Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nutrición Vegetal'
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Cera, Rull Andreu. "The ecological significance of nutritional strategies in gypsum plant communities." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673600.
Full textLes plantes gipsòfiles són endemismes edàfics del guixos, i són considerades especialistes d’aquest sòl estressant. Endemismes del guix de diferents famílies i regions del món tendeixen a mostrar una composició elemental foliar única, similar a les característiques químiques dels sòls guixencs. No obstant això, el significat ecològic de la seva composició foliar continua sent desconegut. Els factors que subjuguen l’amplitud ecològica de les gipsòfiles segueixen sent també poc estudiats. La majoria de la literatura es basa en una distribució lligada als sòls guixencs de les zones àrides, encara que alguns estudis suggereixen una amplitud fisiològica més àmplia segons el tipus de sòl, i una influència positiva de les pertorbacions. Per això, he assumit que les gipsòfiles han evolucionat en terres seques pertorbades amb sòls guixencs. Per adaptar-se a aquesta combinació de factors, he plantejat la hipòtesi que s’han convertit en especialistes edàfics amb alta capacitat d’absorció de nutrients per a ser més competitives que altres espècies en sòls de guix. Per comprovar-ho, vam dur a terme un experiment de germinació i un de cultiu per a analitzar la seva restricció ecològica en funció del tipus de sòl, i per analitzar la composició elemental de tota la planta. En el camp, vam estudiar l’assemblatge de les comunitats vegetals en sòls guixencs en diferents intensitats de pasturatge, i si l’assemblatge d’aquestes comunitats està mediat per algun tret relacionat amb l’especialització pels guixos o la resistència cap als herbívors. A continuació, vam realitzar una simulació de brosteig per a avaluar la resposta individual de les plantes en tests amb guix o sòl calcari. A més, vam analitzar durant un any la variació del contingut nutricional de les fulles, arrels i sòl rizosfèric, i la colonització dels fongs micorízics arbusculars, per estudiar les estratègies d’adquisició de les gipsòfiles en el camp. En conjunt, els resultats obtinguts en aquesta tesi doctoral demostren que el nínxol fonamental de les gipsòfiles no sols s’explica per factors singulars dels sòl guixencs, sinó més aviat per sòls alcalins amb alt contingut de calci. I quan afegim la pressió herbívora, les espècies amb alta afinitat pel guix i alt contingut de sofre foliar (és a dir, gipsòfiles) tenen més probabilitat d’assemblar-se que altres espècies. Hem comprovat també que aquestes gipsòfiles són acumuladores foliars dels elements en excés dels guixos, fins i tot quan creixen en tests amb sòl calcari. I que les gipsòfiles semblen estar adaptades a l’escassetat de fòsfor sent menys dependents de la simbiosi amb AMF, i probablement ajustant les estratègies d’adquisició als polsos nutricionals del sòl. Per tant, sembla que les gipsòfiles s’han convertit en especialistes dels sòls guixencs per a ser més competitives en terres seques pertorbades amb sòls guixencs a través d’una estratègia nutricional singular.
Clozza, Mario Néstor. "Crecimiento y desarrollo en tomate Platense (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.): análisis del efecto de la nutrición mineral." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/8548.
Full textClozza, MN. (2010). Crecimiento y desarrollo en tomate Platense (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.): análisis del efecto de la nutrición mineral [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8548
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Sisó, Terraza Patricia. "Metabolitos secundarios exudados por raíces de plantas de Estrategia I en respuesta a la deficiencia de hierro: caracterización, transporte y función." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/405377.
Full textUna característica metabólica importante de las raíces de las plantas es la exudación a la rizosfera de una amplia variedad de compuestos. La regulación de la síntesis y exudación activa de éstos permite que su acción se produzca en el lugar, momento y tiempo adecuados y, por consiguiente, confiere a la planta la capacidad de reaccionar ante variaciones del entorno eludiendo posibles efectos adversos, como cambios osmóticos, ataque de patógenos o escasez de nutrientes, entre otros. Parte de los compuestos exudados son producto del metabolismo secundario y ha sido muy estudiado su papel en la regulación de la comunidad microbiana del suelo, en el fomento de simbiosis beneficiosas y en la inhibición del crecimiento de plantas competidoras. Menos investigada ha sido, sin embargo, la influencia de estos compuestos en la disponibilidad de nutrientes en la rizosfera. En esta Tesis Doctoral se investiga la exudación radicular de compuestos fenólicos y flavinas en respuesta a la deficiencia de hierro (Fe), micronutriente muy abundante en los suelos y generalmente poco disponible. Aunque esta respuesta se conoce desde hace décadas en especies no gramíneas, la identidad y la cantidad de compuestos exudados, los mecanismos de transporte y sus funciones en la rizosfera, son poco conocidos. Para este estudio se han utilizado la especie modelo Arabidopsis thaliana, y dos especies de interés agronómico, tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) y remolacha (Beta vulgaris var. saccharífera). El estudio constituye el primer análisis exhaustivo y simultáneo de compuestos fenólicos y flavinas acumulados en raíces y exudados al medio de cultivo como respuesta de las plantas a la deficiencia de Fe. Se aplica una aproximación analítica basada en la separación de los compuestos por cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia y su detección por la combinación de espectroscopía de fluorescencia y de ultravioleta-visible con espectrometría de masas de diferentes modalidades. En raíces de A. thaliana y tomate, la deficiencia de Fe induce la síntesis y acumulación de compuestos fenólicos de tipo cumarina, y no afecta a la concentración de flavinas. Remolacha no responde a la deficiencia de Fe produciendo cumarinas sino que, de acuerdo a lo ya conocido, sintetiza y acumula flavinas en raíz, y las exuda al medio, principalmente como sulfatos de riboflavina. El tiempo de exposición a la deficiencia de Fe y/o el pH del medio de cultivo afecta a la producción de cumarinas en A. thaliana y tomate. Los perfiles de compuestos de tipo cumarina producidos por ambas especies también difieren. Aunque las dos producen cumarinas simples con las sustituciones oxigenadas -OH, -OCH3 y -O-hexosil, el grado de oxigenación es diferente. Así, en tomate predominan las cumarinas tetra-oxigenadas como trihidroximetoxicumarina frente a las tri- y di-oxigenadas como fraxetina y escopoletina, respectivamente, mientras que en A. thaliana son di- y tri-oxigenadas y se producen junto con cumarinolignanos de tipo cleomiscosina. Las cumarinas se acumulan en raíz tanto en formas hexósido como aglicona, con la forma predominante dependiendo de cada cumarina y/o especie vegetal. El perfil de compuestos de tipo cumarina presentes en el medio de cultivo es diferente al observado en las raíces, presentándose en forma aglicona y siendo mayoritarias escopoletina y fraxetina. Esta exudación de cumarinas en A. thaliana está mediada por la proteína transportadora AtABCG37. La retirada de las cumarinas y flavinas exudadas del medio de A. thaliana y de remolacha tiene un impacto negativo en la nutrición férrica de estas especies. La cumarina tipo catecol fraxetina y las flavinas en forma reducida permiten la disolución de óxido férrico -forma característica del Fe del suelo- a pHs relevantes desde el punto de vista agronómico. Además, se demuestra que las raíces de las plantas de remolacha deficientes en Fe pueden utilizar flavinas endógenas extracelulares para promover la disolución reductiva de óxidos férricos. El trabajo concluye que la exudación radicular de compuestos de tipo cumarina en plantas de A. thaliana y de flavinas en plantas de remolacha permite aumentar la concentración de Fe soluble en suelos con baja disponibilidad de este nutriente y, por lo tanto, mejora la nutrición férrica de estas especies.
A remarkable metabolic feature of plant roots is the ability to secrete a vast array of compounds into the rhizosphere. The regulation of the synthesis and active secretion of these compounds allows their action to occur at the precise site and time required, enabling plants the ability to cope with changes in the local environment, thus avoiding possible adverse effects such as osmotic changes, pathogen attack, low nutrient supply, etc. A part of the secreted compounds are produced by the secondary metabolism, and their role in the regulation of the soil microbial community, the promotion of beneficial symbiotic associations and the inhibition of the growth of competing plant species has been extensively investigated. However, the influence of these compounds in rhizosphere nutrient availability has been less studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the root exudation of phenolic compounds and flavins induced by the deficiency of iron (Fe), an abundant but generally poorly soluble micronutrient in soils. Although these root responses have been reported in different non-graminaceous species for decades, the identity of the compounds, their transport outside the roots and their role in the rhizosphere are largely unknown. The study used the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana and two crop species, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharífera). The present Thesis includes the first thorough and systematic analysis of the phenolic compounds and flavins accumulated and secreted by roots in response to Fe deficiency. The analytical approach used is based on the separation of the compounds by high performance liquid chromatography and their detection by a combination of fluorescence and UV-visible spectroscopy and different types of mass spectrometry. In A. thaliana and tomato, Fe deficiency induced the synthesis and accumulation of coumarin-type phenolic compounds and did not affect the root production of flavins. Conversely, sugar beet did not produce phenolic compounds in response to Fe deficiency, but instead synthesizes and accumulates flavins -mainly riboflavin sulfates- in roots, and also exports them to the growth medium. The time of Fe deficiency exposure and/or the pH of the culture medium affect the production of coumarins in A. thaliana and tomato, and the coumarin profile was different in both species. Although the two species produce simple coumarins with the oxygen-containing substituents hydroxyl, methoxyl and -Ohexosyl in the benzene ring, the number of such substituents was different. In tomato, tetraoxygenated coumarins such as trihydroxymethoxycoumarin were predominant over the tri- and di-oxygenated coumarins (such as fraxetin and scopoletin, respectively), whereas A. thaliana produced only tri- and di-oxygenated coumarins, along with cleomiscosin-type coumarinolignans. The root coumarins were in hexoside and aglycone forms, with the prevalent form being dependent on the coumarin and/or the plant species. The coumarin profile of the culture medium differed from that found in roots: the coumarins were in the aglycone form, and the predominant ones were scopoletin and fraxetin. This Thesis revealed that the transporter AtABCG37 is involved in the secretion of coumarins in A. thaliana. This study also showed that the depletion of coumarin-type phenolics and flavins in the culture medium of Fe-deficient A. thaliana and sugar beet plants, respectively, has a negative impact on the plant Fe nutritional status. The catechol coumarin fraxetin and the reduced forms of flavins promoted the dissolution of ferric oxide –the major form of Fe in soils- at agronomically relevant pH values. In addition, other results of this study provide support for the view that roots of Fedeficient sugar beet plants can use endogenous extracellular flavins to dissolve ferric oxide. This Thesis concludes that the root secretion of coumarin-type compounds by A. thaliana and of flavins by sugar beet allows for increasing the concentration of soluble Fe in soils with low Fe availability, therefore improving the Fe nutritional status in these species.
El, Jendoubi Hamdi. "Nutrición de frutales: Necesidades y desequilibrios nutricionales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/81081.
Full textEl presente trabajo trata sobre nociones fundamentales en la nutrición de árboles frutales: (i) estimación de las pérdidas totales de nutrientes (ii) diagnostico nutricional (iii) soluciones para desordenes nutricionales (iv) estudio del transporte de nutrientes. Los estudios se han realizado en la zona del Ebro, Zaragoza, en el norte de España dónde el melocotonero se escoge como ejemplo de árbol frutal, y la clorosis férrica como ejemplo de desorden nutricional. En algunos estudios, se han usado plantas modelo crecidas en condiciones controladas. En el primer capítulo de los resultados, se realiza un análisis del árbol entero mediante la cuantificación de las pérdidas de nutrientes en cada evento del ciclo anual del melocotonero, y de las cantidades almacenadas en las estructuras permanentes de tres cultivares de melocotonero: Calanda, Catherina y Babygold 5. En el segundo capítulo, se considera la clorosis férrica como el típico desorden nutricional de la zona, y se presentan avances en su diagnostico mediante el estudio de materiales del árbol en épocas fenológicas avanzadas (precoces), tal como yemas en dormancia y flores. Los resultados adquiridos indican que es posible predecir la clorosis férrica usando los materiales vegetales indicados. El tercer capítulo, trata sobre del uso de fertilizantes foliares para la corrección de la clorosis férrica, mejorando el conocimiento científico sobre el uso de dichos fertilizantes. Se evalúa la eficacia de un tratamiento foliar de un compuesto de hierro estudiando su capacidad de penetración y reverdecimiento. En el cuarto capítulo, se realizan estudios sobre el transporte de hierro en el tejido de xilema a través de análisis de proteomica y metabolómica, aportando avances en la comprensión de dicho tejido, responsable de transporte de nutrientes en plantas. El quinto capítulo trata sobre consejos y aspectos a considerar por parte de los investigadores a la hora de realizar un seguimiento del efecto de un fertilizante de hierro, y que incluyen: i) el diseño del experimento; ii) el seguimiento de la evolución de la corrección de la clorosis después de una fertilización con hierro, controlando la concentración de clorofila en la hoja; y iii) el análisis de la respuesta de la planta después de una fertilización con hierro. Asimismo, también se analizan las fases de la desaparición de la clorosis en la hoja, y la observación de otros parámetros nutricionales a nivel de hoja.
This work deals with fundamental aspects of fruit tree nutrition, including the following: (i) estimation of total nutrient requirements; (ii) nutritional diagnostics; (iii) remediation for nutritional disorders; and (iv) understanding of nutrient transport. Field studies were carried out in the Ebro river basin, Zaragoza, Northern Spain, were peach tree was taken as an example of fruit tree and Fe chlorosis as an example of nutritional disorder. In some studies, model plants grown in controlled environments have also been used. In the first chapter of Results part, whole tree analysis was carried out by quantifying the amounts of nutrients removed at each event of the peach tree annual cycle, as well as the amounts stored in the permanent tree structures, in three different peach tree cultivars. In the second chapter, Fe chlorosis was taken as a typical nutrient disorder in the region, and we show advances in its diagnosis by studying the possibility of using tree materials in early tree phonological stages. Results found indicate that it is possible to carry out the prognosis of Fe chlorosis using early materials such as buds and flowers. The third chapter deals with the correction of iron chlorosis, in an attempt to improve the scientific background for foliar fertilizer practices. We evaluated the success of treatments with a Fe compound by studying the capacity for penetration and re-greening. In the fourth chapter, studies on the transport of Fe into the xylem tissue were carried out by metabolomic and proteomic analysis, opening the way for advancing the understanding of nutrient transport in this fruit tree compartment. The fifth chapter discusses advices and aspects that researchers should take in consideration when assessing the effect of Fe fertilizers, including the following: i) design of Fe-fertilization experiments; ii) assessment of chlorosis recovery upon Fe-fertilization by monitoring leaf chlorophyll; and iii) analysis of the plant responses upon Fe-fertilization. The phases of leaf chlorosis recovery and the control of other leaf nutritional parameters were discussed.
MARTÍNEZ, CUENCA MARY RUS. "RESPUESTAS DEL SISTEMA DE ABSORCIÓN DE HIERRO EN LAS RAÍCES DE LOS CÍTRICOS ANTE DIFERENTES CONDICIONES CLOROSANTES DEL MEDIO." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/17979.
Full textMartínez Cuenca, M-R. (2012). RESPUESTAS DEL SISTEMA DE ABSORCIÓN DE HIERRO EN LAS RAÍCES DE LOS CÍTRICOS ANTE DIFERENTES CONDICIONES CLOROSANTES DEL MEDIO [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/17979
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Río, Mena Trinidad del. "Análisis de la productividad en uva de mesa, estudio de caso : evolución nutricional durante la temporada." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112293.
Full textEl análisis de tejidos se utiliza en agricultura para conocer el estado nutricional de los distintos cultivares; sirve de guía complementaria para encauzar prácticas de fertilización, predecir desórdenes fisiológicos y pronosticar el grado de percebilidad de la fruta. En uva de mesa se realizan comúnmente análisis de tejido en pecíolos durante floración y en lámina en los estados de floración y pinta (envero), los que se comparan con los estándares generados en California para Thompson Seedless desarrollados en Europa, respectivamente.
Martínez, Alcántara Belén. "Estudio de la absorción y translocación del nitrógeno en cítricos en función del aporte estacional del abono nitrogenado mediante el uso de la técnica de dilución isotópica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/8380.
Full textMartínez Alcántara, B. (2010). Estudio de la absorción y translocación del nitrógeno en cítricos en función del aporte estacional del abono nitrogenado mediante el uso de la técnica de dilución isotópica [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8380
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Zamuner, Ester Cristina. "Evaluación agroambiental de la fertilización y nutrición fosfatada en el cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399577.
Full textProductive and environmental assessment and phosphoric nutrition of the potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L.) The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) has a high phosphorus (P) requirement and is inefficient in the use of soil P; fertilization is therefore a critical component in its cultivation. The overall aim of this study was to generate information to define patterns of P fertilization to guarantee high productivity and economic viability with only a minimal environmental impact. P fertilization trials with potatoes were performed at Argiudols soils, in Argentina, under irrigation (over 13 years per site). Threshold values of environmental and agronomic P were determined using various analytical techniques. A methodology was proposed and then validated for establishing the P rate that would maximize the potato yield and economic benefit while minimizing the threat to the environment. The P dilution curve was defined and it was shown that the Phosphate Nutrition Index provided a suitable indicator of both the P nutritional status and potato crop yield.
Avaluació agroambiental de la fertilització fsforica fosfatada del cultiu de la patata (Solanum tuberosum L.) El cultiu de la patata (Solanum tuberosum L.) té unes altes necessitats de fòsfor (P) i és ineficient en el seu us en el sòl, de manera que la fertilització és un component crític de la seva producció. L'objectiu de la tesi es generar informació per definir pautes de fertilització fosfatada per aconseguir alta productivitat, viabilitat econòmica i menor impacte ambiental. Es van fer 13 assaigs de fertilització fosfatada en Argiudols d'Argentina en regadiu. Es van determinar valors límit del P ambiental i agronòmic, amb diverses metodologies analítiques. Es va proposar i va validar una metodologia per establir la dosi de fertilització que maximitza el rendiment i el benefici econòmic, minimitzant el risc ambiental. Es va definir la corba de dilució de P en planta i es va determinar que l'índex de nutrició fosfatada és un indicador adequat de l'estat nutricional fosfatat i del rendiment del cultiu de la patata.
Gorbe, Sánchez Elisa. "STUDY OF NUTRIENT SOLUTION MANAGEMENT IN SOILLESS ROSE CULTIVATION THROUGH THE ANALYSIS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND NUTRIENT ABSORPTION." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/6921.
Full textGorbe Sánchez, E. (2010). STUDY OF NUTRIENT SOLUTION MANAGEMENT IN SOILLESS ROSE CULTIVATION THROUGH THE ANALYSIS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND NUTRIENT ABSORPTION [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/6921
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Oliver, Albert Miriam. "Efectos fisiológicos de las sustancias húmicas sobre los mecanismos de toma de hierro en plántulas de tomate." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/13432.
Full textHashimoto, Patricia Noemí. "Efecto del tipo sustrato de cultivo, la fertilización y el agua de riego en la composición mineral y el desarrollo de Petunia x hybrida Vilm." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/8547.
Full textHashimoto, PN. (2010). Efecto del tipo sustrato de cultivo, la fertilización y el agua de riego en la composición mineral y el desarrollo de Petunia x hybrida Vilm [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8547
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Larramendy, Laura Ailén. "Distribución espacial y diversidad vegetal en la biodeposición de Galea leucoblephara y Microcavia maenas en un área protegida y un campo pastoreado, Ñacuñán, Mendoza." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, 2019. http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/14158.
Full textFil: Larramendy, Laura Ailén. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias.
Quenum, Léonard Edmond. "Comparación entre la producción ecológica e integrada de hortalizas en base a parámetros del cultivo y del suelo." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/7347.
Full textQuenum, LE. (2010). Comparación entre la producción ecológica e integrada de hortalizas en base a parámetros del cultivo y del suelo [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/7347
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Oltra, Cámara Marco Antonio. "Diagnóstico nutricional de la alcachofa mediante análisis foliar." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/69929.
Full textMelendreras, Ruiz Fuensanta. "Estudio de la formación de trihalometranos en las fases de elaboración de transformados vegetales y en procesos auxiliares de la industria alimentaria." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/366263.
Full textWater is the most important resource of our planet. Just 0.02% is fresh water, what in addition needs to be extracted and purified for consumption. The scarcity of water in Europe is not particularly severe, not so in Spain and more specifically in the Region of Murcia where droughts are becoming more frequent. The industry consumes a very important part of this resource, where the food industry spends approximately 11% of it. Processed vegetables industries use water on most of its stages of manufacturing and auxiliaries, which results in waste water with high organic load, which is necessary to purify before discharging. Approximately 75% of the water consumed in industry is transformed into waste water, compared with 25% that again joins the product or evaporates. Waters used in the canning industry are reused mainly for auxiliary processes, which implies a disinfection of them. Nowadays, the most widely used method for the disinfection of water is the chlorination, due to the fact that it is not only effective, but also it is persistent and maintains the water protected during all the transportation to the point of consumption. Meanwhile, as we have said before, waste water coming from the canning industry contains a high amount of organic matter, which reacts with chlorine giving rise to disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes. Trihalomethanes are considered to be carcinogenic compounds whose main source of exposure is ingestion, although his volatile nature makes that we should consider other sources such as inhalation and the dermal route. Based on the above, we considered a work to go further into the issue of the exposure to trihalomethanes in the canning industry, so we proceeded to the validation of the analytical method, designing a gas mass chromatography method, quantification was carried out with an of Gases - masses HP-6890 gas chromatograph, fitted with the RTL system, with a multi-positional injection (Gerstel Multi Purpose Sampler-MPS) system and equipped with head space. From the results obtained we can state that the method that we will use for the determination of trihalomethanes in waste water is linear, accurate and precise in the range of established work. According to the stages of manufacture more common in this type of industries, we analyze the waters from the network and wells, coming to the conclusion that these waters in general are free of THMs. The positive results are found in well water chlorinated by the companies themselves. We, then, sampled waters coming from each of the phases of the industrial processing, where in addition to measuring the trihalomethanes, we controlled the levels of residual chlorine and total organic carbon (trihalomethanes precursors ). The results obtained lead us to say that in general, the stages of manufacture of canned vegetables show THMs values that are below the limit established by RD 140/2003, what does not happen with sampled auxiliary stages: purification and cooling after sterilization with cooling towers. After the data obtained we proceeded to focus on these stages, where after a more detailed study we conclude that the values of positive THMs found in the stage of purification (treatment plant output) are due to additional chlorination treatments that certain undertakings were doing for irrigation use. Cooling towers are auxiliary equipment that chills water from sterilization processes to be able to use it again, which implies a chlorination of the same. The type of cooling tower is a factor to consider in the occurrence of THMs, since we find them in those designs where the water has been in contact with the sterilised containers, containing organic matter, not in those designs that carry heat exchangers partners and therefore there is no contact between chlorine and organic matter. At the same time, this work shows that high values of THMs are produced by a poor maintenance of the towers. In general, we can state after this work, that the values of THMs found in the study are low, so there is not a high risk of exposure for this type of industries, but we also have to note that there are alternative treatments to reduce the exposure ranging from the removal of organic matter by filtration treatments to the use of other types of disinfection or a combination of both.
Caballero, Solares Albert. "Optimització de l'ús de la proteïna en dietes per a orada (Sparus aurata)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/295969.
Full textTo be economic and ecologically viable, fish farming must be freed from it its dependence on fish meal. This goal can be achieved either by adjusting dietary protein content to fish nutritional requirements or by replacing fish meal by plant proteins. In order to optimize protein utilization in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) we tested three different feed additives: glutamate, glutamine and taurine. In gilthead sea bream fed on fish meal-based diets, glutamate and glutamine are more effective than starch improving dietary protein utilization for growth. The supplementation of 4% glutamate in diet based on fish meal or plant protein improves protein retention through the promotion of glycolysis in the liver of gilthead sea bream. Protein retention improvement, together with the stimulation of feed intake by glutamate supplementation, results in higher growth rates in fish fed on plant protein sources. Our results point to taurine as an essential nutrient to be included in diets with high or total fish meal replacement. On a growth basis, the optimal dietary taurine supplementation of gilthead sea bream is 0.52-0.91%. On a feed efficiency basis, gilthead sea bream have a dietary taurine requirement of 0.93%. The supplementation of 1% taurine improved the growth of sea bream fed on plant-based diets. This growth promotion is due to feed intake stimulation and the improvement of feed efficiency. Taurine also increases phosphorous digestibility in plant-based diets. At a metabolic level, taurine up-regulates glucokinase activity and decreases glycemia. Taurine also promotes lipolysis since it reduces the body fat content of gilthead sea bream. The presence of 10% dietary protein coming from fish meal counteracts taurine lipolytic action, but accentuates taurine benefits on fish growth and feed efficiency. The inclusion of 6.5-6.6% soy protein hydrolysate in plant-based diet leads to a higher nutrient absorption and increases fish growth. In sum, according to our results, glutamate and taurine are two useful feed additives for fish meal replacement with plant protein sources and carbohydrates in diets for gilthead sea bream.
Cittadini, María Cecilia. "Efecto de extractos de vegetales argentinos sobre el estado redox y neuroinmune en un modelo Murino de Cáncer." Doctoral thesis, Cittadini MC. Efecto de extractos de vegetales argentinos sobre el estado redox y neuroinmune en un modelo Murino de Cáncer. [Internet]. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 2018 [citado el 13 de febrero de 2020]. Disponible en: https://rdu.unc.edu.ar/handle/11086/11373, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11086/11373.
Full textBackground: the nutritional and pharmacological potential of Argentine native plants has been studied very little. However, we already know that the consumption of its extracts modifies the bioavailability of phytochemicals in different tissues, among them—the Central Nervous System (CNS), which is a target of numerous pathological processes associated with oxidation and inflammation such as cancer. These processes involve the CNS in a primary and/or secondary way, the latter being due to a metastatic process (neoplastic syndrome) and/or immunoendocrine (paraneoplastic syndrome) that include oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Among the neuroprotective potentials derived from plant extracts, polyphenols are the largest antioxidant group with their recognized ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and stay in the CNS after infusions. The main objective was to determine the effect of the consumption of aqueous plant extracts derived from Argentine native plants on the CNS of a murine model of cancer. The effect would be determined by its redox activity and immunomodulatory potential. The importance of this topic lies in developing nutritional strategies to prevent and treat neurological dysfunction with compounds present in plant species (diet or pharmacological formulations). Methodology: phenolic compounds (HPLC-DAD-MS) were identified and quantified from three native plant species: L. grisebachii (LG), A. quebracho-blanco (AQB) and I. paraguariensis (IP). An in vitro assay was carried out on glial cells T98-G (human) and C6 (mouse), evaluating cell viability, fatty acid profile and release of interleukin 6 (IL-6) after treatments with phytoextracts. A first trial was developed with healthy Balb/c mice (n≥3) treated orally for 30 days: C (untreated water) or 100 mg/Kg/day of LG, AQB or IP extract. Based on these results, a second test was performed with Balb/c mice inoculated with LAC1 cells (lung adenocarcinoma), treated orally for 21 days with 0 (control), 50 or 100 mg/kg/day of IP (n≥3). Brain regions were analyzed (telencephalon, diencephalon, cerebellum, mesencephalon and brainstem). They were determined by spectrophotometry: total phenols, peroxides, GGT, superoxide; TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations by ELISA, while the AG profile (in cell lines and encephalic regions) was determined by gas chromatography. The brain phenolic bioavailability was determined by HPLC-UV. Histopathology was analyzed in telencephalon (cell density, loss of myelin and apoptosis). Results: We determined 21 phenolic compounds in LG, mainly iridoids, 31 compounds in AQB, mostly hydroxybenzoic derivatives and 23 compounds in IP, mainly derivatives of caffeoyl-quinic acid (chlorogenic acid - AC). In the in vitro assay, LG was not related to the IL-6 release, AQB increased release IL-6 and IP produced a decrease in this cytokine, associated with an increase in palmitoleic fatty acid (ω-7). In healthy mice assay, LG and AQB caused phenolic imbalance and triggered oxidative stress, while IP showed differential redox effects in the brain regions studied, and the best redox profile in the total brain. In the second murine assay, the mice were inoculated with LAC-1. AC and quercetin (Q) were identified in the brain regions, liver and tumor, in a manner dependent on the IP dose. AC was the main compound found in brain, while Q was observed, to a lesser extent, in diencephalon. Both compounds reduced IL-6 in diencephalon, dependent on the IP dose with respect to control (9% and 29%, respectively, p<0.05). Histology suggested cellular protection with less apoptosis in areas exposed to AC. This is supported by the demyelination observed in brains of mice without treatment (p <0.05). Conclusions: the results showed a neuroprotective effect of IP, which is relevant given that it is a plant widely consumed by world population. Its neuroprotective activity has a relevant health potential to amelliorate the harmful effects of cancer, transferable to the health field with important implications. In this way it is relevant to deepen the study of IP to know the adequate concentration and bioavailability of its potentially protective phytochemicals in the CNS, to recognize its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and to generate new chemopreventive strategies from the massive and frequent ingestion of ilex paraguariensis in the Argentine population.
Antecedentes: el potencial nutricional y farmacológico de las plantas autóctonas argentinas ha sido poco estudiado. Sin embargo, es conocido que el consumo de sus extractos modifica la biodisponibilidad de fitoquímicos en diferentes tejidos, entre ellos el Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC), blanco de numerosos procesos patológicos asociados a oxidación e inflamación como el cáncer. Éste compromete al SNC de manera primaria y/o secundaria siendo, ésta última, por un proceso metastásico (síndrome neoplásico) y/o inmunoendocrino (síndrome paraneoplásico) que incluyen estrés oxidativo y neuroinflamación. Entre los potenciales neuroprotectores provenientes de extractos vegetales, los polifenoles constituyen el mayor grupo antioxidantes con su reconocida habilidad para atravesar la barrera hematoencefálica y alojarse en el SNC luego de la ingesta de infusiones. El objetivo principal fue determinar el efecto del consumo de extractos vegetales acuosos derivados de plantas nativas argentinas sobre el SNC de un modelo murino de cáncer, en función de su actividad redox y potencial inmunomodulador. La importancia del tema radica en desarrollar estrategias nutricionales para prevenir y tratar la disfunción neurológica con compuestos presentes en especies vegetales (dieta o formulaciones farmacológicas). Metodología: se identificaron y cuantificaron compuestos fenólicos (HPLC-DAD-MS) de tres especies vegetales nativas: L. grisebachii (LG), A. quebracho-blanco (AQB) e I. paraguariensis (IP). Se realizó un ensayo in vitro en células gliales T98-G (humanas) y C6 (ratón), evaluando viabilidad celular, perfil de ácidos grasos y liberación de interleuquina 6 (IL-6) tras tratamientos con los fitoextractos. Se desarrolló un primer ensayo con ratones Balb/c sanos (n≥3) tratados por vía oral durante 30 días: C (agua sin tratamiento) ó 100 mg/Kg/día de extracto de LG, AQB o IP. En función de estos resultados, se realizó un segundo ensayo con ratones Balb/c inoculados con células LAC-1 (adenocarcinoma de pulmón), tratados por vía oral durante 21 días con 0 (control), 50 ó 100 mg/Kg/día de IP (n≥3). Se analizaron regiones encefálicas (telencéfalo, diencéfalo, cerebelo, mesencéfalo y tallo encefálico). Se determinaron por espectrofotometría: fenoles totales, peróxidos, GGT, superóxidos; por ELISA la concentración de TNF-α e IL-6, mientras que el perfil de AG (en líneas celulares y regiones encefálicas) se determinó por cromatografía de gases. La biodisponibilidad de polifenoles en cerebro se determinó por HPLC-UV. Se analizó histopatología en telencéfalo (densidad celular, pérdida de mielina y apoptosis). Resultados: Se determinaron 21 compuestos fenólicos en LG, principalmente iridoides, 31 compuestos en AQB, en su mayoría derivados hidroxibenzoicos y 23 compuestos en IP, principalmente derivados del ácido cafeoil-quínico (ácido clorogénico - AC). En el ensayo in vitro, LG no se relacionó con la liberación de IL-6, AQB aumentó su liberación e IP produjo una disminución de esta citoquina, asociada a un aumento del ácido graso palmitoleico (ω-7). En el ensayo con ratones sanos, LG y AQB causaron desequilibrio fenólico y desencadenaron estrés oxidativo, mientras que IP mostró efectos redox diferenciales en las regiones encefálicas estudiadas, y el mejor perfil redox en encéfalo total. En el segundo ensayo murino, los ratones fueron inoculados con LAC-1. Se identificó AC y quercetina (Q) en las regiones del cerebro, hígado y tumor, de manera dependiente de la dosis de IP. El AC fue el principal compuesto encontrado en el cerebro, mientras que la Q se observó, en menor medida, en el diencéfalo. Ambos compuestos redujeron la IL-6 en diencéfalo, dependiente de la dosis de IP con respecto al control (9% y 29%, respectivamente, p<0,05). La histología sugirió protección celular con menos apoptosis en áreas expuestas a AC. Esto avalado por la desmielinización observada en los cerebros de los ratones sin tratamiento (p<0,05). Conclusiones: los resultados mostraron un efecto neuroprotector de IP, lo cual es relevante dado que es una planta ampliamente consumida por la población mundial. Su actividad neuroprotectora tiene un potencial de salud relevante al mejorar los efectos nocivos del cáncer, transferible al ámbito sanitario con importantes implicancias. De esta manera resulta relevante profundizar el estudio de IP para conocer la concentración adecuada y la biodisponibilidad de sus fitoquímicos potencialmente protectores en el SNC, reconocer sus efectos antioxidantes y antiinflamatorios y generar nuevas estrategias quimiopreventivas a partir de la ingesta masiva y frecuente de ilex paraguariensis en la población argentina.
2020-12-31
Fil: Cittadini, María Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal ; Argentina.
Fil: Cittadini, María Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Biología Celular; Argentina.
García, Alcaraz Víctor. "Estudio del empleo de coagulantes vegetales en la elaboración de quesos de cabra." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/310411.
Full textEn esta Memoria de Tesis Doctoral, una vez analizadas las diferentes estrategias que actualmente se aplican para la mejora de la calidad de los productos derivados de la leche de cabra, se realizaron cuatro estudios para desarrollar un queso de cabra con coagulante vegetal. En el primero de ellos, se compararon cuatro tipos de queso fresco (elaborados con cuajo, coagulante microbiano y dos variedades de coagulante vegetal). Los resultados indicaron que los coagulantes vegetales presentaban un perfil de coagulación similar al cuajo y que la mayoría de parámetros fisicoquímicos de los quesos frescos no se vieron afectados por el tipo de coagulante. Los quesos elaborados con coagulante vegetal alcanzaron mayor dureza, gomosidad y masticabilidad. El análisis sensorial de los quesos determinó que los elaborados con coagulantes vegetales fueron más amargos y menos firmes. En base a los resultados alcanzados podemos concluir que, aunque los coagulantes vegetales se pueden usar como una alternativa al cuajo animal, nuevas estrategias tecnológicas deberían adoptarse para mejorar los resultados sensoriales, tales como aumento del tiempo de maduración y/o el uso de cultivos iniciadores. En el segundo estudio se realizaron quesos de leche de cabra con coagulante vegetal (Cynara cardunculus) y diferentes cultivos iniciadores analizando la evolución de diferentes parámetros físico-químicos, microbiológicos y de textura durante la maduración. Los resultados indicaron que los diferentes cultivos iniciadores producían diferencias en los parámetros fisicoquímicos de pH, humedad, proteína, fracciones nitrogenadas y dureza de los quesos elaborados. La adición de fermentos mesófilos aseguró una correcta acidificación de los quesos y aumentó la dureza de los mismos, mientras que el uso de fermentos termófilos dio lugar a la obtención de quesos más blandos y con una elevada proteólisis. La mezcla de cultivos mesófilos y termófilos disminuyó el grado de proteólisis en los quesos. Se realizó un tercer estudio que comparó la actividad coagulante del extracto acuoso de la flor de alcachofa (Cynara scolymus) con el derivado de la flor del cardo (Cynara cardunculus). En primer lugar, se observó que el coagulante de alcachofa tenía una menor actividad coagulante que el obtenido del cardo. Sin embargo, si variamos las condiciones de coagulación (concentración del coagulante, temperatura y diferentes tiempos de almacenamiento en congelación) ambos coagulantes se comportan de forma similar en la coagulación de leche estándar. Además, durante la coagulación de leche de cabra, no se observaron diferencias en los parámetros ópticos derivados del sensor CoAguLabTM. Estos resultados sugieren que los extractos de la flor de alcachofa podrían utilizarse en la elaboración de queso de una forma similar a la utilización del extracto de cardo. En el cuarto estudio se elaboraron quesos con un extracto vegetal de la flor de alcachofa (Cynara scolymus) y un cultivo iniciador comercial y se estudiaron los cambios que se producían a lo largo de la maduración. Los resultados mostraron que los parámetros fisicoquímicos evolucionaron de forma similar a los obtenidos por otros quesos durante la maduración, no siendo así para el perfil de textura y sensorial. Es importante, subrayar el hecho de que, a pesar de utilizar un coagulante vegetal, los quesos mostraron puntuaciones en el análisis sensorial para el sabor amargo, por lo que estos quesos podrían ser adecuados para la venta, siempre y cuando, se realizara un análisis de consumidores que confirmara estos resultados.
In this Doctoral Thesis Report, after a previous study about the different strategies which can be used to improve the goat´s milk derived products, four studies were performed in order to develop goat cheese with vegetable coagulant. In the first study, four types of fresh cheese were compared (made with rennet, microbial coagulant and two varieties of plant coagulant). Results indicated that plants coagulants showed a coagulation similar to calf rennet and physicochemical parameters of fresh cheeses were unaffected by the type of coagulant used. However, texture parameters were affected, showing that cheeses made with vegetable coagulant had higher hardness, gumminess and chewiness. Furthermore, sensory analysis results determined that cheeses made with vegetable coagulants were bitter and less firm. The results of this study indicate that, although the plant coagulants can be used as an alternative to animal rennet, new technological strategies should be adopted to improve the sensory results, such as the increase of the maturation time and/or the use of starter cultures. In the second study, various parameters of goat milk cheeses made with vegetable coagulant (Cynara cardunculus) and different starter cultures were controlled during the ripening. The results indicated that the different starter cultures produced significant differences in pH, moisture, protein, nitrogen fractions and hardness in cheeses. The addition of mesophilic starters ensured the proper acidification of the cheese and increased hardness, while the use of thermophilic starters produced soft cheeses and higher proteolysis. The mixture of mesophilic and thermophilic starters produced a shorter range of proteolysis. A third study was carried out in order to check if aqueous extracts of artichoke flower (Cynara scolymus) could be used for cheese making, comparing it with thistle aqueous extract (Cynara cardunculus). First, it was observed that artichoke extract had a lower coagulant activity than thistle coagulant. However, under different clotting conditions (coagulant concentration, different temperature and frozen storage time) both coagulants behave similarly in the coagulation of standard milk. Furthermore, during the clotting of goat milk, no differences in optical parameters derived from sensor CoAguLabTM were observed. These results suggest that artichoke flower extracts could be used in cheese manufacture in a similar way of thistle extract. Finally, in the fourth study, using a plant extract of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus) and a commercial starter culture, cheeses were produced and the changes were checked along the ripening. The results showed that the physicochemical parameters evolved similarly to other cheeses, while the texture and sensory features evolved differently to what was found in the literature about other cheeses. It is important to underline that, despite using a vegetable coagulant, bitterness taste was scored very low in sensory analysis, so these cheeses could be suitable for sale, provided that an analysis with a representative consumer panel is carried out.
Alvites, Misajel Kiara Carolina. "Comparación del perfil de ácidos grasos del aceite de chía (Salvia hispánica L.) orgánica y convencional (variedades blanca y negra) cultivadas en el Perú, como una alternativa para aceites vegetales comestibles." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/621861.
Full textObjective: To compare the fatty acid profile of organic and conventional chia (Salvia hispanica L.) cultivars (white and black varieties) cultivated in Peru as an alternative for edible vegetable oils. Methodology: A descriptive study was carried out, which included a sample of chia seeds, from which the oil was extracted in Soxhlet oil ether machine. The acid profile was analyzed by gas chromatography. The sums of monounsaturated and saturated polyunsaturated fatty acids were determined. Likewise, the rates of atherogenicity, thrombogenicity and hypo / hypercholesterolemic were estimated. Median and interquartile range were obtained and the Friedman test was used. To evaluate the normality, the Shapiro-wilk test was used. For the quantification of the fatty acids of the chia, organic and conventional seed samples, the services of Certifications of Peru S.A. (CERPER) ®. Results: The main fatty acids present in organic and conventional chia oil, according to the order of abundance, were alpha-linolenic acid> linoleic acid> oleic acid> palmitic acid> stannic acid. As for the alpha-linolenic fatty acid (omega 3), the oil obtained from organic black and white chia seeds presented values slightly higher 63.65 (63.59-63.70) and 64.56 (63.70 -64.42) compared to conventional culture oil 63.05 (62.40-63.70) and 63.52 (63.34-63.70). The content of fatty acids, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated in chia oil, organic, showed values of 82.33% and 6.05%, being higher than those found in oil obtained from chia, from conventional culture 81, 78% and 6.17%. The content of saturated fatty acids presented a lower value of 10.70% in organic chia oil and 11.06% in chia oil obtained from conventional culture seed. The omega-3 / omega-6 ratio of chia oil, organically grown, had a higher value of 3.52, while in the conventional oil, a value of 3.42. Finally, the atherogenic and thrombogenic index showed low values, indicating high amounts of fatty acids with antiatherogenic properties in chia oil. Conclusion: The content of fatty acids in organic and conventional chia oil is within the range reported for other countries. No statistical difference was found in the comparison of both cultures.
Alemán, Guillén Fernando. "Absorción de K+ en plantas con diferente tolerancia a la salinidad." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10730.
Full textThe work done in this Thesis provides some interesting conclusions:1.- Thellungiella halophila show a weight ratio root/shoot bigger than Arabidopsis thaliana, and this difference arise under salt stress, what might provide an effective mechanism of salt tolerance to T. halophila.2.- In A. thaliana, salt stress induces a bigger reduction of K+ uptake and tissue concentrations than in T. halophila, and at the same time T. halophila shows a reduced Na+ uptake and Na+ transport to the shoot. Both properties enable a higher ratio K+/Na+ in T. halophila which might be another mechanism of salt tolerance. 3.- The ThHAK5 gene isolated in this Thesis, encode a K+ transporter that mediates high affinity K+ transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae similar to the observed in intact plants of T. halophila, which suggest a key role of this transporter in the high affinity range of concentrations.4.- Although AtHAK5 and ThHA5 shows high sequence homology and similar functional properties, gene regulation is different under salt stress. Thus, salinity reduces to a lesser extent the K+-starvation ThHAK5 induction. As a consequence, high affinity K+ uptake is less affected by NaCl in T. halophila. 5.- Random mutagenesis allows the identification of important aminoacids for protein function, and with this technique two more efficient mutant versions of AtHAK5 have been isolated. The evolved AtHAK5 mutant versions are able to transport K+ at high Na+ external concentrations (0.1 mM K+ and 800 mM Na+) in yeast.
Romanyà, i. Socoró Joan. "Phosphorus cycling in fast growing forest plantations: availability, plant uptake and the role of forest floor." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/957.
Full textMycorrhiza suppressed treatments showed low mineral NO3-N concentration and high autoclave N in soil. NH,-N concentration was not affected by any treatment. Water and bicarbonate soluble reactive P (SRP) and soluble non-reactive P (NRP) were not changed by mycorrhiza. Phosphatase activity greatly decreased in mycorrhiza suppressed treatments. Despite superphosphate addition increased all forms of P, acid phosphatase activity did not change by this factor.
Mycorrhiza suppression decreased seedling growth but not root length or surface. Non-mycorrhizal seedlings showed a much large proportion of roots thinner than 0.5 mm diameter. While in 7 month old seedling needle development was delayed in nonmycorrhizal pots, 4 months later all needles had the same size. At this stage of growth, plant adapted to nutritional shortages by loosing needles. Except in non-mycorrhizal-unfertilized seedlings, where growth was limited by P, in the other treatments growth was N and Mg limited. Mycorrhizal associations increased the specific uptake rate (mmol cm(-1) root) for N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca and Al. While under natural P availability conditions, P uptake was largely reduced after mycorrhiza suppression, under high P availability it was hardly increased by mycorrhiza. Barber-Cushman model was able to predict the relative variations in P and Mg uptake only in non-mycorrhizal treatments. While P uptake appeared to be controlled by root surface, Mg uptake was mostly regulated by root length.
To study the role of the forest floor in the cycling of nutrients, nutrient leaching through litter layers was monitored in a mature radiata pine plantation (18 year old) using 20 zerotension lysimeters installed underneath the Oa horizon.
Both P and N concentrations in the litter leachates showed large seasonal changes. Organic P compounds were more readily retained at the forest floor than organic N compounds. A large proportion of nutrients leached throughout the year (51% and 61% of total P and N exported respectively) took place during short periods of time. Most N transferred from the forest floor to the mineral soil was in organic form. In contrast, P was mostly transferred as inorganic P (SRP). The total amount of nutrient exported to the mineral soil were of the same order of magnitude than the yearly nutrient increases in aboveground biomass. There were evidences suggesting that a major content part of this nutrient flow originated in the forest canopy.
Using a new proposed anion resin fractionation technique, P forms in litter leachates and soil solution were compared. This technique showed that Murphy and Riley method to determine P concentration in solution was not able to distinguish clearly between inorganic and organic P in solution. One limitation of the fractionation technique was that it was not a clean separation of organic and inorganic P forms. However, it does appear to be useful for documenting relative changes in P forms when samples are contrasted.
In a mixed Eucalyptus forest in SE Australia, the effect of slash burning on surface soil P forms and on sorption and desortption of P were studied. According to fire intensity, three different microsites were selected: unburnt , burnt and intensely burnt.
The effects of fire on soil P were greatest in the surface soil horizons and depended upon fire intensity. After fire labile inorganic P (Bray I) increased from <1 mg kg(-1) to 5-13 mg kg(-1) in the ash bed. The increase in labile organic P (NaHCO2) contrasted with a decrease in total organic P (H2SO4) and less labile organic P (NaOH) in ashbed soils. The ashbed soil showed an increase insorption capacity in the 0-5 cm layer, but the sorbed P was generally less tightly bound to the solid phase.
Toro, Funes Natalia. "Valor nutritivo y biofuncional de las bebidas de soja y de almendra estabilizadas por ultra alta presión de homogeneización." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/247493.
Full textSoymilk and almond milk are particularly useful as an alternative of cow’s milk for people who are lactose-intolerant, allergic to milk proteins, or for those who avoid milk for other reasons, and their consumption also has potential health benefits. Ultra high pressure homogenization (UHPH) is a useful non-thermal technology to obtain safe and high-quality liquid foods. UHPH is based on the same principle as conventional homogenization, but it works at significantly higher pressures (up to 400 MPa). In the first part of this thesis, in the frame of the project “The application of Ultra high pressure homogenization (UHPH) to produce high quality vegetable milks (soy and almond)” (AGL 2008- 05430- C02-02), the aim was to study the effects of the UHPH treatment on the nutritional and biofunctional compounds of soymilk and almond milk compared to conventional thermal pasteurization and UHT treatments. As a result, it was concluded that UHPH treatments maintained or improved the nutritional and biofunctional value of soymilk and almond milk, compared to conventional thermal pasteurization and UHT treatments. Soybean provides bioactive compounds, such as isoflavones, whose consumption has potential beneficial health effects for adults and also could have significant effects on the endocrine and reproductive system development in infants. In the second part of this thesis, an estimation of exposure and risk of these bioactive compounds in soybean products was performed. In general, the consumption of these products provides similar or higher isoflavone contents to achieve the beneficial effects. On the other hand, the consumption of soybean based infant formulas could involve a potential risk to infants. Additionally, the fermented soybean products contain high levels of certain biogenic amines. Adverse effects of some biogenic amines as a result of the consumption of the soybean products in general would be unlikely, except for individuals under specific drug therapies. In the third part, some biological effects of polyamines and isoflavones were studied. The mechanism by which polyamines act as antioxidants was evaluated by in vitro methods, concluding that it seems to be related to its ability to chelate metals. Furthermore, the intracellular metabolism of isoflavones in endothelial cells was studied because it can be important in the elucidation of the mechanism of action of isoflavones in the cardiovascular system.
Magrinyà, Navarro Núria. "Qualitat i estabilitat dels embotits derivats del porc de producció ecològica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/124039.
Full textNitrite is responsible for the fixation of cured meat color through its reaction with myoglobin. Moreover, it acts as an antimicrobial and helps to prevent oxidation. Despite these desirable effects of nitrite, the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines from both nitrate and nitrite sources is a health concern. Nowadays, the market for organic food is growing rapidly. Although nitrite-free cured meat products have been produced, consumers dislike them because of the lack of color in the product. In addition, cured meat products without nitrite could mean also a poor microbiological quality and high oxidative status. An alternative to the addition of chemical grade nitrates or nitrites is the addition of natural sources containing nitrate and/or nitrite, such as vegetable juices or powders. The aim of this thesis was to assess the possibility of producing a cured meat product using a nitrate-rich vegetable concentrate and a starter culture with intense nitrate reductase activity following the standards for organic products. Results showed that the concentrations of nitrate and nitrite permitted in organic meat products seemed to do not affect meat product quality parameters. In addition, the use of vegetable concentrates rich in nitrate minimize oxidative processes and lead to similar redness in meat products in the same way than additives would do. Besides, these vegetables concentrates are well accepted by consumers. However, especially in cured-cooked products in which the curing reactions take place in a short period of time, a starter culture with intense nitrate reductase activity (Staphylococcus carnosus) is required to reduce nitrate to nitrite quickly. Moreover, the addition of this starter culture causes very low residual nitrate content. In conclusion, these results confirm that the use of vegetable concentrates together with the use of Staphylococcus carnosus in cured meat products are a good strategy as an alternative to additives to produce cured meat products with good quality characteristics.
Palomer, Tarridas Francesc Xavier. "Caracterització i propietats de dues endo-?-(1,4)-glucanases implicades en l'estovament del fruit de maduixa." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/935.
Full textEn maduixa, l'activitat EGasa augmenta durant la maduració, i aquest augment coincideix temporalment amb l'increment d'expressió i acumulació proteica de Cel1 i Cel2. L'expressió superposada de Cel1 i Cel2 en maduixa observada per Northern-blot, podria indicar una certa cooperació d'aquests dos enzims en el metabolisme dels polímers de la paret cel·lular que acompanya a la maduració del fruit. Cel1 en maduixera no s'expressa en teixits diferents del fruit, per tant, es pot afirmar que entre totes les EGases descrites fins ara, i que s'expressen en fruits, Cel1 és la que té el patró d'expressió més específic de maduració. L'acumulació de Cel2 durant el procés de maduració suggereix un paper important d'aquesta EGasa en l'estovament dels fruits. A més, l'expressió de Cel2 en teixits en creixement dóna suport a una participació d'aquest gen en les modificacions de la paret cel·lular que acompanyen el creixement i l'expansió cel·lular.
El punt isoelèctric trobat per Cel1 és de 8'5, molt proper al valor teòric predit a partir de la seqüència. Cel2 en canvi, presenta un punt isoelèctric de 5'0, molt diferent del valor teòric predit. Ambdues proteïnes presenten un senyal consens per la N-glicosilació, però només Cel1 té afinitat per la concanavalina A. Per tant, o bé només Cel1 està realment glicosilada in vivo, o més probablement, Cel1 i Cel2 es conjuguen amb residus glucosídics diferents.
L'eliminació dels aquenis del fruit inicia el procés de maduració de la maduixa, provocant un augment de l'expressió i de l'acumulació proteica de Cel1 i Cel2. Donat que en els aquenis es produeix la síntesi i alliberació d'auxines, es pot afirmar que Cel1 i Cel2 estan sota control negatiu de les auxines. L'aplicació exògena d'etilè en fruits de maduixa no modifica l'expressió de Cel1 i Cel2, indicant que aquesta hormona no intervé en la regulació transcripcional d'aquests gens.
S'ha detectat cinc isoformes amb activitat endoglucanasa en extractes proteics totals de maduixa madura; una isoforma bàsica i quatre isoformes àcides. Mitjançant Western-blot del gel nadiu, s'ha vist que la isoforma de pI bàsic (pI 8'5) es correspon a Cel1, mentre una de les isoformes àcides, de pI 5-5'5, es correspon a la proteïna Cel2.
La sobreexpressió de Cel1 en el llevat Pichia pastoris produeix una proteïna que es troba glicosilada i probablement unida iònicament a la paret cel·lular del llevat. Aquesta proteïna té un pH òptim d'activitat endoglucanasa de 7'5 i ha mostrat afinitat significativa només per substrats amb enllaços ?-(1,4): CMC, xiloglucans i Cel·lulosa CF-11. Per tant, els substrats potencials in vivo per la proteïna Cel1 podrien ser els xiloglucans i/o la cel·lulosa de la paret cel·lular.
La inhibició antisentit de l'expressió de Cel1 en plantes transgèniques de maduixa disminueix clarament l'acumulació de la proteïna i resulta en una reducció parcial de l'activitat endoglucanasa total en fruit madur. Estudis preliminars mostren que això es tradueix només en una lleugera disminució de la textura del fruit. Aquests resultats suggereixen que hi ha altres enzims implicats en l'estovament del fruit que compensen la inhibició de Cel1, o bé que la contribució de Cel1 a l'activitat endoglucanasa total és petita.
No s'han pogut obtenir plantes de maduixa transgèniques antisentit amb expressió reduïda per Cel2. Aquest fet es podria explicar perquè Cel2 és un gen imprescindible per la planta, i per tant, sense la seva expressió les plantes no es poden desenvolupar.
Valencia, Flores Dora Cecilia. "Aplicación de la ultra alta presión de homogenización (UHPH) en la elaboración de licuados vegetales de almendra de alta calidad." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/305099.
Full textIn the last years the almond beverage has experimented an increase on the consume, therefore, the commercialization area has been expanded, almost all around the world. This beverage further than be an alternative to milk for people with lactose intolerance, it is claimed because of its functional qualities that can contribute to reduce or prevent diseases, which are besetting society; this mainly due thanks to the content of the fatty acids, monounsatured and polyunsatured, and the antioxidants just like E vitamin, phenolic compounds and polyamines. This thesis project was focused on the application of an emerging technology, Ultra High Pressure Homogenization (UHPH), in the production of almond beverage. This non-thermal technology consists of a high pressure machine capable of applying pressures of up to 400 MPa using a special homogenizing system designed to produce a conserving effect, improving the colloidal and microbial stability while maintaining good nutritional and sensory qualities. Considering this hypothesis, UHPH could be an alternative technology to those commonly applied in the food industries. For that, a comparative study of UHPH with thermal treatments (pasteurization) was carried out in this work. This investigation has been conducted through four successive studies. The first study was aimed to optimize processing conditions of the elaboration of a base product of almond beverage for being used in subsequent studies. Moreover, influence of the addition of lecithin as an emulsifier in the stability of pasteurized beverage was studied and the most relevant analytical parameters related to the overall quality of the food were analyzed. In the second study, the influence of the UHPH treatments (200 and 300 MPa, 55, 65 and 75 ºC) were evaluated in the almond beverage characteristics, and they were compared with samples treated with convectional pasteurization, UHT and with based crude product. UHPH at 200 MPa 55 and 75 ºC of inlet temperature were revealed as alternative treatments to pasteurization, and 300 MPa 65 y 75ºC as alternative to UHT. The UHPH condition of 300 MPa and 65 and 75ºC inlet temperature was able to produce commercial sterile almond beverages. The third study was the identification of potentially contaminating spoilage microorganisms in treated almond beverage, to evaluate subsequently the lethality produced by UHPH treatments 300 MPa, 55, 65, 75 and 85 °C, in microorganisms with higher resistance to UHPH and most frequently isolated. These microorganisms were Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Lysinibacillus spp. Lethality was complete when treatment was used 300 MPa and 75 and 85°C inlet temperatures. The second part consisted in the shelf-life evaluation of soymilk treated by UHPH using the selected optimal conditions determined in the previous step Finally, with the selected conditions of UHPH treatments (200 MPa, 55 and 75 ºC), was studied the microbiological, physical and chemical quality of the almond beverage during cold storage time and it was compared with pasteurized almond beverage. Monitoring was conducted every 7 days for 3 weeks. During cold storage, almond beverage samples treated by UHPH at both inlet temperatures had generally better characteristics than pasteurized ones.
Sanchez, Sanchez Antonio. "Mejora en la eficacia de los quelatos de hierro sintéticos a través de sustancias húmicas y aminoácidos." Doctoral thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/10120.
Full textIn Spain, as in other Mediterranean countries, iron chlorosis is one of the most important problems in plant nutrition. In East Spain, the approximately 250.000 ha of citrus, the 60.000 ha of tomato or the 35.000 ha of table grape need treatments of iron every year, as well as the 90.000 ha of fruit trees in the Valley of the Ebro river. We estimate the cost of iron fertilizer in 36 millions of euros per year. Although, the study of iron chlorosis started at the beginning of the XX century, 100 years later, this problem is not completely known and the methods available to relieve iron chlorosis are not satisfactory enough. The synthetic iron FeEDDHA has been considered in the last 30 years, the more effective treatment to correct “lime induced chlorosis”, a problem mainly attributed to calcareous soils. However, a main inconvenient is its high price for general use. Humic substances and amino acids have important effects on the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil and on plant growth. Respect to iron uptake by plants, we can find references in the literature that show significant increases in foliar content of iron when these organic compounds are added, and so the plant has less risk of suffering iron deficiency and developing the characteristic symptoms of this nutritional disorder. In this work, we have applied together, and in the same proportion, the iron chelate FeEDDHA with humic substances or amino acids, and we have evaluated the influence of these mixes on the plant nutrition and on the quality of the fruits, in tomato, lemon and grape. According to the results obtained in this experiment, The progressive substitution of the iron chelate by humic substances was assayed. Improvement in iron nutrition, plant growth and protective effects under salinity conditions, were observed as well as the improvement in fruit quality respect to weight, size, vitamin C and citric acid.
Plaza, Rojas Patricia Macarena. "Uso de Physcomitrella patens como herramienta para el estudio de la autofagia en plantas." Bachelor's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11086/5165.
Full textLos organismos eucariotas han desarrollado mecanismos sofisticados para reciclar constituyentes intracelulares bajo condiciones de estrés biótico o abiótico. Uno de estos procesos incluye a la autofagia. Existen dos tipos de autofagia en plantas: 1) microautofagia, donde ocurre el secuestro de citoplasma por invaginación de la membrana de la vacuola/lisosoma y 2) macroautofagia, que involucra el secuestro de constituyentes citoplasmáticos, incluyendo mitocondrias, retículo endoplasmático y ribosomas, mediante la fusión e invaginación de formas de membranas aisladas, dando lugar a estructuras vesiculares de doble o multimembranas, conocidas como autofagosomas. La macroautofagia (de aquí en más la llamaremos autofagia) es la principal vía autofágica descripta en plantas. Estudios genómicos y de mutagénesis han permitido la identificación de varios genes de autofagia (ATG, Autophagy Genes), requeridos para la formación del autofagosoma y que se encuentran altamente conservados en levaduras, animales y plantas. Las dificultades que supone la obtención de plantas transgénicas completas y la baja disponibilidad de mutantes de soja (Glycine Max) que impiden el análisis de genómica funcional en tejidos verdes, plantea la necesidad de abordar el estudio de este proceso en otros organismos modelo como el musgo Physcomitrella patens, para posteriormente transferir estos conocimientos a plantas superiores de interés económico como G. max. En este trabajo se abordó desde un punto de vista bioquímico-molecular, celular y fisiológico la función de genes clave relacionados a la autofagia bajo diferentes relaciones carbono/nitrógeno y condiciones de estrés oxidativo, generadores de senescencia, en el musgo P. patens. Se ha podido comprobar que por su alto grado de conservación genética en la respuesta frente a factores abióticos, bióticos y hormonales; su posición filogenética basal en la escala evolutiva, su alta frecuencia de recombinación homóloga, su simplicidad morfológica y manejo en el laboratorio, Physcomitrella patens es un organismo potencial para investigar el proceso de autofagia en plantas.