra precisionen av dessa skattningar undersöker detta examensarbete potentialen av skattning och prediktering av gångmotstånd och adhesion med hjälp av Extended KalmanFiltering. Slutsatsen är att problem med observerbarhet och känslighet uppstår, vilket resulterar i ett behov av sofistikerade metoder att numeriskt beräkna acceleration från en hastighetssignal. Metoden smoothing spline approximation visar sig ge de bästa resultaten för denna numeriska derivering. Känsligheten och dess medförda krav på hög precision, speciellt på accelerationssignalen, resulterar i ett behov av högre samplingsfrekvens. Ett behov av andra adekvata metoder att tillföra ytterligare information, eller att förbättra modellerna, ger upphov till möjliga framtida utredningar inom området.
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Sert, Hugues. "De l’utilisation de l’algèbre différentielle pour la localisation et la navigation de robots mobiles autonomes." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ECLI0002/document.

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Ce travail étudie l'apport de l'algèbre différentielle à deux problématiques principales de la robotique mobile à roues, la localisation et la navigation. La première problématique consiste à être capable de dire où le robot se situe dans son environnement. Nous supposons ici que nous possédons un certain nombre de points d'intérêt de l'espace dont les coordonnées dans cette espace sont connues. En fonction du nombre de points d'intérêt, il est possible ou non de localiser le robot. Cette notion de localisabilité est définie et étudiée dans le cadre algébrique. Nous montrons que ce cadre d'étude est plus intéressant que le cadre géométrique en ce sens que non seulement il permet l'étude de la localisabilité mais en plus il permet de construire des estimateurs d'états permettant de reconstruire la posture du robot. Cette étude est effectuée dans cinq cas d'études pour quatre des cinq classes de robots mobiles à roues. La deuxième problématique étudiée est celle de la navigation d'une flottille décentralisée de robots dans un environnement complexe. Ce travail présente une architecture pouvant être utilisée dans une large classe de problème et bénéficiant des avantages des approches discrètes et des approches continues. En effet, à haut niveau, un bloc stratégie spécifie l'objectif, les contraintes et leurs paramètres ainsi que la fonction coût utilisée, à bas niveau, une trajectoire est calculée afin de minimiser la fonction coût en respectant l'objectif et les contraintes du problème. Cette minimisation est faite sur un horizon glissant de manière à pouvoir prendre en compte des modifications de l'environnement ou de la mission en cours de navigation
This work investigates the contribution of differential algebra to two main issues of wheel mobile robotics, localization and navigation. The first issue is to be able to tell where the robot is in its environment. We assume that we have a number of landmarks in space whose coordinates are known in this area. Depending on the number of landmarks, it is possible or not to localize the robot. This notion of localizability is defined and studied in the algebraic framework. We show that this framework is more interesting than the geometric framework in the sense that it not only allows the study of localizability, but it also allows us to construct estimators states to reconstruct the posture of the robot. This study was conducted in five cases study for four of the five classes of wheeled mobile robots. The second problem studied is that of a robot decentralized swarm navigation in a complex environment. This work presents an architecture that can be used in a wide class of problems and enjoying the benefits of discrete approaches and continuous approaches. Indeed, high-level block strategy specifies the goal, constraints and parameters as well as the cost function, a low-level block is used to compute a trajectory that minimize the cost function in accordance with the objective and the problem constraints. This minimization is done on a sliding window so it is possible to take changes in the environment or mission during navigation into account
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Ghate, Devendra. "Inexpensive uncertainty analysis for CFD applications." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6be44a1d-6e2f-4bf9-b1e5-1468f92e21e3.

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The work presented in this thesis aims to provide various tools to be used during design process to make maximum use of the increasing availability of accurate engine blade measurement data for high fidelity fluid mechanic simulations at a reasonable computational expense. A new method for uncertainty propagation for geometric error has been proposed for fluid mechanics codes using adjoint error correction. Inexpensive Monte Carlo (IMC) method targets small uncertainties and provides complete probability distribution for the objective function at a significantly reduced computational cost. A brief literature survey of the existing methods is followed by the formulation of IMC. An example algebraic model is used to demonstrate the IMC method. The IMC method is extended to fluid mechanic applications using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for reduced order modelling. Implementation details for the IMC method are discussed using an example airfoil code. Finally, the IMC method has been implemented and validated for an industrial fluid mechanic code HYDRA. A consistent methodology has been developed for the automatic generation of the linear and adjoint codes by selective use of automatic differentiation (AD) technique. The method has the advantage of keeping the linear and the adjoint codes in-sync with the changes in the underlying nonlinear fluid mechanic solver. The use of various consistency checks have been demonstrated to ease the development and maintenance process of the linear and the adjoint codes. The use of AD has been extended for the calculation of the complete Hessian using forward-on-forward approach. The complete mathematical formulation for Hessian calculation using the linear and the adjoint solutions has been outlined for fluid mechanic solvers. An efficient implementation for the Hessian calculation is demonstrated using the airfoil code. A new application of the Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is proposed for manufacturing uncertainty source identification. The mathematical formulation is outlined followed by an example application of ICA for artificially generated uncertainty for the NACA0012 airfoil.
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Herrmann, Julien. "Memory-aware Algorithms and Scheduling Techniques for Matrix Computattions." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1043/document.

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Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes penchés d’un point de vue à la foisthéorique et pratique sur la conception d’algorithmes et detechniques d’ordonnancement adaptées aux architectures complexes dessuperordinateurs modernes. Nous nous sommes en particulier intéressésà l’utilisation mémoire et la gestion des communications desalgorithmes pour le calcul haute performance (HPC). Nous avonsexploité l’hétérogénéité des superordinateurs modernes pour améliorerles performances du calcul matriciel. Nous avons étudié lapossibilité d’alterner intelligemment des étapes de factorisation LU(plus rapide) et des étapes de factorisation QR (plus stablenumériquement mais plus deux fois plus coûteuses) pour résoudre unsystème linéaire dense. Nous avons amélioré les performances desystèmes d’exécution dynamique à l’aide de pré-calculs statiquesprenants en compte l’ensemble du graphe de tâches de la factorisationCholesky ainsi que l’hétérogénéité de l’architecture. Nous noussommes intéressés à la complexité du problème d’ordonnancement degraphes de tâches utilisant de gros fichiers d’entrée et de sortiesur une architecture hétérogène avec deux types de ressources,utilisant chacune une mémoire spécifique. Nous avons conçu denombreuses heuristiques en temps polynomial pour la résolution deproblèmes généraux que l’on avait prouvés NP-complet aupréalable. Enfin, nous avons conçu des algorithmes optimaux pourordonnancer un graphe de différentiation automatique sur uneplateforme avec deux types de mémoire : une mémoire gratuite maislimitée et une mémoire coûteuse mais illimitée
Throughout this thesis, we have designed memory-aware algorithms and scheduling techniques suitedfor modern memory architectures. We have shown special interest in improving the performance ofmatrix computations on multiple levels. At a high level, we have introduced new numerical algorithmsfor solving linear systems on large distributed platforms. Most of the time, these linear solvers rely onruntime systems to handle resources allocation and data management. We also focused on improving thedynamic schedulers embedded in these runtime systems by adding static information to their decisionprocess. We proposed new memory-aware dynamic heuristics to schedule workflows, that could beimplemented in such runtime systems.Altogether, we have dealt with multiple state-of-the-art factorization algorithms used to solve linearsystems, like the LU, QR and Cholesky factorizations. We targeted different platforms ranging frommulticore processors to distributed memory clusters, and worked with several reference runtime systemstailored for these architectures, such as P A RSEC and StarPU. On a theoretical side, we took specialcare of modelling convoluted hierarchical memory architectures. We have classified the problems thatare arising when dealing with these storage platforms. We have designed many efficient polynomial-timeheuristics on general problems that had been shown NP-complete beforehand
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16

Locatelli, Florent. "Sédimentation des boues activées en système fermé : de l'investigation expérimentale à l'aide d'un transducteur ultrasonore à la modélisation 1 D, l'analyse de sensibilité et l'identification de paramètres." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAD033/document.

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Ce travail porte sur l’étude expérimentale et la modélisation de la sédimentation des boues activées. Un pilote expérimental associant une colonne de sédimentation et un transducteur ultrasonore est proposé. Des profils de vitesse de sédimentation et de concentration en particules sont obtenus grâce à ce dispositif, ce qui permet de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de décantation des boues. Ces résultats sont utilisés afin de développer une approche numérique. Un modèle de sédimentation est construit en intégrant des fonctions expérimentales. Une méthodologie mettant en œuvre la différentiation automatique du modèle est ensuite élaborée et appliquée, d'une part, à l'analyse de sensibilité du modèle aux paramètres des fonctions utilisées et, d'autre part, à l'identification des valeurs de ces paramètres à l'aide des résultats expérimentaux. La conjonction des approches expérimentale et numérique proposées constitue un processus efficace pour le développement des modèles de sédimentation
This work deals with the experimental investigation and modelling of activated sludge settling. An experimental setup combining a settling column and an ultrasonic transducer is proposed. Settling velocity and concentration profiles are obtained using this setup, allowing for a better understanding of the mechanisms of activated sludge settling. These results are applied to the development of a numerical approach. A settling model using experimental functions is built. A methodology based on the automatic differentiation of the model is developed. This methodology is used, on the one hand, to analyse the sensitivity of the results to the model parameters and, on the other hand, to identify the parameter values on the basis of experimental data. The combination of the proposed experimental and numerical methods yields an efficient process for the development of sedimentation models
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17

Kpeky, Fessal. "Formulation et modélisation des vibrations par éléments finis de type solide-coque : application aux structures sandwichs viscoélastiques et piézoélectriques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0008/document.

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Cette thèse s’intéresse au développement d’éléments finis solide–coques dédiés à la modélisation de structures multicouches sollicitées en vibrations. En effet, la plupart des modèles multicouches dans la littérature présentent des limitations dans certaines configurations géométriques et matérielles. Face à ce constat et dans un souci de proposer un outil moins coûteux en temps de calcul, nous avons proposé une approche basée sur le concept solide–coques. Il s’agit d’éléments finis tridimensionnels dont le comportement a été amélioré par l’Assumed Strain Method. Dans un premier temps, nous avons formulé le problème de vibrations de structures sandwichs à cœur viscoélastique. La dépendance en fréquence a ainsi été prise en compte en utilisant une loi constitutive complexe. Pour résoudre le problème discrétisé, la Méthode Asymptotique Numérique, couplée à l’homotopie, et utilisant l’approche DIAMANT, a été adoptée pour les excellents résultats qu’elle offre par rapport aux autres méthodes. Des tests ont permis de valider les modèles proposés et de montrer l’avantage par rapport aux éléments ayant la même cinématique. Poursuivant nos travaux, et dans un souci d’augmenter l’amortissement, nous nous sommes orientés vers un contrôle actif des vibrations. Pour ce faire, deux éléments finis piézoélectriques ont été formulés. Il s’agit des éléments SHB8PSE et SHB20E qui sont des extensions des éléments finis SHB8PS et SHB20, respectivement. Le couplage électromécanique a consisté en l’ajout d’un degré de liberté à chacun des nœuds des dits éléments. Quelques exemples en statique et en vibrations menés sur des structures multicouches allant de simples poutres aux structures présentant des non-linéarités géométriques ont permis de valider les éléments solide–coques proposés. Pour finir, une synthèse des acquis des chapitres 2 et 3 a permis de proposer une modélisation de structures multicouches comprenant des couches élastiques, viscoélastiques et piézoélectriques. À l’amortissement passif provenant du pouvoir amortissant des matériaux viscoélastiques, on ajoute un contrôle actif qui découle du courant électrique généré au cours de la déformation des couches piézoélectriques. Ainsi, un filtre a été installé entre les capteurs et actionneurs. Ce filtre permet d’amplifier ou d’atténuer le potentiel électrique généré dans le but de réduire les amplitudes de vibrations. Pour résoudre le problème résultant nous avons étendu le solveur utilisé au chapitre 2. Pour valider les modèles proposés, des tests de contrôle actif–passif ont été menés sur des structures plaques multicouches. Enfin, quelques lois de contrôle découlant de filtres ont permis de montrer comment cette procédure permet de réduire ou même d’éviter l’amplification des vibrations
This thesis deals with the development of solid–shell finite elements for vibration modeling of multilayer structures. Indeed, most of multilayer models in the literature show some limitations in certain geometric and material configurations. Considering these restrictions and in order to develop a more efficient calculation tool, we proposed an approach based on the solid–shell concept. This consists of three-dimensional finite elements enhanced through the Assumed Strain Method. First of all, we have formulated the problem of vibrations of sandwich structures with viscoelastic core. The frequency dependence has been taken into account by using a complex constitutive law. To solve the discretized problem, the Asymptotic Numerical Method, coupled with the homotopy technique and the DIAMANT toolbox approach, was adopted due to the excellent results it provides compared to other methods. Benchmark tests have validated the models and highlighted their advantages over existing elements having the same kinematics. In order to increase damping properties, we directed our attention towards an active vibration control. For this purpose, two piezoelectric finite elements have been developed. These finite elements SHB8PSE and SHB20E are extensions, of the elements SHB8PS and SHB20, respectively. The electromechanical coupling consisted in adding an electrical degree of freedom to each node of these elements. A variety of test problems both in static and vibration analysis conducted on multilayer structures ranging from simple beams to structures involving geometric nonlinearities allowed validating the proposed solid–shell elements. Finally, combining the achievements made in chapters 2 and 3, we proposed a modeling approach for multilayer structures composed of elastic, viscoelastic and piezoelectric layers. Active control is introduced using the piezoelectric properties in order to improve the reduction in vibration amplitudes. Thus, a filter has been mounted between the sensors and actuators. This filter allows amplifying or attenuating the generated electric potential in order to reduce the vibration amplitudes. To solve the resulting problem, we extended the resolution method used in chapter 2. To validate the proposed models, active–passive control tests have been conducted on multilayer plate structures. Finally, some control laws, associated with filters, have shown how this procedure can allow reducing or even avoiding amplification of vibrations
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18

Burgos, Sylvestre Jean-Baptiste Louis. "The computation of Greeks with multilevel Monte Carlo." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6453a93b-9daf-4bfe-8c77-9cd6802f77dd.

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In mathematical finance, the sensitivities of option prices to various market parameters, also known as the “Greeks”, reflect the exposure to different sources of risk. Computing these is essential to predict the impact of market moves on portfolios and to hedge them adequately. This is commonly done using Monte Carlo simulations. However, obtaining accurate estimates of the Greeks can be computationally costly. Multilevel Monte Carlo offers complexity improvements over standard Monte Carlo techniques. However the idea has never been used for the computation of Greeks. In this work we answer the following questions: can multilevel Monte Carlo be useful in this setting? If so, how can we construct efficient estimators? Finally, what computational savings can we expect from these new estimators? We develop multilevel Monte Carlo estimators for the Greeks of a range of options: European options with Lipschitz payoffs (e.g. call options), European options with discontinuous payoffs (e.g. digital options), Asian options, barrier options and lookback options. Special care is taken to construct efficient estimators for non-smooth and exotic payoffs. We obtain numerical results that demonstrate the computational benefits of our algorithms. We discuss the issues of convergence of pathwise sensitivities estimators. We show rigorously that the differentiation of common discretisation schemes for Ito processes does result in satisfactory estimators of the the exact solutions’ sensitivities. We also prove that pathwise sensitivities estimators can be used under some regularity conditions to compute the Greeks of options whose underlying asset’s price is modelled as an Ito process. We present several important results on the moments of the solutions of stochastic differential equations and their discretisations as well as the principles of the so-called “extreme path analysis”. We use these to develop a rigorous analysis of the complexity of the multilevel Monte Carlo Greeks estimators constructed earlier. The resulting complexity bounds appear to be sharp and prove that our multilevel algorithms are more efficient than those derived from standard Monte Carlo.
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19

Koutoati, Kouami. "Modélisation numérique du comportement statique et vibratoire des poutres sandwich viscoélastiques à gradient de propriétés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0290.

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On propose par le biais de cette thèse un outil numérique pour l’étude statique et dynamique des structures viscoélastiques constituées de matériaux à gradient de propriétés (FGM) pour le contrôle des vibrations par amortissement passif. L’objectif est de mettre à la disposition des ingénieurs un code générique basé sur l’approche élément fini pour des calculs de dimensionnements sur des poutres sandwich FGM à âme viscoélastique destinées aux applications exigeant la légèreté et une bonne résistance thermique et mécanique comme le domaine de l’aérospatial, de l’automobile et du nucléaire. Pour atteindre cet objectif nous avons d’abord proposé un modèle numérique pour l’étude statique et des vibrations libres des poutres sandwich FGM à comportement élastique. Ce modèle élément fini est implémenté dans l’environnement du code Matlab. A l’aide de ce code nous comparons les différentes théories de poutre pour différentes configurations géométriques et différentes conditions aux limites. Ainsi, la limite de la théorie classique de poutre dans l’étude des structures courtes est soulignée. Aussi, avec ce modèle numérique, l’étude du couplage flexion membrane et rotation membrane est possible. De là, il est montré que les structures FGM sont très sensibles aux effets de couplages spatiaux et du gauchissement à cause de la répartition non symétrique de la matière dans leurs sections droites. Dans le code proposé, la résolution du problème de vibrations est possible grâce à des méthodes classiques de résolution des problèmes aux valeurs propres et vecteurs propres. Pour introduire de l’amortissement passif dans la structure sandwich FGM, nous avons proposé un modèle de poutre sandwich dont les faces sont en matériaux FGM et le cœur en matériaux viscoélastiques. Ce modèle est également implémenté dans le langage de programmation Matlab et proposé sous forme d’un outil générique. L’intérêt de cet outil numérique réside dans sa capacité à calculer les propriétés modales ainsi que le comportement de la structure sandwich FGM viscoélastique tout en prenant en compte la dépendance en fréquence du comportement viscoélastique, les conditions aux limites et le couplage membrane-flexion et membrane-rotation propres aux matériaux FGM. Le problème de vibrations libres est fortement non linéaire dans ce cas à cause de la non linéarité matériaux induite par la couche molle. Dans le code proposé, la résolution de ce problème est possible grâce au couplage de la technique d’homotopie, de la méthode asymptotique numérique et de la différentiation automatique. Par ce travail, l’apport des matériaux FGM dans l’amélioration du pouvoir amortissant des structures est démontré. Dans la suite du travail, nous proposons une formulation élément fini pour calculer l’amplitude des vibrations forcées des structures sandwich FGM viscoélastiques. La résolution du problème de vibration forcée est possible par utilisation de la méthode des bandes passantes. Une étude sur la contribution des matériaux FGM dans la réduction des amplitudes de vibrations est menée pour différentes lois viscoélastiques. Il est prouvé dans cette étude que par un contrôle direct du gradient de composition des matériaux FGM, il est possible d’optimiser le pouvoir amortissant des structures même pour les modes de basses fréquences pour lesquels les matériaux composites classiques présentent un pouvoir amortissant nécessitant des améliorations
This thesis proposes a numerical tool for the static and dynamic study of viscoelastic structures made of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) for vibration control by passive damping. The objective is to make available to engineers a generic code based on the finite element approach for sizing calculations on FGM sandwich beam with viscoelastic core for applications requiring lightness and good thermal and mechanical resistance such as aerospace, automotive and nuclear. To reach this objective we first proposed a numerical model for the static and free vibration study of FGM sandwich beams with elastic behavior. This finite element model is implemented in the Matlab code environment. Using this code, we compare different beam theories for different geometric properties and boundary conditions. Thus, the limit of the classical beam theory in the study of short structures is highlighted. Also with this numerical model, the study of axial-bending and axial-rotation coupling is possible. From this, it is shown that FGM structures are very sensitive to spatial coupling and warping effects because of the non-symmetrical distribution of the material in their cross sections. In the proposed code, the resolution of the vibration problem is possible using classical eigenvalue and eigenvector problem solving methods. Then to introduce passive damping in the FGM sandwich structure, we proposed a sandwich beam model with FGM materials faces and viscoelastic materials core. This model is also implemented in the Matlab language and proposed as a generic tool. The interest of this numerical tool lies in its ability to compute the modal properties as well as the behavior of the viscoelastic FGM sandwich beam while taking into account the frequency dependence of the viscoelastic behavior, the boundary conditions and the axial-bending and axial-rotation coupling specific to FGM materials. The free vibration problem is non-linear in this case due to the material non-linearity induced by the soft layer. In the proposed code, the resolution of this problem is possible thanks to the coupling of the homotopy technical, the asymptotic numerical method and the automatic differentiation. Through this work, the contribution of FGM materials in the improvement of the damping power of structures is highlighted. In the continuation of the work, we propose a finite element formulation to compute the amplitude of forced vibrations of viscoelastic FGM sandwich structures. The resolution of the forced vibration problem is possible by using the bandwidths method. A study on the contribution of FGM materials in the reduction of vibration amplitudes is carried out for different viscoelastic laws. It is proved in this study that by a direct control of the composition gradient of FGM materials it is possible to optimize the damping power of structures even for low frequency modes for which classical composite materials have a damping power requiring improvement
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20

Vincent, Hugo. "Simulations et analyses de sensibilité du bruit produit des écoulements cisaillés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ECDL0007.

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Dans ce travail de thèse, des études de sensibilité portant sur le développement et le bruit des écoulements cisaillés turbulents sont réalisées à l'aide de simulations aéroacoustiques directes et de la méthode de la différentiation complexe.Dans un premier temps, la méthode de la différentiation complexe est appliquée à des couches de mélange bidimensionnelles afin d'étudier sa capacité à mettre en évidence les effets d'un paramètre sur les champs aérodynamiques et acoustiques d'un écoulement.Pour cela, des simulations numériques directes de couches de mélange sont réalisées avec cette méthode pour différents nombres de Mach, nombres de Reynolds et tailles de maille.Dans chaque calcul, les dérivées des niveaux acoustiques par rapport à un des trois paramètres considérés sont estimées avec la méthode de la différentiation complexe.Les résultats obtenus sont en bon accord avec d'autres issus de la littérature et d'études paramétriques.Ils indiquent que la méthode de la différentiation complexe peut être utilisée pour, d'une part, étudier l'influence d'un paramètre physique sur le développement et le bruit d'un écoulement et, d'autre part, déterminer la sensibilité au maillage des solutions d'une simulation.Dans un second temps, la méthode de la différentiation complexe est appliquée à l'étude du mécanisme de réceptivité se produisant lorsqu'une onde acoustique se réfléchit sur les lèvres de la buse d'un jet.Dans ce but, à partir des résultats d'une simulation de jet impactant une plaque pleine, un pulse acoustique d'amplitude imaginaire est introduit à un instant donné près de la buse en dehors du jet.En poursuivant la simulation après cet instant, la sensibilité des couches de mélange près de la buse à une perturbation acoustique est déterminée avec la méthode de la différentiation complexe.Cette sensibilité est utilisée pour mettre en évidence la génération d'une onde d'instabilité par la perturbation acoustique.Enfin, l'influence des conditions de sortie de buse (profil de vitesse et taux de turbulence) sur les composantes tonales produites par les jets subsoniques impactant une plaque pleine est étudiée.Pour cela, plusieurs jets impactants sont simulés pour différents profils de vitesse en sortie de buse, plusieurs niveaux d'excitation des couches limites, des nombres de Mach de 0.6 et 0.9, et deux distances plaque-buse.Les résultats montrent que les conditions de sortie affectent considérablement l'amplitude des composantes tonales et que des jets impactants à un nombre de Mach inférieur à 0.65, généralement non résonants, peuvent être résonants pour des conditions de sortie spécifiques.Les effets des conditions de sortie sont attribués à des modifications dans le développement des couches de mélange des jets, qui conduisent à des différences dans les propriétés d'amplification des ondes d'instabilité entre la buse et la plaque, et dans l'énergie contenue dans les structures cohérentes des jets près de la zone d'impact
In this PhD work, sensitivity studies are carried out for turbulent shear flows using direct noise computations and the complex differentiation method.First, the complex differentiation method is applied to two-dimensional mixing layers to investigate its capacity to highlight the effects of a parameter on the aerodynamic noise.For that, direct numerical simulations of mixing layers are performed using this method for different Mach numbers, Reynolds numbers and mesh spacings.In each case, the derivatives of the noise levels with respect to one of the three parameters are obtained using the complex differentiation method.The results are in good agreement with others from the literature and parametric studies.They indicate that the complex differentiation method can be used to describe the effects of physical parameters and of the grid resolution on the sound produced by a high-speed flow.Secondly, the complex differentiation method is applied to the study of the receptivity mechanism occurring when an acoustic wave reflects at the nozzle lip of a jet.For this purpose, using the results of a simulation of a jet impinging on a plate, an imaginary amplitude acoustic pulse is introduced at a given time in the near-nozzle region outside the jet.The sensitivity of the near-nozzle mixing layers to an acoustic disturbance is then determined using the complex differentiation method.This sensitivity is used to highlight the excitation of an instability wave by the acoustic disturbance.Finally, the influence of nozzle-exit conditions (velocity profile and turbulence level) on the tonal noise components generated by subsonic impinging jets is investigated.For that, jets with different nozzle-exit velocity profiles, several boundary-layer excitation levels, at Mach numbers of 0.6 or 0.9, impinging on a plate located at 6 or 8 nozzle radii from the nozzle, are simulated.The results show that the nozzle-exit conditions significantly affect the amplitude of the tonal noise components and that impinging jets at Mach numbers below 0.65, which are generally non-resonant, can be resonant for specific nozzle-exit conditions.The effects of the nozzle-exit conditions are found to result from changes in the development of the jet mixing layers, which lead to differences in the amplification properties of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability waves between the nozzle and the plate, and in the energy contained in the coherent structures of the jets near the impingement region
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21

Akoussan, Komlan. "Modélisation et conception de structures composites viscoélastiques à haut pouvoir amortissant." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0188/document.

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L’objectif de ce travail est de développer des outils numériques utilisables dans la détermination de manière exacte des propriétés modales des structures sandwichs viscoélastiques composites au vue de la conception des structures sandwichs viscoélastiques légères mais à haut pouvoir amortissant. Pour cela nous avons tout d’abord développé un outil générique implémenté en Matlab pour la détermination des propriétés modales en vibration libre des plaques sandwichs viscoélastiques dont les faces sont en stratifié de plusieurs couches orientées dans diverses directions. L’intérêt de cet outil, basé sur une formulation éléments finis, réside dans sa capacité à prendre en compte l’anisotropie des couches composites, la non linéarité matérielle de la couche viscoélastique traduit par diverses lois viscoélastiques dépendant de la fréquence ainsi que diverses conditions aux limites. La résolution du problème aux valeurs propres non linéaires complexes se fait par le couplage entre la technique d’homotopie, la méthode asymptotique numérique et la différentiation automatique. Ensuite pour permettre une étude continue des effets d’un paramètre de modélisation sur les propriétés modales des sandwichs viscoélastiques, nous avons proposé une méthode générique de résolution de problème résiduel non linéaire aux valeurs propres complexes possédant en plus de la dépendance en fréquence introduite par la couche viscoélastique du coeur, la dépendance du paramètre de modélisation qui décrit un intervalle d’étude bien spécifique. Cette résolution est basée sur la méthode asymptotique numérique, la différentiation automatique, la technique d’homotopie et la continuation et prend en compte diverses lois viscoélastiques. Nous proposons après cela, deux formulations distinctes pour étudier les effets, sur les propriétés amortissantes, de deux paramètres de modélisation qui sont importants dans la conception de sandwichs viscoélastiques à haut pouvoir amortissement. Le premier est l’orientation des fibres des composites dans la référence du sandwich et le second est l’épaisseur des couches qui lorsqu’elles sont bien définies permettent d’obtenir non seulement des structures sandwichs à haut pouvoir amortissant mais très légères. Les équations fortement non linéaires aux valeurs propres complexes obtenues dans ces formulations sont résolues par la nouvelle méthode de résolution d’équation résiduelle développée. Des comparaisons avec des résultats discrets sont faites ainsi que les temps de calcul pour montrer non seulement l’utilité de ces deux formulations mais également celle de la méthode de résolution d’équations résiduelles non linéaires aux valeurs propres complexes à double dépendance
Modeling and design of composite viscoelastic structures with high damping powerThe aim of this thesis is to develop numerical tools to determine accurately damping properties of composite sandwich structures for the design of lightweight viscoelastic sandwichs structures with high damping power. In a first step, we developed a generic tool implemented in Matlab for determining damping properties in free vibration of viscoelastic sandwich plates with laminate faces composed of multilayers. The advantage of this tool, which is based on a finite element formulation, is its ability to take into account the anisotropy of composite layers, the material non-linearity of the viscoelastic core induiced by the frequency-dependent viscoelastic laws and various boundary conditions . The nonlinear complex eigenvalues problem is solved by coupling homotopy technic, asymptotic numerical method and automatic differentiation. Then for the continuous study of a modeling parameter on damping properties of viscoelastic sandwichs, we proposed a generic method to solve the nonlinear residual complex eigenvalues problem which has in addition to the frequency dependence introduced by the viscoelastic core, a modeling parameter dependence that describes a very specific study interval. This resolution is based on asymptotic numerical method, automatic differentiation, homotopy technique and continuation technic and takes into account various viscoelastic laws. We propose after that, two separate formulations to study effects on the damping properties according to two modeling parameters which are important in the design of high viscoelastic sandwichs with high damping power. The first is laminate fibers orientation in the sandwich reference and the second is layers thickness which when they are well defined allow to obtain not only sandwich structures with high damping power but also very light. The highly nonlinear complex eigenvalues problems obtained in these formulations are solved by the new method of resolution of eigenvalue residual problem with two nonlinearity developed before. Comparisons with discrete results and computation time are made to show the usefulness of these two formulations and of the new method of solving nonlinear complex eigenvalues residual problem of two dependances
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Campbell, Alan Robert. "Numerical analysis of complex-step differentiation in spacecraft trajectory optimization problems." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3440.

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An analysis of the use of complex-step differentiation (CSD) in optimization problems is presented. Complex-step differentiation is a numerical approximation of the derivative of a function valid for any real-valued analytic function. The primary benefit of this method is that the approximation does not depend on a difference term; therefore round-off error is reduced to the machine word-length. A suitably small choice of the perturbation length, h, then results in the virtual elimination of truncation error in the series approximation. The theoretical basis for this method is derived highlighting its merits and limitations. The Lunar Ascent Problem is used to compare CSD to traditional forward differencing in applications useful to the solution of optimization problems. Complex-step derivatives are shown to sufficiently apply in various interpolation and integration methods, and, in fact, consistently outperform traditional methods. Further, the Optimal Orbit Transfer Problem is used to test the accuracy, robustness, and runtime of CSD in comparison to central differencing. It is shown that CSD is a considerably more accurate derivative approximation which results in an increased robustness and decreased optimization time. Also, it is shown that each approximation is computed in less time using CSD than central differences. Overall, complex-step derivatives are shown to be a fast, accurate, and easy to implement differentiation method ideally suited for most optimization problems.
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23

Krishnan, Sandeep Kalyanapuram. "Assessment of numerical differentiation methods for kinematic orbit solution of the GRACE mission." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19718.

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The historical method of precise orbit determination is a dynamic approach. However, with the improvement of GPS tracking data and associated tracking networks, two newer methods have been developed: reduced-dynamic and kinematic. In addition to orbit determination, alternative methods of gravity field recovery have been developed using kinematic orbits which do not rely on any force modeling. However, one significant drawback of kinematic orbits is that they lack any velocity or acceleration information. These have to be derived numerically. Based on the results of this thesis, the Savitzky-Golay filter, without using a remove-restore procedure, is recommended for deriving kinematic velocities of the GRACE mission. In addition, the numerical differentiation methods are tested to see how well accurately they represent the satellite's acceleration for all three orbit types. Finally, with the kinematic orbits properly reconstructed, the results can also be compared to dynamic and reduced-dynamic orbits through K-Band Ranging residuals.
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24

Jamróz, Grzegorz. "Structured population models of cell differentiation." Doctoral thesis, 2014.

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Dudziuk, Grzegorz. "Optimization of closed-loop controls by thermostats for a class of nonlinear reaction-diffusion processes." Doctoral thesis, 2014.

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W niniejszej rozprawie przeprowadzone s¡ zarówno jako± iowa, jak i numery zna analiza prob- lemu optymaliza ji sterowania ze sprz »eniem zwrotnym zastosowanego do pewnej klasy nielin- iowy h pro esów reak ji-dyfuzji. Sko« zona li zba urz¡dze« steruj¡ y h i pomiarowy h skupia swoje dziaªania wewn¡trz obszaru pro esu. Urz¡dzenia pomiarowe zbieraj¡ dane o ewolu ji pro- esu, nast pnie urz¡dzenia steruj¡ e otrzymuj¡ zebrane dane i uru hamiaj¡ odpowiedni¡ reak j . Celem sterowania jest utrzyma¢ ewolu j pro esu blisko zde niowanego przez u»ytkownika stanu referen yjnego. Powy»ej wspomniany problem optymaliza ji polega na ustaleniu geometry znego wy elowania dziaªa« urz¡dze« steruj¡ y h i pomiarowy h w odniesieniu do odpowiedniego kry- terium optymalno± i. Przedstawiona idea sterowania w ukªadzie zamkni tym pro esem reak ji-dyfuzji jest zaim- plementowana poprzez ukªad równa« z semiliniowym równaniem ró»ni zkowym z¡stkowym sprz »onym z wieloma nieliowymi równaniami ró»ni zkowymi zwy zajnymi. Funk jonaª kosztu wykorzystany na potrzeby pre yzyjnej de ni ji zapowiedzianego problemu optymalnego wy elowa- nia jest skonstruowany jako aªka z ró»ni y mi dzy stanem pro esu a stanem referen yjnym. Niniejsza pra a podzielona jest na dwie gªówne z ± i. Pierwsza z ni h skupia si na anal- izie wspomnianego ukªadu równa«. Druga z ±¢ doty zy problemu optymalnego wy elowania, wykorzystuj¡ pewne rezultaty z z ± i pierwszej. W z ± i doty z¡ ej analizy wspomnianego ukªadu równa« skupiam si na pytania h doty z¡- y h istnienia, jednozna zno± i oraz stabilno± i rozwi¡za«, jak równie» na skute zno± i sterowa- nia w ukªadzie zamkni tym zaimplementowanego w rozwa»anym ukªadzie. Przez skute zno±¢ rozumiem zdolno±¢ do sprowadzania pro esu w pobli»e stanu referen yjnego. Zaprezentowane s¡ dowody istnienia, jednozna zno± i oraz stabilno± i. Skute zno±¢ rozwa»anego sterowania w ukªadzie zamkni tym jest zilustrowana za pomo ¡ rezultatów symula ji numery zny h doty- z¡ y h badanego ukªadu równa«. Rezultaty numery zne sugeruj¡, »e skute zno±¢ rozwa»anego sterowania w ukªadzie zamkni tym zale»y od parametrów ukªadu równa«. Dodatkowo, po zynione s¡ obserwa je doty z¡ e za howania dla du»y h zasów wido znego w przedmiotowy h symula - ja h. We wszystki h symula ja h pro es zdawaª si d¡»y¢, po upªywie odpowiedniego zasu, do pewnego stanu niezmienni zego w zasie. Wniektóry h przypadka h zaobserwowany stan niezmi- enni zy wydawaª si by¢ w pewnym stopniu niezale»ny od stanu po z¡tkowego dla rozwa»anego ukªadu równa«. W z ± i doty z¡ ej problemu optymalnego wy elowania najpierw skupiam si na pytani- a h anality zny h. Dowodz instnienia minimizerów oraz harakteryzuj ró»ni zk funk jonaªu kosztu. Nast pnie opisuj eksperymenty doty z¡ e numery znej optymaliza ji, wykorzystuj¡ e trzy gradientowe algorytmy optymaliza ji (najwi kszy spadek oraz dwa warianty nieliniowego gradientu sprz »onego) oraz porównuj i h wydajno±¢. Wspomniana przed hwil¡ harakterza ja ró»ni zki funk jonaªu kosztu wykorzystana jest do implementa ji formuªy na gradient. Rezul- taty pokazuj¡, »e wydajno±¢ algorytmów optymaliza ji zmienia si wraz ze zmianami parametrów funk jonaªu kosztu. Pokazane jest równie», »e mody ka je przedmiotowy h parametrów mog¡ skutkowa¢ niezale»no± i¡ wyników optymaliza ji od warunku po z¡tkowego rozwa»anego ukªadu równa«.
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26

Cruz, Aricson César Jesus da. "Three essays on option pricing." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/18898.

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This thesis addresses option pricing problem in three separate and self-contained papers: A. The Binomial CEV Model and the Greeks This article compares alternative binomial approximation schemes for computing the option hedge ratios studied by Pelsser and Vorst (1994), Chung and Shackleton (2002), and Chung et al. (2011) under the lognormal assumption, but now considering the constant elasticity of variance (CEV) process proposed by Cox (1975) and using the continuous-time analytical Greeks recently offered by Larguinho et al. (2013) as the benchmarks. Among all the binomial models considered in this study, we conclude that an extended tree binomial CEV model with the smooth and monotonic convergence property is the most efficient method for computing Greeks under the CEV diffusion process because one can apply the two-point extrapolation formula suggested by Chung et al. (2011). B. Valuing American-Style Options under the CEV Model: An Integral Representation Based Method This article derives a new integral representation of the early exercise boundary for valuing American-style options under the constant elasticity of variance (CEV) model. An important feature of this novel early exercise boundary characterization is that it does not involve the usual (time) recursive procedure that is commonly employed in the so-called integral representation approach well known in the literature. Our non-time recursive pricing method is shown to be analytically tractable under the local volatility CEV process and the numerical experiments demonstrate its robustness and accuracy. C. A Note on Options and Bubbles under the CEV Model: Implications for Pricing and Hedging The discounted price process under the constant elasticity of variance (CEV) model is not a martingale for options markets with upward sloping implied volatility smiles. The loss of the martingale property implies the existence of (at least) two option prices for the call option, that is the price for which the put-call parity holds and the price representing the lowest cost of replicating the payoff of the call. This article derives closed-form solutions for the Greeks of the risk-neutral call option pricing solution that are valid for any CEV process exhibiting forward skew volatility smile patterns. Using an extensive numerical analysis, we conclude that the differences between the call prices and Greeks of both solutions are substantial, which might yield significant errors of analysis for pricing and hedging purposes.
Esta tese aborda a avaliação de opções em três artigos distintos: A. The Binomial CEV Model and the Greeks Este artigo compara diferentes aproximações binomiais para o cálculo dos Greeks das opções estudadas por Pelsser and Vorst (1994), Chung and Shackleton (2002), e Chung et al. (2011), no âmbito da distribuição lognormal, mas agora considerando o processo constant elasticity of variance (CEV) proposto por Cox (1975), utilizando os Greeks analíticos em tempo contínuo, recentemente propostos por Larguinho et al. (2013) como referência. Entre os modelos binomiais considerados neste estudo, concluímos que um modelo extended tree binomial CEV com uma aproximação convergente e monótona é o método mais eficiente para o cálculo dos Greeks no âmbito do processo de difusão CEV porque podemos aplicar a fórmula de extrapolação de dois pontos, sugerido por Chung et al. (2011). B. Valuing American-Style Options under the CEV Model: An Integral Representation Based Method Este artigo deriva uma nova representação integral da barreira de exercício antecipado para a avaliação das opções Americanas no âmbito do modelo constant elasticity of variance (CEV), um importante aspecto desta nova caracterização da barreira de exercício antecipado é que este não envolve o usual processo recursivo que é habitualmente aplicado e conhecido na literatura como a abordagem de representação integral. O nosso método de avaliação não recursivo é de fácil tratamento analítico sob o processo de difusão CEV e os resultados numéricos demonstram a sua robustez e precisão. C. A Note on Options and Bubbles under the CEV Model: Implications for Pricing and Hedging O processo de desconto de preço no âmbito do modelo constant elasticity of variance (CEV) não é um martingale para os mercados de opções com uma volatility smile de inclinação ascendente. A perda da propriedade martingale implica a existência de (pelo menos) dois preços de opção para a opção de compra, que é o preço para qual se verifica a paridade put-call e este preço representa o menor custo de replicação do payoff da call. Este artigo deriva as soluções em fórmula fechada para os Greeks da opção call no risco neutral que são válidas para qualquer processo CEV que possui padrões de enviesamento ascendentes. Tendo por base uma analise numérica extensiva, concluímos que a diferença entre os preços da call e os Greeks de ambas as soluções são substanciais, o que pode gerar erros significativos de análises no cálculo do preço da call e dos Greeks.
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