Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nutrició animal'
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Melo, Durán Diego. "Feed-associated factors to xylanase response in corn-based poultry diets." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673972.
Full textLa producción avícola enfrenta varios desafíos relacionados con el uso de los recursos naturales, siendo la eficiencia alimenticia el factor que puede ser influenciado mediante el uso de diferentes estrategias nutricionales. El uso adecuado de enzimas exógenas, como la xilanasa, puede mejorar el rendimiento productivo, la conversión alimenticia, la salud intestinal y mejorar los problemas ambientales, debido a la menor excreción de nutrientes no digeridos. De esta forma, el presente trabajo busca incrementar el conocimiento sobre los mecanismos de acción sugeridos de esta enzima así como investigar la relevancia de algunos factores asociados al alimento que pueden estar afectando la eficiencia de la xilanasa en la producción de pollos de engorde. En la presente tesis doctoral se diseñaron cuatro estudios con el objetivo de probar las siguientes hipótesis. Las carbohidrasas, especialmente la xilanasa, podrían ser parte de una estrategia multidisciplinaria para el remplazo de los antibióticos en la producción animal. Así el Artículo I es una revisión de la literatura realizada con el fin de comparar los mecanismos sugeridos por la xilanasa en las dietas a base de maíz y de los antibióticos cuando se utilizan como promotores del crecimiento en dietas animales. La literatura disponible mostró que es difícil concluir que las enzimas per se puedan reemplazar a los antibióticos en la producción animal intensiva, pero es plausible pensar que pueden ser parte de un programa holístico que reduzca el impacto negativo de los componentes fibrosos de la dieta que tienen efectos antinutritivos que desafían la salud intestinal y la eficiencia. La variación de la composición fisicoquímica del maíz podría afectar la respuesta de la xilanasa. En este sentido, el Artículo II es un ensayo "in vitro" que se llevó a cabo utilizando el componente genético del maíz y la posición de los granos en la mazorca como fuente de variabilidad de nutrientes para evaluar la respuesta de la xilanasa. Los resultados mostraron que la suplementación con xilanasa aumenta los componentes solubles del maíz independientemente de la variación fisicoquímica, sin embargo, la producción de xilotriosa interactuó tanto con la posición de los granos en la mazorca como con el genotipo, mostrando que la composición del maíz puede afectar la respuesta de la enzima en la producción de XOS. La variación de nutrientes asociada al genotipo afecta el rendimiento y la utilización de nutrientes de los pollos de engorde. En este aspecto, en el artículo III se desarrolló un ensayo in vivo para estudiar cómo la variabilidad de la composición fisicoquímica del maíz, debido a la genética, podría producir interacciones negativas entre los diferentes componentes fisicoquímicos y, en consecuencia, cambios en el rendimiento productivo y la digestibilidad de nutrientes de los pollos de engorde. Los resultados mostraron que la variación en el contenido y la naturaleza de los polisacáridos no amiláceos del maíz pueden reducir el rendimiento y la digestibilidad en los pollos de engorde principalmente debido a la disminución en la disponibilidad de nutrientes. La distribución del tamaño de las partículas del maíz afecta la respuesta de la xilanasa produciendo cambios en el rendimiento y la salud intestinal de los pollos de engorde. Por lo tanto, en el Artículo IV se evaluó la respuesta de la xilanasa en diferentes distribuciones de tamaño de partícula de dietas granuladas a base de maíz. Los resultados mostraron que el mecanismo prebiótico de la xilanasa se vio afectado por el tamaño de las partículas en las dietas granuladas a base de maíz. La eficacia de la enzima y el desarrollo de la molleja podrían mejorarse considerando el uso de una distribución de tamaño de partícula gruesa en las dietas granuladas.
Poultry production faces several challenges related to the use of natural resources, with feed efficiency being the factor that can be influenced through the use of different nutritional strategies. Proper use of exogenous enzymes, such as xylanase, could improve growth performance, feed conversion, gut health, and improve environmental problems as fewer undigested nutrients are excreted. In this way, the present work seeks to increase the knowledge about the suggested action mechanisms of this enzyme as well as to investigate the relevance of some dietary factors that may be affecting the efficiency of xylanase in the production of broiler chickens. Four studies were designed with the aim of testing the following hypotheses. The carbohydrases, specially xylanase, could be a part of a multidisciplinary antibiotic's displacement strategy. Therefore, the Article I is a literature review performed in order to compare the xylanase suggested mechanisms (nutrient digestibility, microbiota modulation and improvement of intestinal health) and the described antibiotic effects when are used as growth promotors in animal diets. The available literature showed that it is difficult to consider that enzymes per se can replace antibiotics in efficient animal production, but it is plausible to think that they can be part of a holistic program that reduces the negative impact of antinutritional components as challenging compounds for intestinal health and efficiency. The variability in the physicochemical composition of corn could affects the xylanase response. Therefore, Article II is an "in vitro" test that was carried out using the genetic background of corn and the position of the ear as a source of nutrient variability and where the xylanase response was evaluated. The results showed that the xylanase supplementation increase the soluble components of the corn independently of the physicochemical variation, however, the xylotriose production interact for both the position of the kernels in the cob and genotype, showing that the corn physicochemical composition can affect the response of the enzyme at least in the production of XOS. The nutrient variation associated to the genotype affects the broiler performance and nutrient utilization. Therefore, in Article III an in vivo trial was development in order to study how the variability of physicochemical composition of corn, due to genetic background, could produce negative interactions among the different physicochemical components, and consequently changes in broiler chicken's growth performance and nutrient digestibility. The results showed that the variation in the content and nature of the non-starch polysaccharides in corn can reduce the performance and digestibility in broilers mainly due to the capture of nutrients. The corn particle size distribution affects the xylanase response influencing the performance and intestinal health of broiler chickens fed with corn-based pelleted diets. Therefore, in the Article IV the xylanase response was evaluated in different particle size distributions of corn-based pelleted diets. The results showed that the xylanase prebiotic mechanism was affected by particle size in corn-based pelleted diets. The effectiveness of the enzyme and gizzard development could be improved by considering using coarse particle size distribution in pelleted diets.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Producció Animal
Bonacic, Kruno. "Effects of alternative dietary lipid sources on lipid metabolism and regulation of food intake in larvae and juvenile senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/386506.
Full textReal, Garcia Enric. "Influence of predictable anthropogenic food subsides on seabird´s breeding investment." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668552.
Full textLas recientes políticas en materia de prohibición de descartes y cierre de vertederos, supondrán una importante reducción de la disponibilidad de los recursos antropogénicos predecibles (PAFS) para las aves marinas. Para entender mejor las consecuencias ecológicas de esta reducción y proponer nuevos retos futuros, en esta tesis se revisa el conocimiento actual sobre las interacciones ecológicas que se dan entre las aves marinas y los descartes de la pesca. Por otra parte, también se evalúa cómo los PAFS y otros factores ambientales influyen en la inversión que las aves marinas hacen en la reproducción. Los resultados muestran que los principales vacíos de conocimiento en relación a las interacciones entre aves marinas y descartes, son los relacionados con la supervivencia, la dispersión, la reproducción, la resiliencia de las poblaciones frente a las perturbaciones y la especialización individual en el proceso de forrajeo. También se muestra que tanto los descartes de la pesca como la basura de los vertederos incrementan la inversión en la reproducción. Sin embargo, este efecto es menos marcado en los vertederos, probablemente debido a su menor calidad como recurso alimentario. También se ha observado que estos efectos pueden quedar enmascarados por procesos de densodependencia. La tesis también demuestra la importancia de considerar los factores socioeconómicos al evaluar la disponibilidad de los PAFS, dependiendo del área geográfica considerada. También se muestra que los PAFS pueden alterar la estocasticidad natural, incrementando la inversión en reproducción en especies generalistas, lo cual puede alterar la estructura de la comunidad. También se muestra cómo los factores ambientales que condicionan la detectabilidad y accesibilidad del alimento pueden jugar un papel muy importante en la inversión en la reproducción. Esto implica que el hecho de que el alimento sea abundante, no implica que esté disponible para los organismos. Finalmente, los resultados también sugieren que la influencia de la Oscilación del Atlántico Norte en la inversión en la reproducción de algunas aves marinas, se limita a los meses de invierno y se manifiesta en primavera en forma de efectos de tipo carry-over.
Costa-Roura, Sandra. "Alternatives for the redesign of beef cattle production: dietary protein, forage intake and feed efficiency." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672376.
Full textEn la presente tesis se evaluaron estrategias para rediseñar los sistemas de engorde intensivo de terneros, con el objetivo de mejorar sus resultados económicos y disminuir su impacto medioambiental. Además, se determinó su vínculo con la microbiota ruminal, haciendo hincapié en el concepto de robustez. Las estrategias testadas fueron: la reducción del contenido de proteína bruta de la dieta del 14 % al 12 % (sobre materia seca); la substitución de la paja de cereal por un forraje de más calidad (henolaje de avena o veza); y la mejora de la eficiencia alimentaria de los animales. Se observó que las tres estrategias testadas tenían efectos sobre los resultados productivos, la ingestión de alimento, las características de la fermentación ruminal y la composición e interacciones de la microbiota ruminal, concluyendo que son estrategias viables para rediseñar el sistema de engorde intensivo de terneros.
The present thesis aimed at identifying and assessing strategies to redesign beef cattle intensive fattening systems in order to increase their profitability and decrease their environmental burden. Moreover, the potential role of ruminal microbiota in the outcome of the tested strategies was evaluated, focusing on their link with ruminal microbiota robustness. The strategies tested were: the reduction of dietary crude protein content from 14 % to 12 % (on a dry matter basis); the replacement of cereal straw by a quality forage (oats or vetch haylage); and the improvement of animals’ feed efficiency. It was observed that the three studied strategies had an impact on performance, feed intake, ruminal fermentation parameters and ruminal microbiota composition and interactions, concluding that they are feasible options to redesign intensive beef cattle production.
Martín, Venegas Raquel. "Transport i metabolisme de l'hidroxianàleg de la metionina a l'intestí de pollastre i en cèl·lules Caco-2." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673085.
Full textMorillo, Alujas Alberto. "Estudio de la hormona IGF-I en cerdos: efecto de un producto de proteína de patata fermentada." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/386547.
Full textEls objectius de la tesi van ser l'estudi i revisió dels actuals coneixements sobre el metabolisme i les accions d'IGF-I en la producció porcina i més específicament la investigació dels efectes que un suplement alimentari provinent de la fermentació de la proteïna de patata pot tenir sobre els nivells d'IGF-I en diferents estadis productius, i si aquestes modificacions tenen alguna repercussió pràctica sobre la producció. En l'estudi realitzat amb les truges lactants, l'objectiu va ser estudiar si l'addició a la dieta de les truges lactants durant 5 dies abans del deslletament i 5 dies post deslletament de la proteïna fermentada de patata amb o sense glucosa tenia algun efecte sobre els dies no productius entre el deslletament i la cobrició, sobre la fertilitat i sobre el nombre de garrins nascuts totals en el subsegüent part i si aquests paràmetres productius van estar relacionats amb nivells plasmàtics d'IGF-I. Per a això es va triar una granja altament productiva amb un alt estatus sanitari perquè es va considerar que era la millor opció per conèixer els efectes de la proteïna fermentada de patata sobre els paràmetres estudiats. Es van usar un total de 183 truges de 3 grups de truges deslletades de forma consecutiva i es van distribuir en 4 grups de tractament tenint en compte el cicle de part, el nombre de garrins deslletats en el cicle anterior i el nombre de garrins parits en el cicle actual. El tractament va consistir en l'addició de la proteïna de patata fermentada, amb i sense glucosa, que es va considerar com el control positiu i un grup de truges que va actuar com a control negatiu al qual no se li va subministrar cap producte. Els tractaments es van iniciar 5 dies abans del deslletament i van concloure 5 dies post deslletament. Es van registrar tots els paràmetres productius per assolir els objectius i es van obtenir mostres de sang d'un subgrup de truges per determinar el nivell d'IGF-I. No es van trobar diferències significatives pel que fa als nivells d'IGF-I en acabar els tractaments ni tampoc es van trobar diferències significatives en els paràmetres productius estudiats. Un resultat no contemplat en l'estudi però trobat en l'anàlisi va ser que les truges que van ser alletants durant la lactació en què es va iniciar el tractament tenien major nivell d'IGF-I que les que no ho van ser. Aquesta troballa confirma que el nivell d'IGF-I depèn l'estatus nutricional i metabòlic dels animals ja que les truges que van actuar com dides van tenir una despesa metabòlica menor que les que no ho van ser i van poder recuperar millor el seu status metabòlic. Malgrat això no van existir diferències de productivitat després del subsegüent part. En l'estudi amb els garrins lactants l'objectiu va ser estudiar l'efecte de l'administració oral de la proteïna fermentada de patata a garrins durant les primeres 12 hores després del naixement sobre els nivells plasmàtics d'IGF-I, sobre la mortalitat i sobre el guany de pes viu des del naixement al fins al deslletament. Aquest estudi es va realitzar en una granja amb productivitat mitjana, amb una sanitat considerada com habitual en la producció porcina i que podia ser catalogada com una granja estàndard. Es van usar 542 garrins nascuts en 3 grups consecutius de part. Els garrins van ser classificats segons el seu pes al naixement entre garrins grans, amb 1,2 kg de pes o més al naixement i garrins petits amb menys de 1,2 kg de pes al naixement perquè es va considerar que el pes al naixement podria ser una variable que influís en l'estudi. Es van distribuir en 4 grups de tractament dins de cada grup de pes. Els tractaments van consistir en el subministrament oral de la proteïna de patata fermentada bé en una sola dosificació (primer grup) o bé partida en mitja dosi separades d'un interval de 12 h (segon grup) subministrant a un tercer grup d'animals glicerol en una sola presa, grup que es va considerar com el control positiu. El quart grup va ser el control negatiu i els garrins d'aquest grup no van rebre cap tractament. No es van trobar diferències significatives de forma global ni dins de cada grup de pes en cap de les variables estudiades. Els nivells d'IGF-I van ser majors en els animals del grup de pes gran quan es van comparar amb els garrins petits als 7 dies de l'estudi, però no al finalitzar el mateix. En l'estudi amb els garrins deslletats, l'objectiu va ser estudiar si l'addició a la dieta de garrins de proteïna fermentada de patata després de la seva deslletament en diferents proporcions podia reemplaçar l'ús de plasma porcí i si les modificacions estaven relacionades amb els nivells plasmàtics d'IGF-I. Aquest estudi es va realitzar en una granja de transició. Els garrins provenien de la granja utilitzada en l'estudi de garrins lactants. Es van realitzar dos estudis consecutius, el primer per conèixer els efectes de la proteïna de patata fermentada sobre els garrins i el segon per conèixer el nivell necessari d'incorporació a les dietes per substituir al plasma porcí. Es van usar 200 garrins en el primer estudi distribuint homogèniament segons el seu pes i edat al deslletament i el seu sexe. Es van distribuir en 5 grups de tractament on un grup va ser el control negatiu sense plasma ni proteïna de patata fermentada, un grup com a control positiu amb plasma en la dieta i 3 dosificacions creixents de proteïna de patata. En el segon estudi es van usar 1036 garrins distribuïts homogèniament segons el seu pes i edat al deslletament i el seu sexe. Es van distribuir en 6 grups de tractament on un grup va ser el control negatiu sense plasma ni proteïna de patata fermentada, un grup com a control positiu amb plasma en la dieta i 4 grups amb quantitats creixents de proteïna de patata fermentada. Els garrins alimentats amb plasma en el primer estudi van tenir el dia 4 del mateix un nivell major d'IGF-I que la resta sent els garrins que van ser alimentats amb la dosi inferior de proteïna de patata fermentada els que van tenir el nivell d'IGF-I inferior tenint la resta de grups un nivell intermedi d'IGF-I. Els garrins que més pinso consumir van ser els garrins que van consumir el menor nivell de proteïna de patata i els que menys els del grup control negatiu. Aquestes diferències de consum no es van veure reflectides en un major creixement diari ni en una millor conversió alimentària al final de l'estudi. Els garrins que van consumir proteïna de patata van tenir més pes i guany mitjà diari que els animals del control negatiu al final del segon estudi. Pel que fa al consum, els animals amb les 3 dosis més baixes de proteïna de patata van tenir major consum que la resta tenint una millor conversió alimentària dels garrins que van consumir bé proteïna de patata o plasma que els garrins del control negatiu. Els resultats de la present tesi demostren que el subministrament d'un suplement alimentari derivat de la fermentació de la proteïna de patata i) no millora la productivitat de les truges en el subsegüent part, ii) no millora la mortalitat dels garrins durant la lactació ni tampoc el seu pes a deslletament i iii) pot reemplaçar al plasma animal en les dietes de garrins deslletats. El nivell d'IGF-I no es veu modificat en cap estudi al subministrar la proteïna de patata fermentada per la qual cosa la manera d'acció d'aquest producte ha de ser investigat amb estudis futurs.
The objectives of this thesis were the study and review of the current knowledge about the metabolism and actions of IGF-I in pig production. The thesis also studied the effects that an additive coming from the fermentation of the potato protein can have on the IGF-I levels in the different pig production phases and if these modifications have some practical consequence in the pig production. In the lactating sows study, the objective was to assess if the introduction of the fermented protein potato in the diet of the sows 5 days before and 5 days after weaning, with or without glucose, had some effect on the non-productive days between weaning and mating, the fertility and the number of piglets total born in the subsequent litter, and if these productive parameters were in relation with plasma IGF-I levels. It was chosen a high productive sow farm with a high health status because it was considered the best option to assess the effects of the fermented protein potato over the studied parameters. 183 sows coming from 3 consecutive weaned batches sows were distributed in 4 treatment groups taking into account the parity, the number of piglets weaned in the former litter and the number of piglets born in the current litter. The dietary treatments were arranged as a 2x2 complete factorial design with the factors being the addition or not of fermented protein potato and with or without glucose. The treatment started 5 days before weaning and ends 5 days after weaning. There were recorded all the production parameters to get the targets and blood samples were obtained from a subgroup of sows to analyze IGF-I level. No statistical differences were found in IGF-I levels at the end of the treatment nor in the productive parameters recorded. An outcome not considered in the design of the study was that nursing sows had higher IGF-I levels. This finding confirms that IGF-I level depends on the nutritional and metabolic status. Sows that were nursing an extra litter (small piglets) in the current lactation had lower metabolic expense that normal sows during the nursing time and there could recover their metabolic status. In spite of, there were not found productive differences in the next parity. In the study with milking piglets the objectives were to assess if the oral administration of the fermented potato protein in piglets during the first 12 h of live had some effects on the plasma levels of IGF-I, the pre weaning mortality and the average daily gain from birth to wean. This study was carried out in a sow farm with the country average production, with a standard health status. 542 piglets from 3 consecutive batches were used. Piglets were classified into two groups depending on their weight at birth because it was considered that weight at birth could influence the results. The cut-off weight was 1.2 kg. The treatments were: a single oral dose of fermented protein potato, a split half dose in 12 h interval of fermented protein potato, and a group of piglets that received glycerol as positive control group. One group of piglets with no treatment was considered negative control group. No differences were found in any group neither of treatment nor within the weight groups. IGF-I levels were higher in heavier piglets at 7 day of study but not at the end. In the study with weaned piglets the objectives were to assess if the introduction in the diet of the fermented potato protein in weaned piglets at different ratios could substitute the use of animal plasma and if this modification was linked with the plasma level of IGF-I. This study was carried out in a nursery using piglets from the sow farm used in the milking piglets study. There were conducted 2 consecutive experiments. The first of them was carried out to assess the effects of the fermented protein potato on the productive parameters and the second to assess the level to substitute animal plasma. In the first experiment, 200 piglets were distributed taking into account their age, sex and weight at weaning in 5 experimental groups. One group was considered as negative control group with neither fermented protein potato nor animal plasma, one group was the positive control group with animal plasma and 3 other groups with different levels of fermented protein potato. In the second experiment, 1036 piglets were distributed taking into account their age, sex and weight at weaning in 6 experimental groups. One group was the negative control group without animal plasma or fermented protein potato, one group as positive control group with animal plasma and 4 groups with increasing ratios of fermented protein potato. IGF-I levels at day 4 of the first study were higher in piglets fed with animal plasma being the lowest IGF-I level for the piglets fed the lower ratio of fermented protein potato. The rest of the groups had intermediate IGF-I levels. The highest daily feed intake was achieved by the piglets fed with the lowest ratio of fermented protein potato. This high daily feed intake was not achieving a high daily gain or a better feed conversion ratio at the end of the study. Piglets fed with fermented protein potato were heavier and growth faster than piglets in the negative control group at the end of the second study. The highest daily feed intake was achieved by the piglets fed the 3 lower doses of fermented protein potato. Feed conversion ratio was improved in piglets fed either fermented protein potato or animal plasma than piglets in the negative control group. The results of the studies of this thesis show that feeding a fermented protein potato i) do not improve the productivity of the sows in the subsequent parity, ii) do not improve pre weaning piglet mortality nor their weaning weight, iii) can substitute animal plasma in the post weaning diets. The IGF-I levels were not modified in any study when fermented potato was administered orally either to weaned sows, pre weaning piglets or weaned piglets. The mode of action of fermented protein potato should be researched in future experiments.
Villalba, Mata Daniel. "Construcción y utilización de un modelo estocástico para la simulación de estrategias de manejo invernal en rebaños de vacas nodrizas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8321.
Full textestocástica de rebaños de vacas nodrizas. El modelo ha sido validado con datos
reales y utilizado para la simulación de estrategias de manejo invernal en rebaños de
vacas nodrizas explotadas en las condiciones de montaña del Pirineo.
Para la construcción del modelo se ha descrito un submodelo de repartición de la
energía aportada por la dieta. Este submodelo ha sido utilizado para la estimación de
la energía neta para mantenimiento y de la variabilidad individual de dicho parámetro
en vacas de raza Parda Alpina. Para ello se utilizaron los datos individuales,
productivos y de manejo nutricional, de 34 vacas en lactación y 40 vacas en
gestación. El valor estimado para las necesidades de mantenimiento fue de 0.55 MJ
EN/kg PVV0.67 y mostró una gran variabilidad entre individuos (la varianza del
parámetro fue 0.015).
Utilizando un modelo lineal con coeficientes aleatorios, se analizaron los pesos de
318 terneros (4476 registros de peso) de raza Parda Alpina y Pirenaica, con el fin de
estimar las pautas de crecimiento y variabilidad individual de los parámetros que
definen las curvas de crecimiento predestete. El crecimiento de los terneros se puede
describir con una aproximación cuadrática (se comprobó que la utilización de una
aproximación lineal para la obtención de pesos estandarizados puede conducir a
sesgos importantes). Existe, por otro lado, una gran variabilidad individual en los
pesos predestete de los terneros, que el modelo tiene en cuenta con un peso al
nacimiento y una ganancia media diaria variables entre animales. La variabilidad
estimada es suficiente como para considerar su utilización en un modelo estocástico.
Las estimas sobre la variabilidad de la energía de mantenimiento de las vacas
adultas, del peso al nacimimento y de la ganancia diaria de los terneros, fueron
utilizadas en un modelo estocástico de simulación de lotes de animales sometidos a
un manejo nutricional y reproductivo concreto. Dicho modelo fue validado utilizando
los resultados productivos de 10 lotes de entre 12 y 17 vacas. La validación del
modelo propuesto permite afirmar su adecuación a la hora de simular la media y la
variabilidad de la respuesta productiva a lo largo de un periodo de tiempo largo de un
lote de vacas y terneros con alimentación restringida.
A computer model was developed in order to make stochastic simulation of suckler
cows herds. The model has been validated using actual data and was used for
simulation of winter management strategies of suckler cow herds in mountain
conditions.
A submodel for the diet energy distribution has been described as a part of the model.
This submodel has been used for estimating the net energy for maintenance and the
individual variability of that parameter in Parda Alpina cows. Productive and nutritional
management individual data from 34 lactating and 40 pregnant cows have been used.
The maintenance requirements estimated value was 0.55 MJ NE/kg EBW0.67 and it
showed a high variability between animals.
Data from 318 Parda Alpina and Pirenaica calves (4476 weight records) were
analysed using a lineal model with random coefficients in order to estimate the growth
pattern and the individual variability of the preweaning curve parameters. Preweaning
calf growth could be described using a quadratic approximation and the use of a
lineal approximation for obtaining corrected weight can lead to important biases.
There is, in addition, a very high individual variability in calves preweaning weights. It
was introduced in the model allowing a between animal variable birth weight and
average daily gain. The estimated variability was enough to take it into account in a
stochastic model.
Variability estimations of adult cows maintenance requirements, birth weight and
average daily gain, were used in a stochastical model for complex animal groups
simulation under a certain nutritional and reproductive management. The model was
validated using actual productive performance from 10 groups of animals(between 12
to 17 cows per group). Validation of the proposed model confirm that it is useful for
simulating the mean and variance of long term productive response of a cows and
calves group under a restricted alimentation.
Finally, the model was used for simulating the effect of some winter subnutrition
strategies in cows calving either in spring or autumn. In the conditions of simulation,
autumn calving cows showed the possibility of subnutrition during postpartum period.
On the other side, results from spring calving cows showed that winter subnutrition in
that case are limited.
Caballero, Solares Albert. "Optimització de l'ús de la proteïna en dietes per a orada (Sparus aurata)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/295969.
Full textTo be economic and ecologically viable, fish farming must be freed from it its dependence on fish meal. This goal can be achieved either by adjusting dietary protein content to fish nutritional requirements or by replacing fish meal by plant proteins. In order to optimize protein utilization in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) we tested three different feed additives: glutamate, glutamine and taurine. In gilthead sea bream fed on fish meal-based diets, glutamate and glutamine are more effective than starch improving dietary protein utilization for growth. The supplementation of 4% glutamate in diet based on fish meal or plant protein improves protein retention through the promotion of glycolysis in the liver of gilthead sea bream. Protein retention improvement, together with the stimulation of feed intake by glutamate supplementation, results in higher growth rates in fish fed on plant protein sources. Our results point to taurine as an essential nutrient to be included in diets with high or total fish meal replacement. On a growth basis, the optimal dietary taurine supplementation of gilthead sea bream is 0.52-0.91%. On a feed efficiency basis, gilthead sea bream have a dietary taurine requirement of 0.93%. The supplementation of 1% taurine improved the growth of sea bream fed on plant-based diets. This growth promotion is due to feed intake stimulation and the improvement of feed efficiency. Taurine also increases phosphorous digestibility in plant-based diets. At a metabolic level, taurine up-regulates glucokinase activity and decreases glycemia. Taurine also promotes lipolysis since it reduces the body fat content of gilthead sea bream. The presence of 10% dietary protein coming from fish meal counteracts taurine lipolytic action, but accentuates taurine benefits on fish growth and feed efficiency. The inclusion of 6.5-6.6% soy protein hydrolysate in plant-based diet leads to a higher nutrient absorption and increases fish growth. In sum, according to our results, glutamate and taurine are two useful feed additives for fish meal replacement with plant protein sources and carbohydrates in diets for gilthead sea bream.
Zenteno, Devaud Lisette. "Cambios en la posición trófica del lobo común sudamericano (Otaria flavescens) en respuesta a la explotación masiva de mamíferos marinos y pesca industrial." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398133.
Full textMarine predators may undergo remarkable dietary changes through time as a result of both anthropogenic and natural changes in the environment, and hence, a historical point of reference provides the necessary basic information to understand the ecological function of individuals in the ecosystem. In the south-west Atlantic coasts, zooarchaeological and historical records revealed a significant exploitation of South American sea lions by European colonizers and to a lesser extent by aboriginal hunter-gatherers, however, little is known about the influence of these exploitations on the diet of sea lions. Because South American sea lions have been reported as broad spectrum, the intraspecific competition plays an important role in the composition of their diets. It is therefore expected a change in the trophic position of these animals associated with the indiscriminate hunting by Western sealing, and less impact on their populations and diets as a result of aboriginal exploitation. Stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in archaeological and modern samples from northern-central and southern Patagonia, Argentina have been used in this doctoral thesis to reconstruct the dietary changes of the South American sea lion from the late Holocene to the present in the southwestern Atlantic. Results show a marked increase in trophic level during the twentieth century which might be related to the smaller population size resulting from modern sealing and the resulting reduced intraspecific competition. On the contrary, populations of South American sea lions from both in north-central Patagonia and southern Patagonia showed a stability in the diet for several millennia of aboriginal exploitation. Furthermore, no major changes were detected in the diet of male South American sea lions during the past three decades from southern Brazil despite a dramatic increase in the development of demersal fisheries, suggesting that population levels may be below of their optimal carrying capacity Results confirmed the importance of retrospective analysis of the stable isotope ratios to infer changes in the diet of opportunistic predators, and to identify the ecological transition between pristine ecosystems and anthropogenically modified.
Miranda, Vega María Constanza. "Contribución de la ferritina de origen animal a la nutrición humana." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2007. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/130926.
Full textLa ferritina es una proteína que se encuentra en alimentos de origen animal y vegetal. Esta proteína tiene como función almacenar hasta 4.500 átomos de hierro en su interior como reserva. Se ha postulado que la ferritina tiene una vía de absorción intestinal propia. Sin embargo, en un estudio previo se demostró que el hierro ferritínico competía por la vía de absorción de Fe no-hemínico (Fe no-Hem) cuando era administrada en cápsulas de liberación gástrica. Objetivo: Determinar si el hierro ferritínico de origen animal compite por la vía de absorción del Fe no-Hem cuando es liberado a nivel duodenal. Sujetos y métodos: 30 mujeres, sanas de entre 35 a 45 años de edad, participaron en 2 protocolos de absorción. En el protocolo A se hizo competir 0,5 mg de Fe como ferritina marcada intrínsicamente con 55Fe ó 59Fe, con 0; 4,5; 9,5 y 49,5 mg de Fe como FeSO4. Los compuestos fueron administrados en cápsulas de liberación entérica. Por otra parte, es sabido que al ácido ascórbico (AA) es un fuerte favorecedor de la absorción de Fe no-Hem, por tanto en el protocolo B se probó si el AA mejoraba la absorción del Fe ferritínico (relación molar AA:Fe, 4:1). Estos compuestos fueron ingeridos tanto en cápsulas de liberación gástrica como entérica. En ambos protocolos, los días 1, 2, 14 y 15 fueron administrados los compuestos marcados con isótopos de Fe y en los días 14 y 28 se midió la radiactividad circulante para determinar la biodisponibilidad de hierro. Se estableció el estado de nutrición de hierro de los sujetos por mediciones de hemoglobina, VCM, Zn-protoporfirina, saturación de transferrina y ferritina sérica. Resultados: El promedio geométrico de biodisponibilidad del hierro ferritínico del protocolo A fue de 26,3; 22,1; 14,3 y 9,6% para dosis de competencia con Fe no-Hem de 0; 4,5; 9,5 y 49,5 mg respectivamente (ANDEVA para muestras repetidas, p<0,05). En el protocolo B, el promedio geométrico de biodisponibilidad de hierro ferritínico solo liberado gástricamente fue de 38,8% y al ser administrado junto con ácido ascórbico, el valor fue de 31,2% (tpar de Student, N.S.). La ferritina liberada entéricamente, presentó promedios geométricos de 32,5% cuando se ingirió sola y 43,3% cuando se administró junto a ácido ascórbico (tpar de Student, p<0,03). Conclusión: Los resultados de estos estudios sugieren que el hierro ferritínico es liberado a nivel duodenal, pasa a formar parte del pool común de hierro no hemínico, y por tanto estaría compitiendo por los transportadores del Fe no-Hem ubicados en el enterocito. Esto indicaría que el hierro ferritínico se absorbería por la vía del Fe no-Hem
Cárdenas, Suárez Nilton Marcial. "Identificación y composición químico nutricional de alimentos de uso pecuario en la provincia de Canchis Cusco." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/9224.
Full textIdentifica los principales alimentos usados en la alimentación animal y evaluar su composición nutritiva en la provincia de Canchis, Cusco. Para la identificación de los insumos se realiza una encuesta a 80 productores agropecuarios de las márgenes de los ríos Vilcanota y Ausangate entre los 3300 a 3700 m sobre el nivel del mar. La evaluación nutricional se realiza a los siguientes insumos alimenticios: trébol blanco, trébol rojo, alfalfa verde, heno de alfalfa, cebada verde, paja de cebada, afrecho de cebada, avena verde, heno de avena, paja de avena, paja de trigo, chala de maíz verde, heno de chala de maíz, coronta de maíz, heno de broza de arveja, heno de broza de haba y grano de haba. Los alimentos con mayor valor nutricional son entre las leguminosas trébol blanco al 10% de floración con 19.03% de materia seca (MS) 22.66% de proteína cruda (PC), 2.32% extracto etéreo (EE), 22.92% fibra detergente neutro (FDN), 13.26% fibra detergente ácido (FDA) 1.67% lignina detergente ácido (LDA), 9.66% hemicelulosa, 11.59% celulosa, 3.68% proteína insoluble en detergente neutro (PIDN), 4.77% proteína insoluble en detergente ácido (PIDA), 11.31% ceniza, 40.79% carbohidratos no fibrosos (CNF), 1.65 Mcal/Kg energía neta de lactancia (ENL), 2.65 Mcal/Kg energía metabolizable (EM) y 3.07 Mcal/Kg energía digestible (ED) y 78.44% degradabilidad efectiva de materia seca (DEMS); entre las gramíneas rye grass inglés al 10% de floración con 22.11% MS, 21.49% PC, 2.83% EE, 39.63% FDN, 18.71% FDA, 2.99% LDA, 20.92 hemicelulosa, 15.72% celulosa, 4.22% PIDN, 3.11% PIDA, 14.05% ceniza, 22.00% CNF, 1.48 Mcal/Kg ENL, 2.28 Mcal/Kg EM y 2.70 Mcal/Kg ED, 62.34% DEMS y 83.47% degradabilidad efectiva de proteína cruda (DEPC); entre los residuos de cosecha maíz chala con 19.82% MS, 9.14% PC, 0.62% EE, 55.91% FDN, 26.91% FDA, 5.86% LDA, 29.00% hemicelulosa, 21.05% celulosa, 2.09% PIDN, 1.36% PIDA, 7.28% ceniza, 27.05% CNF, 1.20 Mcal/Kg ENL, 1.75 Mcal/Kg EM, 2.18 Mcal/Kg, 52.33% DEMS y 47.99% DEPC y el residuo agroindustrial afrecho de cebada con 89.80% MS, 10.59% PC, 3.52% EE, 42.21% FDN, 18.17% FDA, 2.69% LDA, 23.43% hemicelulosa, 16.08% celulosa, 2.18% PIDN, 2.62 PIDA, 7.20% ceniza, 36.48% CNF, 1.88 Mcal/Kg ENL, 2.45 Mcal/Kg EM, 2.87% Mcal/Kg, 64.75% DEMS y 82.59% DEPC. Se concluye que los valores nutricionales de los insumos frecuentemente usados por los productores de la provincia de Canchis presentan algunos contenidos nutricionales propios de la zona.
Tesis
Ellmen, García Elizabeth. "Efecto de la suplementación alimentaria estratégica sobre la eficiencia reproductiva en vicuñas mantenidas en semicautiverio." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2004. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/130787.
Full textEste estudio tuvo por finalidad evaluar el efecto de la suplementación alimentaria estratégica, sobre la eficiencia reproductiva, en un grupo de vicuñas mantenidas en semicautiverio, en el altiplano de la I región de Chile. Se utilizaron dos grupos de animales: vicuñas con suplementación alimentaria, suministrada en dos momentos críticos para la gestación y un grupo de vicuñas control, que consumieron sólo el alimento proporcionado por la pradera. La primera suplementación alimentaria, se entregó como “flushing” 15 días antes de comenzar el encaste y durante éste, con el fin de estudiar su efecto sobre la tasa de concepción y sobrevivencia embriofetal. El segundo tratamiento nutricional, se administró en los meses de Septiembre y Octubre, momento en el cual las vicuñas cursan su 6º –7º mes de gestación, con el fin evitar los abortos que se detectan en ese período de la preñez. El suplemento administrado consistió en 1 Kg de heno de alfalfa (producido en Putre) por animal, otorgado en comederos colectivos, durante el período previamente descrito. En ambos casos, la presencia de gestación se evaluó mediante ecografías y mediciones de las concentraciones plasmáticas de progesterona. Adicionalmente, las vicuñas se pesaron al inicio y al final de cada tratamiento nutricional, con el fin de determinar el efecto de ellos sobre el peso corporal. El “flushing” de alimentación no tuvo un efecto significativo sobre la tasa de concepción o menor mortalidad embriofetal. Tampoco se observó un efecto sobre el peso corporal. La suplementación nutricional de gestación no produjo diferencias en el número de abortos entre las vicuñas tratadas y control, pero se observó un incremento en el peso de las vicuñas suplementadas. Adicionalmente, se estableció que existen diferencias entre los pesos que logran las vicuñas al inicio de la gestación y que no pierdan su cría en los meses de baja disponibilidad de forraje. Se concluye, que el tratamiento nutricional otorgado, no es efectivo para mejorar la fertilidad en la vicuña. Sin embargo, el incremento del peso de las vicuñas al inicio de la gestación, podría disminuir el número de vicuñas que abortan en la temporada seca. La suplementación durante la época seca del altiplano, es efectiva para aumentar el peso de los animales, pero el efecto sobre un menor número de abortos fue incipiente
FIA, BIOT-01-P-001 y Centro Internacional de Estudios Andinos (INCAS) de la Universidad de Chile
Ossa, Duarte Sergio Andrés. "Efecto de dos suplementos minerales entregados en formas químicas distintas sobre la concentración plasmática de cobre y zinc en potrillos finasangre de Carrera." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2006. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/134415.
Full textEl objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de dos suplementos minerales entregados, en formas químicas distintas, sobre la concentración plasmática de Cu y Zn en potrillos finasangre de carrera, a través del tiempo. 48 potrillos finasangre de carreras, 24 machos y 24 hembras, de 10 meses de edad, escogidos al azar de 4 criaderos de la Región Metropolitana fueron separados en dos grupos de 24 potrillos, constituido cada uno de ellos por 12 machos y 12 hembras. El grupo 1 recibió un suplemento mineral en forma inorgánica y el grupo 2 recibió un suplemento mineral en forma orgánica. Previo al inicio de la suplementación, se tomó una muestra de sangre a todos los animales que participaron en el estudio, con el fin de evaluar sus concentraciones plasmáticas de Cu y Zn. Luego de comenzada la suplementación, se extrajo una muestra de sangre a cada animal, cada 15 días en los primeros dos meses del ensayo, para luego extraer la muestra cada 30 días hasta completar los cuatro meses que duró el ensayo, en total, se recolectaron 7 muestras por animal. Las concentraciones plasmáticas de Cu y Zn fueron determinadas por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. Los potrillos del grupo 1, presentaron un promedio de Cu plasmático de 0,99 mg/dl y un promedio de Zn plasmático de 0,34 mg/dl, antes del inicio del ensayo; al final del ensayo, las concentraciones plasmáticas de Cu y Zn para el grupo 1 fueron 0,94 mg/dl y 0,38 mg/dl, respectivamente. Los potrillos que pertenecían al grupo 2, presentaron un promedio de Cu plasmático de 0,94 mg/dl y un promedio de Zn plasmático de 0,36 mg/dl, antes del inicio del ensayo; al final del ensayo las concentraciones plasmáticas de Cu y Zn para el grupo 2 fueron 0,98 mg/dl y 0,40 mg/dl, respectivamente. No se encontraron diferencias significativas (p > 0.05) entre las dos formas de suplementación mineral utilizadas, sobre la concentración plasmática de Cu y Zn. No se encontraron diferencias significativas (p > 0.05) en las concentraciones plasmáticas de Cu y Zn según sexo del animal y tiempo de duración del ensayo. Si se encontraron diferencias significativas (p< 0,05) en las concentraciones plasmáticas de Cu y Zn entre los animales de los distintos haras que componían el ensayo. En este estudio no se encontró evidencia de que los suplementos minerales en forma orgánica tengan ventajas sobre los suplementos minerales dados en forma inorgánica
Medeiros, Fabio Schuler. "Avaliação nutricional da suplementação de feno com níveis crescentes de milho em dietas não limitantes em proteína degradável no rúmen." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/6740.
Full textPARRA, GARCIA ARMANDO MANGLORIO 58327, and GARCIA ARMANDO MANGLORIO PARRA. "Evaluación de extractos de plantas en la nutrición y salud de animales herbívoros." Tesis de doctorado, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/104517.
Full textCano, Mario Andres Sierra. "O efeito da suplementação com Manihot esculenta crantz sobre o desempenho animal e carga parasitária em ovinos em crescimento." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/19201.
Full textThe experiment was conducted to study the antihelminth activity of Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava) plant and the effect of its use as feed supplement on animal response measured in terms of performance, immune response and some metabolic parameters. The treatments consisted of three different feeding management approaches which consisted in two types of diets and the use or not of anthelmintic medication. The feeds were given to three groups of six sheep, as T1, hay + conventional supplement with anthelmintic medication; T2, hay + alternative supplement (formulated from leaves and roots of cassava and minerals); and T3, hay + conventional supplement without anthelmintic medication. The experimental period had duration of 90 days with a sample of 18 Texel male sheep, six per treatment, and average body weight of 32 ± 1.96 kg, randomized in 18 individual boxes with free access to water. The average daily gain (ADG) was analyzed thought completely randomizes design, while the results of hay and supplement intake, eggs per gram of feces (EPG) and blood parameters were analyzed with repeated measures in the same experimental unit. Intake of hay was 49.15, 44.97 and 55,28 g/UTM (P<.0001). The supplement intake was influenced through the time, since significant interaction was detected (P<.0001) with an intake means of 20.71, 46.34 and 55.67 g/UTM. The ADG was 0.088, 0.053, 0.100 kg/day (P=0,0669) for the treatments T1,T2 and T3, respectively. The parasitological evaluations showed a significant change on EPG when comparing T2 and T3 treatments with T1 treatment, with anthelmintic medication. The interaction between treatment and period also influenced the response at the hematologic and biochemistry level (P=0,005) in the studied animals. Both the diets had similar effects in relation of EPG. In terms of blood parameters the supplementation don´t let the animals infected to develop parasitism. Incidence of the larva Ostertágia circumcincta was lower in animals that consumed Manihot esculenta Crantz. At conditions of the present experiment, the anthelmintic activity of supplementation with Manihot esculenta, wasn´t different of the traditional supplementation effects without anthelmintic medication.
Zago, Daniele. "Efeito da esquila e do nível de feno na dieta de cordeiros confinados no inverno." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/76208.
Full textConsidering that esquila affects consumption of sheep and that the inclusion of roughage termination may increase the feasibility of containment, this study aimed to test the effect of esquila and its relationship with the roughage intake in finish lambs. We used 45 castrated lambs with 8 months and initial live weight of 24 kg. The experiment was performed between May 12th 2011 and July 06th 2011, in a randomized complete block with split plots designer and with three replications, shorn animals represented the sub plot. Lambs were fed three diets in all they offered was at ease a commercial ration with maximum particle size of 6mm, which differentiated it self by offering Tifton hay (Cynodon dactylon): 0, 50 and 100% of voluntary intake. The voluntary intake of the animals was observed in the pre-trial period of 15 days and was 4.3% BW feed (DM) and 0.25% BW of hay (DM). Lambs were housed in collective pens with 5 animals per pen were two shorn. The effect of shearing was correlated with the temperature of the eye, the ribs and groin lambs, using an infrared thermographer, and evaluated by the average daily gain (ADG), concentrate intake (CI), forage intake (FI), total DM intake (TDMI) and rumination time (RT). The slaughter was on July 8, 2011, to reach 30 kg BW. We evaluated the sensory characteristics, color, loin eye area, yield and carcass weight. Treatments and shearing did not affect ADG. The FI shorn animals was 29.02 gDM/animal/day (P 0.05) higher than in unshorn (18.34 gDM/animal/day). Because of this RT was significantly higher in shorn animals (4.63 h/animal/day) than in unshorn (3.63 h/animal/day). The inclusion of hay and shearing not affect the TDMI, RT was higher (P 0.05) in treatments with higher amount of iron (4.83 h/animal/day) lower than that in feed offered only (3.48 h/animal/day). The animals that received either 0 or 100% of the potential consumption of hay, and shorn animals, heavier carcasses (P<0.05). The animals underwent 50 diet produced meat juicier. Meat from unshorn lambs had higher yellow content. The particle size of 6mm seems sufficient to maintain the healthy functioning of the rumen. The shearing and level of hay has no effect on weight gain of finishing lambs, but can change their ingestive behavior and some physical and sensory characteristics of the meat.
Rosa, Daniele Pozzebon da. "Avaliação da eficácia de ovos hiperimunizados (igY) no controle de diarreia pós-desmame em leitões." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/104837.
Full textThe change in the piglets’ feeding, at weaning, is associated with a stress and fasting period that results in depletion of the gastrointestinal tract impairing the absorption of nutrients and also giving opportunity to the multiplication of pathogenic bacteria causing diarrhea. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of diarrhoea in piglets after weaning and brings great economic losses in the nursery phase. With the gradual restriction of the use of antibiotics by the market, it is necessary to search for food additives that provide protection to piglets and avoid performance drops. Passive immunization through the use of egg yolks of hyperimmunized chickens (IgY) is an attractive alternative to antibiotics.The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of a commercial product based on egg-yolk from hens hyperimmunized (GLOBIGEN® Jump Star) to control diarrhoea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4 and F18 in weaned pigs. The animals were challenged with both 1010 CFU/piglet E. coli F4 and F18 and heat cycles for three consecutive days from the first day of the experiment. Thirty-two 22-d-old weaned piglets were divided into groups. Group I as a negative control was unchallenged and received colistin as growth promoter, zinc oxide and copper sulfate. The other three groups were challenged with ETEC were fed a diet with 0.2% GLOBIGEN ® (Group II), including 4% DPP (Group III) and a positive control (Group VI). For 24d evaluated the performance, score and faecal dry matter for 10 consecutive days from second day of the challenged. Fecal samples were also collected during the first eight days of the experiment, later in the 15th and 24th days to determine to determine the number of CFU of ETEC in excreted faeces by the technique of quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and detecting the presence of fimbriae F4 and F18 and enterotoxin STa, STb and LT by PCR multiplex., Group II provided higher body weight and weight gain (p<0.05) compared with the Group IV, Group I did not differ (p>0.05) and feed efficiency higher than Group III (p<0.05). The use of GLOBIGEN® results soft feces (score ≤ 1) recovering in less time than animals of Groups III and IV (p<0.05) and excretion of F18 and F4 (p<0.05) was lower compared with the Group IV. The presence of toxins was lower in Group II, probably related to excretion reduced of fimbriae. The F18/STa/STb and F4/LT association was observed. The results of the study suggest that GLOBIGEN® acts effectively in control of diarrhoea and can be an alternative to the use of antimicrobials in weanling piglets.
Schmitz, Gean Rodrigo. "Terminação de bovinos de corte em pastagem de capim Aruana sobressemeado com aveia e azevém associados à leguminosa e/ou adubação nitrogenada." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2681.
Full textO trabalho foi conduzido para avaliar a terminação de bovinos de corte em pastagem de Capim Aruana sobressemeado com aveia e azevém associados à leguminosa e/ou adubação nitrogenada. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e três repetições. Foram testados três sistemas forrageiros no período de inverno,tendo como base a pastagem de Aruana (Panicum maximum, cv.Aruana) sobressemeado com aveia e azevém: ‘Nitrogênio’ (N) –200 kg de N ha-1; Amendoim forrageiro e 100 kg de N ha-1; Ervilhaca e 100 kg de N ha-1. A adubação foi dividida em cinco aplicações, o período experimental foi de 127 dias. Foi utilizado o sistema de lotação continua, com carga animal variável, a oferta de forragem preconizada de 9,0 kg/100 kg de peso vivo. A pastagem foi manejada utilizando-se de 24 animais castrados de 21 meses, com peso vivo médio inicial de 425 kg, destes 18 foram teste e seis reguladores. As avaliações da forragem e do desempenho animal foram realizadas a cada 21 dias. A avaliação do comportamento animal foi realizada duas vezes por período, durante 24 horas em cada avaliação. O maior nível de adubação nitrogenada proporcionou diferenças na estrutura da pastagem, porém a produção diária de forragem foi semelhante entre os tratamentos. O tempo de pastejo na consorciação com ervilhaca foi superior ao amendoim forrageiro e semelhante aos demais na adubação com 200 kg de N ha-1, no entanto, o ganho médio diário foi semelhante para os tratamentos. O tempo de 20 bocados e o número de passos por minuto foram superiores na maior adubação nitrogenada quando comparado a consorciação com amendoim,e semelhante à estes na consorciação com ervilhaca. Embora o consórcio com amendoim associado a 100 kg de N ha-1 tenha causado redução no tempo de pastejo e apresentado maior tempo de ruminação, não ocorreram diferenças no desempenho produtivo e nas características de carcaça dos animais em terminação.
The objective was to evaluate finishing of beef steers in Aruana pasture overseeded with oats and ryegrass and mixed with legume with or no nitrogen fertilization. The design was completely randomized, with three treatments and three replications. Three forage systems have been tested tested in winter, based on Aruana fodder (Panicum maximum, cv. Aruana) mixed with oats and ryegrass: 'Nitrogen' (N) -200 kg of N ha-1; Forage peanut and 100 kg of N ha-1; Vetch and 100 kg of N ha-1. The fertilization was shared in five applications, for 127 days. The continuous stocking system was used, with variable stocking rate, and forage on offer of 9,0 kg/100 kg of live weight. The grazing was managed with 24 castrated animals of 21 months,425 kg of initial avarage live weight. Being 18 testers and six regulators. Evaluations of forage and animal performance were made every 21 days. For animal behavior, the evaluations were done twice in each period, for 24 hours. The highest level of nitrogen fertilization showed differences in pasture structure, however, the forage daily production was similar between the treatments. The grazing time on mixture with vetch was superior for Forage peanut and similar to the others when fertilization was 200 kg of N ha-1, although, the average daily gain was similar for both treatments. The time of 20 bites and the number of steps per minute were higher for higher nitrogen fertilization, when compared to the peanut intercropping, and similar to those when mixed with vetch. Although the peanut consortium associated with 100 kg of N ha-1 caused a reduction in grazing time and presented a longer rumination time, there were no differences in the productive performance and carcass characteristics of the finished animals.
Moreno, Achurra Ana Karina. "Revisión meta-analítica del efecto de selenio orgánico sobre la retención a nivel muscular y la actividad de glutatión peroxidasa en peces." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112230.
Full textEl selenio es un mineral traza esencial en la nutrición animal, y posee funciones importantes relacionadas con el sistema antioxidante del organismo. Actualmente los mercados se encuentran dirigidos a una producción más limpia y que implique menores costos para su obtención. Es por esto que surge la idea de suplementar las dietas de peces con selenio orgánico, ya que aumenta su absorción y retención, conllevando con ello un aumento en la biodisponibilidad del mineral. Para evaluar esto, se realizó un meta-análisis, el cual permitió contrastar los resultados obtenidos por siete autores en relación a la suplementación de selenio orgánico en la alimentación de peces y su efecto en la retención de este mismo a nivel muscular y la actividad de la enzima glutatión peroxidasa a nivel plasmático y hepático. Los resultados obtenidos de los estudios fueron llevados a una métrica común mediante el cálculo del índice del tamaño del efecto. A partir de él, se obtuvo la estimación del efecto global (d·), con valores de 2,279, 1,085 y 1,884 para las variables, retención de selenio a nivel muscular, actividad de la enzima glutatión peroxidasa a nivel plasmático y actividad de la enzima glutatión peroxidasa a nivel hepático respectivamente, siendo este efecto alto en cada una de las variables. La homogeneidad calculada entre los estudios presentó valores de p-value iguales a 9,96·10-9, 8,9·10-1 y 7,88·10-3 para cada una de las variables respectivamente, presentando para cada variable heterogeneidad entre los resultados analizados. En tanto, la comparación realizada entre las fuentes de selenio (selenito de sodio y selenometionina), indicó que con un p-value 9,955·10-9 y 7,88·10-3 para retención a nivel muscular y actividad a nivel hepático respectivamente, existe diferencia significativa entre las fuentes, por lo que la selenometionina aumentaría la retención a nivel muscular y la actividad de la enzima a nivel hepático, mientras que con un p-value de 8,6·10-1 no se presenta diferencia entre las fuentes para actividad enzimática a nivel plasmático. Los estudios con mayor influencia en el cálculo del efecto global para cada una de las variables fueron los de Lorentzen et al. (1994) y Wang et al. (2004) para la variable retención a nivel muscular, Lorentzen et al. (1994) y Liu et al. (2010) para actividad enzimática a nivel plasmático y los estudios de Zhou et al. (2009) y Raider et al. (2010) para actividad enzimática a nivel hepático. Estos estudios son además, los que presentaron el mayor cambio en magnitud en la estimación del efecto global al removerlos del meta-análisis y graficar el efecto provocado por su ausencia en el análisis de sensibilidad.
Selenium is a trace mineral which is essential in animal nutrition and has important functions related to the antioxidant system of the organism. At present fish farming markets are oriented towards a cleaner production involving lower costs. Based on this, supplementing fish diets with organic selenium arose as a feasible idea since this mineral increases its absorption and retention, which leads to an increase in the bioavailability of the mineral. To evaluate this possibility, a meta-analysis was carried out to contrast the results obtained by seven authors in relation to supplementing fish feed with organic selenium and its effect on the retention of this mineral at the muscle level and on the activity of the glutathione peroxidase enzyme at plasma and hepatic levels. The results obtained from the above studies were transformed to a common metric by means of the effect size estimation. Based on it, an estimate of the global effect (d·) was obtained with values of 2.279, 1.085, and 1.884 for the variables selenium retention at muscle level, activity of the glutathione peroxidase enzyme at plasma level and activity of the glutathione peroxidase enzyme at hepatic level, respectively, this effect being high in each of the variables. Homogeneity calculated among the studies showed p-values of 9.96·10-9, 8.9·10-1 and 7.88·10-3 for each of the variables, respectively, thus presenting heterogeneity among the results analyzed for each variable. Meanwhile, the comparison among the sources of selenium, sodium selenite and selenomethionine indicated that with p-values of 9.955·10-9 and 7.88·10-3 for retention at muscle level and activity at hepatic level, respectively, there is a significant difference among the sources. Consequently, selenomethionine would increase retention at muscle level and the enzymatic activity at hepatic level, while with a p-value of 8.6·10-1 no difference exists among the sources for the enzymatic activity at plasma level. The studies with greater influence on the estimation of the global effect for each of the variables were those by Lorentzen et al. (1994) and Wang et al. (2004) for the variable retention at muscle level, those by Lorentzen et al. (1994) and Liu et al. (2010) for the enzymatic activity at plasma level, and those by Zhou et al. (2009) and Raider et al. (2010) for the enzymatic activity at hepatic level.
Ramos, Pazos Alberto Eduardo. "Contribución a la evaluación nutricional mineral del ganado bovino proveniente de diferentes regiones del país, durante la estación de otoño, año 1995." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/131593.
Full textSe establecieron los niveles plasmáticos de calcio (Ca), fósforo (P), magnesio (Mg), cobre (Cu) y zinc (Zn) y las concentraciones hepáticas de cobre (Cu), hierro (Fe) y zinc (Zn) en 252 bovinos, provenientes de distintas regiones comprendidas entre la región metropolitana (R.M.) y la X región, faenados en el matadero Lo Valledor, en otoño de 1995. Se extrajeron muestras de sangre desde la vena yugular, de la que después de su procesamiento, se obtuvo el plasma. Las muestras de hígado se obtuvieron en la línea de faenamiento, en el momento de la evisceración de los animales anteriormente desangrados. En el plasma, por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica, se determinó Ca, Mg, Cu y Zn y por fotocolorimetría el P. A las muestras de hígado, luego de una digestión húmeda se les determinó Cu, Fe y Zn por lectura en espectrofotómetro de absorción atómica. Los valores determinados fueron descritos a través de promedio, rango, desviación estándar y coeficiente de variación. Las concentraciones minerales fueron estudiadas por análisis de varianzas y por pruebas de diferencias entre medias de Student-Newman- Keuls (SNK). Posteriormente, las concentraciones obtenidas fueron analizadas a través del método multivariado de conglomerados excluyentes, de acuerdo a su procedencia. Con este modelo se busca formar grupos o conglomerados homogéneos o con perfiles nutricionales minerales similares, a fin de determinar algunas asociaciones entre las condiciones nutricionales minerales y sus respectivas procedencias geográficas. Las concentraciones plasmáticas promedio de los animales muestreados fueron: Ca: 9,92 mg/dl; P: 7,98 mg/dl; Mg: 2,41 mg/dl; Cu: 57,0 ug/dl y Zn: 62,39 ug/dl y las concentraciones hepáticas promedio de los animales muestreados fueron : Cu: 157,29 ug/g de M.S.; Fe: 221,4 ug/g de M.S. y Zn: 141,97 ug/g de M.S. Los promedios de las concentraciones plasmáticas de Ca, P y Mg se ajustaron a los rangos normales para la especie, pero fueron los minerales que evidenciaron mayores diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p≤0,05) entre procedencias. Los promedios de las concentraciones minerales plasmáticas de Cu y Zn se encontraron bajo los rangos normales. Las concentraciones hepáticas de los minerales Cu, Fe y Zn se encontraron dentro de los límites normales de la especie. En el análisis de conglomerados excluyentes, se obtuvo 5 grupos de perfiles minerales distintos, siendo el grupo 1 el que albergó a mayor número de comunas y en su mayoría (7 de 8) de la X región, y en el que se encontraron niveles plasmáticos altos de Ca, normales de P y Mg y bajos en Cu y Zn. Existen similitudes entre el grupo 1 y el 5, el cual también se compone mayoritariamente por comunas de la X región. Sólo se diferencian en los niveles algo más elevados de P plasmático y Cu hepático en el primer grupo. El grupo 2, cuyo único representante es de la X región, también se asemeja a los anteriores, excepto por los niveles normales de Cu plasmático que presenta. Existen también similitudes entre los grupos 3 y 4, sólo diferenciándose en los niveles de Fe hepático, que es menor en el grupo 3. Cabe destacar que ambos grupos se componen por comunas mayoritariamente de las VIII y IX regiones. En comparación a otros estudios similares realizados anteriormente durante los del años 1994 y 1995, destacan en el presente trabajo las bajas concentraciones de Cu y Zn plasmático, apareciendo como las más bajas reportadas dentro de este grupo de estudios. Por su parte, la concentración promedio de Fe hepático, si bien se encuentra dentro del rango normal, se destaca por presentar la segunda concentración más alta dentro del grupo de estudios referidos
Moraes, Mariana Lemos de. "Efeito do ácido linoléico conjugado no desempenho e na resposta imune de leitões recém-desmamados." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/31313.
Full textIn recent years, the number of researchers dedicated to study and reveal gaps that remain unclear with regard to the interaction between nutrition and immunology, increased considerably. One of the major reasons for this demand is the increasing antibiotic growth promoters restriction while the intensification of animal production systems becomes imperative to increase food production in the world. The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) refers to the positional and geometric linoleic acid (cis-9, cis-12 18:2) isomers with the difference that in the first, the double bonds are separated only by a single bond between two carbons. The isomers that receive most attention are the cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA. Trials have shown that these isomers have nutraceutical activity once they are able to improve the immunological parameters of different animal species in various experimental models. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of CLA on immune response and performance of weanling piglets. For that, it were tested three CLA inclusion levels (0, 1 and 2%) in the presence or absence of LPS immunological challenge. The 1% CLA level caused a greater production of immunoglobulin G by piglets, showing its influence on humoral immune response. However, CLA did not affect neither the performance nor the other tested immune parameters (lymphocyte proliferation, the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ cells, plasma proteins, red and white blood cells count, respiratory rate and rectal temperature after LPS challenge). LPS caused immune depression in challenged piglets, as evidenced by the worst performance, increased rectal temperature and respiratory rate besides being responsible for changes in serum proteins and red and white blood cells count. Although the CLA has proven to be a powerful humoral immune system stimulator, it was not effective in reversing or softening the depression established by the LPS immunological challenge.
Vieira, Marcia de Souza. "Nutrição de leitões desmamados : enfoque no uso da energia da dieta e excreção de nitrogênio." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/129699.
Full textThe thesis was carried out with the following objectives: The study I evaluated the effect of dietary energy density (ME; I-3.40, II-3.60, III-3.80 Mcal/kg) and weaning weight (WW; 4,5 ± 0,4 kg e 6,7 ± 0,5 kg) on performance, digestibility, body composition and energy efficiency of weaned piglets at 21 d. The study II investigated the influence of dietary, performance and nutrient digestibility variables on efficiency of weight gain/nitrogen excretion (WG/NE) of weaned piglets, through meta-analysis. In the study I, 32 male piglets, allotted in metabolic cages for 28 d were used. The diets II and III were concentrated in nutrients in the same proportion as energy increase keeping constant Lys/ME ratio. The results of this study showed that light piglets does not reach compensatory growth even when they are fed with diets concentrated in energy, keeping Lys:ME ratio. This was evidenced by the absence of the interaction between WW and ME for all responses. Increasing diet energy was effective in improving digestibility of nutrients, but did not result in better performance. There is an evident advantage in weaning heavy piglets, once they showed better performance in all experimental period. Also, they used energy and lysine diet more efficiently to maximize protein deposition rates. In the study II a meta-analysis was carried out with 10 experiments conducted between 2000 and 2012, totalizing 62 treatments and 726 piglets. Two models were generated to predict efficiency: WG/NE = exp [1.923 – 0.077 * Nitrogen intake (Ni; g/d) + 0.041 * Nitrogen retention (NR; %) + 0.008 * Feed intake /Average body weight (FI/BWa) – 0.578 * Feed:Gain (F:G) + 0.132 * Initial body weight (BWi; kg) + 0.016 * Ni* F:G + 0.0000011 * NR * Metabolizable energy intake (MEi; Kcal/kg) – 0.003 * NR * BWi + 0.002 * NR * Final body weight (BWf)] R2 = 0.97; WG/NE = exp [4.703 – 0.035 * Ni - 0.392 * F:G + 0.062 * BWi + 0,00016 * MEi + 0.007 * FI/BWa * F:G – 0.032 * F:G * BWf]. R2 = 0.73. The equation I shows that the more efficient in retaining N are the animals, the greater WG/NE. The increase in metabolizable energy intake maximized efficiency in animals with greater NR. There were an interaction between N intake (Ni) and F:G showing that with a low Ni and better F:G the efficiency was maximized, but with high Ni, the high F:G has little influence on efficiency. In model II, there was an interaction of F:G and BW showing that piglets with better F:G improved WG/NE as body weight increased, whereas animals with worst F:G did not improve WG/NE over time. Weaned piglets, feed diets with high energy and appropriate profile amino acid improve efficiency of WG/NE.
Gianfelici, Mario Federico. "Uso de glicerol como fonte de energia para frangos de corte." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/28308.
Full textThe proposal of this study was to evaluate the glycerol as energy source in broiler diets, considering the partial substitution of other energy sources, as corn. In the first experiment it was used crude glycerin, byproduct of biodiesel production from soy oil, which contains other substances considered contaminants besides glicerol, as a source of energy, with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% inclusions in male Ross 308 broilers diets. It was colected excreta and controled feed intake to calculate the aparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) of glycerin. The average AMEn value was 3561 kcal/kg. However, it was observed variation between values (P 0.0001) in function of the level of inclusion of crude glycerin to the diets. The maxiumum value was obtained with 15% inclusion. In this percentage of inclusion it was observed an increase of water excretion in the excreta. In the second experiment it was evaluated pure glycerol, as source of energy for male Ross 308 broiler diets, now with 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% inclusions. It was collected excreta and controled feed and water intakes to measure coefficients of metabolizability of different components of the diets. It was observed that broilers that ate 10% of pure glycerol had the worst metabolized dry matter and nitrogen and had the highest glycerol level in the blood when compared to the others. There was no change in the composition of the carcass on dry matter, protein and fat. In another part of the experiment one group of animals, consuming diets with 0 and 10% pure glycerol, were sacrificed after 13 days of diets consumption to determine the level of triglycerides and cholesterol in liver and to determine muscle catabolism of glycerol. The treatments only affected the hepatic cholesterol and the greatest figure was observed in animals consuming pure glycerol. With this information it is possible to conclude that it is feasible the use of glycerol in broiler diets as energy source. However, the energy contribution of this ingredient depends on its level of inclusion and it is limited to a maximum level of 7.5% of the diet. The maximum crude glycerin use depends on its glycerol composition.
Peruzzo, Beatriz de Felippe. "Efeito da sacarose e da forma de arraçoamento sobre alguns parâmetros reprodutivos da leitoa." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/6295.
Full textWilbert, Cássio André. "Glicerina bruta na alimentação de vacas leiteiras." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/67542.
Full textThere were made two experiments with the aim to evaluate crude glycerin (CG) as an alternative energy feed and as a gluconeogenic additive for dairy cows. In the first experiment were used eight cows in the mid of lactation, in a double latin square design, receiving four CG inclusion levels in the diet (0, 4, 8 or 12%). There were evaluated the milk production and composition, feed intake, digestibility and biochemical indicators from the energy metabolism. The CG intake did not influence the mean milk production, 4% fat-corrected milk, production and concentration of fat milk, lactose or total solids. The CP concentration was greater in the 12% inclusion than in the control, while the mean CP production was greater with the 8% inclusion. No one of the treatments influenced significantly the DMI, the OMI or the feed efficiency. However, the energy efficiency was influenced in a cubic manner. The DMD, OMD, NDFD and the seric concentrations of NEFA and urea were not influenced by the treatments. The blood glucose respond in a quadratic manner, being smaller in the 4 and 8% inclusion. In the second experiment were used 24 cows allocated in three treatments (control – CT, 1 mL of CG/kg of BW - GT, or 1 mL of propylene glycol/kg of BW – PT) in complete randomized blocks. The treatments started two weeks pre and were finished two weeks postpartum, the evaluations were made until the 10th week of lactation. It were evaluated the milk production and composition, BCS, partum-1st estrus period and biochemical indicators from the energy metabolism. There was observed a greater milk production in all of the five study periods in the PT than CT and in the first eight lactation weeks than GT, with exception of the fourth week, when was observed a tendency to this difference (P<0,10). The PT showed a greater 4% fat-corrected milk production, while the production of the cows in the CT was greater than the GT. The intake of gluconeogenic influenced the fat milk concentration in a negative manner. The daily mean production of fat milk was small in the GT than in other treatments. The lactose concentration was smallest in the PT, but, that was the treatment with the biggest daily mean production of this component. The MUN was decreased in the treated cows. There was not influence of the treatments over the partum-1st estrus period, BCS, blood glucose, NEFA or beta-hidroxybutirate. The CG is a good alternative energy feed, in an inclusion up to 12%, replacing partially the corn grain in the dairy cows feeding. However, the observed results demonstrate that the propilene glycol is more effective as a gluconeogenesis precursor.
Stella, Laion Antunes. "Compostos de plantas como moduladores da fermentação ruminal em ovinos recebendo dieta com alto teor de concentrado." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/159542.
Full textThe objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of plant compounds with proven antimicrobial properties to modify the in vitro and in vivo ruminal fermentation, and their implications on sheep fed high concentrate diets. One experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of secondary plant compounds present in essential oils in replacement of monensin on in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters. It was adopted a completely randomized design with nine treatments and four replicates. The treatments were: control (CON), monensin (MON), garlic oil (ALH), cinnamon oil (CAN), clove oil (CRA), mint oil (HOR), juniper oil (JUN), bitter orange oil (LAR), and melaleuca oil (MEL). The in vitro gas technique was used to record total gas production at 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after incubation. MON, CAN and CRA increased gas production. Garlic and cinnamon were able to reduce the digestibility of organic matter in 20 and 26% in relation to the control treatment. Methane production reduced (P <0.001) in 54, 76, 90, 72, 32, 60, 44 and 47% for MON, ALH, CAN, CRA, HOR, JUN, LAR and MEL, respectively. The N-NH3 concentration was dramatically reduced (P <0.001) with all additives and CRA and HOR increased the pH. In the experiment 2, the objective was to evaluate the effect of plants extracts on ruminal fermentation, performance and behavior of growing lamb fed high concentrate diets. It was adopted a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replicates. Treatments were: Control (CON), Sunflower oil (CAR), Borage oil (BOR) and Sesame oil (GER). Sixteen male Ile de France sheep, castrated, with five months of age and average initial live weight of 21.68 +2.00 kg were used. Each animal received 1 Ml d-1 of oil. The average daily gain (ADG) was of 198 g d-1 with no differences between treatments (P < 0.96). Nutrient intake was significantly affected (P = 0.03). BOR animals had higher DM, protein, fiber and energy intake in relation to the CON and GER reduced methane production (g animal d-1; P = 0.01) by 23% in relation to the NR. Emissions in other additives showed a tendency of reduction, especially CAR. Total chewing time and leisure time differed between periods (P <0.001). The essential oils tested in vitro in experiment 1, excluding ALH and CAN, at the dosage of 1 Ml / l solution were efficient in the reduction of methane and ammonia without altering the digestibility of the organic matter. BOR added to a high concentrate diet for sheep was able to increase dry matter intake by 5%. GER was able to reduce daily production of methane by 23%, without altering the performance, digestibility, fermentative parameters of the animals and animal behavior.
Reyes, Troncoso María Soledad. "Suplementación con cobre y zinc en dos formas químicas sobre la adecuación mineral de yeguas gestantes y sus crías hasta los 30 días de edad." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2006. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/134078.
Full textEl objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la suplementación dietaria de Cu y Zn suministrados en forma de compuestos orgánicos e inorgánicos en yeguas durante sus tres últimos meses de gestación y en sus potrillos hasta los 30 días de edad. Se escogieron al azar 24 yeguas FSC en sus últimos 3 meses de gestación de un criadero de la región metropolitana, las cuales fueron divididas en 2 grupos, el primer grupo fue alimentado durante estos 3 meses con un suplemento vitamínico mineral en cuya formulación el Cu y el Zn eran aportados en forma orgánica, en cambio el segundo grupo fue alimentado con un suplemento vitamínico mineral en cuya formulación el Cu y el Zn eran aportados en forma inorgánica. Al comenzar este estudio se tomo una muestra de sangre a todas las yeguas que participaban de este estudio con el fin de ver el estatus mineral, principalmente de Cu y Zn. Luego de comenzada la suplementación, se extrajo una muestra de sangre a cada yegua cada 15 días hasta el termino de su gestación, recolectándose un total de 6 muestras por yegua, incluyendo la muestra tomada previo al inicio de la suplementación, para posteriormente tomar 2 muestras de sangre a sus potrillos a los 15 y 30 días de edad. Las concentraciones plasmáticas de Cu y Zn fueron determinadas por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. Las yeguas que pertenecían al grupo I presentaron un promedio de Zn plasmático de 0,38 mg/dl y un promedio de Cu plasmático de 0,78 mg/dl antes del inicio del ensayo, al final del ensayo las concentraciones plasmáticas de Zn y Cu fueron 0,51 mg/dl y 0,82mg/dl respectivamente. Las yeguas que pertenecían al grupo II, presentaron un promedio de Zn plasmático de 0,35 mg/dl y un promedio de Cu plasmático de 0,75 mg/dl antes del inicio del ensayo, al final del ensayo las concentraciones plasmáticas de Zn y Cu fueron 0,48 mg/dl y 0,85 mg/dl respectivamente. Las yeguas de este estudio se encontraban en un bajo estatus nutricional de Cu y Zn al momento de comenzar este estudio. La suplementación con Cu y Zn suministrados tanto en forma orgánica como inorgánica aumentó signicativamente los niveles plasmáticos de ambos minerales (p<0,05). Las concentraciones plasmáticas de Cu y Zn en ambos grupos de potrillos a los 15 días de edad fueron inferiores a las aceptadas como normales según Puls, (1988), en el 2º muestreo a los 30 días de vida de los potrillos los niveles plasmáticos de Zn no llegaron al rango mínimo normal, y en el caso del Cu solo los potrillos cuyas madres fueron suplementadas con minerales orgánicos lograron tener un estatus de Cu normal. No existieron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) entre las concentraciones plasmáticas de Cu y Zn ni en las yeguas ni en sus potrillos al ser suplementados con fuentes orgánicas e inorgánicas. El suplemento vitamínico mineral entregado de forma orgánica cuesta más del doble que el suplemento inorgánico, sin un beneficio que lo justifique.
Schafhäuser, Junior Jorge. "Níveis crescentes de gordura de arroz para vacas leiteiras de alta produção no início da lactação." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/6395.
Full textTorres, Cibele Araújo. "Desempenho produtivo de reprodutoras de frangos de corte suplementadas com 25-hidroxicolicalciferol." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/14338.
Full textAn experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate the addition of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) with vitamin D3 in diets of broiler breeders hens. The experiment used six hundred and fifty broiler breeders Cobb 500 and was organized in a complete randomized design with four treatments and eight replication of twenty female and two male each. The treatments were constituted of vitamin premix with 2000 and 3400 IU/kg diet of vitamin D3 as the only source of vitamin or 2000 IU D3 plus 35 or 69 μg/ton of 25(OH)D3. The results of these experiment indicated that 25(OH)D3 had no significant effect on the total, hatch and damaged weekly egg production, as well as on the total number and total hatch eggs/bird for the entire experimental period from 32 to 67 weeks. There were no effect of the addition of 25(OH)D3 on the weight egg. The supplementation of 25(OH)D3 resulted in better quality shell evaluated through the specific gravity at 60 weeks of age, independent of the dosage. At 35 week the dose of 3400 IU D3 had better quality when compared with the 2000 IU D3 and 2000 IU D3 +69 μg 25(OH)D3 dosages. No significant difference (P>0,05) was observed for hatchability of fertile eggs at 54, 64 and 67 weeks of broiler breeders. The hatch residue breakout showed less mortality of embryos at third week for treatments from 2000 UI D3 P(<0,03) at 64 week and less mortality of embryos at second week of development from hens with 67 week and supplemented with 2000IU D3 and 2000IU D3+ 69 μg 25(OH)D3. The results indicated that the supplementation of 25- hydroxycholecalciferol with cholecalciferol had similar effects as the diets with vitamin D3 as the only source on the productive performance of broiler breeders hens.
Butzen, Fernanda Maria. "Programas de restrição alimentar precoce e seu efeito sobre índices zootécnicos e qualidade de carne de frangos de corte." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/61148.
Full textThe planned feed restriction is a practice of the decrease in the volume of feed consumed in a given time period (quantitative restriction) or nutrients (qualitative restriction) in order to curb the rate of growth of modern chickens, trying to minimize metabolic and musculoskeletal problems. In addition, improve feed efficiency and decrease fat of the carcass. However, the adoption of this practice has been little explored due to the inconsistency of the search results, related to feed intake, body weight recovery and improvements in carcass characteristics. The objective of this work was to study early feed restriction programs for broilers males and females, evaluating performance, body fractions weights, body composition and meat quality. The treatments, applied from the 8th to the 16th day of age, were: T1 – Without feed restriction (standard feed – SF – ad libitum); T2 – Quantity restriction (80% of the ad libitum consumption of SF); T3 – Time restriction (SF offered throughout 8 hours/day); and T4 – Quality restriction (SF with 80% of the limiting nutrients). Birds from both sexes that were submitted to Quantity or Time restriction showed lower body weights at the end of the restriction period, however, they were able to reach the same body weight at 42 days when compared to T1. The Quality restriction program did not reduce initial growth because the birds compensate for the dilution of the diet by increasing feed intake. The weight of organs was recovered more quickly than in the other fractions. Females on Time restriction recovered their body weight earlier than males. Quantity restriction allowed the full recovery of breast weight at 35 days, while Time restriction only achieved that at 42 days. Time restriction modified the body composition of the broilers, at 16 days, already the Quantity restriction and Quality restriction did not cause big changes at that age. However, at the 42 days the body crude fat of females with Quantity restricted was greater than the Quality restricted, getting the other groups intermediate. Restriction programs did not have any effect on weight loss due to defrosting, cooking, shear force and lipid oxidation on the breast meat. Early restriction programs either by Quantity or by Time can be used as a method for controlling growth rate in broilers without any damage to performance and meat quality at 42 days of age.
Wesendonck, William Rui. "Valor nutricional de diferentes subprodutos do trigo para suínos em crescimento." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/61336.
Full textThe evaluation of alternative sources of supply for monogastric animals has been a tendency in the formulation of rations. In this context, wheat bran has been used in animal feed in order to add value to this byproduct, which represents an alternative to more expensive feed ingredients, such as corn and soybean meal. Its use in diets is indicated to minimize the stress that result from food restriction to which the animals are subjected in the process of finishing for slaughter and for breeding. However, it is known that the bran is formed by various by-products of processing wheat in the industries which make possible the realization of studies evaluating each fraction separately. The wheat middlings and fine wheat bran, because of the greater starch content and low in fiber, can be directed to monogastric rations, while the coarse wheat bran has its use in ruminant diets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of different fractions that make up the wheat bran in diets for growing pigs. The reference diet was replaced by 30% for each ingredient test (wheat middlings, fine wheat bran, coarse wheat bran, wheat bran, ground coarse wheat bran 1mm). A treatment with coarse wheat bran ground was formed to assess whether there is a greater availability of nutrients with decreasing particle size. Among these five combinations evaluated, the wheat middlings showed more digestible energy (3461 kcal/kg), metabolizable energy (3329 kcal/kg) and digestible protein (14,23%), demonstrating its potential use in non-ruminant diets. The fine wheat bran had more digestible and metabolizable energy compared to ground coarse wheat brand. The ground coarse wheat bran had the lowest digestibility. This indicates that the reduction in particle size in this case does not improve nutrients availability. Metabolizable energy could be estimated from the proximal analisys in wheat by-products, specialy the fiber content.
Tontini, Jalise Fabíola. "Impacto do manejo alimentar sobre a carga parasitária de cordeiros e distribuição de larvas de nematoides gastrintestinais em pastagem tropical (Panicum maximum cv. IZ-5)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/101654.
Full textThe knowledge of pasture contamination and distribution of infective larvae (L3) on pasture becomes critical to strategies aiming the control of nematode parasites. The study aimed to assess the distribution of infective larvae (L3) of gastrointestinal helminthes in different strata of the cespitosa pasture profile subjected to grazing. As well as, assess the parasite load and its impact on the performance of lambs in three production systems for finishing in the autumn. Nine experimental paddocks, consisting of three treatments, based on Aruana grass (Panicum maximum cv IZ - 5 ), were being used: T1- only grass, T2- grass associated with 1,5% of body weight (BW) supplementation and T3- grass combined with 2,5 % BW supplementation. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with three replications, using 6 lambs-testers per replicate. The L3 were recovered, identified and quantified in three pasture strata (top, middle and bottom), and correlated with microclimatic data. The parasite load of the animals was assessed by fecal examinations. There were significant difference (P<0.05) between treatments for the recovery of infective larvae. The treatment with a supplementation of 2,5 % BW had lower pasture contamination when compared with the treatment that received no concentrate. Both treatments did not differ with the 1,5 % BW supplementation. Despite the different grass heights and microclimate in general, the concentration L3 of the three strata collected was not significantly different among treatments (P>0.05). Under grazing conditions, the microclimate of the pasture did not correlate with the recovery of larvae. Among the larvae of nematodes recovered in Aruana grass, prevailed genres of Trichostrongylides sheep Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. The counting eggs Trichostrongylides- EPG was similar between treatments (P>0.05) at the end of the experiment. The animals treated with the highest level of supplementation performed better than the group that was only in the grass, they do not differ from the group that received 1,5 % BW supplementation. In conclusion, different systems of feeding lambs, cause difference in sward height, but this does not affect the distribution of infective larvae in the different strata of the profile of the pasture. However, high level of supplementation enables a smaller concentration of infective larvae on pasture.
Farina, Giovani. "Desempenho de frangos de corte suplementados com diferentes fontes e níveis de colina na dieta." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/104086.
Full textCholine is an essential nutrient for birds, so it is usually supplemented in the diet, even widely distributed in the ingredients used in animal feed. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance and the bioequivalence of a commercial source of phosphatidylcholine based on Trachyspermum amni, Citrullus colocynthis, Achyranthus aspera and Azadirachta indica extract (Biocholine®), as an alternative to choline chloride between 4 and 28 days (Experiment 1), and assess the choline requeriments in broilers, between 1 and 42 days old (Experiment 2). In both experiments, the incidence of fatty liver and perosis, typical symptoms of choline deficiency, was assessed. The fatty liver analysis was performed by ether extract determination. For that, 56 (Experiment 1) and 15 (Experiment 2) birs were slaughtered at the end of the experiments. In Experiment 1, 672 males received the following treatments: four levels of Biocholine® (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) and three levels of choline (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) supplied by choline chloride, 8 replicates per treatment. In Experiment 2, 462 males were supplemented with 0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg choline supplied by choline chloride, 8 replicates per treatment, and 10 replicates for the level 0 mg/kg. The diets were based on white rice, soybean meal and corn gluten. In Experiment 1, regression analyzes demonstrated a quadratic response using of Biocholine® on the total period weight gain (WG). Both supplements improved feed conversion rate (FCR) linearly from 15 to 28 days, but the slope ratio of the regression lines were different, indicating that 1 unit of Biocholine® is equivalent to 2.52 units of choline supplied by choline chloride. Feed intake (FI) showed difference from 15 to 28 days and in the total period, when the birds supplemented with choline chloride consumed more feed compared to those receiving Biocholine®. In Experiment 2, the levels of 200 and 400 mg/kg choline improved WG related to the birds without supplemental choline between 8-28 and 1-42 days, providing a quadratic effect. FCR was not influenced by the treatments in any period. The FI was affected by the levels of choline between 1 and 28 days, similarly to WG. In both experiments no signs of perose or fatty liver were observed in birds. Choline requirements based on the calculated values were 1074 and 987 mg/kg for 1 to 7 and 8 to 28, respectively , based on WG. Choline level equal to 510 mg/kg from 29 to 42 was sufficient to meet the nutritional requirement of the birds at this stage.
Franceschina, Carolina Schell. "Dietas com farinheta de trigo e adição de fitase e xilanase para poedeiras leves de 74 a 94 semanas de idade." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/142655.
Full textThe use of agroindustrial residues in the feeding of poultry is still limited due to the high crude fiber content and low fermentative capacity of these animals. The enzymatic supplementation with phytase and xilanase can be a resource in the diet of laying hens when associated to the inclusion of alternative ingredients. The objective of this work was to evaluate the inclusion of enzymes phytase and xylanase in diets containing wheat middlings on the performance, egg quality and metabolizability of nutrients of 90 laying hens, Bovans White strain, at 74-94 weeks of age. The birds were housed individually, in laying cages. The experimental period lasted five productive cycles of 28 days. The diets were formulated based on corn and soybeans and wheat middlings (10%), with or without the inclusion of exogenous enzymes phytase (Quantum Blue, concentration 5000 FTU/g) and xylanase (Econase XT, concentration 16000 BXU/g). The treatments were: I – positive control (2850 kcal of ME; 3,8% Ca; 0,35% available P) and II – negative control (2800 kcal of ME; 3,63% Ca; 0,20% available P). Using the diet II, the other diets were composed: III – phytase 300 FTU/kg; IV – phytase 300 FTU/kg + xylanase 12000 BXU/kg; V - phytase 1300 FTU/kg and VI – phytase 1300 FTU/kg + xylanase 12000 BXU/kg. The birds fed diet phytase300 presented the best feed conversion and a high egg production. The birds receiving negative control and phytase1300 + xylanase12000 presented the worst feed conversion. The hens fed phytase1300 presented the best eggshell quality, which is an important measure for the egg achieves intact to the final consumer. The hens receiving phytase300 presented the best utilization of nutrients. There was no significant difference in the ash content of the tibia of the hens. The addition of phytase to the diets containing 10% of wheat middlings for laying hens at 74-94 weeks of age maintained the performance, the egg quality and the utilization of nutrients.
Pedroso, Carlos Eduardo da Silva. "Desempenho e comportamento de ovinos em gestação e lactação nos diferentes estágios fenológicos de azevém anual sob pastejo." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/3421.
Full textFischer, Manuela Marques. "Efeitos de diferentes fontes de fibra na digestabilidade de nutrientes, nas respostas metabólicas pós-prandiais e na saùde intestinal de gatos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/31377.
Full textCurrently, one seeks to formulate diets which perform the nutritive role and also promote health benefits to companion animals. The study on fiber in carnivorous animals’ diets is recent and the literature is scarce. In the purpose to investigate the effects of dietary fiber on cats’ diets, it has been realized an experiment which assessed the apparent nutrient digestibility; the glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides postprandial responses; the effects on fecal features, and also some intestinal health parameters such as short-chain fatty acids concentration in faeces and colonic mucosa histology. It was formulated a control diet and three diets containing different fiber sources, beet pulp, wheat bran and sugar cane fiber. The addition of fiber were formulated to contain similar level of TDF. The study followed a randomized block design, with the blocks represented by the two experimental periods, each consisting of three cats and four diets, totaling 24 cats. The apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, and GE were lower in diets which contained fiber (P < 0.05). The beet pulp and wheat bran did not affect the digestibility of CP, and beet pulp did not decrease the EE. The diet with sugar cane fiber caused significant reduction in digestibility of DM, OM, CP and EB (P < 0.05). The average concentration of glucose and the area under the glucose curve were statistically lower in the group of sugar cane fiber (P < 0.05). The diet with beet pulp was the one which produced the biggest acetate (P = 0.0117), propionate (P = 0.0005), and lactate concentrations (P = 0.0051), even as total fatty acids (P = 0.0008). Morphometric analysis of colonic mucosa in the four groups was not statistically different. Nutrient digestibility was less impaired by the inclusion of beet pulp and most affected by the addition of sugar cane fiber. On the other hand, the diet with sugar cane fiber has shown promising features to control blood glucose. The beet pulp caused effects in the colon, through the production of short chain fatty acids, altough did not alter the histological features of colonic mucosa of cats in the short term.
Alves, Marilia de Faria Corrêa Celestino. "Avaliação metabólica de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com grão de soja cru e tratado com calor." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/56407.
Full textSoybean and soybean meal are currently being used in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil as a source of protein when feeding dairy cows. However, the high break down of this source in the rumen causes a loss of the intrinsic quality of the protein, as well as leading to na increase in plasmatic urea with deleterious consequences on the animals metabolism. Thermal treatment of soybean can overcame this limitation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolism of dairy cows, fed on thermally treated soybean and raw soybean, through the analyses of the metabolic profile test of the plasma and milk analyses. Eleven Holstein cows in the mid lactation period were studied. Four treatments each with a different protein source were used on these cows. These were: comercial concentrated of protein, soybean meal, raw soybean and roasted soybean. In the plasma, energy, protein and mineral components were determined as well as indicators of hepatic function. In the milk, the levels of protein and urea were measured. No hepatic alterations were detected. There were also no alterations in the glucose, β-hidroxibutirate, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentration. There were larger levels of plasmatic cholesterol in the animals consuming both raw and thermally treated soybean. The cows consuming roasted soybean had a lower level of urea in the plasma, suggesting that the use of thermally treated soybean was effective in diminishing the break down of protein in the rumen and improving the energy/protein ratio of the ration.
Oliveira, Lisandre de. "Latência de aparecimento de pigmentos carotenoides e seu potencial para a traçabilidade da dieta em ruminantes." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/60482.
Full textCarotenoid pigments are involved in the color and nutritional characteristics of herbivore carcasses and are potential biomarkers for diets authentication. However, the latency of appearance of carotenoid pigments (CP) in plasma and fat remains unknown. This study investigated the pattern of plasma, meat and fat changes in reflectance spectrum characteristics and colour in lambs switching from a low to a high dietary carotenoid level. A review of the state of the art on these methodologies for authentication is presented. The experiment was conducted at the National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA), Theix, France. Six treatments, feeding a high dietary carotenoid level for 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 or 75 days before slaughter, were compared in individually penned lambs. Each treatment used 10 Romane lambs; feeding management ensured similar growth pattern and carcass weight for all the treatment groups. The level of alfalfa pellets intake was chosen to mimic the plasma carotenoids concentration (PCC) found in a grazing situation. Plasma samples were collected before the first distribution of alfalfa pellets, and after that, daily for 15 days on 12 randomly selected lambs. The reflectance spectrum, lightness, redness and yellowness index were measured 24 hours after slaughter in subcutaneous and peri-renal adipose tissue. As early as 24 h on the alfalfa diet, the plasma carotenoid concentration (PCC) was already higher than before the switch. Mean PCC continued to increase until day 6 on average and reached a plateau thereafter. We propose a monomolecular function to model this pattern, the equation obtained on the mean data being: PCC = 97 (se 2.2)* (1-exp(-0.3378 (SE 0.0282)* d)), where r2 = 0.997, residual SD = 4.47, n = 15, and d = day. There was a change in reflectance spectrum characteristics for both fat deposits and yellowness of subcutaneous fat as early as 15 days after the diet switch. Mean concentration of carotenoid pigments and yellowness of subcutaneous fat increased linearly with the duration of the high dietary carotenoid level whereas in perirenal fat, the response to the duration of the high dietary carotenoid level was curvilinear. Plants biomarkers such as carotenoids, terpenes and phenolic compounds of fatty acids are also potential tracers in the meat. Stable isotopes have proven able to characterization of geographical origin as well as low-input systems. Global methods using spectroscopy indicate potential but are still under development.
Taschetto, Diogo. "Parâmetros hematológicos e conteúdo de ferro nos ovos de reprodutoras pesadas alimentadas com diferentes níveis e fontes de ferro." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/132385.
Full textObjective of this thesis is re-evaluate iron (Fe) requirement for broiler breeders. Two hundred and sixty slow-feathering broiler breeder hens were housed in cages electrostatically painted and fed semipurified control diet containing 27.26 ppm of iron (Fe) and about this added 5 levels of Fe (25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 ppm) from two sources: ferrous sulphate and complex Feamino acid (Fe-AA); in 6 periods of 28 days, starting from 47 weeks of age. It were evaluated egg production, hatching egg production, egg weight, percentages of yolk, albumen and shell, specific gravity, yolk and albumen height, haugh unit, eggshell color, eggshell thickness, Fe content in the yolk, hemoglobin and hematocrit of hens and chicks at hatching. Treatments were distributed in a completely randomized design with two main effects, sources and levels of Fe repeated in 6 periods. Regression equations were calculated for each variable. Ferrous sulphate was higher in yolk percentage, and hemoglobin of hens and chicks, while Fe-AA was better for albumen percentage and specific gravity of eggs. Birds responded positively to Fe inclusionsof egg quality and blood parameters, and over time showed a decrease in the egg quality and blood parameters of chicks, whereas hemoglobin and hematocrit of hens increased. Regression analysis was significant and revealed higher responses for the levels of Fe in diet of 181.5, 56.2, 68.0, 75.1, 113.3, 118.6, 115.5, 132.9, 134.3, 123.4 and 116.0 ppm for egg weight, yolk, albúmen and shell percentage, albumen height, haugh unit, eggshell thickness, iron content in yolk, and color of shell for levels of liminosity, red and yellow respectively. For variables egg production, hatching egg production, hemoglobin and hematocrit of hens and chicks, were calculated regression equations for each source, with maximum points for the levels of 97.97, 96.74, 152.26, 152.26, 119.36 and 119.46 ppm of Fe for ferrous sulfate, and 152.26, 152.26, 131.99, 149.86, 125.62 and 102.26 ppm for Fe-AA respectively.
Maciel, Jose Eduardo Salazar. "Determinação da uréia sérica como medida de valor biológico de proteína para cães em crescimento." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/4136.
Full textSilveira, Emanuel Orestes da. "Comportamento ingestivo e produção de cordeiros em pastagem de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) manejada em diferentes alturas." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/6563.
Full textEbert, André Ricardo. "Alimentação líquida artificial para leitões dos 2 aos 21 dias de idade : estudo de fontes de proteínas vegetais e do nível de arginina na dieta." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/11059.
Full textNeonatal piglets have been raised artificially using liquid diets with similar or better performance than naturally raised piglets. However, the expensive cost of diets based on milk by-products can make this technology cost prohibitive. Two experiments were executed to evaluate the replacement of milk proteins for vegetable proteins in liquid diets for piglets. In the first experiment, four diets were tested: WHEY) based on whey protein; MVP1 e MVP2), whey replaced in 31 and 62 % by a modified vegetable protein and ISP) whey replaced in 62 % by isolated soy protein. 48 2-day-old piglets were placed in cages individually and fed ad libitum. At 19 days of age, piglets weighted between 6.8 e 8.5 kg and the treatment ISP and MVP2 presented higher average daily gain (ADG, 391 g/day) than treatment WHEY (291 g/day). Daily dry matter intake (DFI) and feed efficiency (FE) were also higher for ISP and MVP2 than for WHEY diet. In general, WHEY diet showed higher ieal apparent digestibility of amino acids but MVP2 and ISP had higher intake of digestible essential amino acids, especially arginine (Arg) and presented less fat carcasses and higher daily protein deposition. In the second experiment, 30 3-day-old piglets were placed individually and received five diets witch changed in protein source and Arg levels: T1) 70 % ISP, 30% whey and 1,80 % Arg; T2) 40 % ISP, 60 % whey and 1,34 Arg; T3) 53% whey, 47 % casein and 0,84% Arg; T4) idem T3 but 1,34 % Arg; T5) idem T3, but 1,84 % Arg. At 21 days of age, piglets fed artificial diets weighted 8.8 kg, 2.6 kg more than sow fed piglets. Among artificially fed groups, T2 presented lower DWG and DFI (329 and 282 g/day) than other groups (402 e 325 g/day). FE was not affected by treatments. Dry matter, protein, fat and energy digestibilities were lower in vegetable protein based diets and this difference was higher using calculation from marker method than total feces collection method. There was no detected difference in daily nitrogen retention. The DWG achieved with artificial rearing system is much superior than DWG achieved with natural rearing system. Both ISP and MVP showed to be good alternatives to replace milk proteins in artificial liquid diets for neonatal piglets. Becouse of the high feed intake our experiment failed in testing the effect of arginine level in the diet.
Raber, Marcos Roberto. "Eficiência do óleo ácido e do óleo degomado de soja empregados em dietas de frangos de corte, suplementadas ou não com glicerol e lecitina." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/13758.
Full textFour experiments (EXP) were made: in EX I, II and III were tested 2 soucers of fat (acidulated soybean soapstock [ASS]- and soybean oil [SO]) in 4 levels of inclusion (2; 3; 4 and 5%) on the performance and metabolism of broilers. Three hundred and eighty four malle Cobb chicks were distributed into metallic batteries, from 1 to 20 days (EXP I) and 256 broilers in grower batteries from 21 to 34 days (EXP II). From 21 at 34 days a metabolism trial was made with 40 chickens distributed individually into metabolic cages, receiving the same treatments as EXP II. Performance, diet metabolizability coefficient of dry matter (MCDM), of crude fat (MCCF) and of crude energy (MCCE) , and also the contents of triglycerides and blood serum cholesterol on the 34th day were evaluated. Increasing oil level in the diet higher body weight (P<0.01) and better feed conversion (FC) (P<0.001) were observed. In EXP III, birds receiving ASS presented better MCDM (P<0.001). The increase in oil level improved MCDM (P<0.01) and MCCF (P<0.001) of the diets. Greater levels of triglycerides were noticed in the blood serum of birds receaving higher levels of oil in diet (P<0.001). Relative efficiency (RE), through out slope ratio technique, compared by performance (EXP I e II) and by fat metabolism (EXP III) ,between the two oils, were calculated. The ASS showed RE of 93 and 90% in EXP I and II, based on FC and of 95% based on metabolizable fat (EXP III), compared to SO In EXP IV, the effect of glycerol (GL) supplementation or lecithin (LE) were tested in 95 broilers,24 daysold, submitted to 3 types of oil (SO, ASS and 50:50%) and 2 levels of inclusion (4 and 8%). Birds performance, MCDM, MCCF and MCCE were evaluated by ANOVA and the comparison among oils and supplements were done by slope ratio technique. The best values for weight gain (WG), body weight (BW) and feed conversion (FC) were obtained by he inclusion of 8% of oil (P<0.01). The performance was not affected (P>0.05) by oil types or supplements tested. However there was interaction for feed intake(P<0.03) between inclusion levels and oil type: birds with 4% ASS ate less feed; with 8% this difference was not observed. Diets with 8% of oil, independently of oil type and supplementation had high MCDM (P<0.06) and MCCF (P<0.01). There was interaction (P<0.01) between type of oil and level of inclusion for MCCE: 4% ASS diets showed higher MCDE than 4% SO diets, without differ from the diet mixed. Diets with 8% SO had higher MCCE, but similar to the diet mixed. There was also interaction (P<0.02) between type of oil and supplements: the glycerol increased MCCE when SO was used but not when ASS or the mixture were used.
Garcia, Renata Porto Alegre. "Suplementação protéica e mineral de novilhas gestantes em pastagem nativa dominada por capim-annoni-2." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/14730.
Full textThe objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of protein and mineral salt supplementation on the performance of pregnant heifers grazing native pasture dominated by capim-annoni-2 (Eragrostis plana Ness) in autumn and winter in the Central Depression region of the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The treatments were: a) common salt; b) mineral salt; c) protein salt; d) mineral reproduction salt and protein salt. The evaluation period was from March 18 to September 21, 2006. The experimental area was 37 hectares, subdivided into eight plots with an average area of 4.62 ha, consisting the experimental units. The vegetation was a native pasture covered by around 70% of a caespitose stratum dominated by “capim-annoni-2”. Thirty-two pregnant heifers with 30 months average age were used as testers. A completely randomized experimental design with two replicates was used. The effect of the supplementation on the forage mass (MF), forage quality (NDF, CP, IVDMD and IVDMO) of the morphological components of the capim-annoni- 2 and of the native species, and daily average gain (DAG), per hectare live weight gain (LW/ha) and heifers corporal score condition (CSC) were determined. Heifers’ highest average daily weight gain was achieved with the protein salt treatment (270 g). The lowest gain was registered with the common salt (77 g/day). Heifers receiving the protein salt showed the highest LW/ha (57,6 Kg), while the ones receiving common salt obtained the lowest LW/ha (14,3 Kg). The protein and mineral supplementation in the native pasture increased the pregnant heifers average daily gain during the cold season in the Central Depression region of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil.
Trevizan, Luciano. "Metabolismo de lipídeos em gatos : estudo da aceitação de ácidos graxos de cadeia média e dos efeitos da inclusão de ácido ү-linolênico na formação de ácido araquidônico." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/17078.
Full textLipids represent an important portion in carnivorous diets. It can provide energy and essencial fatty acids. Medium-chain fatty acids are known to cause aversion in cats when it is including in the diet. Cats are incompetent to desaturate linoleic acid (LA) to form arachidonic acid (AA) because of Δ6 desaturase seem like to be very low activity. The first objective was to determine possible diet aversion, lipid and lipoprotein alterations in cats fed diets containing medium chain triglycerides (MCT). In the second work the objective was to determine if including high amount of LA acid could induce Δ6 desaturase to produce γ-linolenic acid (GLA) and then AA, or if other pathway could be possible to produce AA without Δ6 desaturase. Both trials were conducted together. Twenty nine clinically normal, adult female cats were randomly assigned into three groups fed diets differing only in the lipids profile (Low LA with high MCT (HMCT or LL diet) n=10; high LA (LMCT or HL diet) n=9; GLA (GLA diet) n=10) fed for 9 weeks. Cats were fed according to their metabolic body weights (100 kcalME*Wkg0.67day-¹). Daily consumption records, weekly body weights (BW), and body condition scores (BCS, 1 to 9 scale where 5 is ideal) were used to adjust amounts fed and to calculate daily metabolic energy factors for each cat to maintain an ideal BCS. Blood samples were obtained after overnight fasting at day 0, 14, 28 and 56 for plasma triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and lipoprotein cholesterol distribution (LP-C). In the second study red blood cells and plasma phospholipids fatty acids profile were performed. In the first and second study repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey (α=0.05) multiple comparison tests revealed no differences between diets with respect to food consumption, BW, BCS, and maintenance energy requirement (MER) if first week could be removed from de analyses. In the first study a statistically significant diet effect on plasma TG was seen with the HMCT diet; however values were within the normal feline range. No diet effects were seen on TC or LP-C. The second study showed no alternative pathway from LA to form AA. The Δ6 desaturase was inactive even though when high amount of LA was provided. When Δ6 desaturase step was bypassed the concentration of AA acid in the tissues was maintained, showing the possible way to provide efficient precursor for AA synthesis. Cats consumed the diet normally and no alterations in plasma parameters were observed between groups. Time effect was observed increasing all parameters until week 4 and decreasing to the same levels week 2 at week 8. Results of these studies demonstrate that it is feasible to include MCT in normal feline diets without refusal and with minimal effect on lipid metabolism and that there is no functional alternative pathway to AA, but cats are able to produce it when GLA is included in the diet.
David, Diego Bitencourt de. "Recria de cordeiras suplementadas em campo nativo : níveis de atendimento das exigências nutricionais e suas relações com a resposta animal." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/18515.
Full textInformation derived from the relationship between the supply of animal requirements by supplement and animal response remains little studied in the native grasslands of Bioma Pampa.The effect of supplementation on the growth of animals, by itself, present important information for understanding the grazing nutrition of ruminants, supporting also for future modeling of animal response. Thus, it was evaluated the implications of meeting the nutritional requirements by supplement and its impact on performance, metabolic profile and ingestive behavior of growing lambs on native pasture. The treatments consisted of four levels of animal requeriments supply (0, 33, 66 and 99%) of the animal requeriments for metabolizable energy (ME) and rumen degradable protein (DIP), just by supplement. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replications. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and regression at 5% level of probability of error. In complement to linear regression analysis was performed a segmented regression, by Broken-line model for variable gain weight, to determine the point of minimum requirement of supplementation for maximum theoretical response. The results showed positive and linear responses (P <0.05) to increasing levels of supplementation for the variables of performance and metabolic profile of lambs. On average, the maximum theoretical response was achieved at levels of 83% of the requirements supply of ME and DIP, but with wide variations between periods. From that point there was no significant responses in weight gain to increasing levels of supplementation. This way, the determinant of higher or lower level of supplementation is linked to weight gain of animals without supplementation, once, higher responses to high levels of supplementation can be expected how much lower be the weight gain of animals without supplementation. For the ingestive behavior, both the bit rate as displacement rate and use of feeding stations were not (P>0.05) influenced by the levels of supplementation. While the variable grazing time showed to be linear and decreasing (P<0.01) for higher levels of requirements supply of ME and DIP. Furthermore the duration of the meal and the number of meals showed variations (P<0.05) related to the nutritional level of the diet and possibly controlled by the rumen fermentative parameters. These results suggest that in situations of concentrated supplementation there is no change in the way that the animal explores the pasture, however, there is a change in the regulation of their intake, where, in certain situations controlled by their own preference and others determined by the metabolic process.
Kunrath, Marco Antônio. "Avaliação nutricional do farelo de arroz desengordurado em suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação utilizando o método de substituição e análise de regressão." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/27120.
Full textThe evaluation of by-products such as defatted rice bran (DRB) is necessary for an adequate nutritional balance of diets for pigs. The methodologies used for this purpose may constitute a source of variation. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional value of the DRB in the diet of pigs with different levels of inclusion and also to compare the different methodologies used in this evaluation. There were two digestibility trials with pigs in the growing and finishing phase, using increasing levels of substitution (0, 15, 30 and 45%) of the reference diet by DRB. The digestibility of dry matter of the ingredient was 57% and the amount of metabolizable energy was around 2350 kcal kg-1, in both phases. The digestibility of crude protein, in the finishing phase was 65%, 8 percentage points higher than in the growing phase. The most accurate method to assess the nutritional value of DRB was the regression analysis, compared to the method of substitution.
David, Diego Bitencourt de. "Uso de indicadores fecais e urinários para monitoramento nutricional de ovinos em pastejo." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/49042.
Full textThe objective of this study was to evaluate the use of urinary and fecal indicators for estimating intake, digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in sheep. Different levels of millet (Pennisetum americanum L Leeke) were fed sheep in metabolic cages, with four levels of leaf blade supply: 1.5, 2, 2.5% of dry matter weight and ad libitum. With the data from this trial, equations to determine intake and digestibility of organic matter through faecal markers (nitrogen and neutral detergent fiber) and urine volume using urine creatinine for grazing animals were determined. Using these equations, intake, digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in animals grazing millet fertilized with different nitrogen levels (50, 100, 200 and 400 kg / ha) were determined. Pasture measurements were also taken (forage mass, height), as well as animal performance (average daily weight gain, gain per hectare, stocking rate) and nitrogen balance (intake, retention and excretion of N). Testing in metabolism cages showed that organic matter intake has a multiple linear relationship with fecal excretion of N and neutral detergent fiber with a determination coefficient of 0.94 and relative error of estimate (RPE) of 9.25%, while the digestibility has a multiple hyperbolic relationship, using fecal N and fecal neutral detergent fiber (RPE= 3.90). Creatinine excretion (mmol/kg BW0,75) was not affected (P> 0.05) by forage supply or pasture developmental stage, but showed low accuracy (R²= 0.38, RPE= 48%) for urine volume estimates. Performance data for pasture and grazing animals, in turn, showed response to increasing forage accumulation rate and weight gain per unit area, however, nutritional measures (intake, digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance ) were not affected (P>0,05) by nitrogen fertilization levels, suggesting the possibility of using lower doses of nitrogen fertilizer without sacrificing performance and nutrition of lambs.
Langwinski, Diego. "Consumo de nutrientes digestíveis e excreção de minerais com inclusão de carboaminofosfoquelatos em sais mineralizados para bezerros." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/1658.
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