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Journal articles on the topic 'Numerical oceanography'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Haine, Thomas W. N., Renske Gelderloos, Miguel A. Jimenez-Urias, et al. "Is Computational Oceanography Coming of Age?" Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102, no. 8 (2021): E1481—E1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-20-0258.1.

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AbstractComputational oceanography is the study of ocean phenomena by numerical simulation, especially dynamical and physical phenomena. Progress in information technology has driven exponential growth in the number of global ocean observations and the fidelity of numerical simulations of the ocean in the past few decades. The growth has been exponentially faster for ocean simulations, however. We argue that this faster growth is shifting the importance of field measurements and numerical simulations for oceanographic research. It is leading to the maturation of computational oceanography as a branch of marine science on par with observational oceanography. One implication is that ultraresolved ocean simulations are only loosely constrained by observations. Another implication is that barriers to analyzing the output of such simulations should be removed. Although some specific limits and challenges exist, many opportunities are identified for the future of computational oceanography. Most important is the prospect of hybrid computational and observational approaches to advance understanding of the ocean.

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2

Clancy, R. M., and W. D. Sadler. "The Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center Suite of Oceanographic Models and Products." Weather and Forecasting 7, no. 2 (1992): 307–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1992)007<0307:tfnocs>2.0.co;2.

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3

Nordam, Tor, and Rodrigo Duran. "Numerical integrators for Lagrangian oceanography." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 12 (2020): 5935–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5935-2020.

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Abstract. A common task in Lagrangian oceanography is to calculate a large number of drifter trajectories from a velocity field precalculated with an ocean model. Mathematically, this is simply numerical integration of an ordinary differential equation (ODE), for which a wide range of different methods exist. However, the discrete nature of the modelled ocean currents requires interpolation of the velocity field in both space and time, and the choice of interpolation scheme has implications for the accuracy and efficiency of the different numerical ODE methods. We investigate trajectory calculation in modelled ocean currents with 800 m, 4 km, and 20 km horizontal resolution, in combination with linear, cubic and quintic spline interpolation. We use fixed-step Runge–Kutta integrators of orders 1–4, as well as three variable-step Runge–Kutta methods (Bogacki–Shampine 3(2), Dormand–Prince 5(4) and 8(7)). Additionally, we design and test modified special-purpose variants of the three variable-step integrators, which are better able to handle discontinuous derivatives in an interpolated velocity field. Our results show that the optimal choice of ODE integrator depends on the resolution of the ocean model, the degree of interpolation, and the desired accuracy. For cubic interpolation, the commonly used Dormand–Prince 5(4) is rarely the most efficient choice. We find that in many cases, our special-purpose integrators can improve accuracy by many orders of magnitude over their standard counterparts, with no increase in computational effort. Equivalently, the special-purpose integrators can provide the same accuracy as standard methods at a reduced computational cost. The best results are seen for coarser resolutions (4 and 20 km), thus the special-purpose integrators are particularly advantageous for research using regional to global ocean models to compute large numbers of trajectories. Our results are also applicable to trajectory computations on data from atmospheric models.

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4

Gordon, Donald C. "Gordon Arthur Riley: The Complete Oceanographer 1911-1985." Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science (NSIS) 50, no. 1 (2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15273/pnsis.v50i1.8864.

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Gordon Riley was an outstanding scientist who played a leading international role in the development of oceanography as a field of scientific study in the mid-twentieth century. His multidisciplinary approach, quantitative skills, imagination and intuition advanced our knowledge and understanding of the ocean enormously. Of his many significant scientific contributions to oceanography, he is best known for his pioneering work in developing simple numerical models for improving the understanding of the dynamics of marine ecosystems with a focus on plankton. He helped transform oceanography from a descriptive to a quantitative science. His early career was spent in the United States at the Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory of Yale University and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. In 1965, at the peak of his career, he immigrated to Canada to become the director of the Institute of Oceanography at Dalhousie University. Under his leadership, the Institute evolved into the Department of Oceanography, which became an internationally recognized centre for marine research and teaching. During this period, he also played a prominent role in the development of the broader Canadian oceanographic community. He served as a wonderful example of how scientific research, teaching and a life should be carried out.

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Putri, Mutiara Rachmat, Iwan P. Anwar, Zetsaona Sihotang, et al. "Observation and numerical modeling of physical oceanography in the Balikpapan Bay, East Kalimantan: Preliminary results." Depik 10, no. 2 (2021): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/depik.10.2.19259.

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The Indonesian government plans to move the capital city from Jakarta to Penajam Paser Utara (PPU) which is the upstream area of Balikpapan Bay, East Kalimantan. There are several activities in the planned new capital city that potentially affect the condition of land and marine ecosystems, including clearing new land for housing and agriculture as well as expanding mining and petroleum areas. Directly or indirectly, these activities could affect the oceanographic conditions of Balikpapan Bay. For this reason, in order to obtain an up-to-date picture of Balikpapan Bay, an oceanographic survey was conducted in early March 2020. In addition, to support the analysis of marine dynamics in these waters and their predictions in the future, numerical simulations of hydrodynamic modeling were also carried out. Oceanographic observations indicate significant water stratification in the area about 20 km from the mouth of the bay. This result is also well illustrated in the hydrodynamic model numerical simulation, where there is a water loop at the confluence between salt and fresh water masses from two rivers 18-20 km from the mouth of Balikpapan Bay. Keywords:The national capital city of IndonesiaBalikpapan BayPhysical oceanography ObservationCoastal and marine Ecosystem

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6

Biescas, Berta, Barry Ruddick, Jean Kormann, Valentí Sallarès, Mladen R. Nedimović, and Sandro Carniel. "Synthetic Modeling for an Acoustic Exploration System for Physical Oceanography." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 1 (2016): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0137.1.

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AbstractMarine multichannel seismic (MCS) data, used to obtain structural reflection images of the earth’s subsurface, can also be used in physical oceanography exploration. This method provides vertical and lateral resolutions of O(10–100) m, covering the existing observational gap in oceanic exploration. All MCS data used so far in physical oceanography studies have been acquired using conventional seismic instrumentation originally designed for geological exploration. This work presents the proof of concept of an alternative MCS system that is better adapted to physical oceanography and has two goals: 1) to have an environmentally low-impact acoustic source to minimize any potential disturbance to marine life and 2) to be light and portable, thus being installed on midsize oceanographic vessels. The synthetic experiments simulate the main variables of the source, shooting, and streamer involved in the MCS technique. The proposed system utilizes a 5-s-long exponential chirp source of 208 dB relative to 1 μPa at 1 m with a frequency content of 20–100 Hz and a relatively short 500-m-long streamer with 100 channels. This study exemplifies through numerical simulations that the 5-s-long chirp source can reduce the peak of the pressure signal by 26 dB with respect to equivalent air gun–based sources by spreading the energy in time, greatly reducing the impact to marine life. Additionally, the proposed system could be transported and installed in midsize oceanographic vessels, opening new horizons in acoustic oceanography research.

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7

Ziegeler, Sean B., James D. Dykes, and Jay F. Shriver. "Spatial Error Metrics for Oceanographic Model Verification." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29, no. 2 (2012): 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00109.1.

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Abstract A common problem with modern numerical oceanographic models is spatial displacement, including misplacement and misshapenness of ocean circulation features. Traditional error metrics, such as least squares methods, are ineffective in many such cases; for example, only small errors in the location of a frontal pattern are translated to large differences in least squares of intensities. Such problems are common in meteorological forecast verification as well, so the application of spatial error metrics have been a recently popular topic there. Spatial error metrics separate model error into a displacement component and an intensity component, providing a more reliable assessment of model biases and a more descriptive portrayal of numerical model prediction skill. The application of spatial error metrics to oceanographic models has been sparse, and further advances for both meteorology and oceanography exist in the medical imaging field. These advances are presented, along with modifications necessary for oceanographic model output. Standard methods and options for those methods in the literature are explored, and where the best arrangements of options are unclear, comparison studies are conducted. These trials require the reproduction of synthetic displacements in conjunction with synthetic intensity perturbations across 480 Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) temperature fields from various regions of the globe throughout 2009. Study results revealed the success of certain approaches novel to both meteorology and oceanography, including B-spline transforms and mutual information. That, combined with other common methods, such as quasi-Newton optimization and land masking, could best recover the synthetic displacements under various synthetic intensity changes.

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8

Pinardi, Nadia, Emin Özsoy, Mohammed Abdul Latif, et al. "Measuring the Sea: Marsili’s Oceanographic Cruise (1679–80) and the Roots of Oceanography." Journal of Physical Oceanography 48, no. 4 (2018): 845–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0168.1.

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ABSTRACTThe first in situ measurements of seawater density that referred to a geographical position at sea and time of the year were carried out by Count Luigi Ferdinando Marsili between 1679 and 1680 in the Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Marmara Sea, and the Bosporus. Not only was this the first investigation with documented oceanographic measurements carried out at stations, but the measurements were described in such an accurate way that the authors were able to reconstruct the observations in modern units. These first measurements concern the “specific gravity” of seawaters (i.e., the ratio between fluid densities). The data reported in the historical oceanographic treatise Osservazioni intorno al Bosforo Tracio (Marsili) allowed the reconstruction of the seawater density at different geographic locations between 1679 and 1680. Marsili’s experimental methodology included the collection of surface and deep water samples, the analysis of the samples with a hydrostatic ampoule, and the use of a reference water to standardize the measurements. A comparison of reconstructed densities with present-day values shows an agreement within 10%–20% uncertainty, owing to various aspects of the measurement methodology that are difficult to reconstruct from the documentary evidence. Marsili also measured the current speed and the depth of the current inversion in the Bosporus, which are consistent with the present-day knowledge. The experimental data collected in the Bosporus enabled Marsili to enunciate a theory on the cause of the two-layer flow at the strait, demonstrated by his laboratory experiment and later confirmed by many analytical and numerical studies.

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9

Clancy, Michael. "Operational Modeling: Ocean Modeling at the Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center." Oceanography 5, no. 1 (1992): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.1992.29.

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10

Nelson, Cynthia A., and W. Tyson Aldinger. "An Overview of Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center Operations and Products." Weather and Forecasting 7, no. 2 (1992): 204–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1992)007<0204:aoofno>2.0.co;2.

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11

Clancy, R. M., J. E. Kaitala, and L. F. Zambresky. "The Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center Global Spectral Ocean Wave Model." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 67, no. 5 (1986): 498–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1986)067<0498:tfnocg>2.0.co;2.

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12

Irisov, Vladimir, and Alexander Voronovich. "Numerical Simulation of Wave Breaking." Journal of Physical Oceanography 41, no. 2 (2011): 346–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jpo4442.1.

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Abstract The wave breaking events in a continuous spectrum of surface gravity waves are investigated numerically in 2D within a framework of the potential motion model. It is claimed that the major physical mechanism leading to wave breaking is “squeezing” of relatively short waves by the surface currents due to longer waves (the “concertina” effect), which causes the shorter waves to steepen and become unstable. It is demonstrated that locations of the breaking events are well correlated with the maximum of local current convergence, although slightly worse correlation of the locations with the local steepness of undulating surface cannot reliably exclude the latter mechanism either. It is found also that the breaking events are very rare for random surfaces with a root-mean-square (RMS) current gradient below a threshold value of about 1 s−1. The process of wave breaking was investigated by two numerical codes. One of them is based on approximation of continuous media with a discrete Hamiltonian system, which can be integrated in time very efficiently and accurately but is limited to single-valued profiles. The other is the Laplacian approach, which can explicitly exhibit the overturning of plunging breakers. Study of the discrete system shows that wave breaking is associated with the explosive growth of a certain spatially localized mode of the system.

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13

Haidvogel, Dale B., Enrique N. Curchitser, Sergey Danilov, and Baylor Fox-Kemper. "Numerical modelling in a multiscale ocean." Journal of Marine Research 75, no. 6 (2017): 683–725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224017823523964.

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14

Vested, Hans Jacob, Caroline Tessier, Bo Brahtz Christensen, and Evelyne Goubert. "Numerical modelling of morphodynamics—Vilaine Estuary." Ocean Dynamics 63, no. 4 (2013): 423–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-013-0603-7.

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15

Wang, Y., K. Hutter, and E. Bäuerle. "Wind-induced baroclinic response of Lake Constance." Annales Geophysicae 18, no. 11 (2000): 1488–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-1488-6.

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Abstract. We present results of various circulation scenarios for the wind-induced three-dimensional currents in Lake Constance, obtained with the aid of a semi-spectral semi-implicit finite difference code developed in Haidvogel et al. and Wang and Hutter. Internal Kelvin and Poincaré-type oscillations are demonstrated in the numerical results, whose periods depend upon the stratification and the geometry of the basin and agree well with measured data. By solving the eigenvalue problem of the linearized shallow water equations in the two-layered stratified Lake Constance, the interpretation of the oscillations as Kelvin and Poincaré-type waves is corroborated.Key words: Oceanography: general (limnology; numerical modeling) – Oceanography: physical (internal and inertial waves)

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16

Kowalik, Z., and T. S. Murty. "Numerical simulation of two‐dimensional tsunami runup." Marine Geodesy 16, no. 2 (1993): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15210609309379681.

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17

Okada, Naosuke, Motoyoshi Ikeda, and Shoshiro Minobe. "Numerical Experiments of Isolated Convection under Polynya." Journal of Oceanography 60, no. 6 (2004): 927–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10872-005-0002-x.

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18

Herzfeld, Mike. "Improving stability of regional numerical ocean models." Ocean Dynamics 59, no. 1 (2008): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-008-0158-1.

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19

Feistel, R., D. G. Wright, K. Miyagawa, et al. "Mutually consistent thermodynamic potentials for fluid water, ice and seawater: a new standard for oceanography." Ocean Science 4, no. 4 (2008): 275–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-4-275-2008.

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Abstract. A new seawater standard for oceanographic and engineering applications has been developed that consists of three independent thermodynamic potential functions, derived from extensive distinct sets of very accurate experimental data. The results have been formulated as Releases of the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, IAPWS (1996, 2006, 2008) and are expected to be adopted internationally by other organizations in subsequent years. In order to successfully perform computations such as phase equilibria from combinations of these potential functions, mutual compatibility and consistency of these independent mathematical functions must be ensured. In this article, a brief review of their separate development and ranges of validity is given. We analyse background details on the conditions specified at their reference states, the triple point and the standard ocean state, to ensure the mutual consistency of the different formulations, and the necessity and possibility of numerically evaluating metastable states of liquid water. Computed from this formulation in quadruple precision (128-bit floating point numbers), tables of numerical reference values are provided as anchor points for the consistent incorporation of additional potential functions in the future, and as unambiguous benchmarks to be used in the determination of numerical uncertainty estimates of double-precision implementations on different platforms that may be customized for special purposes.

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20

Feistel, R., D. G. Wright, K. Miyagawa, et al. "Development of thermodynamic potentials for fluid water, ice and seawater: a new standard for oceanography." Ocean Science Discussions 5, no. 3 (2008): 375–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-5-375-2008.

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Abstract. A new seawater standard has been developed for oceanographic and engineering applications that consists of three independent thermodynamic potential functions, derived from extended distinct sets of very accurate experimental data. The results have been formulated as Releases of the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, IAPWS (1996, 2006, 2008) and are to be adopted internationally by other organizations in subsequent years. In order to successfully perform computations such as phase equilibria from combinations of these potential functions, mutual compatibility and consistency of these independent mathematical functions must be ensured. In this article, a brief review of their separate development and ranges of validity is given. We analyse background details on the conditions specified at their reference states, the triple point and the standard ocean state, to ensure the mutual consistency of the different formulations, and we consider the necessity and possibility of numerically evaluating metastable states of liquid water. Computed from this formulation in quadruple precision (128 bit floating point numbers), tables of numerical reference values are provided as anchor points for the consistent incorporation of additional potential functions in the future, and as unambiguous benchmarks to be used in the determination of numerical uncertainty estimates of double-precision implementations on different platforms that may be customized for special purposes.

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21

Rogers, W. Erick, Paul A. Wittmann, David W. C. Wang, R. Michael Clancy, and Y. Larry Hsu. "Evaluations of Global Wave Prediction at the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center*." Weather and Forecasting 20, no. 5 (2005): 745–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf882.1.

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Abstract It is a major challenge to determine whether bias in operational global wave predictions is predominately due to the wave model itself (internal error) or due to errors in wind forcing (an external error). Another challenge is to characterize bias attributable to errors in wave model physics (e.g., input, dissipation, and nonlinear transfer). In this study, hindcasts and an evaluation methodology are constructed to address these challenges. The bias of the wave predictions is evaluated with consideration of the bias of four different wind forcing fields [two of which are supplemented with the NASA Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) measurements]. It is found that the accuracy of the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center’s operational global wind forcing has improved to the point where it is unlikely to be the primary source of error in the center’s global wave model (WAVEWATCH-III). The hindcast comparisons are specifically designed to minimize systematic errors from numerics and resolution. From these hindcasts, insight into the physics-related bias in the global wave model is possible: comparison to in situ wave data suggests an overall positive bias at northeast Pacific locations and an overall negative bias at northwest Atlantic locations. Comparison of frequency bands indicates a tendency by the model physics to overpredict energy at higher frequencies and underpredict energy at lower frequencies.

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22

Feistel, R., W. Wagner, V. Tchijov, and C. Guder. "Numerical implementation and oceanographic application of the Gibbs potential of ice." Ocean Science 1, no. 1 (2005): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-1-29-2005.

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Abstract. The 2004 Gibbs thermodynamic potential function of naturally abundant water ice is based on much more experimental data than its predecessors, is therefore significantly more accurate and reliable, and for the first time describes the entire temperature and pressure range of existence of this ice phase. It is expressed in the ITS-90 temperature scale and is consistent with the current scientific pure water standard, IAPWS-95, and the 2003 Gibbs potential of seawater. The combination of these formulations provides sublimation pressures, freezing points, and sea ice properties covering the parameter ranges of oceanographic interest. This paper provides source code examples in Visual Basic, Fortran and C++ for the computation of the Gibbs function of ice and its partial derivatives. It reports the most important related thermodynamic equations for ice and sea ice properties.

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23

Feistel, R., W. Wagner, V. Tchijov, and C. Guder. "Numerical implementation and oceanographic application of the Gibbs potential of ice." Ocean Science Discussions 2, no. 1 (2005): 37–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-2-37-2005.

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Abstract. The 2004 Gibbs thermodynamic potential function of naturally abundant water ice is based on much more experimental data than its predecessors, is therefore significantly more accurate and reliable, and for the first time describes the entire temperature and pressure range of existence of this ice phase. It is expressed in the ITS-90 temperature scale and is consistent with the current scientific pure water standard, IAPWS-95, and the 2003 Gibbs potential of seawater. The combination of these formulations provides sublimation pressures, freezing points, and sea ice properties covering the parameter ranges of oceanographic interest. This paper provides source code examples in Visual Basic, Fortran and C++ for the computation of the Gibbs function of ice and its partial derivatives. It reports the most important related thermodynamic equations for ice and sea ice properties.

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24

Zavatarielli, Marco, and George L. Mellor. "A Numerical Study of the Mediterranean Sea Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 25, no. 6 (1995): 1384–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<1384:ansotm>2.0.co;2.

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25

Middleton, John F., and Mauro Cirano. "Wind-Forced Downwelling Slope Currents: A Numerical Study." Journal of Physical Oceanography 29, no. 8 (1999): 1723–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1723:wfdsca>2.0.co;2.

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26

Wang, Dong-Ping. "Numerical Study of Gravity Currents in a Channel." Journal of Physical Oceanography 15, no. 3 (1985): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1985)015<0299:nsogci>2.0.co;2.

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27

Haney, Robert L. "Midlatitude Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies: A Numerical Hindcast." Journal of Physical Oceanography 15, no. 6 (1985): 787–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1985)015<0787:msstaa>2.0.co;2.

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28

Wajsowicz, Roxana C. "Free Planetary Waves in Finite-Difference Numerical Models." Journal of Physical Oceanography 16, no. 4 (1986): 773–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1986)016<0773:fpwifd>2.0.co;2.

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29

Shillington, F. A., and D. Van Foreest. "Numerical Model Studies of Long-Period Edge Waves." Journal of Physical Oceanography 16, no. 8 (1986): 1487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1986)016<1487:nmsolp>2.0.co;2.

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30

Sun, Shan, Rainer Bleck, and Eric P. Chassignet. "Layer Outcropping in Numerical Models of Stratified Flows." Journal of Physical Oceanography 23, no. 8 (1993): 1877–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<1877:loinmo>2.0.co;2.

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31

Schoonover, Joseph, William Dewar, Nicolas Wienders, et al. "North Atlantic Barotropic Vorticity Balances in Numerical Models." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 1 (2016): 289–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-15-0133.1.

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AbstractNumerical simulations are conducted across model platforms and resolutions with a focus on the North Atlantic. Barotropic vorticity diagnostics confirm that the subtropical gyre is characterized by an inviscid balance primarily between the applied wind stress curl and bottom pressure torque. In an area-integrated budget over the Gulf Stream, the northward return flow is balanced by bottom pressure torque. These integrated budgets are shown to be consistent across model platforms and resolution, suggesting that these balances are robust. Two of the simulations, at 100- and 10-km resolutions, produce a more northerly separating Gulf Stream but obtain the correct integrated vorticity balances. In these simulations, viscous torque is nonnegligible on smaller scales, indicating that the separation is linked to the details of the local dynamics. These results are shown to be consistent with a scale analysis argument that suggests that the biharmonic viscous torque in particular is upsetting the inviscid balance in simulations with a more northerly separation. In addition to providing evidence for locally controlled inviscid separation, these results provide motivation to revisit the formulation of subgrid-scale parameterizations in general circulation models.

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32

Jan, Sen, Ren-Chieh Lien, and Chi-Hua Ting. "Numerical study of baroclinic tides in Luzon Strait." Journal of Oceanography 64, no. 5 (2008): 789–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10872-008-0066-5.

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33

Rubino, Angelo, Sergey Dotsenko, and Peter Brandt. "Nonstationary Westward Translation of Nonlinear Frontal Warm-Core Eddies." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 6 (2009): 1486–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo4089.1.

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Abstract For the first time, an analytical theory and a very high-resolution, frontal numerical model, both based on the unsteady, nonlinear, reduced-gravity shallow water equations on a β plane, have been used to investigate aspects of the migration of homogeneous surface, frontal warm-core eddies on a β plane. Under the assumption that, initially, such vortices are surface circular anticyclones of paraboloidal shape and having both radial and azimuthal velocities that are linearly dependent on the radial coordinate (i.e., circular pulsons of the first order), approximate analytical expressions are found that describe the nonstationary trajectories of their centers of mass for an initial stage as well as for a mature stage of their westward migration. In particular, near-inertial oscillations are evident in the initial migration stage, whose amplitude linearly increases with time, as a result of the unbalanced vortex initial state on a β plane. Such an initial amplification of the vortex oscillations is actually found in the first stage of the evolution of warm-core frontal eddies simulated numerically by means of a frontal numerical model initialized using the shape and velocity fields of circular pulsons of the first order. In the numerical simulations, this stage is followed by an adjusted, complex nonstationary state characterized by a noticeable asymmetry in the meridional component of the vortex’s horizontal pressure gradient, which develops to compensate for the variations of the Coriolis parameter with latitude. Accordingly, the location of the simulated vortex’s maximum depth is always found poleward of the location of the simulated vortex’s center of mass. Moreover, during the adjusted stage, near-inertial oscillations emerge that largely deviate from the exactly inertial ones characterizing analytical circular pulsons: a superinertial and a subinertial oscillation in fact appear, and their frequency difference is found to be an increasing function of latitude. A comparison between vortex westward drifts simulated numerically at different latitudes for different vortex radii and pulsation strengths and the corresponding drifts obtained using existing formulas shows that, initially, the simulated vortex drifts correspond to the fastest predicted ones in many realistic cases. As time elapses, however, the development of a β-adjusted vortex structure, together with the effects of numerical dissipation, tend to slow down the simulated vortex drift.

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Chalikov, D. V. "Numerical Modeling of Sea Waves." Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics 56, no. 3 (2020): 312–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0001433820030032.

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35

Zhao, Yifei, Zengan Deng, Ting Yu, and Hu Wang. "Numerical Study on Tidal Mixing in the Bohai Sea." Marine Geodesy 42, no. 1 (2018): 46–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2018.1539055.

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36

Lin, Ray Q., and Norden E. Huang. "The Goddard Coastal Wave Model. Part I: Numerical Method." Journal of Physical Oceanography 26, no. 6 (1996): 833–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<0833:tgcwmp>2.0.co;2.

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37

Mahadevan, Amala, Joseph Oliger, and Robert Street. "A Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Ocean Model. Part II: Numerical Implementation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 26, no. 9 (1996): 1881–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<1881:anmomp>2.0.co;2.

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38

Fohrmann, Hermann, Jan O. Backhaus, Frank Blaume, and Jan Rumohr. "Sediments in Bottom-Arrested Gravity Plumes: Numerical Case Studies*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 28, no. 11 (1998): 2250–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<2250:sibagp>2.0.co;2.

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39

Smith, Richard D., Mathew E. Maltrud, Frank O. Bryan, and Matthew W. Hecht. "Numerical Simulation of the North Atlantic Ocean at1/10°." Journal of Physical Oceanography 30, no. 7 (2000): 1532–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<1532:nsotna>2.0.co;2.

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40

Boudra, Douglas B., Rainer Bleck, and Friedrich Schott. "A numerical model of instabilities in the Florida Current." Journal of Marine Research 46, no. 4 (1988): 715–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224088785113432.

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41

Perlin, Natalie, Eric D. Skyllingstad, Roger M. Samelson, and Philip L. Barbour. "Numerical Simulation of Air–Sea Coupling during Coastal Upwelling." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 8 (2007): 2081–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo3104.1.

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Abstract Air–sea coupling during coastal upwelling was examined through idealized three-dimensional numerical simulations with a coupled atmosphere–ocean mesoscale model. Geometry, topography, and initial and boundary conditions were chosen to be representative of summertime coastal conditions off the Oregon coast. Over the 72-h simulations, sea surface temperatures were reduced several degrees near the coast by a wind-driven upwelling of cold water that developed within 10–20 km off the coast. In this region, the interaction of the atmospheric boundary layer with the cold upwelled water resulted in the formation of an internal boundary layer below 100-m altitude in the inversion-capped boundary layer and a reduction of the wind stress in the coupled model to half the offshore value. Surface heat fluxes were also modified by the coupling. The simulated modification of the atmospheric boundary layer by ocean upwelling was consistent with recent moored and aircraft observations of the lower atmosphere off the Oregon coast during the upwelling season. For these 72-h simulations, comparisons of coupled and uncoupled model results showed that the coupling caused measurable differences in the upwelling circulation within 20 km off the coast. The coastal Ekman transport divergence was distributed over a wider offshore extent and a thinner ocean surface boundary layer, with consistently smaller offshore and depth-integrated alongshore transport formed in the upwelling region, in the coupled case relative to the uncoupled case. The results indicate that accurate models of coastal upwelling processes can require representations of ocean–atmosphere interactions on short temporal and horizontal scales.

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42

Ma, Peifeng, and Ole Secher Madsen. "An Open Boundary Condition for Numerical Coastal Circulation Models." Journal of Physical Oceanography 41, no. 12 (2011): 2363–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jpo4574.1.

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Abstract Open boundaries (OBs) are usually unavoidable in numerical coastal circulation simulations. At OBs, an appropriate open boundary condition (OBC) is required so that outgoing waves freely pass to the exterior without creating reflections back into the interior of the computational domain. In this paper, the authors derive, based on the shallow-water equations including bottom friction and neglecting Coriolis effect and by means of nonlinear characteristic analysis, an OBC formulation with two predictive parameters, phase speed cr, and decay time Tf. Simple idealized tests are performed to demonstrate the proposed OBC’s excellent skills in elimination of unwanted reflections at OBs when the motion is periodic, as assumed in its theoretical derivation. It turns out that the formulas for the two OBC parameters become independent of period in the limit of small friction and/or short period. This feature is used to derive an OBC applicable when information about the typical period of the motion to be simulated is unavailable. Simple, idealized tests of this period independent OBC demonstrate its ability to afford excellent results, even when the limitations inherent in its derivation are exceeded. Finally, the OBC is applied in more realistic simulations, including Coriolis effects of 2D tidal flows, and is shown to yield excellent results, especially for residual flows.

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43

Cox, Michael D. "An Eddy Resolving Numerical Model of the Ventilated Thermocline." Journal of Physical Oceanography 15, no. 10 (1985): 1312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1985)015<1312:aernmo>2.0.co;2.

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McDougall, Trevor J., and John A. Church. "Pitfalls with the Numerical Representation of Isopycnal Diapycnal Mixing." Journal of Physical Oceanography 16, no. 1 (1986): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1986)016<0196:pwtnro>2.0.co;2.

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45

Panigrahi, J. K., and J. Swain. "Numerical Simulation and Validation of Deepwater Spectral Wind-Waves." Marine Geodesy 33, no. 1 (2010): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490410903297832.

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46

Tsai, Wu-ting, Shi-ming Chen, and Guan-hung Lu. "Numerical Evidence of Turbulence Generated by Nonbreaking Surface Waves." Journal of Physical Oceanography 45, no. 1 (2015): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0121.1.

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AbstractNumerical simulation of monochromatic surface waves propagating over a turbulent field is conducted to reveal the mechanism of turbulence production by nonbreaking waves. The numerical model solves the primitive equations subject to the fully nonlinear boundary conditions on the exact water surface. The result predicts growth rates of turbulent kinetic energy consistent with previous measurements and modeling. It also validates the observed horizontal anisotropy of the near-surface turbulence that the spanwise turbulent intensity exceeds the streamwise component. Such a flow structure is found to be attributed to the formation of streamwise vortices near the water surface, which also induces elongated surface streaks. The averaged spacing between the streaks and the depth of the vortical cells approximates that of Langmuir turbulence. The strength of the vortices arising from the wave–turbulence interaction, however, is one order of magnitude less than that of Langmuir cells, which arises from the interaction between the surface waves and the turbulent shear flow. In contrast to Langmuir turbulence, production from the Stokes shear does not dominate the energetics budget in wave-induced turbulence. The dominant production is the advection of turbulence by the velocity straining of waves.

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Matishov, G. G., and Yu I. Inzhebeikin. "Numerical study of the Azov Sea level seiche oscillations." Oceanology 49, no. 4 (2009): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0001437009040018.

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Fontes, Roberto Fioravanti Carelli, Belmiro Mendes Castro, and Robert C. Beardsley. "Numerical study of circulation on the inner Amazon Shelf." Ocean Dynamics 58, no. 3-4 (2008): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-008-0139-4.

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Iwamae, Nobuyuki, Toshiyuki Hibiya, and Yoshihiro Niwa. "Numerical study of enhanced energy dissipation near a seamount." Journal of Oceanography 62, no. 6 (2006): 851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10872-006-0103-1.

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50

Chao, Shenn-Yu. "Circulation of the East China Sea, a numerical study." Journal of Oceanography 46, no. 6 (1990): 273–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02123503.

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