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1
Ross, S. M., and D. C. Malcolm. "Modelling nutrient mobilisation in intensively mixed peaty heathland soil." Plant and Soil 107, no. 1 (March 1988): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02371552.
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Bou, Marta, Xinxia Wang, Marijana Todorčević, Tone-Kari Knutsdatter Østbye, Jacob Torgersen, and Bente Ruyter. "Lipid Deposition and Mobilisation in Atlantic Salmon Adipocytes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7 (March 27, 2020): 2332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072332.
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The present study aimed to elucidate how Atlantic salmon adipocytes pre-enriched with palmitic (16:0, PA), oleic (18:1n−9, OA), or eicosapentaenoic (20:5n−3, EPA) acid respond to a fasting condition mimicked by nutrient deprivation and glucagon. All experimental groups were supplemented with radiolabeled PA to trace secreted lipids and distribution of radioactivity in different lipid classes. There was a higher content of intracellular lipid droplets in adipocytes pre-enriched with OA than in adipocytes pre-enriched with PA or EPA. In the EPA group, the radiolabeled PA was mainly esterified in phospholipids and triacylglycerols, whereas in the OA and PA groups, the radioactivity was mainly recovered in phospholipids and cholesterol-ester. By subjecting the experimental groups to nutrient-deprived media supplemented with glucagon, lipolysis occurred in all groups, although to a lower extent in the OA group. The lipids were mainly secreted as esterified lipids in triacylglycerols and phospholipids, indicating mobilization in lipoproteins. A significant proportion was secreted as free fatty acids and glycerol. Leptin secretion was reduced in all experimental groups in response to fasting, while the mitochondria area responded to changes in the energy supply and demand by increasing after 3 h of fasting. Overall, different lipid classes in adipocytes influenced their mobilization during fasting.
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Meney, KA, JS Pate, and KW Dixon. "Phenology of Growth and Resource Deployment in Alexgeorgea nitens (Nees) Johnson and Briggs (Restionaceae), a Clonal Species From South-Western Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 38, no. 6 (1990): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900543.
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Seasonal patterns are described for growth and partitioning of dry matter and selected nutrients between different age classes and types of plant organs of ramets of non-reproductive, presumed female clones of Alexgeorgea nitens in native sandplain habitat at Eneabba, south-western Western Australia. New rhizome extension and associated production of new culms and nodal roots are initiated following onset of rain in autumn. Rate of growth of these parts remains slow through winter, peaks in spring and early summer and then becomes much reduced in the hot, dry summer. The bulk (87%) of the season's dry matter increment of new ramet parts is estimated to be derived from current photosynthesis, the remaining 13% by mobilisation of dry matter from older parts of the ramet, especially from 1- and 2-yearold culms. Growth of new organs is severely reduced by removal or shading of culms at the beginning of the season. Older culms and rhizomes carry substantial starch reserves, but mobilisation of this reserve accounts for 2% at most of the dry matter gain of new organs of intact ramets, 19% of that of shaded and 65% of detopped ramets. A substantial fraction of the starch pool of a rhizome segment normally remains until its senescence, possibly as a long-term energy reserve, utilisable after destruction of above-ground parts by fire or grazing. Concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in organ dry matter of A. nitens are generally very low in comparison with species other than those Cyperaceae or Restionaceae from similar habitats. There is no evidence of preferential storage in below-ground parts, and efficiencies of emptying of nutrient reserves from senescing ramet parts are not high. Mobilisation from older source organs of ramets of intact, unstressed clones is estimated to provide 14% of the new organ's seasonal gain of P, 16% of Mg, 21% of Ca, 22% of N and 58% of K. Annual factorial increases of a ramet in the studied nutrient elements range from 1.3 (for K) to 2.4 (for P), indicating flexibility in exploiting sources of different nutrients as their respective availabilities change from season to season.
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Sapek, Andrzej, Barbara Sapek, Slawomir Chrzanowski, and Marek Urbaniak. "Nutrient mobilisation and losses related to the groundwater level in low peat soils." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 37, no. 4 (2009): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2009.026057.
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Viney, N. R., M. Sivapalan, and D. Deeley. "A conceptual model of nutrient mobilisation and transport applicable at large catchment scales." Journal of Hydrology 240, no. 1-2 (December 2000): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(00)00320-6.
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Nwachukwu, C. U. "Review article: Nutritional effects on fetal development during gestation in ruminants." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 2 (December 17, 2020): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i2.184.
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Intrauterine growth retardation is a massive problem in animal production as it influencesthe body composition, carcass quality, and impairs health. This condition can lead to areduction in neonatal survival, growth, feed efficiency utilisation, and future production bythe animals. Pregnancy may negatively influence maternal nutritional status because ofincreased uteroplacental blood flow, nutrient mobilisation, and transfer of nutrients from thedam to the fetus. The critical factor for fetal survival and health is an adequate nutrient andoxygen supply to the dam during gestation. This ability is dependent on her nutritionalsupply, body size, body composition, and metabolism during pregnancy. The placenta is aunique organ of reproduction that helps in the exchange of nutrients, respiratory gases andexcretory waste between the mother and offspring. Maternal nutrition restriction inembryonic, placenta and fetal stages of pregnancy can result in metabolic compromise,cardiovascular, renal and adipose tissue dysfunction. The major effects of nutritionalchallenges on fetoplacental growth and development appear to occur when the placenta israpidly developing. Poor nutrition caused by inadequate, excess or imbalanced nutrientintake has been shown to adversely affect subsequent reproductive performance (delayedpuberty, luteal inadequacy, reduced follicular reserve, reduced ovulation, and conceptionrates). Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals and vitamins are key components in animalfeeds that are required for a daily maintenance diet. Amino acids serve as building blocks forproteins and essential precursors for the synthesis of different physiologicalmolecules–hormones, neurotransmitters, nitric oxide, creatine, glutathione, carnitine, andpolyamines.
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Hua, Q. X., J. M. Zhou, H. Y. Wang, C. W. Du, X. Q. Chen, and J. Y. Li. "Effects of modified clinoptilolite on phosphorus mobilisation and potassium or ammonium release in Ferrosols." Soil Research 44, no. 3 (2006): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr05118.
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An investigation was conducted to study effects of the potassium and ammonium saturated clinoptilolite on P availability in Ferrosols. The adsorption and desorption of phosphorus were determined by shaking 2.5 g soil with 0, 0.5, and 2.5 g clinoptilolite at 0.31 or 1.25 mg P/g soil in 50 mL solution for a total of 72 h (24 h for clinoptilolite and 48 h for phosphate). The nutrient concentrations in supernatants were measured by spectrophotometry. Results showed phosphorus solubility was significantly increased with clinoptilolite addition. Increasing the amount of clinoptilolite enhanced the concentration of P up to 6.85 and 41.29 mg/L at 0.31 and 1.25 mg P/g soil, respectively. Correspondingly, the amount of potassium and ammonium released from the clinoptilolite were up to 63.69 and 12.20 mg/L at 0.31 mg P/g soil, and 107.42 and 29.94 mg/L at 1.25 mg P/g soil. Nutrient concentrations in the treatments in which clinoptilolite was added before P were greater than that in the treatments in which P was added prior to clinoptilolite. The results also suggest that potassium and ammonium saturated clinoptilolite can increase P solubility while providing K and NH4 to the soil, a concurrent positive effect for plant growth.
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Khademi, Z., D. L. Jones, M. J. Malakouti, F. Asadi, and M. Ardebili. "Organic acid mediated nutrient extraction efficiency in three calcareous soils." Soil Research 47, no. 2 (2009): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07179.
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This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of organic acids on the concentrations of metals and anions in soil solution. Three soils with contrasting CaCO3 contents were extracted with organic acid solutions (citrate and oxalate) of different concentrations for different time periods and analysed for Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, P, and Ca. The soils showed a significant change after the addition of the organic acids to the soil. The mobilisation of metals from the solid phase was dependent on concentration and ionic form of organic acid. High concentrations of citric acid were more effective than oxalate in mobilising Ca, Fe, Mn, and Zn. Overall; oxalate was slightly more effective than citrate in mobilising P. Generally, the higher the organic acid concentration of the extractant solution, the greater was the amount of elements extracted from the soil. Citrate tended to be more effective than oxalate at mobilising elements from the soil. All pH changes were dependent on organic acid concentration.
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Bende-Michl, Ulrike, Kirsten Verburg, and Hamish P. Cresswell. "High-frequency nutrient monitoring to infer seasonal patterns in catchment source availability, mobilisation and delivery." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 185, no. 11 (June 11, 2013): 9191–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3246-8.
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Vidal-Durà, Andrea, Ian T. Burke, Douglas I. Stewart, and Robert J. G. Mortimer. "Reoxidation of estuarine sediments during simulated resuspension events: Effects on nutrient and trace metal mobilisation." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 207 (July 2018): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.03.024.
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Mullan, B. P., and W. H. Close. "The effect of dietary Intake and litter size on the productivity of first-litter sows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (March 1989): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600010862.
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The partition of nutrients during lactation, In particular the extent to which body reserves are utilised to support milk production, is important in determining the reproductive performance of sows. For example, if the mobilisation of body reserves by young sows during lactation is excessive then the Interval between weaning and re-mating may be extended. The aim of this present experiment was to manipulate the use of body reserves by sows during their first lactation by altering both feed Intake and suckling intensity (litter size) in an attempt to investigate how the dynamics of nutrient metabolism during lactation may influence reproductive function.In a 2 X 2 factorial experiment, 28 Landrace x Large White gilts were fed a diet containing 12.5 MJ DE and 156 g CP per kg either to appetite (H) or 3.0 kg/day (L) with litter size adjusted to either 6 (6) or 12 (12) piglets at each feeding level for a 21-day lactation..
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Rehman, Niyas, and Jishy Varghese. "Larval nutrition influences adult fat stores and starvation resistance in Drosophila." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): e0247175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247175.
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Insulin plays a major role in connecting nutrient availability to energy homeostasis by regulating metabolic pathways. Defects in insulin signalling is the primary cause for diabetes, obesity and various metabolic disorders. Nutritional status during growth and developmental stages play a crucial role in determining adult size, fecundity and ageing. However, the association between developmental nutrition and adult metabolic disorders has not been fully explored. Here, we address the effects of nutrient status during the larval growth phase on adult metabolism in Drosophila. We report that restricted food supply in larvae led to higher fat reserves and starvation resistance in mature adult flies, which we attribute to low insulin signalling. A lesser amount of stored fat was mobilised during early adult stages and during acute starvation, which accounts for the metabolic effects. Furthermore, larval diet influenced the expression of fat mobilisation genes brummer and lipid storage droplet-2 in adult flies, which led to the metabolic phenotypes reported here. Thus, the restricted nutrient environment in developing larvae led to adaptive changes that entrain the adult flies for scarce food availability.
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Diaz-Baena, Mercedes, Elena Delgado-García, Manuel Pineda, Gregorio Galvez-Valdivieso, and Pedro Piedras. "S-Like Ribonuclease T2 Genes Are Induced during Mobilisation of Nutrients in Cotyledons from Common Bean." Agronomy 11, no. 3 (March 6, 2021): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030490.
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Germination and seedling development are crucial phases in a plant’s life cycle with economical and agronomical implications. The RNA quality in seeds is linked to seed viability, being an important agronomic trait since this leads to a loss in germination efficiency. In addition, RNA can be an important phosphorous reservoir in seeds, affecting the efficiency of the mobilisation of nutrients towards the seedlings. However, knowledge about the physiological function of ribonucleases during germination and seedling development is scarce. We analysed the ribonuclease activities of cotyledons during these processes and the expression of S-like ribonucleases T2. Ribonuclease activity was detected in cotyledons at 1 day after imbibition and the specific activity increased during germination and seedling development, reaching a maximal value at 10 days after imbibition. At this stage, the levels of proteins and RNA in cotyledons were very low. Using in-gel assays, three ribonucleases were detected with apparent molecular masses of 16, 17 and 19 kDa along cotyledon ontogeny. The S-like ribonucleases T2 family consists of four genes in common bean (PvRNS1 to PvRNS4). The expression of PvRNS1, PvRNS2 and PvRNS4 increased in the phase of nutrient mobilisation in cotyledons. The expression of PvRNS1 increased 1000 fold in cotyledons, from 1 to 6 days after imbibition. The suppression of the induction of ribonuclease activity and gene expression in decapitated seedlings suggests that the regulatory signal comes from the developing axes. These results clearly state that S-like ribonucleases T2 are involved in RNA turnover in cotyledons during seedling development.
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Hawke, David J., and Leo M. Condron. "Mobilisation of recalcitrant soil nutrient fractions supports foliar nitrogen to phosphorus homeostasis in a seabird soil." Plant and Soil 385, no. 1-2 (August 6, 2014): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2228-0.
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Petan, Toni, Eva Jarc, and Maida Jusović. "Lipid Droplets in Cancer: Guardians of Fat in a Stressful World." Molecules 23, no. 8 (August 3, 2018): 1941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081941.
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Cancer cells possess remarkable abilities to adapt to adverse environmental conditions. Their survival during severe nutrient and oxidative stress depends on their capacity to acquire extracellular lipids and the plasticity of their mechanisms for intracellular lipid synthesis, mobilisation, and recycling. Lipid droplets, cytosolic fat storage organelles present in most cells from yeast to men, are emerging as major regulators of lipid metabolism, trafficking, and signalling in various cells and tissues exposed to stress. Their biogenesis is induced by nutrient and oxidative stress and they accumulate in various cancers. Lipid droplets act as switches that coordinate lipid trafficking and consumption for different purposes in the cell, such as energy production, protection against oxidative stress or membrane biogenesis during rapid cell growth. They sequester toxic lipids, such as fatty acids, cholesterol and ceramides, thereby preventing lipotoxic cell damage and engage in a complex relationship with autophagy. Here, we focus on the emerging mechanisms of stress-induced lipid droplet biogenesis; their roles during nutrient, lipotoxic, and oxidative stress; and the relationship between lipid droplets and autophagy. The recently discovered principles of lipid droplet biology can improve our understanding of the mechanisms that govern cancer cell adaptability and resilience to stress.
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Cao, Xiaoyan, He Wang, Min Lu, Chengfeng Ge, Limin Zhou, and Guipeng Yang. "Evaluation study for phosphorus mobilisation-release behaviour on different marine sediments: focus on phosphate sorption characteristics." Environmental Chemistry 16, no. 3 (2019): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en18176.
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Environmental contextPhosphorus is a key nutrient element associated with eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. We studied phosphate sorption processes, which play a key role in phosphorus cycling, in sediments collected from 23 sites including estuary, coastal sea and aquaculture areas in China. The results show the influence of sediment type on phosphorus buffering capacity and allow better interpretation of phosphorus migration in aquatic ecosystems. AbstractPhosphorus is well known as an important nutrient element associated with eutrophication in the marine ecosystem, and its sorption on sediments plays a key role in its immobilisation in the bio-geochemical cycle. In this paper, the sorption behaviour of phosphorus onto sediments collected from 23 different sites in estuary, coastal sea and aquaculture areas of China was studied. The main aim is to determine the phosphorus sorption characteristics of these sediments thereby assessing their phosphorus buffering capacities. Both kinetic and equilibrium isotherms of the sorption and desorption of phosphorus were assessed. The resultant sorption and desorption kinetic curves fit well to a two-compartment first-order equation. The equilibration time was considered as 48h. The isotherms agreed well with the Freundlich and Langmuir equations. The hysteresis coefficient values showed an obvious sorption-desorption hysteresis. Decreasing salinity was favourable for the sorption ability in the range from 30 to 3. The mean values of the phosphorus sorption-desorption equilibrium concentration and the maximum phosphorus sorption capacity were 0.098mgL−1 and 0.086mgg−1 for sediments in the Changjiang Estuary and East China Sea shelf, and 0.138mgL−1 and 0.067mgg−1 for the sediments in the aquaculture area. The fractions of clay, calcite and organic matter influenced the sorption and retention abilities and the effects were different for sediments obtained from different origins.
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Adams, N. R., and S. M. Liu. "Principles of nutrient partitioning for wool, growth and reproduction: implications for nematode parasitism." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 12 (2003): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03007.
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The capacity of sheep to withstand and repel intestinal parasites is a neglected component of effective parasite control. The immune response is strongly influenced by the nutritional status of the sheep. However, we are unable take advantage of this to develop effective control programs because we have neither an adequate understanding nor appropriate quantitative data on the impacts of protein and energy on sheep nutrition. This paper reviews some aspects of current knowledge about the impact on immune responsiveness of nutrient flows within the animal as well as hormonal partitioning mechanisms, and assesses research needs in this area. The availability of nutrients to the immune response in the gut is determined by the supply of nutrients to the sheep from both feed intake and body reserves, and the demands of other physiological processes such as growth, wool growth, pregnancy or lactation. Hormones coordinate nutrient flow among these processes. Breakdowns in immunity appear most severe when animals are faced with a demand for growth or lactation, but no single partitioning mechanism can explain all the observations in the field. Therefore, it is unrealistic to seek to establish a hierarchy of partitioning priorities. Protein appears to have a greater impact on immune responsiveness to parasites than energy. However, energy affects the availability of amino acids through a number of mechanisms including protein deposition and mobilisation, so protein supply cannot be considered in isolation. It is appealing to believe that specific limiting nutrients such as sulfur amino acids might explain the relationship between susceptibility to parasites and wool growth, but the experimental evidence for this view is still inconclusive. Rather, it appears that the total flow of nutrients from feed intake and body reserves is more important than specific partitioning mechanisms, or specific limiting nutrients. The potential conflict between role of the gut as a source of mobilisable protein reserves, and the need for protein in the gut to develop local immune responses, need to be explored experimentally. Practical applications of nutritional knowledge are likely to come through improved timing of management procedures rather than better supplements, which are rarely economic. The conclusions outline a number of research questions that must be answered before we can develop programs that integrate immune competence with drenching and other procedures in a holistic way.
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Finlay, Roger D., Shahid Mahmood, Nicholas Rosenstock, Emile B. Bolou-Bi, Stephan J. Köhler, Zaenab Fahad, Anna Rosling, et al. "Reviews and syntheses: Biological weathering and its consequences at different spatial levels – from nanoscale to global scale." Biogeosciences 17, no. 6 (March 25, 2020): 1507–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1507-2020.
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Abstract. Plant nutrients can be recycled through microbial decomposition of organic matter but replacement of base cations and phosphorus, lost through harvesting of biomass/biofuels or leaching, requires de novo supply of fresh nutrients released through weathering of soil parent material (minerals and rocks). Weathering involves physical and chemical processes that are modified by biological activity of plants, microorganisms and animals. This article reviews recent progress made in understanding biological processes contributing to weathering. A perspective of increasing spatial scale is adopted, examining the consequences of biological activity for weathering from nanoscale interactions, through in vitro and in planta microcosm and mesocosm studies, to field experiments, and finally ecosystem and global level effects. The topics discussed include the physical alteration of minerals and mineral surfaces; the composition, amounts, chemical properties, and effects of plant and microbial secretions; and the role of carbon flow (including stabilisation and sequestration of C in organic and inorganic forms). Although the predominant focus is on the effects of fungi in forest ecosystems, the properties of biofilms, including bacterial interactions, are also discussed. The implications of these biological processes for modelling are discussed, and we attempt to identify some key questions and knowledge gaps, as well as experimental approaches and areas of research in which future studies are likely to yield useful results. A particular focus of this article is to improve the representation of the ways in which biological processes complement physical and chemical processes that mobilise mineral elements, making them available for plant uptake. This is necessary to produce better estimates of weathering that are required for sustainable management of forests in a post-fossil-fuel economy. While there are abundant examples of nanometre- and micrometre-scale physical interactions between microorganisms and different minerals, opinion appears to be divided with respect to the quantitative significance of these observations for overall weathering. Numerous in vitro experiments and microcosm studies involving plants and their associated microorganisms suggest that the allocation of plant-derived carbon, mineral dissolution and plant nutrient status are tightly coupled, but there is still disagreement about the extent to which these processes contribute to field-scale observations. Apart from providing dynamically responsive pathways for the allocation of plant-derived carbon to power dissolution of minerals, mycorrhizal mycelia provide conduits for the long-distance transportation of weathering products back to plants that are also quantitatively significant sinks for released nutrients. These mycelial pathways bridge heterogeneous substrates, reducing the influence of local variation in C:N ratios. The production of polysaccharide matrices by biofilms of interacting bacteria and/or fungi at interfaces with mineral surfaces and roots influences patterns of production of antibiotics and quorum sensing molecules, with concomitant effects on microbial community structure, and the qualitative and quantitative composition of mineral-solubilising compounds and weathering products. Patterns of carbon allocation and nutrient mobilisation from both organic and inorganic substrates have been studied at larger spatial and temporal scales, including both ecosystem and global levels, and there is a generally wider degree of acceptance of the “systemic” effects of microorganisms on patterns of nutrient mobilisation. Theories about the evolutionary development of weathering processes have been advanced but there is still a lack of information connecting processes at different spatial scales. Detailed studies of the liquid chemistry of local weathering sites at the micrometre scale, together with upscaling to soil-scale dissolution rates, are advocated, as well as new approaches involving stable isotopes.
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Liu, Shuci, Dongryeol Ryu, J. Angus Webb, Anna Lintern, Danlu Guo, David Waters, and Andrew W. Western. "A Bayesian approach to understanding the key factors influencing temporal variability in stream water quality – a case study in the Great Barrier Reef catchments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 2663–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2663-2021.
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Abstract. Stream water quality is highly variable both across space and time. Water quality monitoring programmes have collected a large amount of data that provide a good basis for investigating the key drivers of spatial and temporal variability. Event-based water quality monitoring data in the Great Barrier Reef catchments in northern Australia provide an opportunity to further our understanding of water quality dynamics in subtropical and tropical regions. This study investigated nine water quality constituents, including sediments, nutrients and salinity, with the aim of (1) identifying the influential environmental drivers of temporal variation in flow event concentrations and (2) developing a modelling framework to predict the temporal variation in water quality at multiple sites simultaneously. This study used a hierarchical Bayesian model averaging framework to explore the relationship between event concentration and catchment-scale environmental variables (e.g. runoff, rainfall and groundcover conditions). Key factors affecting the temporal changes in water quality varied among constituent concentrations and between catchments. Catchment rainfall and runoff affected in-stream particulate constituents, while catchment wetness and vegetation cover had more impact on dissolved nutrient concentration and salinity. In addition, in large dry catchments, antecedent catchment soil moisture and vegetation had a large influence on dissolved nutrients, which highlights the important effect of catchment hydrological connectivity on pollutant mobilisation and delivery.
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Jacomin, Anne-Claire, Raksha Gohel, Zunoon Hussain, Agnes Varga, Tamas Maruzs, Mark Eddison, Margaux Sica, et al. "Degradation of arouser by endosomal microautophagy is essential for adaptation to starvation in Drosophila." Life Science Alliance 4, no. 2 (December 14, 2020): e202000965. http://dx.doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202000965.
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Hunger drives food-seeking behaviour and controls adaptation of organisms to nutrient availability and energy stores. Lipids constitute an essential source of energy in the cell that can be mobilised during fasting by autophagy. Selective degradation of proteins by autophagy is made possible essentially by the presence of LIR and KFERQ-like motifs. Using in silico screening of Drosophila proteins that contain KFERQ-like motifs, we identified and characterized the adaptor protein Arouser, which functions to regulate fat storage and mobilisation and is essential during periods of food deprivation. We show that hypomorphic arouser mutants are not satiated, are more sensitive to food deprivation, and are more aggressive, suggesting an essential role for Arouser in the coordination of metabolism and food-related behaviour. Our analysis shows that Arouser functions in the fat body through nutrient-related signalling pathways and is degraded by endosomal microautophagy. Arouser degradation occurs during feeding conditions, whereas its stabilisation during non-feeding periods is essential for resistance to starvation and survival. In summary, our data describe a novel role for endosomal microautophagy in energy homeostasis, by the degradation of the signalling regulatory protein Arouser.
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Huebsch, M., O. Fenton, B. Horan, D. Hennessy, K. G. Richards, P. Jordan, N. Goldscheider, C. Butscher, and P. Blum. "Mobilisation or dilution? Nitrate response of karst springs to high rainfall events." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 11 (November 5, 2014): 4423–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4423-2014.
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Abstract. Nitrate (NO3−) contamination of groundwater associated with agronomic activity is of major concern in many countries. Where agriculture, thin free draining soils and karst aquifers coincide, groundwater is highly vulnerable to nitrate contamination. As residence times and denitrification potential in such systems are typically low, nitrate can discharge to surface waters unabated. However, such systems also react quickest to agricultural management changes that aim to improve water quality. In response to storm events, nitrate concentrations can alter significantly, i.e. rapidly decreasing or increasing concentrations. The current study examines the response of a specific karst spring situated on a grassland farm in South Ireland to rainfall events utilising high-resolution nitrate and discharge data together with on-farm borehole groundwater fluctuation data. Specifically, the objectives of the study are to formulate a scientific hypothesis of possible scenarios relating to nitrate responses during storm events, and to verify this hypothesis using additional case studies from the literature. This elucidates the controlling key factors that lead to mobilisation and/or dilution of nitrate concentrations during storm events. These were land use, hydrological condition and karstification, which in combination can lead to differential responses of mobilised and/or diluted nitrate concentrations. Furthermore, the results indicate that nitrate response in karst is strongly dependent on nutrient source, whether mobilisation and/or dilution occur and on the pathway taken. This will have consequences for the delivery of nitrate to a surface water receptor. The current study improves our understanding of nitrate responses in karst systems and therefore can guide environmental modellers, policy makers and drinking water managers with respect to the regulations of the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD). In future, more research should focus on the high-resolution monitoring of karst aquifers to capture the high variability of hydrochemical processes, which occur at time intervals of hours to days.
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Huebsch, M., O. Fenton, B. Horan, D. Hennessy, K. G. Richards, P. Jordan, N. Goldscheider, C. Butscher, and P. Blum. "Mobilisation or dilution? Nitrate response of karst springs to high rainfall events." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 4 (April 11, 2014): 4131–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-4131-2014.
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Abstract. Nitrate (NO3-) contamination of groundwater associated with agronomic activity is of major concern in many countries. Where agriculture, thin free draining soils and karst aquifers coincide, groundwater is highly vulnerable to nitrate contamination. As residence times and denitrification potential in such systems are typically low, nitrate can discharge to surface waters unabated. However, such systems also react quickest to agricultural management changes that aim to improve water quality. In response to storm events, nitrate concentrations can alter significantly, i.e., rapidly decreasing or increasing concentrations. The current study examines the response of a specific karst spring situated on a grassland farm in south Ireland to rainfall events utilising high-resolution nitrate and discharge data together with on-farm borehole groundwater fluctuation data. Specifically, the objectives of the study are to formulate a scientific hypothesis of possible scenarios relating to nitrate responses during storm events, and to verify this hypothesis using additional case studies from the literature. This elucidates the controlling key factors that lead to mobilisation and/or dilution of nitrate concentrations during storm events. These were land use, hydrological condition and karstification, which in combination can lead to differential responses of mobilised and/or diluted nitrate concentrations. Furthermore, the results indicate that nitrate response in karst is strongly dependent on nutrient source, whether mobilisation and/or dilution occur and the pathway taken. This will have consequences for the delivery of nitrate to a surface water receptor. The current study improves our understanding of nitrate responses in karst systems and therefore can guide environmental modellers, policy makers and drinking water managers with respect to the regulations of the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD). In future, more research should focus on high resolution monitoring of karst aquifers to capture the high variability of hydrochemical processes, which occur at time intervals of hours to days.
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Mathers, Nicole J., and David M. Nash. "Effects of tillage practices on soil and water phosphorus and nitrogen fractions in a Chromosol at Rutherglen in Victoria, Australia." Soil Research 47, no. 1 (2009): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr08106.
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Phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) exports from cropping areas can be greater than those from uncropped areas. Conservation farming methods, involving minimal tillage and full stubble retention, offer significant benefits to grain cropping, but may increase nutrient concentrations in surface (i.e. 0–20 mm) soils, resulting in increased risks of nutrient mobilisation and loss. The effects of tillage and stubble management on soil nutrients that are potentially mobilised into runoff from a long-term trial site at Rutherglen (established in 1981) were investigated. On 2 different sampling dates (February and August 2006) soils from the 0–20, 20–50, and 50–150 mm depths were collected from 3 treatments: conventional cultivation with stubble burning (CCb); direct drill with stubble burning (DDb); and direct drill with stubble retained (DDr). In 2004, the trial was sown with wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Dollarbird), followed by faba beans in 2005 (Vicia faba L.) and wheat again in 2006. In August 2006, a rainfall simulation experiment was also conducted on these sites. All nutrient concentrations decreased with depth to 150 mm in all treatments, when both sampling dates were analysed together. This indicated that soil nutrient stratification was occurring in all 3 treatments. The CCb treatment only displayed differences between the 0–20 and 20–50 mm depths for soil organic C and ammonium-N. DDr significantly increased some nutrient concentrations in the 0–20 mm soil depth compared with the CCb treatment, including CaCl2-extractable P (0.76 and 0.50 mg/kg, for DDr and CCb, respectively), total N (1.23 and 1.00 g/kg, for DDr and CCb, respectively), and nitrate-N (12.6 and 8.63 mg/kg, for DDr and CCb, respectively), while the ammonium-N concentration was greater under CCb (9.71 mg/kg) than DDr (6.46 mg/kg). Being water-soluble, CaCl2-extractable P and nitrate-N are more likely be mobilised into streams from the 0–20 mm depth, where they are highly bioavailable and may contribute to increased eutrophication. Direct drilling with stubble retention contributed a greater proportion of particulate P and N to TP (Total P) and TN (Total N) in surface runoff than either of the burnt systems. Particulate P accounted for 75%, 67%, and 83% of TP in surface runoff from the CCb, DDb, and DDr treatments, respectively. However, the highly bioavailable dissolved reactive P (DRP) was the dominant form of dissolved P, with concentrations exceeding the recommended guidelines of 0.05 mg P/L in the lowlands of south-east Australia. Total N (0.44, 0.68, and 0.73 mg N/L for DDr, DDb, and CCb, respectively) in surface runoff was dominated by nitrate-N and also exceeded current Australian guidelines of 0.5 mg N/L, except for TN from the DDr treatment. These results would indicate that P, particularly the non-dominant but highly bioavailable form of DRP, exported from these systems is more likely to adversely affect catchment water quality than N exports. The increase in surface runoff volumes and nutrient loads from the CCb treatment observed in this study indicate that DDr systems have increased soil infiltration properties and retained nutrients within the soil–plant system. Therefore, direct drilling with stubble retention in the high rainfall zone cropping areas of north-east Victoria is more likely to retain nutrients on-site and improve soil fertility than burning stubble and cultivating the soil.
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Zapata, Christophe, Eliane Deléens, Sylvain Chaillou, and Christian Magné. "Mobilisation and distribution of starch and total N in two grapevine cultivars differing in their susceptibility to shedding." Functional Plant Biology 31, no. 11 (2004): 1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp04028.
Full textAbstract:
As a part of a project aimed at elucidating the causal relationship between reserve mobilisation and the extent of shedding in Vitis vinifera L., we compared storage and fate of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) reserves in two varieties differing in their susceptibility to fruitlet abscission. Merlot (susceptible) and Pinot Noir (P. Noir, not susceptible) vines were grown in trenches under semi-controlled conditions over a 3-y period after planting. Mobilisation of stored C and N, distribution of reserve materials within the vines and 15N uptake were followed particularly during the spring growth flush and floral development in the third year. At dormancy, starch levels in the perennial tissues (roots, trunk, canes) were higher in Merlot than in P. Noir. During the spring growth flush, starch level decreased markedly in the roots of both cultivars until early bloom. At that time, starch started to accumulate in P. Noir but not in Merlot. Similar variations were found with total N. Accordingly, 15N analysis showed that translocation of storage N to the annual tissues was nearly achieved at early bloom in P. Noir while it continued until pea berry size in Merlot. In parallel, N uptake increased during the spring growth flush, and it was higher in P. Noir than in Merlot. These results indicate that transition between heterotrophic (root) and autotrophic (leaf) mode of nutrient allocation towards the developing inflorescences occurs earlier in P. Noir. Possible consequences are discussed in relation to the susceptibility of each cultivar to shedding.
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Gill, B. P., S. McCone, G. E. Onibi, S. Peatfield, and K. Gall. "Effect of inclusion rate and withdrawal of full-fat rapeseed on the performance and carcass fatty acid profile of finishing pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200590371.
Full textAbstract:
Full-fat rapeseed (FFR) is a nutrient rich product (containing about 400 g/kg oil and 180 g/kg ideal protein) and is used in pig diets at low inclusion rates (5 to 10%) as an energy supplement. Progress in the development of rapeseed varieties with lower levels of antinutrients and recent changes in subsidy payment have promoted interest in increased feeding of whole milled rapeseed to pigs. At higher levels of dietary inclusion, this may result in the problem of fat softness in the carcass as rapeseed oil contains high levels (32 g/100 g) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). However, this may be avoided by early withdrawal of FFR from the diet to allow mobilisation of PUFAs from body fat before slaughter. The aim was to evaluate the effect of inclusion rate and withdrawal of FFR on the performance and carcass fatty acid profile of finishing pigs.
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Gill, B. P., S. McCone, G. E. Onibi, S. Peatfield, and K. Gall. "Effect of inclusion rate and withdrawal of full-fat rapeseed on the performance and carcass fatty acid profile of finishing pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600028087.
Full textAbstract:
Full-fat rapeseed (FFR) is a nutrient rich product (containing about 400 g/kg oil and 180 g/kg ideal protein) and is used in pig diets at low inclusion rates (5 to 10%) as an energy supplement. Progress in the development of rapeseed varieties with lower levels of antinutrients and recent changes in subsidy payment have promoted interest in increased feeding of whole milled rapeseed to pigs. At higher levels of dietary inclusion, this may result in the problem of fat softness in the carcass as rapeseed oil contains high levels (32 g/100 g) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). However, this may be avoided by early withdrawal of FFR from the diet to allow mobilisation of PUFAs from body fat before slaughter. The aim was to evaluate the effect of inclusion rate and withdrawal of FFR on the performance and carcass fatty acid profile of finishing pigs.
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Fekete, S., and D. Brown. "Veterinary aspects and perspectives of nutrigenomics: A critical review." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 55, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.55.2007.2.9.
Full textAbstract:
Nutrigenomics examines nutrient-gene interactions on a genome-wide scale. Increased dietary fat or higher non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) from starvation-induced mobilisation may enhance hepatic oxidation and decrease esterification of fatty acids by reducing the expression of the fatty acid synthase gene. The key factors are the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Dietary carbohydrates — both independently and through insulin effect — influence the transcription of the fatty acid synthase gene. Oleic acid or n-3 fatty acids down-regulate the expression of leptin, fatty acid synthase and lipoprotein lipase in retroperitoneal adipose tissue. Protein-rich diets entail a shortage of mRNA necessary for expression of the fatty acid synthase gene in the adipocytes. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are activators of PPAR and also induce apoptosis in adipocytes. Altered rumen microflora produces CLAs that are efficient inhibitors of milk fat synthesis in the mammary gland (‘biohydrogenation theory’). Oral zinc or cadmium application enhances transcription rate in the metallothionein gene. Supplemental CLA in pig diets was found to decrease feed intake and body fat by activating PPARγ-responsive genes in the adipose tissue. To prevent obesity and type II diabetes, the direct modulation of gene expression by nutrients is also possible. Nutrigenomics may help in the early diagnosis of genetically determined metabolic disorders and in designing individualised diets for companion animals.
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Bruckmaier, R. M., and J. J. Gross. "Lactational challenges in transition dairy cows." Animal Production Science 57, no. 7 (2017): 1471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16657.
Full textAbstract:
Lactation evolved to be the core functional system of providing maternal care in mammalian species. The mammary gland provides an ideally composed nutrient source for the newborn. In addition, colostrum provides passive immunisation after birth, and each suckling process supports the establishment and maintenance of a close mother–offspring bonding. The importance of lactation for the survival of the offspring is represented by a high metabolic priority of the mammary gland within the organism of the lactating animal. Therefore, animal breeding for high milk production has been quite successful, and modern breeding methods have allowed an enormous increase in the performance within only few generations of cows. Mainly in early lactation, most of the available nutrients are directed to the mammary gland, both those from feed, and those mobilised from body tissue. Therefore, milk production can be maintained at a high level despite a negative energy balance. However, the high metabolic load and mobilisation of body tissue requires adequate endocrine and metabolic regulation, which can be successful or less successful in individual animals, i.e. the dairy cow population consists of both metabolically robust and metabolically vulnerable dairy cows. While robust animals adapt adequately, vulnerable cows show often high plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate, and are prone to various production-related diseases. In pasture- or forage-based feeding systems, an additional challenge is a limited availability of nutrients for milk production. Forage feeding without complementary concentrate leads to enormous metabolic disorders in high-yielding cows, but is tolerated in dairy cows with a moderate genetic-performance level.
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Korbas, Agata, Jan Kubiś, Magdalena Rybus-Zając, and Tamara Chadzinikolau. "Spermidine Modify Antioxidant Activity in Cucumber Exposed to Salinity Stress." Agronomy 12, no. 7 (June 28, 2022): 1554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071554.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of short-term 48 h long NaCl-stress and spermidine level modification on polyamines level and antioxidant status in cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Dar) leaves were investigated. Seedlings kept in nutrient solutions treated with 50 mM NaCl for 48 h exhibited reduced relative water content and accumulation of free polyamines, especially spermidine. Salinity stress caused an increase in superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide generation during the salinity-induced increase in antioxidant enzyme activities. Spermidine application before stress resulted in a marked increase in spermidine and spermine contents in the leaves of salt-stressed cucumber seedlings. Additionally, increased spermidine/spermine level mobilised the antioxidant enzyme’s activity and limited reactive oxygen species content. Polyamine synthesis inhibitor (MGBG) slightly decreased spermidine and spermine levels during salinity and reversed the antioxidant activity mobilisation. These results showed that Spd modifications significantly improved PAs, enhancing salinity stress tolerance by detoxifying ROS. Our findings determined the implication of PAs for improving the salinity tolerance of important vegetable species.
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HARRISON, D. H., and J. NEWTON. "Two Flaps to Resurface the Basal Flexion-Crease of the Finger Area." Journal of Hand Surgery 16, no. 1 (February 1991): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-7681(91)90135-b.
Full textAbstract:
Two flaps are described which have been designed to resurface the skin around the basal flexion crease of the fingers. Their most common use is on the ulnar side of the hand but any finger can be resurfaced. Both flaps are 1 cm in width so the donor sites can be repaired directly without the use of skin grafts. Mobilisation of the fingers is therefore permissible within 24 hours and thus postoperative stiffness avoided. The one-stage cross-finger flap is of particular value in resurfacing and preventing the recurrence of Dupuytrens in the M.P. joint area. The palmar transposition flap based on the inter-digital cleft is useful for the release of volar contractures and resurfacing localised full thickness burns. They are quick to raise and very reliable, providing their nutrient vessel is retained. The donor site distortion is minimal. We have had no flap loss and no limitation of flexion
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Osama, Sarah K., Edward D. Kerr, Adel M. Yousif, Toan K. Phung, Alison M. Kelly, Glen P. Fox, and Benjamin L. Schulz. "Proteomics reveals commitment to germination in barley seeds is marked by loss of stress response proteins and mobilisation of nutrient reservoirs." Journal of Proteomics 242 (June 2021): 104221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104221.
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Zak, D., H. Reuter, J. Augustin, T. Shatwell, M. Barth, J. Gelbrecht, and R. J. McInnes. "Changes of the CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> production potential of rewetted fens in the perspective of temporal vegetation shifts." Biogeosciences 12, no. 8 (April 24, 2015): 2455–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2455-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Rewetting of long-term drained fens often results in the formation of eutrophic shallow lakes with an average water depth of less than 1 m. This is accompanied by a fast vegetation shift from cultivated grasses via submerged hydrophytes to helophytes. As a result of rapid plant dying and decomposition, these systems are highly dynamic wetlands characterised by a high mobilisation of nutrients and elevated emissions of CO2 and CH4. However, the impact of specific plant species on these phenomena is not clear. Therefore we investigated the CO2 and CH4 production due to the subaqueous decomposition of shoot biomass of five selected plant species which represent different rewetting stages (Phalaris arundinacea, Ceratophyllum demersum, Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis and Carex riparia) during a 154 day mesocosm study. Beside continuous gas flux measurements, we performed bulk chemical analysis of plant tissue, including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and plant polymer dynamics. Plant-specific mass losses after 154 days ranged from 25% (P. australis) to 64% (C. demersum). Substantial differences were found for the CH4 production with highest values from decomposing C. demersum (0.4 g CH4 kg−1 dry mass day) that were about 70 times higher than CH4 production from C. riparia. Thus, we found a strong divergence between mass loss of the litter and methane production during decomposition. If C. demersum as a hydrophyte is included in the statistical analysis solely nutrient contents (nitrogen and phosphorus) explain varying greenhouse gas production of the different plant species while lignin and polyphenols demonstrate no significant impact at all. Taking data of annual biomass production as important carbon source for methanogens into account, high CH4 emissions can be expected to last several decades as long as inundated and nutrient-rich conditions prevail. Different restoration measures like water level control, biomass extraction and top soil removal are discussed in the context of mitigation of CH4 emissions from rewetted fens.
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Zak, D., H. Reuter, J. Augustin, T. Shatwell, M. Barth, J. Gelbrecht, and R. J. McInnes. "Changes of the CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> production potential of rewetted fens in the perspective of temporal vegetation shifts." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 10 (October 10, 2014): 14453–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-14453-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Rewetting of long-term drained fens often results in the formation of eutrophic shallow lakes with an average water depth of less than 1 m. This is accompanied by a fast vegetation shift from cultivated grasses via submerged hydrophytes to helophytes. As a result of rapid plant dying and decomposition, these systems are highly-dynamic wetlands characterised by a high mobilisation of nutrients and elevated emissions of CO2 and CH4. However, the impact of specific plant species on these phenomena is not clear. Therefore we investigated the CO2 and CH4 production due to the subaqueous decomposition of shoot biomass of five selected plant species which represent different rewetting stages (Phalaris arundinacea, Ceratophyllum demersum, Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis, and Carex riparia) during a 154 day mesocosm study. Beside continuous gas flux measurements, we performed bulk chemical analysis of plant tissue, including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and plant polymer dynamics. Plant specific mass losses after 154 days ranged from 25 (P. australis) to 64% (C. demersum). Substantial differences were found for the CH4 production with highest values from decomposing C. demersum (0.4 g CH4 kg−1 dry mass day) that were about 70 times higher than CH4 production from C. riparia. Thus, we found a strong divergence between mass loss of the litter and methane production during decomposition. If C. demersum as a hydrophyte is included in the statistical analysis solely nutrient contents (nitrogen and phosphorus) explain varying GHG production of the different plant species while lignin and polyphenols demonstrate no significant impact at all. Taking data of annual biomass production as important carbon source for methanogens into account, high CH4 emissions can be expected to last several decades as long as inundated and nutrient-rich conditions prevail. Different restoration measures like water level control, biomass extraction and top soil removal are discussed in the context of mitigation of CH4 emissions from rewetted fens.
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Meissner, R., H. Rupp, J. Seeger, and P. Leinweber. "Strategies to mitigate diffuse phosphorus pollution during rewetting of fen peat soils." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 1 (July 1, 2010): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.277.
Full textAbstract:
The cultivation of fen peat soils (Eutric Histosols) for agricultural purposes, started in Europe about 250 years ago, resulting in decreased soil fertility, increased oxidation of peat and corresponding greenhouse gas fluxes to the atmosphere, nutrient transfer to aquatic ecosystems and losses in total area of the former native wetlands. To prevent these negative environmental effects set-aside programs and rewetting measures were promoted in recent years. Literature results and practical experiences showed that large scale rewetting of intensively used agricultural Histosols may result in mobilisation of phosphorus (P), its transport to adjacent surface waters and an accelerated eutrophication. The paper summarises results from an international European Community sponsored research project and demonstrates how results obtained at different scales and from different scientific disciplines were compiled to derive a strategy to carry out rewetting measures. Based on this findings a simple decision support system (DSS) for a hydrologically sensitive area in the Droemling catchment in north-eastern Germany was developed and since 2005 practically used to prevent freshwater resources from non point P pollution.
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Richards, S. E., S. Hicklin, T. Lord, A. Nickson, J. Long, J. Brackenbury, and J. R. Newbold. "Effects of B vitamins and methyl group donors on milk production, milk composition and blood biochemistry in dairy cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200008528.
Full textAbstract:
Recent reviews highlight the importance of the liver in the coordination of nutrient fluxes in support of pregnancy and lactation (e.g. Drackley et al., 2001). Mobilisation of body fat reserves in the late dry period and early lactation leads to an increase in uptake of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) by the liver. Their metabolic fate is either oxidation or esterification into triacylglycerides (TAG) that are either exported in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) or accumulated within liver cells. Recent evidence indicates that TAG accumulation impairs ureagenic and gluconeogenic capacity of the liver, with consequent reductions in feed intake and milk yield, increased incidence of disease and decreased reproductive performance (Overton and Piepenbrink, 1999).LiFTTM (NuTec Ltd.) is a proprietary mixture of B-group vitamins and methyl group donors (rumen protected choline, niacin, vitamin B12, biotin, folic acid and thiamine) designed to reduce the accumulation of TAG in the liver and accelerate VLDL export. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of LiFT on milk yield and composition and concentrations of metabolites in blood.
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Maier, M., D. Maier, and B. J. Lloyd. "The role of biofilms in the mobilisation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the coal-tar lining of water pipes." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 4-5 (February 1, 2000): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0456.
Full textAbstract:
The influence of biofilm formation on the coal-tar lining of water pipes in drinking water distribution systems was investigated in batch experiments as well as in a continuously flown circular reactor system. The nutrient source for the growth of the biofilm was only the drinking water and the coal-tar coating on the slides. The growth and existence of the biofilm was examined using different techniques. Leaching experiments showed clearly that the biofilm has protective characteristics because enhanced PAH concentrations could be detected after the removal of the biofilm from the slides. Moreover, the dosage of chlorine as a disinfectant during the reactor experiments gave indication that the chlorination resulted in a destabilisation of the biofilm which lead to elevated PAH concentrations. The results are in correspondence with observations made in real distribution systems where enhanced PAH concentrations were observed during disinfection processes. The examination of coal-tar coated water mains revealed that in addition to the protective effect of a biofilm a vast amount of the PAHs was adsorbed on particles embedded in the biofilm, e.g. from the iron oxidising bacteria Gallionella.
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Windartik, Emyk, Ima Rahma Wati, and Eka Nur So’emah. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MOBILISATION BY ADDING D5% FOR POST OPERATION PATIENT OF INTESTINES PERISTALTIC IN THE I.C.U ROOM." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY SCIENCE (IJNMS) 2, no. 01 (May 23, 2018): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.29082/ijnms/2018/vol2.iss01.100.
Full textAbstract:
The surgeon is a medical treatment using the invasive technique, ended by needling and closing of the wound assisted with anesthesia. The most primary grievance often occurs for the post-surgical operation are a body weakness, lack of muscle strength, query, vomit, a decreasing of nutrient and the duration of hospitalizing for the patient after surgical oper-action affected by an abdomen surgical. The intestine possibility manipulation during an operation involving immobility and lack of orally.those can affect the intestine function cause of various grievances. The purpose of this research was to discover and the concept of view deeply. Due on ambulation experience early at Islamic Hospital Sakinah, Mojokerto for post-surgical operation appendectomy. The research design used question experiment design, nonequivalent control group design. The population of this research was for all patients of post appendix surgical using anesthesia SAB through surgical at Sakinah Islamic hospital, Mojokerto in totally 43 respondents. The sample of this research was inference population by having selected for post operation in specific criteria of 30 people consist of15 conducting person group and 15 in controlling group. The independent variable of this research is a mobilization variable, and the dependent variable is an intestine peristaltic.The result of a paired t-test of mobilization impact shows an interesting data point p=0.000, And a=0.05 thus p<a means that the given Ho mobilization effected for intestine peristaltic therefor, the final result showed there was a mobilization causing of intestine peristaltic for appendectomy surgical operation at RSI Sakinah, Mojokerto. A given D5% mobilization is more effective in increasing for intestine peristaltic than non giving mobilization.
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Windartik, Emyk, Ima Rahma Wati, and Eka Nur So’emah. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MOBILISATION BY ADDING D5% FOR POST OPERATION PATIENT OF INTESTINES PERISTALTIC IN THE I.C.U ROOM." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY SCIENCE (IJNMS) 2, no. 01 (May 23, 2018): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.29082/ijnms/2018/vol2/iss01/100.
Full textAbstract:
The surgeon is a medical treatment using the invasive technique, ended by needling and closing of the wound assisted with anesthesia. The most primary grievance often occurs for the post-surgical operation are a body weakness, lack of muscle strength, query, vomit, a decreasing of nutrient and the duration of hospitalizing for the patient after surgical oper-action affected by an abdomen surgical. The intestine possibility manipulation during an operation involving immobility and lack of orally.those can affect the intestine function cause of various grievances. The purpose of this research was to discover and the concept of view deeply. Due on ambulation experience early at Islamic Hospital Sakinah, Mojokerto for post-surgical operation appendectomy. The research design used question experiment design, nonequivalent control group design. The population of this research was for all patients of post appendix surgical using anesthesia SAB through surgical at Sakinah Islamic hospital, Mojokerto in totally 43 respondents. The sample of this research was inference population by having selected for post operation in specific criteria of 30 people consist of15 conducting person group and 15 in controlling group. The independent variable of this research is a mobilization variable, and the dependent variable is an intestine peristaltic.The result of a paired t-test of mobilization impact shows an interesting data point p=0.000, And a=0.05 thus p<a means that the given Ho mobilization effected for intestine peristaltic therefor, the final result showed there was a mobilization causing of intestine peristaltic for appendectomy surgical operation at RSI Sakinah, Mojokerto. A given D5% mobilization is more effective in increasing for intestine peristaltic than non giving mobilization.
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Rodionov, Andrei, Sara L. Bauke, Christian von Sperber, Carmen Hoeschen, Ellen Kandeler, Jens Kruse, Hans Lewandowski, et al. "Biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus in subsoils of temperate forest ecosystems." Biogeochemistry 150, no. 3 (October 2020): 313–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-020-00700-8.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Tree roots penetrate the soil to several meters depth, but the role of subsoils for the supply of nutrient elements such as phosphorus (P) to the trees is poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that increased P deficiency in the topsoil results in an increased microbial recycling of P from the forest subsoil. We sampled soils from four German temperate forest sites representing a gradient in total P stocks. We analyzed the oxygen isotopic composition of HCl-extractable phosphate (δ18OP) and identified differences in P speciation with increasing soil depth using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. We further determined microbial oxygen demand with and without nutrient supply at different soil depths to analyse nutrient limitation of microbial growth and used nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) to visualize spatial P gradients in the rhizosphere. We found that δ18OP values in the topsoil of all sites were close to the isotopic signal imparted by biological cycling when oxygen isotopes in phosphate are exchanged by enzymatic activity. However, with increasing soil depth and increasing HCl-P concentrations, δ18Ο values continuously decreased towards values expected for primary minerals in parent material at depths below 60 cm at sites with high subsoil P stocks and below more than 2 m at sites with low subsoil P stocks, respectively. For these depths, XANES spectra also indicated the presence of apatite. NanoSIMS images showed an enrichment of P in the rhizosphere in the topsoil of a site with high P stocks, while this P enrichment was absent at a site with low P stocks and in both subsoils. Addition of C, N and P alone or in combination revealed that microbial activity in subsoils of sites with low P stocks was mostly P limited, whereas sites with high P stocks indicated N limitation or N and P co-limitation. We conclude that subsoil P resources are recycled by trees and soil microorganisms. With continued weathering of the bedrock and mobilisation of P from the weathered rocks, P cycling will proceed to greater depths, especially at sites characterised by P limitation.
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Young, Rick, Neil Huth, Steven Harden, and Ross McLeod. "Impact of rain-fed cropping on the hydrology and fertility of alluvial clays in the more arid areas of the upper Darling Basin, eastern Australia." Soil Research 52, no. 4 (2014): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr13194.
Full textAbstract:
The impact of cropping on the hydrology and fertility of Vertosols in the northern Darling Basin (average annual rainfall >550 mm) has received much attention, together with the constraints placed on crop growth by naturally occurring subsoil salt stocks. These factors have not been quantified in the drier (450–550 mm), marginal cropping areas to the west. With widespread adoption of zero tillage technology and the potential for large increases in the capture and storage of rainfall in good seasons, mobilisation of salt could be exacerbated should crop water use be constrained by salt toxicity and/or nutrient deficiency. We investigated the size of salt stocks, historic deep drainage, and nutrient depletion under continuous cropping in the Grey and Brown Vertosols of the Walgett and Coonamble districts of north-western NSW. Soils collected from seven paired sites (cropped v. control native vegetation) showed chloride concentrations >500 mg/kg within 0–1.2 m, high exchangeable sodium percentage (~30%) at depth and deficiency in phosphorus, manganese and zinc. Soil total nitrogen decreased from an average stock of 4.9 t/ha at a rate of 0.008 t/ha.year under cropping within 0–0.1 m and soil carbon stocks decreased from 39 t/ha by 0.20 t/ha.year within 0–0.5 m.. Despite low rainfall, high evaporation and the large water-holding capacity of the cracking clays, there were significant downward shifts in chloride concentrations under cropping. Estimates of deep drainage under continuous cropping using chloride mass balance, chloride-front displacement and crop water-balance modelling with the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) generally agreed (range 0.1–2% of average annual rainfall). Simulations suggested that deep drainage may be increased 5–10-fold under zero-tillage winter cropping due to enhanced capture of rainfall by zero tillage compared with traditional practices. The associated flushing of salt from the root-zone together with correction of nutrient deficiency would enhance crop water use and productivity. Current methods indicate little storage in the subsoil for future deep drainage and that hydraulic conductivity is very low. Hence, the long-term effects of any increase in drainage rates, due to changes in cropping practices and/or climate, on the potential for salinisation of groundwater or transient water logging of the surface, are equivocal.
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Ye, Y., T. Wagener, C. Völker, C. Guieu, and D. A. Wolf-Gladrow. "Dust deposition: iron source or sink? A case study." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 6 (December 21, 2010): 9219–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-9219-2010.
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Abstract. A significant decrease of dissolved iron (DFe) concentration has been observed after dust addition into mesocosms during the DUst experiment in a low Nutrient low chlorophyll Ecosystem (DUNE), carried out in the summer of 2008. To understand the processes regulating the observed DFe variation, we simulated the experiment by a one-dimensional model of the Fe biogeochemical cycle, coupled with a simple ecosystem model. Different size classes of particles and particle aggregation are taken into account to describe the particle dynamics. DFe concentration is regulated in the model by dissolution from dust particles and adsorption onto particle surfaces, biological uptake, and photochemical mobilisation of particulate iron. The model reproduces the observed DFe decrease after dust addition well, choosing particle adsorption rates of 30, 150 and 750 m3 kg−1 d−1 for particles of different size classes. These adsorption rates range between the measured adsorption rates of soluble iron and those of colloidal iron, indicating both processes controlling the DFe removal during the experiment. Sensitivity studies reveal that initial DFe concentration before dust addition was crucial for the net impact of dust addition on DFe during the DUNE experiment. From the balance between sinks and sources of DFe, a critical DFe concentration, above which dust deposition acts as a net sink of DFe, rather than a source, has been estimated for the DUNE experiment. Taking into account the role of excess iron binding ligands, this concept of a critical DFe concentration might be applied to explain the short-term variability of DFe after natural dust deposition.
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Hu, Haitao, Lun Tan, Xiaojiao Li, Jingjing Li, Caiyun Fan, Feng Huang, Zhao Zhuo, et al. "Betaine Reduces Lipid Anabolism and Promotes Lipid Transport in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet by Influencing Intestinal Protein Expression." Foods 11, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 2421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11162421.
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Betaine is more efficient than choline and methionine methyl donors, as it can increase nitrogen storage, promote fat mobilisation and fatty acid oxidation and change body fat content and distribution. Lipid is absorbed primarily in the small intestine after consumption, which is also the basis of lipid metabolism. This study was conducted to establish a mouse model of obesity in Kunming mice of the same age and similar body weight, and to assess the effect of betaine on the intestinal protein expression profile of mice using a proteomic approach. Analysis showed that betaine supplementation reversed the reduction in expression of proteins related to lipid metabolism and transport in the intestine of mice induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). For example, the addition of betaine resulted in a significant upregulation of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp), apolipoprotein A-IV (Apoa4), fatty-acid-binding protein 1 (Fabp1) and fatty-acid-binding protein 2 (Fabp2) expression compared to the HFD group (p < 0.05), which exhibited accelerated lipid absorption and then translocation from the intestine into the body’s circulation, in addition to a significant increase in Acetyl-CoA acyltransferase (Acaa1a) protein expression, hastening lipid metabolism in the intestine (p < 0.05). Simultaneously, a significant reduction in protein expression of alpha-enolase 1 (Eno1) as the key enzyme for gluconeogenesis in mice in the betaine-supplemented group resulted in a reduction in lipid synthesis in the intestine (p < 0.05). These findings provide useful information for understanding the changes in the protein profile of the small intestine in response to betaine supplementation and the potential physiological regulation of diets’ nutrient absorption.
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Tshewang, Sangay, Zed Rengel, Kadambot H. M. Siddique, and Zakaria M. Solaiman. "Growth, Rhizosphere Carboxylate Exudation, and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonisation in Temperate Perennial Pasture Grasses Varied with Phosphorus Application." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10122017.
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Phosphorus (P) fertiliser is applied regularly to the nutrient-poor sandy soils in southwestern Australia to elevate and/or maintain pasture production. This study aimed to characterise differential growth, root carboxylate exudation, and mycorrhizal responses in three temperate perennial pasture grasses at variable P supply. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L. cv. Prosper), veldt grass (Ehrharta calycina Sm. cv. Mission), and tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum L. cv. Dundas) with five P rates varying from 0 to 100 mg P kg−1 soil were evaluated in a controlled environment. Rhizosphere carboxylate exudation and mycorrhizal colonisation were assessed. Veldt grass produced the maximum shoot dry weight, highest agronomic phosphorus-use efficiency at low P supply, as well as the highest specific root length and shoot P content at all P rates. Across species, the maximum shoot weight was obtained at 20 and 50 mg P kg−1 soil, which differed significantly from the two lowest P rates (0 and 5 mg P kg−1 soil). Phosphorus application influenced carboxylate exudation, with plants exuding acetate only in the zero P treatment, and citrate and malonate in the P-supplemented treatments. In all three species, acetate and malonate were the major carboxylates exuded (37–51% of the total). Only tall wheatgrass released trans-aconitate. Citrate and malonate concentrations in the rhizosphere increased with P supply, suggesting their important role in P acquisition. Phosphorus applications reduced arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation and increased root diameter as the P rate increased. Root carboxylate exudation in low-P soil played a role in mobilisation of P via P solubilisation, but the role of exuded carboxylate in soils well supplied with P might be diminished.
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Lynch, Jonathan P. "Roots of the Second Green Revolution." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 5 (2007): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06118.
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The Green Revolution boosted crop yields in developing nations by introducing dwarf genotypes of wheat and rice capable of responding to fertilisation without lodging. We now need a second Green Revolution, to improve the yield of crops grown in infertile soils by farmers with little access to fertiliser, who represent the majority of third-world farmers. Just as the Green Revolution was based on crops responsive to high soil fertility, the second Green Revolution will be based on crops tolerant of low soil fertility. Substantial genetic variation in the productivity of crops in infertile soil has been known for over a century. In recent years we have developed a better understanding of the traits responsible for this variation. Root architecture is critically important by determining soil exploration and therefore nutrient acquisition. Architectural traits under genetic control include basal-root gravitropism, adventitious-root formation and lateral branching. Architectural traits that enhance topsoil foraging are important for acquisition of phosphorus from infertile soils. Genetic variation in the length and density of root hairs is important for the acquisition of immobile nutrients such as phosphorus and potassium. Genetic variation in root cortical aerenchyma formation and secondary development (‘root etiolation’) are important in reducing the metabolic costs of root growth and soil exploration. Genetic variation in rhizosphere modification through the efflux of protons, organic acids and enzymes is important for the mobilisation of nutrients such as phosphorus and transition metals, and the avoidance of aluminum toxicity. Manipulation of ion transporters may be useful for improving the acquisition of nitrate and for enhancing salt tolerance. With the noteworthy exceptions of rhizosphere modification and ion transporters, most of these traits are under complex genetic control. Genetic variation in these traits is associated with substantial yield gains in low-fertility soils, as illustrated by the case of phosphorus efficiency in bean and soybean. In breeding crops for low-fertility soils, selection for specific root traits through direct phenotypic evaluation or molecular markers is likely to be more productive than conventional field screening. Crop genotypes with greater yield in infertile soils will substantially improve the productivity and sustainability of low-input agroecosystems, and in high-input agroecosystems will reduce the environmental impacts of intensive fertilisation. Although the development of crops with reduced fertiliser requirements has been successful in the few cases it has been attempted, the global scientific effort devoted to this enterprise is small, especially considering the magnitude of the humanitarian, environmental and economic benefits being forgone. Population growth, ongoing soil degradation and increasing costs of chemical fertiliser will make the second Green Revolution a priority for plant biology in the 21st century.
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Borgatta, Jaya, Amanda Paskavitz, Deborah Kim, and Juan G. Navea. "Comparative evaluation of iron leach from different sources of fly ash under atmospherically relevant conditions." Environmental Chemistry 13, no. 5 (2016): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en16046.
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Environmental contextIron, a limiting nutrient of plankton in the ocean, is deposited to the sea from atmospheric aerosols. In particular, atmospheric acidic conditions promote dissolution of iron from fly ash, a by-product of coal-fired power plants. Here, we report that the iron leached from fly ash depends on its source region, and that the type of combustion process may influence the iron species mobilized. AbstractFly ash, an iron-containing by-product of coal-fired power plants, has been observed in atmospheric aerosol plumes. Under the acidic atmospheric conditions resulting from the uptake of atmospheric gases, iron leached from fly ash can impact global biogeochemical cycles. However, the fly ash source region, as well as its generating power plant, plays an important role in the amount, speciation and lability of iron. Yet no comparative studies have been made on iron leached from fly ash from different sources. This study reports the iron mobilisation by proton-promoted dissolution from well-characterised fly ash samples from three distinctive locations: the USA Midwest, north-east India and Europe. In addition, pH dependency was also investigated. Proton-promoted dissolution showed a variability between source regions with a relative iron leach in the order USA Midwestern>north-east Indian>European ash. In addition, the initial rate of iron leach suggests that source region is indeed a determining factor in the iron leaching capacity of fly ash, because dissolution from Midwestern fly ash is also faster than both European and Indian ash. Finally, the combustion process of fly ash proved to be significant for the iron speciation, given that well-combusted fly ash samples leached mostly Fe3+ rather than bioavailable Fe2+. The role of fly ash should therefore be taken into account in order to better understand the effects of combustion particles in atmospheric iron deposition.
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Ye, Y., T. Wagener, C. Völker, C. Guieu, and D. A. Wolf-Gladrow. "Dust deposition: iron source or sink? A case study." Biogeosciences 8, no. 8 (August 4, 2011): 2107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2107-2011.
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Abstract. A significant decrease of dissolved iron (DFe) concentration has been observed after dust addition into mesocosms during the DUst experiment in a low Nutrient low chlorophyll Ecosystem (DUNE), carried out in the summer of 2008. Due to low biological productivity at the experiment site, biological consumption of iron can not explain the magnitude of DFe decrease. To understand processes regulating the observed DFe variation, we simulated the experiment using a one-dimensional model of the Fe biogeochemical cycle, coupled with a simple ecosystem model. Different size classes of particles and particle aggregation are taken into account to describe the particle dynamics. DFe concentration is regulated in the model by dissolution from dust particles and adsorption onto particle surfaces, biological uptake, and photochemical mobilisation of particulate iron. The model reproduces the observed DFe decrease after dust addition well. This is essentially explained by particle adsorption and particle aggregation that produces a high export within the first 24 h. The estimated particle adsorption rates range between the measured adsorption rates of soluble iron and those of colloidal iron, indicating both processes controlling the DFe removal during the experiment. A dissolution timescale of 3 days is used in the model, instead of an instantaneous dissolution, underlining the importance of dissolution kinetics on the short-term impact of dust deposition on seawater DFe. Sensitivity studies reveal that initial DFe concentration before dust addition was crucial for the net impact of dust addition on DFe during the DUNE experiment. Based on the balance between abiotic sinks and sources of DFe, a critical DFe concentration has been defined, above which dust deposition acts as a net sink of DFe, rather than a source. Taking into account the role of excess iron binding ligands and biotic processes, the critical DFe concentration might be applied to explain the short-term variability of DFe after natural dust deposition in various different ocean regions.
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McNeill, D. M., R. W. Kelly, and I. H. Williams. "Maternal fatness influences fetal size in ewes underfed in late pregnancy." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 7 (1999): 1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar98194.
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The effect of ewe fatness on fetal weight at term in ewes underfed in late pregnancy was tested by minimising the confounding effect of differences between fatness groups in placental weight. Twin-bearing Merino ewes in a fat (n = 9, condition score 3.8 units) or moderate (n =9, condition score 2.9) body condition were underfed to 0.6 of their requirements for energy maintenance from Day 108 to 144 of pregnancy. The fatness groups were developed over an 80-day period prior to mating by splitting a flock into 2 groups, each of similar mean liveweight and body condition score, and then enhancing the nutrient intake of one whilst restricting that of the other to maintenance levels until mating. After mating, both groups were fed similarly until Day 108 of pregnancy in an attempt to allow the development of placentas of a similar size in each. Maternal fat and protein mobilised between Day 108 and 144 of pregnancy were calculated on a per animal basis as the difference between maternal fat and protein weights at Day 108, estimated by the tritiated water dilution technique, and at Day 144, estimated by chemical analysis of fat and protein tissue following slaughter. At slaughter, the fat ewes had placentas of a size similar to those of the leaner ewes (588 v. 507 g, pooled s.e. = 50.7, P > 0.10) but produced a total weight of fetus that was 14% heavier (6646 v. 5826 g, pooled s.e. = 257.6, P < 0.05). The fat ewes also mobilised more body fat between Day 108 and 144 (3.62 v. 2.58 kg, pooled s.e. = 0.446, P < 0.10), and maintained higher levels of non-esterified fatty acids in their plasma during late pregnancy. There was no effect of ewe fatness on the extent of protein mobilisation (0.66 v. 0.62 kg, pooled s.e. = 0.623, P > 0.10) over late pregnancy. We conclude that additional maternal fat reserves can limit the extent to which fetal growth is restricted in ewes undernourished during late pregnancy.
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Silsbury, JH. "Nodulation and nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) of four cultivars of chickpea." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 5 (1989): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890663.
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The capacities of 4 Australian cultivars of chickpea to nodulate, grow and to fix N2 after inoculation with commercial peat inoculant (Group N, strain CC1192) were examined up to flowering in 2 experiments. One was a field experiment and the other a glasshouse pot experiment involving application of mineral (NO-3) N. Nodule activity was estimated by acetylene reduction assay (AR). The study was conducted in response to recent reports and field observations of apparently poor fixation by chickpea crops in South Australia and of poor cereal yield following a chickpea crop. The cultivars Dooen, Tyson, Opal and Amethyst all nodulated successfully with the inoculant and fixed N2 actively over the vegetative period, although plants were slow to nodulate under warm conditions. A sharp decline in nodule activity was not observed at flowering but observations were not continued into the grain-filling period. A nutrient solution 2.5 mmol/L for NO-3 (compared with no NOT) applied 14 days after sowing, delayed nodulation, had no effect on total nodule number 50 days after sowing but markedly reduced nodule activity of all cultivars. Cultivars showed only small differences in nodule number and in nodule activity; but all showed a strong, positive, growth response to NO-3 and accumulated more N when NO-3 was applied than when only N2 was fixed. It was concluded that all 4 cultivars were adequately nodulated by strain CC1192, which led to active N2 fixation during the vegetative period. Poor apparent fixation by chickpea crops in the field may be due to decline in nodule activity during grain filling and mobilisation of plant N to the grain, or to the use of soil mineral N rather than fixed N2. If chickpea is to gain a useful place in cereal-grain legume rotations in southern Australia, grain yield needs to be increased, dependence on soil N reduced and nodule activity prolonged into the grain filling period. These objectives may be achievable in part through the identification and eventual use of an inoculant other than CC1192.
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AGEENKO, A. M., D. S. NIKIFOROV, T. A. NIKIFOROVA, and M. N. LEBEDEVA. "ENHANCED RECOVERY (FAST-TRACK) PROGRAM IN ELECTIVE ARTHROPLASTY OF WEIGHT-BEARING JOINTS." Avicenna Bulletin 12, no. 1 (2022): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25005/2074-0581-2022-24-2-168-175.
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Objective: To evaluate the effect of feeding with a whey protein plus carbohydrate drink on metabolic parameters, general state of the patient and recovery time after knee and hip arthroplasty. Methods: The results of the perioperative period of 60 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip and knee were evaluated between March and July 2021. All patients underwent hip or knee arthroplasty under spinal anaesthesia. In addition, patients of the study group received the ProvideXtra® Drink 2 hours before surgery. Otherwise, the management of patients in the perioperative period was the standard. Mobilisation and verticalisation of patients were carried out after achieving physical fitness, resolution of the spinal block and haemodynamic stability on the day of surgery or the next day. Results: In all patients after 4 hours, increased glucose levels were recorded in both groups, statistically significant in the control group – 7.15±0.94 versus 7.88±1.18 mmol/l (p=0.02). The decrease in haemoglobin level had no difference in the study groups and before discharge was 100±16 g/l versus 101±18 g/l (p=0.86). The difference in total protein level before discharge was in favour of the study group, 63.1±6.1 versus 59.2±5.9 g/l (p=0.17). Verticalisation timing in the study group was as follows: 10 patients were verticalised on the day of surgery, and the remaining 20 patients – were on the next day. In the control group – 8 patients were verticalised on the day of surgery and 22 – on the next day. In the control group, 2 cases of postoperative nausea requiring correction were observed. Conclusion: The modern surgical approaches include the maximal preservation of natural feeding, based on the Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS®) concept. However, guidelines for choosing a particular diet on the day of surgery remain to be finally established. Using ready-made carbohydrate-protein mixtures is a convenient solution that delivers the required amount of energy and protein. Therefore, the effect of the mixture on protein metabolism in the postoperative period remains to be elucidated through further studies. Keywords: Accelerated rehabilitation, nutrient mixture, hip arthroplasty, knee arthroplasty.
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Simpson, Stuart L., Rob W. Fitzpatrick, Paul Shand, Brad M. Angel, David A. Spadaro, and Luke Mosley. "Climate-driven mobilisation of acid and metals from acid sulfate soils." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 1 (2010): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09066.
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The recent drought in south-eastern Australia has exposed to air, large areas of acid sulfate soils within the River Murray system. Oxidation of these soils has the potential to release acidity, nutrients and metals. The present study investigated the mobilisation of these substances following the rewetting of dried soils with River Murray water. Trace metal concentrations were at background levels in most soils. During 24-h mobilisation tests, the water pH was effectively buffered to the pH of the soil. The release of nutrients was low. Metal release was rapid and the dissolved concentrations of many metals exceeded the Australian water quality guidelines (WQGs) in most tests. The concentrations of dissolved Al, Cu and Zn were often greater than 100× the WQGs and strong relationships existed between dissolved metal release and soil pH. Attenuation of dissolved metal concentrations through co-precipitation and adsorption to Al and Fe precipitates was an important process during mixing of acidic, metal-rich waters with River Murray water. The study demonstrated that the rewetting of dried acid sulfate soils may release significant quantities of metals and a high level of land and water management is required to counter the effects of such climate change events.