Relevant bibliographies by topics / Nutrition of calves

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Academic literature on the topic 'Nutrition of calves'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Nutrition of calves"

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Cafe, L. M., D. W. Hennessy, H. Hearnshaw, S. G. Morris, and P. L. Greenwood. "Influences of nutrition during pregnancy and lactation on birth weights and growth to weaning of calves sired by Piedmontese or Wagyu bulls." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 2 (2006): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05225.

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The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of nutrition during pregnancy and lactation on birth weight and growth to weaning of Piedmontese and Wagyu sired calves. This research was also conducted to provide animals for long-term studies on the consequences of growth early in life. During 2 breeding cycles, Hereford cows were managed within low or high pasture-based nutritional systems from about 80 days of pregnancy to parturition. During lactation, the calves and their dams remained on the low or high nutritional system or crossed over to the alternative system. From commencement of the nutritional treatment during pregnancy until parturition, and then during lactation, cows on low nutrition lost an average of 45 and 23 kg liveweight, respectively, and those on high nutrition gained 55 and 40 kg, respectively. Calves of Wagyu sires weighed less at birth (31.0 v 35.9 kg, s.e. = 0.31 kg) and weaning (182 v. 189 kg, s.e. = 2.26 kg) than those of Piedmontese sires. Calves of cows on low nutrition during pregnancy weighed less at birth than those of cows on high nutrition (32.5 v. 35.2 kg, s.e. = 0.32 kg). Low nutrition during pregnancy adversely influenced birth to weaning ADG (676 v. 759 g, s.e. = 9.2 g), weight gain (145 v. 160 kg, s.e. = 2.1 kg) and liveweight (177 v. 195 kg, s.e. = 2.3 kg) of calves at weaning. The nutritional system during lactation had greater effects on ADG (618 v. 816 g, s.e. = 9.2 g), weight gain (131 v. 174 kg, s.e. = 2.1 kg) and liveweight (164 v. 207 kg, s.e. = 2.3 kg) of calves at weaning than the nutritional system during pregnancy. Overall, the responses to the nutritional treatments were consistent for the progeny of both sire-genotypes.
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Vyayzenen, G., R. Dautov, A. Vyayzenen, D. Bolshakov, and N. Prodanov. "Vitamin nutrition of calves." Kormlenie sel'skohozjajstvennyh zhivotnyh i kormoproizvodstvo (Feeding of agricultural animals and feed production), no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-05-2003-03.

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Experimental studies have shown an increase in productivity, metabolic processes, the effectiveness of the use of nutrients and biologically active substances and the metabolic energy of diets, the health of heifers aged 1–6 months under the conditions of industrial technology of their rearing. Increasing the productivity of heifers is closely related to improving the nutrition system during all periods of rearing with the use of the vitamin complex Vitaminol in diets depending on their age and body weight. The highest effectiveness of rearing young animals has been established when using Vitaminol in doses: 1,3 g/head./day – up to 1 month, 2,4 g/head./day – 2 months, 3,3 g/head./day – 3 months, 4,3 g/head./day – 4 months, 4,8 g/head./day – 5 months and 5,3 g/head./day – at the age of 6 months. Differentiated feeding of optimal doses of feed additives to calves increases the digestibility of dry matter by 1,41–10,8 %, organic matter by 1,6–10,0 %, raw protein by 1,6–6,8 %, raw fat by 1,4–8,7 %, raw fiber by 1,5–3,0 % and nitrogen-free extractive substances by 1,6–6,0 % depending on age and body weight (from 1 to 6 months inclusive). It has a positive effect on the absorption of nitrogen and the use of calcium and phosphorus in the body. The use of Vitaminol in diets of calves contributes to an increase in live weight and average daily gain compared to the control group. In calves up to one month of age (at the dose of 1,3 g/head/day) live weight increased by 6,5 %, the average daily gain by 11,4 %, in 2 months (at the dose of 2,4 g/head/day) these indicators were 2,9 and 2,6 %, respectively, at 3 months (at the dose of 3,3 g/head/day) – 3,4 and 8,2 %, in 4 months (at the dose of 4,3 g/head/day) – 6,7 and 12,8 %, in 5 months (at the dose of 4,8 g/head/day) – 4,4 and 3,6 % and at 6 months (at the dose of 5,3 g/head/day) – 4,3 and 2,7 %, respectively. In order to improve the quality of feeding when rearing calves, more fully realize their genetic potential, increase productivity and use of nutrients in diets and normalize metabolic processes in the body we recommend the optimal doses of the feed additive Vitaminol depending on age (g/head/day): 1,3 – in 1 month, 2,4 – in 2 months, 3,3 – in 3 months, 4,3 – in 4 months, 4,8 – in 5 months, 5,3 – in 6 months. Feed additive Vitaminol enter into the composition of complete feed, wet feed mixtures and feed to calves 1 time per day.
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Devant, Maria, and Sonia Marti. "Strategies for Feeding Unweaned Dairy Beef Cattle to Improve Their Health." Animals 10, no. 10 (October 18, 2020): 1908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10101908.

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In order to answer the question of whether nutritional interventions may help to reduce the incidence of respiratory disease in dairy beef calves at arrival, the present review is divided in three sections. In the first section, the nutrition of calves previous to the arrival from the origin farm to the final rearing farm is reviewed. In the second section, the possible consequences of this previous nutrition on gut health and immune status upon arrival to the rearing farm are described. The main consequences of previous nutrition and management that these unweaned calves suffer at arrival are the negative energy balance, the increased intestinal permeability, the oxidative stress, the anemia, and the recovery feed consumption. Finally, in the third section, some considerations to advance in future nutritional strategies are suggested, which are focused on the prevention of the negative consequences of previous nutrition and the recovery of the gut and immune status. Moreover, additional suggestions are formulated that will be also helpful to reduce the incidence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) that are not directly linked to nutrition like having a control golden standard in the studies or designing risk categories in order to classify calves as suitable or not to be transported.
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Lusby, Keith S. "Nutrition Programs for Lightweight Calves." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 22, no. 2 (July 2006): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2006.03.001.

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Woods, B. L., N. W. Bradley, K. K. Schillo, and S. R. Lowry. "Effects of nutrition, sex of calf and breed type on response to zeranol: preweaning growth." Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 919–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1990.684919x.

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Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of breed, sex and plane of nutrition on the growth response to zeranol in Angus and crossbred calves prior to weaning. Eighty-eight heifers and 118 steers received either a high or low plane of nutrition using a first and last grazing technique. Half of the calves in each nutrition group received a zeranol implant (36 mg) at an average age of 3.4 mo. Both zeranol and the higher level of nutrition increased (P < .001) growth rate prior to weaning (7.4 mo of age). Zeranol did not affect hip height at weaning (P > .1), but calves on the higher plane of nutrition were taller (P < .01) than calves on the lower plane of nutrition. The zeranol × nutrition interaction was not significant (P > .1) for growth rate or hip height. Steers grew faster (P < .01) preweaning and were taller (P < .01) at weaning than heifers. Crossbred calves gained more rapidly (P < .001) preweaning and were taller (P < .001) at weaning than Angus calves were. Neither sex nor breed interacted with zeranol to influence any of the traits examined. Based on these results we conclude that preweaning growth was affected by zeranol and this effect was consistent across sexes, breeds and planes of nutrition tested.
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Hendricks, Meagan, Douglas Eborn, Kaylee R. Kipp, Caleta M. Willis, and Megan P. Owen. "120 Performance Effects on Weaned Calves using 3 Weaning Strategies and Nutritional Supplementation." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.104.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to compare nutritional and management strategies on performance of beef calves at weaning. Forty crossbred beef calves were assigned to receive either nutritional supplementation (Drench) 3 wks prior to weaning and again at weaning or nothing (Cntrl). In addition, calves were assigned 1 of 3 weaning treatments: 1) abrupt weaning with complete separation (Abrupt); 2) 4d fence line weaning with cows allowed to interact with calves through a fence for 4 d before removal (4Fence); and 3) 7 d fence line weaning with cows allowed to interact with calves through a fence for 7 d before removal (7Fence). Calves were blocked by sex and BW. Nutritional supplementation consisted of an oral drench (5cc/100 lbs. BW; Cellarator Turbo Drench; ADM Animal Nutrition; Quincy, IL). Calves were weighed at weaning, 7 d after, and 85 d after weaning. At weaning, average age of calves was 213 ± 19 d and average weight 224 ± 30 kg. Average final weight of calves was 279 ± 33 kg. Weight differences between weaning and 7 d after weaning and weaning and 85 d after weaning were analyzed using Proc Mixed with nutritional supplementation, sex, and weaning duration as fixed variables. Calves receiving Drench gained more (P &lt; 0.05) 1 wk after weaning (7.9 vs. 3.7 kg, respectively). Weight gains 85 d after weaning were not different (P &gt; 0.05) 7 d after weaning. Weight gain in calves assigned to 4Fence and 7Fence treatments were not different (P &lt; 0.05) but gained more (P &lt; 0.05) than Abrupt calves (8.5 vs. 7.6 vs. 1.2 kg, respectively). Weight gains 85 d after weaning were not different (P &gt; 0.05) between weaning treatments. In conclusion, nutritional supplementation and fence-line weaning improved calf performance 1 wk after weaning but not after 3 mo.
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Boadi, Dinah, and M. A. Price. "The effects of pre- and early post-calving management on reproductive performance of beef cows." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas96-050.

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One hundred and thirty-four pregnant beef cows (liveweight = 544.3 kg ± 73 3 kg SD; condition score = 3.5 ± 0.3 SD), were randomly assigned in January to five management treatments (combinations of feed restriction and weaning time) to study the effects on calving and rebreeding performance. Twenty-seven were feed-restricted (54.7 MJ DE d−1) for the last 3 mo of pregnancy then realimented (3REST); their calves were weaned in October. Thirty were feed-restricted for the last 3 mo of pregnancy (54.7 MJ DE d−1) and the first 2 mo of lactation (99.6 MJ DE d−1), then their calves were weaned and turned out to graze in June (5REST). The remaining 77 cows (UNREST) were supplemented on range with 153.5 MJ DE d−1 from January until calving. Their calves were weaned in either August (one group of 26 calves directly into a feedlot, a second group of 26 onto unsupplemented range) or October (25 calves directly into a feedlot). All cows grazed together on the range from June onwards. After calving, the restricted (3REST and 5REST) cows were significantly lighter (464.4 and 469.5 kg vs. 506.9 kg) and thinner (condition scores 2.5 and 2.6 vs. 3.0) than the UNREST cows, but the percentage of cows calving calf mortality, assisted births calving dates, udder scores and mean birth weight of calves were not affected (P > 0.05) by pre-calving nutrition. Catch-up growth was evident in both the 3REST and 5REST cows once exposed to higher energy feeding. There were no significant effects (P > 0.05) of the management (nutrition and weaning) treatments on the following year s breeding and calving performance. It is concluded that the combinations of nutrition and weaning used in this study did not necessarily impair calving or rebreeding performance of beef cows, which calved in condition score 2.5 or above. Key words: Beef cows, feed restriction, reproduction, condition score, rebreeding, birthweight
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Podhorský, A., A. Pechová, R. Dvořák, and L. Pavlata. "Metabolic Disorders in Dairy Calves in Postpartum Period." Acta Veterinaria Brno 76, no. 8 (2007): S45—S53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200776s8s045.

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The aim of this study was, in terms of analysis of causes of disorders in calves on dairy farms, to evaluate occurrence of metabolic disorders in their postnatal period. In 23 agricultural farms (14 farms with the incidence of clinical forms of disease in calves during milk nutrition period - group D; 9 farms with no clinical disease - group H) clinical examination was performed, blood samples were collected and data concerning the provision of permanent day and night care for calves (PDC) during delivery and in early postpartum period were collected. The samples were taken from 3 - 5 calves in every farm (totally 97, H - 38, D - 59). Biochemical indicators that have some relations to the quality of colostral nutrition were determined (the concentrations of immunoglobulins - Ig, total protein - TP, albumin - A, globulins - G, vitamin E and A, the activity of gammaglutamyl transferase - GMT) and to the microelement metabolism (the activities of glutathione peroxidase - GSH-Px for evaluation of selenium (Se) status, the concentrations of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn)). While evaluating the entire group of examined calves, we found a high occurrence of metabolic disorders in calves connected with colostral nutrition and also high occurrence of microelement deficiencies. The decrease in TP was diagnosed in 80%, the decrease in G in 78%, the decrease in concentration of Ig in 78% and 74% of calves had higher A/G ratio. Insufficient intake of colostrum showed also lower activities of GMT in 76% of calves. Hypovitaminosis E was diagnosed in 67% of calves and hypovitaminosis A in 19% of calves. Microelement deficiencies were found in 77% (Cu), 39% (Se), and 10% (Zn) of calves. While comparing the results for calves in groups H and D, in the group of calves from farms with no clinical disease (H) a significantly higher (p < 0.01) concentrations of albumin and vitamin E, as well as vitamin A (p < 0.05) were established. When comparing the farms with provided daylong care (PdC+) and with no daylong care (PdC-), in PdC+ farms calves had a significantly higher (p < 0.01) concentration of TP and G, GSH-Px activity, and also a significantly lower (p < 0.01) A/G ratio, which proves a higher-quality colostral nutrition. The results thus prove that the incidence of metabolic disorders in dairy calves in the Czech Republic represents a highly actual problem and that one of the significant factors that influence this condition is the insufficient care for and the related insufficient colostral nutrition of the calves.
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TSUKANO, Kenji, Tatsuya FUKUDA, Marina OTSUKA, Yasunobu NISHI, Hiroki INOUE, Shinya SARASHINA, and Kazuyuki SUZUKI. "Advantage of parenteral nutrition for diarrheic calves." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 80, no. 12 (2018): 1808–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.18-0110.

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Marón, CF, SM Budge, RE Ward, LO Valenzuela, M. Di Martino, M. Ricciardi, M. Sironi, M. Uhart, J. Seger, and VJ Rowntree. "Fatty acids and stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) in southern right whale Eubalaena australis calves in relation to age and mortality at Península Valdés, Argentina." Marine Ecology Progress Series 646 (July 30, 2020): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13387.

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Baleen whales accumulate fat reserves during the summer to sustain reproduction while fasting in the winter. The southern right whale Eubalaena australis population that calves off Península Valdés, Argentina, experienced high calf mortality events from 2003 to 2013 and poor nutritional states of mothers could be a contributing cause. Previous studies found that the population’s reproductive success is influenced by prey availability. Mothers unable to build sufficient fat reserves or feeding on prey with different nutritional value may fail to meet the demands of lactation. Milk is the only source of nutrients and energy for calves at Valdés, so their fatty acids (FAs) and stable isotopes should reflect their mother’s diet and feeding-ground locations. Here, we compared FA profiles and C and N stable isotopes of dead calves with those of living calves to evaluate the potential impact of maternal nutrition on calf survival. We found no differences in the FA composition of blubber in dead and living calves, indicating similar maternal diets. Likewise, the isotopic values of living and dead calves imply that their mothers had similar foraging ranges. However, FA composition was greatly affected by calf length, indicating effects of calf age and duration of nursing. These findings suggest that mothers of dead calves did not feed on different diets or feeding grounds compared to mothers of living calves. Future research should further assess the overall health and body condition of the Valdés southern right whale calves.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nutrition of calves"

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English, Elizabeth Anne. "Lactoferrin Supplementation to Holstein Calves During the Preweaning and Postweaning Phases." NCSU, 2006. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08142006-135036/.

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Sixty Holstein calves (30 bulls, 30 heifers) were used to examine the effects of supplemental lactoferrin on feed intake, growth, and health during the preweaning and postweaning periods. One of three levels of lactoferrin was added to whole milk in order to produce three dietary treatments: 1.) 0 g/d, 2.) 0.5 g/d, 3.) 1 g/d. Milk (3.8 L/d) was fed from bottles until weaning at 35 days. From days 36 to 56, lactoferrin supplements were added to water (15-25 mL) and fed from bottles. Lactoferrin supplementation did not have any significant effect on feed intake, body weight, average daily gain, heart girth, body temperature, fecal scores, respiratory scores, or haptoglobin concentrations. Calves were housed in individual pens in either an open-sided barn or hutches. Calves raised in the barn consumed more calf starter and therefore grew better than calves raised in hutches. In this study, lactoferrin supplementation was not beneficial. Further research is needed to fully elucidate lactoferrin?s effects in whole milk as well as its role when fed postweaning.
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Dietz, Richard E. "Effects of feeding supplemental fat to cows in late gestation on cold tolerance in newborn calves." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34572.

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Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of added fat in late gestation cow and heifer diets on thermogenic and neonatal metabolic responses. In Experiment 1, the effects of source of fat in late gestation diets on serum glucose and thermogenic response during short-term cold stress were examined in fall-born neonatal beef calves. Pregnant fall-calving heifers (n = 15) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments: Control (CON, n=5), Safflower seed (SAF, n=5), or Cottonseed (COT, n=5) supplement. Hay-based isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets met NRC requirements while containing 1.53%, 4.0% and 5.0% fat for CON, SAF and COT diets, respectively. Diets were fed for 47.5 ( 5.4 d before calving. Heifers were weighed weekly and at parturition. At parturition, colostrum samples were taken from the dam, calves weighed, and vigor scores recorded. Calves remained with their dams for 5 h to nurse. At 5.5 h of age, calves were fitted with an indwelling jugular catheter. At 6.5 h of age, calves were placed in a 5(C cold room for 90 min. Shivering scores (1= no shivering, 2 = slight shivering 3 = muscle shivering, 4 = severe muscle shivering), rectal temperatures and blood samples were taken every 15 min. Colostrum samples were analyzed for fat, solids, protein, lactose and IgG concentrations. BW and BCS of heifers at calving, and birth weights and vigor scores of calves were unaffected by diet (P > .5). Mean fat, lactose and IgG concentrations in colostrum were not different (P > .3) among treatments. SAF tended to increase colostral solids (P = .11) and protein (P = .13) compared to COT or CON. During cold stress, calf body temperature increased in a quadratic fashion (P < .03). Mean glucose levels tended (P = .12) to be greater and shivering scores were non-significantly increased in CON compared to SAF or COT calves. Glucose concentrations averaged 74.4, 51.9, and 60.0 ( 7.3 mg/dl, whereas shivering score averaged 2.14, 1.69, and 1.68 ( .24 in CON, SAF and COT calves, respectively. Shivering scores increased in all groups during cold exposure in a linear fashion (P < .001). Vigor scores increased in a linear fashion throughout cold exposure for all groups (P < .04). Cortisol concentrations decreased in a cubic fashion throughout cold exposure for all groups (P < .02). Cortisol concentrations averaged 28.62, 37.7, and 35.65 + 3.58 ng/ml in CON, SAF and COT calves, respectively. We conclude that calves from dams fed high fat diets containing safflower seeds or cottonseed respond similarly to cold stress, but these responses are not necessarily consistent with greater cold resistance. In Experiment two, pregnant spring-calving cows (n = 75) were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments: Control (CON, n=35) and Cottonseed (COT, n=40). Hay-based isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets met NRC requirements while containing 2.0% and 5.0% fat for CON and COT diets, respectively. Diets were fed for 60 ( 5 d before calving. At parturition, calves were weighed, ambient temperature was recorded and dystocia score was recorded. At 30 min of age, rectal temperature one was recorded and shivering scores (1= no shivering, 2 = slight shivering 3 = muscle shivering, 4 = severe muscle shivering) were recorded. At 180 min postpartum, two blood samples were drawn from each calf to determine blood glucose and cortisol concentrations. At 36 + 4 h postpartum, two blood samples were again drawn from each calf to determine blood glucose and IgG concentrations. Calf birth weight, calf sex, vigor score, shivering score, time to stand, dystocia score, and serum IgG concentrations were unaffected (P > .5) by diet. Shivering score was affected by ambient temperature (P < .003) and time of calving (P < .006). Calf birth weights were unaffected by diet, calf sex, and the diet x calf sex interaction (P > .2). Mean time to nurse was non-significantly longer (101.2 vs 70.1 min), respectively, for COT calves compared to CON calves. At 30 min (P < .05) rectal temperatures were higher in male than female calves from dams on the COT diet (39.3 vs 39.1(C). Whereas rectal temperatures were lower in male calves than female calves from dams on the CON diet (39.1 vs 39.3(C; diet x calf/sex, P < .05). The same relationship among rectal temperatures was observed at 180 min (diet x calf/sex, P < .05). Changes in body temperature between 30 and 180 min were affected by diet (P < .05) as body temperatures for COT calves increased more from 30 min to 180 min than CON calves. Body temperature at 30 min was affected by time of calving (P < .01). Body temperature at 180 min was affected by ambient temperature at calving (P < .03) and there was a tendency for body temperature at 180 min to be affected by time of calving (P < .09). Serum glucose concentrations at time 180 min were unaffected by diet (P > .3). Serum glucose concentrations at time 36 + 4 h tended to be affected by sex (P < .07). With glucose levels higher in females (127 mg/dl) than in males (119 mg/dl). Differences in serum glucose at time 180 min and 36 + 4 h were not affected by diet, sex, or diet x sex interaction (P > .7). Serum glucose at 36 + 4 h was affected by ambient temperature at calving (P < .04). Mean serum cortisol concentrations tended to be higher (47.4 ng/ml vs 36.5 ng/ml) for COT calves compared to CON calves (P < .09). Differences in serum cortisol levels were unaffected by sex or diet x sex interaction (P > .5). When ambient temperature or time of calving were included as covariates, calf weight, calf vigor and serum IgG were unaffected by ambient temperature or time of calving (P > .05).
Master of Science
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Mansour, Mahmoud Mohamed. "Effects of Ostertagia osteragi and nutrition on immune responses in calves." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314592.

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Tessman, Ronald Kenneth. "Diagnosis, epidemiology and immunologic consequences of copper deficiency in calves." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4470.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
"May 2006" The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Terré, Trullà Marta. "Enhanced-growth feeding programs for dairy calves: nutrition, management, and long-term effects." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5688.

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Es varen realitzar quatre estudis per avaluar l'efecte de donar molta llet a les vedelles lactants durant la fase de lactància, per tal de millorar el creixement de les vedelles de reposició durant aquest període. Els vedells que varen rebre una alimentació mÎs rica en llet durant la lactància van créixer més, però van menjar menys pinso que els vedells que seguien una alimentació convencional. Tot i així, després del deslletament ambdos nivells d'alimentació van presentar el mateix ritme de creixement i consum de pinso. Per altra banda, el fet de criar vedells en grup i amb un nivell elevat de llet durant la lactància, no va estimular el consum de pinso en comparació als vedells criats individualment i alimentats amb un alt nivell de llet. A més a més, els index productius de creixement i l'aparició de problemes de salut van ser similar en vedells criats en grup o individualment. En general, els vedells criats en grups varen augmentar els comportaments orals amb finalitat no nutritiva, i disminuir els comportaments de succions creuades i succions dirigides a la zona pèlvica al llarg de l'estudi. Tant els vedells criats en grups com individualment van presentar un lleuger augment de la conducta de "selfgrooming" al llarg de l'estudi. La concentració plasmàtica d'amino àcids va indicar que cap amino àcid limitava el creixement durant la fase de lactància quan les vedelles es varen criar seguint una alimentació amb un alt nivell de llet. No obstant, en els vedells que es van criar convencionalment, les concentracions plasmàtiques de fenilalanina i triptòfan una hora després de menjar estaven positivament correlacionades amb el guany mig diari, i negativament correlacionades amb la concentració plasmàtica d'urea, suggerint que els creixements dels vedells criats convencionalment podria estar limitat per l'aportació d'aquests dos amino àcids quan s'utilitza una llet maternitzada i un pinso similar al d'aquest estudi. Per altra banda, la menor excreció urinària de derivats púrics observada en vedelles alimentades amb un alt nivell de llet en comparació a les vedelles criades convencionalment, va indicar un menor fluxe microbià a nivell duodenal que podria estar relacionat amb la menor ingestió de pinso en les vedelles alimentades amb un nivell elevat de llet durant el periode de lactància. A més a més, els vedells alimentats amb un nivell alt de llet durant la fase de lactància van tenir una menor digestibilitat aparent dels nutrients del pinso la setmana després del deslletament en comparació als vedells alimentats convencionalment. Les concentracions sèriques de glucosa i insulina varen ser majors en vedells alimentats amb un alt nivell de llet que en vedells alimentats convencionalment. Però, les concentracions sèriques d'urea no varen seguir un mateix patró en els diferents estudis. En dos dels tres estudis, les concentracions sèriques d'urea van ser superiors en vedells criats convencionalment que en aquells alimentats amb un alt nivell de llet, però en l'altre estudi les concentracions sèriques d'urea varen ser similars en ambdos nivells d'alimentació. Finalment, l'avantatge de pes viu aconseguit durant la fase de lactància en vedelles seguint una alimentació amb un alt nivell de llet es manté numèricament superior fins els 385 d d'estudi, però aquest avantatge no redueix l'edat a la primera cubrició, i ni millora la fertilitat a la primera cubrició en vedelles criades amb un alt nivell de llet en comparació amb vedelles criades convencionalment
Four studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding dairy calves on an enhanced-growth feeding program. Enhanced-fed calves showed greater average daily gain, but lower starter dry matter intake than calves fed conventionally during the preweaning period. However, after weaning both feeding programs resulted in similar rates of growth and starter consumption. On the other hand, rearing enhanced-fed calves in groups did not stimulate starter intake. Also, performance was not decreased nor the occurrence of health problems increased when calves were reared in groups. In general, calves raised in groups increased non-nutritive oral behavior, and decreased cross-sucking and inter-sucking behaviors throughout the study, and both individually-and groupedreared calves slightly increased self-grooming behavior throughout the study. Plasma amino acid concentrations indicated that none amino acid was limiting growth during the preweaning period when calves were raised following an enhanced-growth feeding program. Nevertheless, with calves conventionally-fed, plasma phenylalanine and tryptophane concentrations one hour after feeding were positively correlated with average daily gain and negatively correlated with plasma urea concentrations, suggesting that growth of calves following conventional feeding programs could be limited by the supply of these two amino acids when using milk replacers and starters similar to those used in the present study. On the other hand, lower total purine derivatives urine excretions were observed in enhanced-compared with conventionally-fed calves, suggesting a lower microbial duodenal flow that was probably related to the low starter intake during the preweaning period of enhanced-fed calves. Furthermore, apparent nutrient starter digestibility was lower in enhanced-compared with conventionally-fed calves the week after weaning. Serum glucose and insulin concentrations were greater in enhanced-than in conventionally-fed calves, but serum urea concentrations did not follow a common pattern among studies. In two out of the three studies, serum urea concentrations were greater in conventionally-than in enhanced-fed calves, but in the other studies there were no differences between treatments. Body weight advantage obtained with enhancedgrowth feeding program was numerically maintained later in life, but this advantage did neither reduce the age at breeding, and nor improve fertility at first breeding of enhancedfed calves.
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Daniels, Kristy M. "Effects of Milk Replacer Composition on Measures of Mammary Development in Holstein Heifer Calves." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27174.

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This study was to evaluate effects of milk replacer (MR) composition on: mass and composition of mammary parenchyma (PAR) and fat pad (MFP), growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis gene expression, and putative mammary epithelial stem cells. The hypothesis was that diet during the pre-weaning period alters the development, persistence, or activity of populations of putative mammary epithelial stem cells, possibly through involvement of GH/IGF-I axis molecules. Twenty-four newborn heifers were fed one of four MR diets: CON (20% CP, 21% fat MR fed at 441 g DM/d), HPLF (28% CP, 20% fat MR fed at 951 g DM/d), HPHF (27% CP, 28% fat MR fed at 951 g DM/d), and HPHF+ (27% CP, 28% fat MR fed at 1431 g DM/d). Animals were harvested on d 65 of life and mammary tissue was subjected to biochemical, molecular, and histological examination. By design, the effects of diet were evaluated at a common chronological age, but not necessarily at the same physiological age (body weight). Results from heifers reared on CON were compared to the average results from heifers reared on the other 3 diets. The second comparison evaluated the effect of increased fat in MR when protein content and intake were the same. The final comparison evaluated the effect of increased intake of a high-fat, high-protein MR. Neither diet composition nor nutrient intake in pre-weaned heifers affected PAR weight, PAR composition, GH/IGF-I axis gene expression, or putative mammary epithelial stem cell abundance when assessed at a common chronological age. Changes in MFP size and composition were observed, but no diet effect on GH/IGF-I axis gene expression in MFP was observed. This suggests nutrition is not critical for regulating the expression of local GH/IGF-I axis components or stem cell populations in the developing heifer mammary gland.
Ph. D.
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Pollock, John McArthur. "Effects of age of weaning and level of nutrition on immune responses in calves." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.291759.

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Londoño, Salazar Luisa Fernanda. "Effects of selected feed additives to improve growth and health of dairy calves." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2017. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/12377.

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Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação de monensina (MON), probióticos ou óleos essenciais sobre o desempenho e índice de escore fecal (IEF) dos bezerros leiteiros de 6-60 d de idade e seu efeito residual 15 dias após o desmame. Cinqüenta bezerros da raça Holandesa foram alimentados com 5 L de leite cru por dia mais concentrado inicial até o desmame. Os tratamentos foram: Controle (CON), adição de MON (30 mg / kg de concentrado), probiótico E. faecium (PROB, 70 mg / kg de concentrado, CFU / kg 7,0E + 09, Cylactin®), óleos essenciais (OE, 300 mg / kg de concentrado, CRINA® Ruminants), ou adição de PROB + OE (EOPROB). O consumo do alimento e o escore fecal (pontuado de 1 a 4) foram medidos diariamente e os animais foram pesados a cada 15 dias. Foi realizada a extração de DNA das fezes, para identificar por meio da PCR a presença ou ausência de microorganismos (E. coli, Hafnia, Shiguella, Lactobacillus spp, Enterococcus spp e Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415). Dois ensaios de digestibilidade de 72 h foram realizados nos dias 20-28 (período 1) e 50-56 (período 2), por coleta fecal total. O experimento foi definido em blocos inteiramente casualizados com dez repetições por tratamento e data de entrada usada como bloco. A ANOVA foi realizada para testar os efeitos do tratamento em P < 0,10, as medias foram comparadas pelo teste t de Student e os resultados da PCR foram analisados pelo teste de Wald. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) antes do desmame foi maior (P < 0,05) para OE (903,03 g / d) em comparação com MON (794,34 g / d) e EOPROB (783,12 g / d). Animais OE e MON diminuíram (P < 0,012) o IEF durante o aleitamento. O ganho médio diário (GMD) e a eficiência alimentar (EA) não diferiu (P > 0,10) entre os tratamentos antes do desmame. A altura à cernelha (AC) e altura à garupa (AG) não foi diferente entre os tratamentos (P > 0,10) antes nem depois do desaleitamento. Após o desmame, o CMS e IEF não diferiu entre os tratamentos (P > 0,10). OE apresentou maior GMD (917,50 g / d) (P < 0,05) em comparação com CON (615,80 g / d) e PROB (592,60 g / d). A EA melhorou (P < 0,05) com OE (0,72 g / g) sobre o CON (0,36 g / g), MON (0,49 g / g) e PROB (0,36 g / g). Os resultados de PCR mostraram ausência do E. faecium NCIMB 10415 em animais PROB e COM. Durante os ensaios de digestibilidade, houve maior consumo (P < 0,001) de nutrientes nos dias 50-56 em comparação com os dias 20-28. Animais PROB apresentaram maiores (P < 0,05) consumo de MS (1184,56 g / d), proteína bruta (PC) (254,63 g / d) e fibra detergente neutra (FDN) (320,36 g / d) comparado com EOPROB. A ingestão de carboidratos no fibrosos (CNF) foi maior (P < 0,05) no tratamento OE (384,31 g / d) comparado com CON (323,63 g / d), MON (323,84 g / d) e EOPROB (301,30 g / d). A ingestão de extrato etéreo (EE) e matéria orgânica (MO) não foi afetada (P > 0,10) pelos tratamentos. A digestibilidade da FDN foi maior (P < 0,012) em animais alimentados com MON (924 g / d). Em conclusão, OE pode ser adicionado à ração de bezerros leiteiros para melhorar o escore fecal, aumenta o CMS e melhora a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. O IEF no pré-desmame diminuiu com MON e aumentou com PROB
We aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation with monensin (MON), probiotics or essential oils on performance and fecal consistency index (FCI) of suckling dairy calves from 6-60 d of age, and its residual effect 15 d after weaning. Fifty Holstein calves were fed 5 L of raw milk per day plus starter concentrate until weaning. The treatments were: Control (CON), adition of MON (30 mg/kg of starter), probiotic E. faecium (PROB, 70 mg/kg of starter, CFU/kg 7,0E+09, Cylactin ® ), essential oils (EO, 300 mg/kg of starter, CRINA ® Ruminants), or addition of PROB +EO (EOPROB). DMI and fecal score (scored from 1 to 4) were daily measured, and animals were weighed every 15 d. DNA extraction from feces was performed, to identifying by PCR the presence or absence of microorganisms ( E. coli, Hafnia, Shiguella, Lactobacillus spp, Enterococcus spp, and Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415) in the feces. Two 72 h digestibility trials were performed at days 20-28 (period 1) and 50-56 (period 2), by total fecal collection. The experiment was designed in completely randomized block with ten replications per treatment, and date of entrance used as block. ANOVA was performed to test treatment effects at P < 0.10, means were compared by Student's t-test, and PCR results were analyzed by Wald test. The dry matter intake (DMI) before weaning was greater (P < 0.05) for EO (903.03 g / d) compared to MON (794.34 g / d) and EOPROB (783.12 g / d). EO and MON decreased (P < 0.012) FCI during pré-weaning. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) did not differ among treatments (P > 0.10) before weaning. The withers height (WH) and croup height (CH) was no different among treatments after or before weaning. After weaning the DMI and FCI did not differ among treatments (P > 0.10). EO had greater (P < 0.05) ADG (917.50 g / d) compared to CON (615.80 g/d) and PROB (592.60 g / d). The FE improved (P < 0.05) with EO (0.72 g / g) over CON (0.36 g / g), MON (0.49 g / g) and PROB (0.36 g / g). The PCR results showed absence of E. faecium NCIMB 10415 in animals fed PROB and CON. During the digestibility trials, greater intakes (P < 0.001) of nutrients were observed at days 50-56 compared to 20-28 days. Animals fed PROB had greater (P < 0.05) intakes of DM (1184.56 g / d), crude protein (CP) (254.63 g /d) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (320.36 g / d) than animals fed EOPROB . Intake of Non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) were greater (P < 0.05) in EO (384.31 g / d) compared to CON (323.63 g / d), MON (323.84 g / d) and EOPROB (301.30 g / d). The ether extract (EE) and organic matter (OM) intake was not affected (P > 0.10) by treatments. NDF digestibility was greater (P < 0.012) in animals fed MON (924 g / d). In conclusion, EO can be added to the dairy calf ration to improve fecal score, increases DMI and improves nutrient digestibility. The pre-weaning FCI decreased with MON and increased with PROB
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Curtis, Gemma. "The impact of neonatal nutrition on the health, welfare and productivity of Holstein dairy calves." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2030959/.

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Dairy calves in the U.K. are currently reared on ‘least cost’ principles, with minimal milk feeding and early weaning to solid foods. This has been described as maintaining the calf in ‘a state of chronic hunger’. As well as repercussions on calf health, growth and welfare, human studies suggest that underfeeding the newborn is a major risk factor for metabolic disease in the adult. The aims of this study were to determine current dairy calf rearing practices across the U.K., to investigate the performance of Holstein heifer calves fed increased milk replacer (MR) compared to restricted volumes, and to determine the impact of this on key performance indicators (KPIs) of these animals as calves and growing heifers. A postal questionnaire was offered to one thousand U.K. dairy farmers to determine current calf rearing practices. The response rate was 72% and revealed that housing and feeding practices were variable between farms. The majority of farmers (93%) fed restricted volumes of milk or milk replacer to their pre-weaned calves. The body weight, withers and loin height, heart and belly girth, crown to rump length, hock-fetlock length and body condition score (BCS) were recorded weekly from birth to 12 weeks and monthly from 12 weeks until conception in two groups of Holstein heifer calves on one commercial dairy farm in the north-west of England, U.K. Calves were assigned to a restricted, Group R (n = 50) or ad libitum, Group A (n = 50) MR feeding strategy from birth until weaning. Growth rates were greater for Group A (0.72kg/day) from birth until 3 weeks than Group R (0.17kg/day). Body condition score increased for Group A during this period (0.1 points) while it decreased for Group R (0.3 points). Thereafter, growth rates were similar between dietary groups although no catch-up growth was observed for Group R animals. Changes in morphometric measures were greater for Group A calves than Group R from birth to 12 weeks. From 12 weeks of age onwards, dietary group differences in morphometric measures disappeared but body weight differences remained until conception. The glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity of a subset of heifer calves (n = 6 Group A, n = 6 Group R) was investigated at 3, 12 and 39 weeks of age and was shown not to be affected by dietary group. The carcass composition of Holstein bull calves assigned to one of the two dietary groups was assessed. Calves were studied at birth (n = 3), 3 weeks, 9 weeks or 12 weeks (n = 3 per dietary group at each age). Carcass composition was assessed using spiral CT technologies. Group A calves had greater internal adipose deposition at all ages but there was no difference in carcass associated adipose tissue. The age at puberty, first service and conception was between 2 and 3 weeks lower for Group A animals than for Group R. Increased MR feeding of Holstein heifers allows for greater growth rates and earlier entry into the milking herd.
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Lake, Scott L. "Postpartum dietary lipid supplmementation [sic] for beef cows managed to achieve two different body condition scores at parturition." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1095427571&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Books on the topic "Nutrition of calves"

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K, Drackley James, ed. The whey development, nutrition, and management of the young calf: Dried whey. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1998.

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Turner, Harley A. Winter nutrition of fall-calving cows and calves. Corvallis, Or: Agricultural Experiment State Station , Oregon State University, 1985.

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Turner, Harley A. Winter nutrition of fall-calving cows and calves. Corvallis, Or: Agricultural Experiment State Station , Oregon State University, 1985.

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C, Garnsworthy Philip, ed. Calf and heifer rearing: Principles of rearing the modern dairy heifer : proceedings of the 60th University of Nottingham Easter School in Agricultural Science. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press, 2005.

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Vokaty, Sandra A. M. Selenium fertilizer use on beef cow/calf farms: Effects on calves from birth to weaning. Charlottetown: University of Prince Edward Island, 1991.

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Vokaty, Sandra A. M. Selenium fertilizer use on beef cow/calf farms : effects on calves from birth to weaning. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1991.

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McGee, Mark. Defining suckler systems in terms of efficiency of lean meat production and market requuirements. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1997.

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Flynn, J. Effect of cow breed type and parity on voluntary intakes of grass silage and performance of cows and calves. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.

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Hollis, L., and K. C. Olson. Cow/Calf Nutrition, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice (The Clinics: Veterinary Medicine). Saunders, 2007.

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Nunn, Calvin L. Effect of vitamin E on scours in neonatal beef calves. 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Nutrition of calves"

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Silva, A. L., M. I. Marcondes, M. M. Campos, F. S. Machado, M. M. D. Castro, and A. S. Trece. "Prediction of dry matter intake in dairy calves." In Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition in sustainable animal production, 341–42. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-781-3_120.

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Gilbert, M. S., A. J. Pantophlet, J. J. G. C. van den Borne, H. A. Schols, and W. J. J. Gerrits. "Small intestinal fermentation contributes substantially to starch disappearance in milk-fed calves." In Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition in sustainable animal production, 59–60. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-781-3_4.

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Hill, T. M., J. D. Quigley, H. G. Bateman, J. M. Aldrich, and R. L. Schlotterbeck. "Source of carbohydrate and protein in the diet of recently weaned dairy calves." In Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition in sustainable animal production, 83–84. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-781-3_15.

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Berends, H., J. J. G. C. van den Borne, B. A. Røjen, J. van Baal, and W. J. J. Gerrits. "Low protein solid feed enhances nitrogen utilization by urea-N recycling in veal calves." In Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition in sustainable animal production, 79–80. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-781-3_13.

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Berends, H., J. J. G. C. van den Borne, and W. J. J. Gerrits. "Quantifying subclinical ruminal drinking using a [13C]-[15N2]-urea based method in veal calves." In Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition in sustainable animal production, 223–24. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-781-3_69.

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Gilbert, M. S., J. J. G. C. van den Borne, A. J. Pantophlet, and W. J. J. Gerrits. "A titration approach to identify the capacity for starch digestion in milk-fed calves." In Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition in sustainable animal production, 233–34. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-781-3_74.

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Pantophlet, A. J., M. S. Gilbert, J. J. G. C. van den Borne, R. J. Vonk, W. J. J. Gerrits, A. Pluschke, H. A. Schols, M. G. Priebe, and J. Roelofsen. "Effects of starch derived substrates on pancreatic and mucosal enzyme activities in milk-fed calves." In Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition in sustainable animal production, 289–90. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-781-3_97.

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Hilton, Claire. "Food, Farm and Fuel: An Inequitable Supply Chain." In Civilian Lunatic Asylums During the First World War, 147–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54871-1_5.

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Abstract Within days of war breaking out, the country faced extraordinary chaos in the food market. Many foods considered nutritious, such as meat, were prioritised for the soldiers. The large contracts for food required by the asylums became particularly vulnerable, with food diverted into military supplies. Within the asylums, food and fuel distribution was also inequitable, depending more on status than on health need. Alongside asylum managers’ goals of lowest possible expenditure, they often had little grasp of emerging nutritional science, a potentially disastrous combination. In 1919, the Times concluded: “Have we been sending some of our lunatics into the Army and starving the others?” It called for the Board of Control to account.
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Cinti, Saverio. "The Nutritional System." In Perspectives in Nursing Management and Care for Older Adults, 215–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63892-4_17.

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AbstractThe white and brown adipose tissues are organized to form a true organ. They have a different anatomy and perform different functions, but they collaborate thanks to their ability to convert mutually and reversibly following physiological stimuli. This implies a new fundamental property for mature cells, which would be able to reversibly reprogram their genome under physiological conditions. The subcutaneous mammary gland provides another example of their plasticity. Here fat cells are reversibly transformed into glands during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The obese adipose organ is inflamed because hypertrophic fat cells, typical of this condition, die and their cellular residues must be reabsorbed by macrophages. The molecules produced by these cells during their reabsorption work interfere with the insulin receptor, and this induces insulin resistance, which ultimately causes type 2 diabetes. The adipose organ collaborates with those of digestion. Both produce hormones that can influence the nutritional behavior of individuals. They produce molecules that mutually influence functional activities including thermogenesis, which contributes to the interruption of the meal. The nutrients are absorbed by the intestine, stored in the adipose organ, and distributed by them to the whole body between meals. Distribution includes offspring during breastfeeding. The system as a whole is therefore called the nutritional system.
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SISSONS, J. W. "AETIOLOGY OF DIARRHOEA IN PIGS AND PRE-RUMINANT CALVES." In Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, 261–82. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-408-04149-2.50018-0.

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Conference papers on the topic "Nutrition of calves"

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Trotta, R. J., and K. C. Swanson. "Regulation of postruminal carbohydrase activities by dietary fructose in neonatal calves." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_54.

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Reiners, J. N., and K. C. Swanson. "Effects of graded amounts of dietary leucine to milk-fed calves on serum amino acid concentrations." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_55.

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Gorlov, Ivan, Elemes Azhmuldinov, Ekaterina Karpenko, and Elena Zlobina. "Comparative assessment of nutritional and biological value of beef from calves of various breeds." In 16th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Agriculture, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev2017.16.n049.

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Batman, Orhan, Mehmet Sarıışık, and Akif Gökçe. "What Constraints Do the Students have for Nutrition Habits? A Research on Higher Education Students." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01327.

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Heirs of future and potential tourists, students face with various difficulties during university period. The very primary step of physiological needs, eating habits and constraints, of such a wide audience who are supposed to be at the top of self-realization is an issue that is carefully be focused on. The aim of this study which tries to investigate Bartın Vocational School students’ tendency and constraints on nutrition is to search and identify daily main meals and snacks of students; to determine body-mass index on age basis;; and to evaluate the arguments whether interdependent variables such as economic level, place of residence and gender which are allegedly affect nutritional care have influence on food choice. This study is considered important because it assesses dietary habits and tendencies of consumers with different levels of opportunity and limited incomes. In this context, secondary data have been given in theoretical framework. Primary data, on the other hand, have been obtained through a questionnaire that is compiled from various sources. Research problem and hypotheses have been tested by parametric test Independent-Samples T Test and frequency analysis. As results of the research, the findings that students do not have adequate nutrition awareness though their body-mass index is in normal range; that they consume fast food particularly during the day; and that this situation leads to the so-called morbid obesity health problems have been discussed. In addition, policy recommendations and suggestions have been made in this regard.
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Futterman, Matthew, and Evan A. Zamir. "A Model for Epithelial Migration and Wound Healing in the Avian Embryo." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19565.

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It is increasingly clear that (collective) migration of epithelia plays an important role in morphogenesis and wound healing [6]. One of the interesting phenomena about epithelial migration is that the leading edge of the epithelia displays characteristics of both epithelia and cells undergoing EMT (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition), so-called “partial” EMT. Developmental models in Drosophila and zebrafish have become important for studying signaling pathways involved in epithelial migration in recent years, but it is difficult to study the biomechanics of these systems. [2] Here, we revisit a little-used developmental model originally characterized by Chernoff [3] over two decades ago, which uses the area opaca (AO) of the chick embryo, an extraembryonic epithelium in birds which normally functions to spread across and encompass the nutritive yolk in a process called epiboly. We believe this model will be useful for studying epithelial migration because it is easily accessible and can be separated from the embryo to control the biomechanical environment.
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Girard, Michaël J. A., Jun-Kyo F. Suh, Michael Bottlang, Claude F. Burgoyne, and J. Crawford Downs. "Scleral Biomechanics in the Glaucomatous Monkey Eye." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206799.

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The sclera is the outer shell and principal load-bearing tissue of the eye, and consists primarily of avascular lamellae of collagen fibers. Ninety percent of the collagen fibers in the sclera are Type I, which provide the eye with necessary mechanical strength to withstand intraocular pressure (IOP). A small hole pierces the posterior sclera, known as the scleral canal, through which the retinal ganglion cell axons turn and pass out of the eye on their path to the brain. The scleral canal is spanned by a fenestrated connective tissue called the lamina cribrosa that provides structural and nutritional support to the axons as they leave the eye. This region, including the peripapillary sclera (the sclera closest to the canal), the lamina cribrosa, and the contained retinal ganglion cell axons, is collectively known as the optic nerve head or ONH.
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Rasheed, Rihab, Touria Bounnit, Hareb Al Jabri, and Imen Saadaoui. "Algae-based Biofertilizer for Date Palm Cultivation in Qatar." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0034.

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Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is the main fruit crop found in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. It naturally adapts to the adverse environments of extreme heat and water scarcity and prevents further desertification in addition to producing fruits with high nutritional value. It is seen in many parts of the world that traditional cultivation practices such as mixed planting and chemical fertilizers have led to low fruit quality resulting in low market values. Long generation time also hinders production of the dates. Tissue culture is therefore considered the most promising solution for rapid large-scale production of trueto- type clonal plants. The plantlets originating from in vitro callus proliferation are transferred from synthetic media to soil. The conventional method of using chemical fertilizers also leads to low plantlet viability with increased environmental and health risk. The current research targets the use of a local microalga, Tetraselmis sp. QUCCCM8, identified as an organic source of nutrients, a substitute for chemical fertilizers to acclimatize cultured date palmlets to soil. Soil was supplemented with different concentrations of algal biomass and plant growth was monitored for 3 months. Soil without any fertilizer and soil amended with 1 g conventional fertilizer were used as negative and positive control, respectively. Supplementation with 0.5 g of algal biomass led to higher plant growth rates, 100% survival rates, high ability of rooting (3.17 ± 0.14 roots), higher number of leaves (2.5 ± 0.25 leaves), largest stem thickness, longer shoot (33.75 ± 1.56 cm), and higher total chlorophyll (159.61 ± 9.6 mg L⁻ ¹) as compared to conventional fertilizer. These stated findings are significantly higher than the control. Furthermore, elemental analysis of the soil showed that supplementation with algal biomass increased the soil total nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus contents essential for plant growth. Finally, the comparison of heavy metals composition between soils amended with conventional fertilizer and algae-based fertilizer highlights the potential use of algae as a safe and efficient biofertilizer post tissue culture mode of plantlet generation. This enhanced the viability of healthy plantlets without affecting the environment, averting usage of chemical fertilizers.
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Reports on the topic "Nutrition of calves"

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Bohan, Michelle, Monica Foote, Brian Nonnecke, and Donald C. Beitz. Plane of Nutrition Affects Plasma Ghrelin Concentrations in Neonatal Calves. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-961.

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Foote, Monica R., B. J. Nonnecke, Donald C. Beitz, and M. Van Amburgh. Effects of Intensified Nutrition on Immune Cell Populations in Milk Replacer-Fed Neonatal Calves. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1018.

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Foote, Monica R., B. J. Nonnecke, M. A. Fowler, B. L. Miller, Donald C. Beitz, and W. R. Waters. Nutritional Modulation of the Proliferation and Activation of Blood Lymphocyte Subsets from Milk Replacer-Fed Calves. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1381.

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HarvestPlus, HarvestPlus. Scaling up biofortified crops and foods for healthier, inclusive, and resilient food systems: Calls to action for the UN Food Systems and Tokyo Nutrition for Growth Summits. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134438.

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Nachtrieb, Julie. Field site analysis of giant salvinia nitrogen content and salvinia weevil density. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42060.

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In 2012, a giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell) biological control project was initiated in Louisiana. Although similar quantities of salvinia weevils (Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands) were released at all sites, weevil densities were highly variable among sites. Additionally, signs of plant nitrogen depletion (yellowing plants) were observed at some sites. Because it is well known that plant nutrition can affect the success of a biocontrol agent because of slowed development and/or reduced fecundity, the correlation between giant salvinia nitrogen content and Salvinia weevil density was investigated during the growing seasons of the second and fourth years. During 2013, weevils were reintroduced to sites, and the magnitude of adult weevil density increase varied by site. Giant salvinia nitrogen content varied among sites and sampling dates. Upper Big Break plants had greater nitrogen than all other sites during 75% of sampling dates. Additionally, adult and larval densities were significantly correlated to plant nitrogen content. During 2015, trends were less distinct and weevil densities and nitrogen content varied based on the interaction between sampling date and site, but a significant correlation was not detected. Results from 1-yr of a 2-yr study confirmed published reports of the importance of plant nitrogen content to salvinia weevil productivity. Additional studies are warranted to evaluate and understand the role of nitrogen at giant salvinia biocontrol field sites.
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