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1

Namirski, Cezary. "Nuragic settlement dynamics : the east coast of Sardinia." Thesis, Durham University, 2018. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12757/.

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This thesis analyses the settlement dynamics of the Nuragic culture on the east coast of Sardinia during the Bronze Age and Iron Age (c. 2000-550 BC), and compares them with those in the western part of the island. The main themes examined are: the Chalcolithic to Bronze Age transition, settlement patterns, relations between settlement and ritual sites, uses of the coastline, and the implications of these for our understanding of Nuragic societies in this area. The study draws on field surveys conducted for this project in two sample areas: 1) Sarrabus (South-East Sardinia), and 2) Barisardo-Cardedu (Central-East Sardinia), and includes GIS analysis (PPA, viewsheds, least-cost path). The discussion is also placed in the wider context of prehistoric settlement in the Mediterranean. New insights on the Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age transition in Sardinia are presented. In sample area 1, a clear relationship between pre-Nuragic and Nuragic sites is recorded, suggesting that the transition was characterized by a significant degree of continuity, rather than the collapse of Chalcolithic settlement observed in western Sardinia. This indicates a need to see this transition not as a unified process, but rather as regionally diverse one. Furthermore, in sample area 1 there is a low degree of settlement nucleation, while in sample area 2 this phenomenon is much more significant. Several scenarios are proposed to explain this, and it is argued that in some areas of the east coast the degree of societal complexity was more significant than in other areas. Conclusions are also drawn regarding the relationships between settlement and ritual sites, which turn out to be varied with no single dominant pattern. This indicates a plurality of ritual practices, and potentially different roles for individual megalithic tombs. The lack of sanctuaries in sample area 1 and their presence in sample area 2 is taken as indication of different degrees of social complexity.
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2

Vella, Gregory Isabelle. "Embodying power, status and identity in Nuragic Sardinia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608683.

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3

Lins, Sergio Augusto Barcellos. "Multispectral analysis of Nuragic metallic samples (Sardinia, Italy)." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/27727.

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ABSTRACT: In this investigation, a protocol combining the use of Monte Carlo simulations together with energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) analysis was used to determine the chemical composition of a set of nine objects from a private collection, apprehended by Carabinieri and without archaeological context. The artefacts are thought to belong to the nuragic period from Sardinia, Italy. The protocol employed is a powerful and non-destructive method useful for cultural heritage applications where usually no sampling is allowed and was applied here with the objective of attesting the authenticity of the objects. The samples were simulated as multilayered structures composed of bulk material and outer corrosion layer so the patina thickness and composition could be estimated as well by the Xray Monte Carlo (XRMC) package. The method proved useful and powerful, capable of efficiently determining the composition and structure of most of the objects in a total nondestructive approach, attesting the existence of at least one fake in the set. Nevertheless, for a more throughout evaluation and a better estimation of the patina composition, the use of complementary analytical techniques has shown required.
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Kraus, Michael A. C. Jr. "An Analysis of Lithic Production at the Late Nuragic Site of Sa Conca Sa Cresia,Sardinia, Italy." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1490353705406955.

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5

Webster, Maud. "Water-temples of Sardinia : Identification, inventory and interpretation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-235468.

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Criteria for identifying prehistoric water-temples among other archaeological remains in Sardinia have not been explicitly discussed so far, making it difficult to investigate this remarkable body of evidence as a whole. This study therefore aims at elaborating a method for identifying water-temples among other fonts and wells in Sardinia, and applying it to produce a preliminary inventory. A theoretical discussion of definable criteria for assessing possible cult status in this context precedes an evaluation of the investigable wells and fonts reported in the island. Buildings found to lack cult correlates are noted in an Appendix, while buildings presenting them are inventoried in a Catalogue. A discussion of the results considering spatial, temporal and cultural aspects follows, leading to a new perspective regarding the genesis of the Sardinian water-temples.<br>Criteri per l'identificazione di templi ad acqua preistorici fra altri residui archeologici in Sardegna non sono stati esplicitamente discussi fin'ora, rendendo difficile l'indagine di questo straordinario insieme di evidenze come tale. Questo studio vuole perciò elaborare un metodo per identificare templi ad acqua fra altri pozzi e fonti in Sardegna, e applicarlo per produrre un inventario preliminare. Un discorso teorico di criteri definibili per valutare l'eventuale status cultuale nel contesto precede una valutazione degli indagabili pozzi e fonti segnalati nell'isola. Edifici trovati mancanti di correlati di culto sono notati in un Appendice, mentre edifici che li presentano sono inventoriati in un Catalogo. Segue una discussione dei risultati, considerando aspetti spaziali, temporali e culturali, portando ad una nuova proposa in riguardo alla genesi dei templi ad acqua sardi.<br>Kriterier för att identifiera förhistoriska vattentempel bland andra arkeologiska lämningar på Sardinien har hittills inte diskuterats uttryckligen, vilket gjort det svårt att undersöka denna anmärkningsvärda fyndkategori som helhet. Denna studie syftar därför till att utarbeta en metod för att identifiera vattentempel bland andra funter och brunnar på Sardinien, och tillämpa den för att göra en preliminär inventering. En teoretisk diskussion av definierbara kriterier för att bedöma eventuell kultstatus i sammanhanget föregår en utvärdering av de studerbara brunnar och källor som har rapporterats på ön. Byggnader som befunnits sakna kultkorrelat noteras i ett Appendix, medan byggnader som uppvisar dem inventeras i en Katalog. En diskussion av resultaten med rumsliga, tidsliga och kulturella aspekter i åtanke följer, och leder till ett nytt perspektiv gällande te sardiska vattentemplens tillkomst.
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6

Piredda, Giovanni Andrea. "Los Bronces antropomorfos de la Cerdeña nurágica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400076.

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El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar las sociedades protohistóricas de Cerdeña y sus trayectoria histórica en los primeros siglos del primer milenio a.c. a través del estudio de los bronces antropomorfos cuyo repertorio figurativo, junto a otras categorías de objetos de bronce destinados a ser acomodados en lugares de culto, constituye una fuente muy importante de información sobre la manera en que los antiguos habitantes de la isla representaron sus sistema de valores, el equilibrio entre las diferentes componentes sociales y la relación con el mundo de los seres supremos y de los antepasados. El catálogo de las figurillas integra en el corpus de bronces publicado en 1966 ejemplares de recientemente adquisición algunos de los cuales son aún inéditos.<br>Il proposito di questo lavoro è quello di fornire un quadro d’insieme delle società sarde e del loro percorso storico nei primi secoli del primo millennio a.C. attraverso lo studio della piccola plastica antropomorfa il cui repertorio figurativo, insieme alle altre categorie di oggetti di bronzo destinato ad essere accolte nei luoghi di culto, costituisce una fonte di informazione di grande importanza relativamente al modo in cui gli antichi abitanti dell’isola rappresentavano il loro sistema di valori, gli equilibri tra le differenti componenti sociali ed il rapporto con il mondo degli esseri supremi e degli antenati. Il catalogo dei reperti integra il corpus dei bronzetti pubblicato nel 1966 da Lilliu con esemplari di recente acquisizione alcuni dei quali ancora inediti.<br>Aim of the thesis is studying protohistoric Sardinian societies and their historical development during the early centuries of the first millennium B.C. by examining the style of anthropomorphic bronze figurines and iconography. These are, with other votive figurative bronzes offered to sanctuary, an invaluable source of information about the manner in which the ancient people of Sardinia depicted their value system, their religious belief and the relationship between social classes. The catalogue shows new unpublished anthropomorphic figurines with statuettes published by Lilliu’s monography in 1966 and other recently discovered.
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7

Freund, Kyle P. "Lithic Technology and Obsidian Exchange Networks in Bronze Age Sardinia, Italy (ca. 1600-850 B.C.)." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3429.

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The Sardinian Bronze Age (Nuragic period) and the factors which created and maintained an island-wide identity as seen through the presence of its distinctive nuraghi have received considerable attention; however the amount of research directly related to the stone tools of the era has been relatively limited despite the wealth of knowledge it is capable of yielding. This thesis hopes to contribute to Sardinian archaeology through the study of ancient technology, specifically obsidian lithic technology, by combining typological information with source data gleaned from the use of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). These data are integrated with statistical analyses breaking down the spatial distribution of nuraghi across the island through the use of distance-based methods, including k-means and kernel density analyses, which create a more comprehensive understanding of the island-wide political and social structure. This research will test the hypothesis that changes in the acquisition of obsidian raw materials were coupled with corresponding changes in how the obsidian was used. The results provide precedence for future work in Sardinia and create a model for integrating two types of analyses, sourcing and typological. By combining these results, it is possible to investigate how obsidian influenced the ancient economy as well as assess its cultural significance for people of the past.
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Pische, Alessandra. "Le tombe di giganti di Is Lapideddas (Gonnosnò-OR). Archeologia della morte di una comunità nuragica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/385725.

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Questa tesi di dottorato analizza le 4 tombe di giganti di Is Lapideddas (Gonnosnò-OR) combinando due tipologie di studio differenti: archeologia e antropologia. Le sepolture, datate al Bronzo recente secondo datazioni radiocarboniche (1391-1228 cal BC), sono ubicate in un’area in cui sono presenti altre strutture sepolcrali quali fosse a inumazione primaria e secondaria. Il riesame degli studi antropologici in Italia e, soprattutto, in Sardegna ha evidenziato l’uso di due campi d’indagine principali (antropometria e morfometria) per delineare la storia antica del territorio e il suo popolamento. I dati relativi agli studi antropologici dell’età del Bronzo in Sardegna si riferiscono, in particolare, alle ossa considerate più diagnostiche (quali cranio e ossa lunghe) trascurando l’analisi d’insieme dei reperti ossei e dei corredi associati e portando alla generale accettazione delle caratteristiche morfometriche e morfologiche come base fondamentale per il riconoscimento di un determinato gruppo sociale. Il successivo riesame dei contesti archeologici dell’età del Bronzo ha permesso di cogliere gli aspetti peculiari e la scansioni cronologiche di uno dei periodi più articolati della protostoria sarda. L’analisi verte principalmente su contesti con chiara indicazione stratigrafica e, attraverso il solo utilizzo degli indicatori materiali, si osserva lo sviluppo dei diversi periodi secondo elementi di continuità e cambiamento evidenziati per ciascuna fase. L’analisi cronologica e, in particolare l’uso della cronologia assoluta, si rivela fondamentale per il corretto inquadramento cronologico relativo allo sviluppo della “civiltà nuragica”. L’applicazione di nuovi metodi d’indagine (quali la somma delle probabilità e la statistica bayesiana) appare indispensabile nel riesame delle datazioni radiocarboniche dell’età del Bronzo permettendo di comprendere meglio formazione e sviluppo del periodo analizzato. La comprensione di una comunità nuragica come quella di Is Lapideddas non può prescindere, inoltre, dall’analisi delle emergenze archeologiche e dell’ambiente naturale che caratterizzano profondamente l’isola. In relazione alle manifestazioni funerarie, particolare rilievo viene dato alle tombe di giganti che appaiono, al pari dei nuraghi, il monumento più rappresentativo della “civiltà nuragica”. L’analisi delle tombe di Is Lapideddas, dal punto di vista architettonico, rivela l’importanza di queste costruzioni dal punto di vista sociale e religioso. L’analisi dei reperti ossei umani appare fondamentale per la comprensione dei gruppi sociali qui sepolti. I reperti analizzati presentano un grado di conservazione molto vario che riflettono i danneggiamenti subiti dalle sepolture nel corso del tempo. Solo a partire dai reperti ossei della tomba 4 è stato possibile definire le modalità di deposizione dei defunti all’interno della camera funeraria, che avveniva utilizzando principalmente l’inumazione primaria. La presenza delle fosse a inumazione secondaria (una delle quali datata anch’essa al Bronzo recente: 1380-1276 cal BC) appare indicativa dello svuotamento periodico delle sepolture per far posto a nuove inumazioni. Lo studio dei reperti ossei umani delle 4 sepolture si concentra principalmente sugli aspetti basici della ricostruzione paleo-demografica quali analisi del Numero Minimo di Individui, stima del sesso e dell’età alla morte della popolazione inumata. Tali aspetti si rivelano fondamentali per la comprensione dell’uso e del rituale praticato. L’analisi mostra, sempre con particolare riferimento alla tomba 4, la presenza di tutte le categorie biologiche analizzate evidenziando come la sepoltura fosse destinata ai membri di tutta la comunità senza eccezioni: la presenza di feti e di individui appena nati sottolinea la non esclusione di alcuni individui in rapporto all’età. In relazione al sesso si evidenzia la preponderanza degli individui femminili che potrebbe essere messa in relazione sia ai problemi legati alla gravidanza e al parto sia alla mobilità di parte della popolazione (in particolare maschile) per motivi diversi (transumanza, commercio, etc.). L’ultima parte prende in considerazione i dati osteometrici, i caratteri epigenetici e le condizioni di vita e salute della popolazione inumata.<br>This doctoral thesis analyzes the four giants tombs of Is Lapideddas (Gonnosnò-OR) and combines two different types of studies: archeology and anthropology. The burials are date back to the Bronze Age according to radiocarbon dating (1391-1228 cal BC); they are located in an area where other burial structures (as pit-graves) are used for primary and secondary inhumation. The review of anthropological studies in Italy, and primarily, in Sardinia, highlights the use of anthropometry and morphometry to describe the ancient history of an area and its population. Data on anthropological studies from the Bronze Age in Sardinia relate in particular to diagnostic bones (such as the skull and long bones) and neglect the overall analysis of bone specimens and the grave goods within: this has led to the general acceptance of morphometric and morphologic characteristics as the fundamental basis for recognition of a particular social group. The next review of the archaeological contexts of the Bronze Age has allowed us to capture the unique aspects and chronological phases of one of the most articulate periods of the recent prehistory of Sardinia. The analysis focuses mainly on contexts clearly indicating stratigraphies and, through the sole use of material indicators, we observe the development of the different periods according to elements of continuity and change highlighted in each step. The chronological analysis and, in particular, the use of absolute chronology, is crucial for the correct chronology of the development of "Nuragic civilization". The application of new methods of investigation (such as the sum of the probabilities and Bayesian statistics) is essential in the review of radiocarbon datings of the Bronze Age and allow a better understanding of the formation and development of the reporting period. The understanding of a Nuragic community like the one buried in Is Lapideddas graves cannot ignore the analysis of archaeological and natural environments that deeply characterize the island. In relation to the funeral manifestations, particular emphasis is given to the giants tombs that appear, like “nuraghi”, the most representative monument of the "Nuragic civilization". The analysis of Is Lapideddas graves, from an architectural point of view, reveals the importance of these buildings to social and religious relations. The analysis of human bone remains is fundamental to the understanding of social groups buried here. The findings have a varied degree of preservation reflecting the damage suffered by the graves over time. Only from the bone remains of Tomb 4 has it been possible to define the mode of deposition of the deceased in the burial chamber, which was done mainly using primary inhumation. The presence of pit-graves for secondary deposition (one of which also dated to the Bronze Age: 1380-1276 cal BC) appears indicative of the periodic emptying of the graves for new burials. The study of human bone remains of the four graves focuses primarily on the basic aspects of the reconstruction of paleo-demographic analysis such as the Minimum Number of Individuals, sex and age at death estimation of the population buried. These aspects are fundamental to the understanding of their use and the rituals practiced there. The analysis shows, always with particular reference to the Tomb 4, the presence of all biological categories and highlights how the burial was used for members of the community without exception: the presence of fetuses and newborn individuals emphasize the inclusion of individuals despite their age. Regarding sex, the preponderance of females may be related to problems due to pregnancy, childbirth or the mobility of the population (especially males) for different reasons such as transhumance, trade, etc. The last part takes into account osteometric data, epigenetic characters and the paleopathology aspects.
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Blake, E. "The spatial relationship between the giants' tombs and Nuraghi of Sardinia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.596711.

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The subject of this thesis is the patterned arrangement of the stone monuments of Sardinia's Bronze Age Nuragic culture. It consists of a study of all the known <I>giants' tombs </I>- communal megalithic tombs of the second millennium BC - and characteristics of their placement in relation to the contemporary settlement towers known as <I>nuraghi. </I>The tombs' chronology, size, contents, and orientation are considered. The tombs' relations to settlements are systematically examined for the first time, through an analysis of patterns in the variables of distance, direction, alignment, altitude differential, and intervisibility. The database is a multi-level one, incorporating islandwide patterns, a regional study of a surveyed area, and a detailed case study of a tomb and two nuraghi. The data were derived from both published sources and my own fieldwork on the island. This spatial analysis permits a reinterpretation of the chronology and function of the tombs themselves. First, the patterning suggests that the earliest tombs predate the earliest nuraghi. Secondly, the characteristics of the tombs and their siting undermine the standard accounts of the tombs' function, and suggest instead a ritual role of some sort. It is clear that their relations to the nuraghi were a key feature of their significance. It is posited here that the siting of these tombs and nuraghi in relation to each other was not accidental, but demonstrates purposeful planning that cannot be attributed to functionalist imperatives alone. The results of these spatial arrangements are distinctly Nuragic locales. In charting the evolution of these locales over the course of the second millennium BC in conjunction with changes to the Nuragic culture at large, the author has detected traces of an ongoing project of cultural identity-formation.
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Reimers, Teresa M. "Parties, Process and Nurani Hati: How the Indonesian Press Constructed the 2004 Elections." Ohio : Ohio University, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1147947223.

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11

NICOLA, CHIARA. "Sviluppo della tecnologia di produzione del vetro : dalla protostoria all’età del Ferro." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/64143.

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In questa tesi di dottorato sono stati studiati i materiali vetrosi di due grandi culture italiane: la Golasecchiana e la Nuragica. La scelta è stata fatta al fine di coprire lacune di tipo temporale e geografico. Lacune temporali perchè la cultura di Golasecca (datata fine età del Bronzo – prima età del Ferro) rappresenta cronologicamente il passaggio tra le già ben studiate età del Bronzo ed età del Ferro; infatti in letteratura mancano proprio dati analitici relativi ai materiali vetrosi riguardanti questo periodo. Lacune geografiche perché non esistono dati su reperti protostorici provenienti dall’Italia insulare e meridionale. Sono stati infatti acquisiti dati analitici utili per la determinazione delle caratteristiche chimico-fisiche, per la conoscenza delle materie prime e delle tecniche utilizzate nella produzione dei reperti in esame. Inoltre lo studio ha il fine di rispondere a diverse domande archeologiche, ovvero se i reperti provengono da una produzione locale oppure se siano prodotti da artigiani itineranti, che avrebbero messo a disposizione delle popolazioni locali la loro esperienza tecnica e se parte delle materie prime fossero in seguito sostituite con quelle presenti in loco, oppure se siano avvenuti degli scambi commerciali. Per questo motivo, sono stati selezionati reperti archeologici a diversa tipologia e colorazione, di diversi contesti archeologici, provenienti dalle due grandi culture italiane. Si è proceduto con analisi chimiche tradizionali utilizzando un Microscopio Elettronico a Scansione (SEM) e una Microsonda Elettronica (EPMA). Le immagini ottenute al SEM sono state utilizzate per effettuare l’analisi d’immagine computerizzata (DIP). Le indagini archeometriche dei reperti delle due differenti culture hanno evidenziato notevoli differenze sia a livello composizionale che tipologico. Per quanto riguarda la cultura di Golasecca sono stati selezionati 35 reperti in materiale vetroso provenienti da 7 siti archeologici dell’area di Como. Fatta eccezione per una testa di spillone del XIII sec. a.C. (appartenente alla cultura di Canegrate) proveniente da Appiano Gentile, e tre vaghi del IX sec. a. C. provenienti dalla Cà Morta, i restanti campioni sono datati al Primo Ferro. La composizione chimica dei campioni, determinata tramite EPMA, ha mostrato principalmente la presenza di una ricetta di vetri tipo LMG (Low Magnesium Glasses) riscontrata nei campioni di tipologia predominante rappresentata da vaghi globulari bruni con decorazione ad occhi concentrici gialli, datati principalmente VII-V secolo a.C. Alcuni vetri hanno una composizione intermedia tra LMG ed HMG (High Magnesium Glasses) con un contenuto di MgO variabile tra 1 e 2%. I corpi di questi materiali presentano una fase vetrosa ricca in PbO (circa 20-40%), limitata a questo periodo, ed inclusioni di diversa natura. Mentre le decorazioni devono la loro colorazione gialla alla presenza di cristalli di antimoniati di piombo, riscontrati per la prima volta nei campioni provenienti dall’area di Como a partire dal VII secolo a.C. Solo per le tre perle del IX sec. a.C. è stata riscontrata una ricetta ad alcali misti o LMHK (Low Magnesium High Potassium), già ampiamente diffusa in Europa (Francia, Svizzera e Irlanda) nel Bronzo Finale, mentre la testa di spillone è HMG, ricetta utilizzata in Italia nel BM3-BR e indice di importazione dal Vicino Oriente. Per quanto riguarda la cultura Nuragica i reperti analizzati, costituiti da vaghi di collane, sono circa un centinaio e provengono da 14 contesti diversi delle provincie di Cagliari, Nuoro ed Oristano e sono datati a diverse fasi dell’età del Bronzo, fino alla prima età del Ferro. Nella maggior parte dei casi i reperti provengono da siti che gli archeologi non sono stati in grado di datare con esattezza. Fatta eccezione per le perle ad occhi e per alcuni campioni con tipologia unica e particolare, i vaghi analizzati hanno tipologia semplice, globulare o anulare, che non consente considerazioni specifiche circa la provenienza dei reperti. Vi è invece una notevole varietà di colorazioni, anche per vetri provenienti da uno stesso sito. I materiali vetrosi studiati sono classificabili in vetri e faience. I vetri risultano essere nella maggior parte dei casi ben conservati; le ricette utilizzate sono diverse: principalmente sono quelle di tipici vetri LMG ed HMG, mentre alcuni vetri hanno una composizione intermedia tra LMG ed HMG con un contenuto di MgO variabile tra 1 e 2% ed altri si collocano in un gruppo caratterizzato da un contenuto elevato di MgO (4-8%), come per gli HMG, ma da un contenuto leggermente superiore di K2O (fino a 5%). Non compaiono mai vetri a composizione LMHK diffusi in tutta Europa nell’età del Bronzo Finale. Le colorazioni sono le più svariate; di notevole interesse sono i vetri gialli opachi che devono la loro colorazione alla presenza di inclusioni di antimoniati di piombo. Le faience sono principalmente di due tipologie: segmentate e discoidali. In funzione della colorazione sono divisibili in due classi principali: bianche/azzurre e nere/marroni. Alcuni campioni presentano una superficie molto alterata e quindi non è stato possibile determinare la composizione chimica della matrice vetrosa originale. La maggior parte delle faience alterate sono quelle discoidali di colore azzurro/bianco caratterizzate da analisi chimiche con chiusure molto basse e matrice povera di alcali. Tuttavia è ancora visibile l’elevato tenore di CuO responsabile della colorazione. Questi reperti sono caratterizzati da rare inclusioni di ossido di Sn con stechiometria tipo SnO2. Mentre le faience ben conservate sono quelle di colore nero/marrone e presentano una composizione peculiare, con concentrazioni di MgO tra 0.57 e 0.99%, tipici di vetri LMG, ma con contenuti di K2O superiori ( 3%). Inoltre presentano un interessante e caratteristico alto tenore di FeO e MnO, che è direttamente correlabile all’elevato numero di inclusioni di ossidi di Fe e Mn.
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PAGLIETTI, GIACOMO. "Su Nuraxi di Barumini tra il Bronzo recente e finale nelle capanne 69, 79, 83, 94 e nell'isolato 174." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/918504.

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Choltco, Margaret E. "Foreign Influences and Consequences on the Nuragic Culture of Sardinia." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-12-7643.

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Although it is accepted that Phoenician colonization occurred on Sardinia by the 9th century B.C., it is possible that contact between Sardinia‟s indigenous population and the Levantine region occurred in the Late Bronze Age (LBA). Eastern LBA goods found on the island are copper oxhide ingots and Aegean pottery. Previously, it has been suggested that Mycenaeans were responsible for bringing the eastern goods to Sardinia, but the presence of Aegean pottery shards does not confirm the presence of Mycenaean tradesmen. Also, scholars of LBA trade have explained the paucity of evidence for a Mycenaean merchant fleet. Interpretations of two LBA shipwrecks, Cape Gelidonya and Uluburun, indicate that eastern Mediterranean merchants of Cypriot or Syro-Canaanite origin, transported large quantities of oxhide ingots from the Levant towards the west. It remains possible that similar itinerant merchants conducted ventures bringing eastern goods to Sardinia while exploring the western Mediterranean. Trade in eastern goods may have stimulated the advancement that occurred in Nuragic culture in the LBA, resulting in the emergence of an elite social stratum in the Nuragic society. Archaeological evidence, such as elitist burials and increasingly complex architecture, supports the idea of cultural change due to internal competition. This „peer-polity‟ effect may have been incited because of limited accessibility to the exotic eastern goods and the „ownership‟ to the rights of this exchange.
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IALONGO, NICOLA. "Il santuario nuragico di Monte S. Antonio Di Siligo (SS)." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/918500.

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Nuragic sanctuaries represent the most consistent expression of ritual behaviour in Western Mediterranean during the whole European Protohistory. The research follows a general scheme which proceeds from punctual archaeological analyses and gradually reaches wider degrees of comparative considerations. The study starts with an exhaustive chronological revision of the whole evidence related to Nuragic ritual practices, thus including proper sanctuaries, hoards and isolated offerings. All the collected evidence is then employed in a functional analysis, which aims to the recognition of the individual ritual behaviour as it is determined by commonly shared norms, ensuing from the social environment. In the latter chapters the impact of nuragic sanctuaries in the socio-political reltionships among Nuragic communities is finally explored. The rise of vast monumental stone-built sanctuaries bears evidence of the effective capacity of nuragic communities - which are scattered among thousands of limited size settlements in a relatively small territory - of gathering and employing large amounts of manpower and skilled labour. Nuragic sanctuaries are the fulcrum of religious and socio-political relationships inside and between Sardinian communities during the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age, leading to the formation of broad sub-regional political entities which are capable to interact, on a fair basis, with the protourban Villanovian communities and the early Phoenician colonies. The study is partly based upon the consistent, and fully unpublished, evidence from Monte S. Antonio di Siligo (SS), one of the largest Sardinian sanctuaries.
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15

Nurali, Ihsan [Verfasser]. "Histopathologische und biologische Prognosefaktoren für den immunzytologischen Nachweis von Tumorzellen im Knochenmark beim Mammakarzinom / vorgelegt von Ihsan Nurali." 2009. http://d-nb.info/995260966/34.

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16

Αβραμόπουλος, Γεώργιος. "Τρόποι διαχείρισης κρυφών μνημών με ανομοιογενείς χρόνους πρόσβασης". Thesis, 2010. http://nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/handle/10889/3699.

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Η εργασία αποτελεί μελέτη της λειτουργίας των caches, χρησιμοποιώντας μια συγκεκριμένη cache δομή. Η εργασία αυτή έχει σα σκοπό τη μελέτη των κρυφών μνημών με μη ομοιογενή χρόνο προσπέλασης στα διάφορα «φυσικά» σημεία της επιφάνειάς της. Αντικειμενικός σκοπός των κρυφών αυτών μνημών, είναι να τοποθετούνται τα δεδομένα που χρησιμοποιούνται συχνότερα, σε θέσεις που βρίσκονται κοντύτερα στον επεξεργαστή και έχουν λιγότερες διασυνδέσεις καλωδίων, άρα έχουν και το μικρότερο χρόνο προσπέλασης. Όταν αυτό είναι επιτεύξιμο, τα δεδομένα που χρησιμοποιούνται περισσότερες φορές, χρειάζονται τον ελάχιστο χρόνο για την προσπέλασή τους. Για το σκοπό αυτό επιλέξαμε έναν ήδη προτεινόμενο μηχανισμό, τον οποίο αναλύσαμε εκτενώς. Η επιλογή αυτή δεν έγινε τυχαία, αλλά επιλέξαμε έναν μηχανισμό που διαφέρει στη λογική από τη γενική έννοια των εν λόγω κρυφών μνημών (NUCA), έχοντας σαν κύρια διαφορά ότι διαφοροποιεί εντελώς τη διαχείριση του tag από εκείνη του data array, αντίθετα με τις γενικότερης έννοιας NUCA μνήμες. Εκτός από τη λειτουργία της δομής αυτής όπως είχε προταθεί, εισάγουμε στη διαχείριση των δεδομένων και την πληροφορία της πρόβλεψης για να δούμε πως μπορεί να επιδράσει στην απόδοση και αν μπορούμε να καταφέρουμε κάποια βελτίωση.<br>This work is a study of cache memories, using a specific cache structure. Its goal is to study cache memories with non-uniform access time for all blocks throughout the cache surface (NUCA). The objective of these "hidden" memories is to put the most often used data at the closest to processor positions (blocks), which have fewer wire connections and therefore smaller access time. Whenever this is feasible, the data used most often need are accessed in the least possible amount of time. For this purpose we chose an already proposed mechanism, which was analyzed extensively. The selection was not random, but chose a structure that differs from the usual NUCA structure, having as main diferrence that it completely decouples the tag array management from the data array, contrary to the general concept of NUCA memories. Apart from this strucure's function as originally proposed, we introduced prediction in both tag and data arrays management to see how it can affect performance and whether we can achieve some performance improvement.
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