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Journal articles on the topic 'Nutrition substrate utilization'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Just, B., B. Messing, and D. Darmaun. "Oral nutrition in patients receiving home cyclic parenteral nutrition: pattern of substrate utilization." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/54.3.560.

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2

Coyle, E. F. "Substrate utilization during exercise in active people." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 968S—979S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/61.4.968s.

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3

van Hall, Gerrit, José González-Alonso, Massimo Sacchetti, and Bengt Saltin. "Skeletal muscle substrate metabolism during exercise: methodological considerations." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, no. 4 (November 1999): 899–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665199001202.

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The aim of the present article is to evaluate critically the various methods employed in studies designed to quantify precisely skeletal muscle substrate utilization during exercise. In general, the pattern of substrate utilization during exercise can be described well from O2 uptake measurements and the respiratory exchange ratio. However, if the aim is to quantify limb or muscle metabolism, invasive measurements have to be carried out, such as the determination of blood flow, arterio-venous (a-v) difference measurements for O2 and relevant substrates, and biopsies of the active muscle. As many substrates and metabolites may be both taken up and released by muscle at rest and during exercise, isotopes can be used to determine uptake and/or release and also fractional uptake can be accounted for. Furthermore, the use of isotopes opens up further possibilities for the estimation of oxidation rates of various substrates. There are several methodological concerns to be aware of when studying the metabolic response to exercise in human subjects. These concerns include: (1) the muscle mass involved in the exercise is largely unknown (bicycle or treadmill). Moreover, whether the muscle sample obtained from a limb muscle and the substrate and metabolite concentrations are representative can be a problem; (2) the placement of the venous catheter can be critical, and it should be secured so that the blood sample represents blood from the active muscle with a minimum of contamination from other muscles and tissues; (3) the use of net limb glycerol release to estimate lipolysis is probably not valid (triacylglycerol utilization by muscle), since glycerol can be metabolized in skeletal muscle; (4) the precision of blood-borne substrate concentrations during exercise measured by a-v difference is hampered since they become very small due to the high blood flow. Recommendations are given in order to obtain more quantitative and conclusive data in studies investigating the regulatory mechanisms for substrate choice by muscle.

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4

Brecher, Arthur S., Timothy A. Moehlman, and William D. Hann. "Utilization of chymotrypsin as a sole carbon and (or) nitrogen source by Escherichia coli." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 38, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m92-048.

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α-Chymotrypsin serves as a sole carbon source, sole nitrogen source, and as sole carbon plus nitrogen source for wild-type Escherichia coli in a totally defined medium. Hence, a mammalian host for E. coli may supply the necessary carbon and nitrogen nutrients for the microorganism. Growth is most rapid when chymotrypsin is a sole nitrogen source,and least rapid with chymotrypsin as a carbon source. The approximate doubling times for E. coli utilizing chymotrypsin as a nitrogen source, carbon plus nitrogen source, and carbon source are 1.6, 4.6, and 11.3 h, respectively. The activity of the residual enzyme in the culture supernates falls off asymptotically over the course of time, as followed by cleavage of glutaryl-L-phenylalanine-p-nitroanilide. Chymotrypsin hydrolyzes succinyl-L-ala-L-ala-L-ala-p-nitroanilide, the elastase substrate, to some extent. Peptidases do not appear to be secreted that hydrolyze such model substrates as benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide, the tryptic and cathepsin B substrate, L-leucine-p-nitroanilide, the leucine aminopeptidase substrate, or L-lysine-p-nitroanilide, the aminopeptidase B substrate. Growth of E. coli is generally directly related to the loss of chymotryptic activity in the medium. Hence, autolysis of chymotrypsin, i.e., self-degradation, is an important factor for the availability of degradation products of the enzyme to the bacterium for growth purposes. Accordingly, the degradation of a host protein by autolysis presents an opportunity for E. coli to survive during periods of host nutritional crisis by utilization of the degradation peptides that are produced during autolysis. Key words: chymotrypsin, Escherichia coli, growth, nutrition, peptide source.

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5

Hall, K. D., H. L. Bain, and C. C. Chow. "How adaptations of substrate utilization regulate body composition." International Journal of Obesity 31, no. 9 (March 13, 2007): 1378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803608.

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6

Joosten, Koen F. M., Jennifer J. Verhoeven, and Jan A. Hazelzet. "Energy expenditure and substrate utilization in mechanically ventilated children." Nutrition 15, no. 6 (June 1999): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-9007(99)00081-7.

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7

Kajimoto, Masaki, Dolena R. Ledee, Nancy G. Isern, and Michael A. Portman. "Right ventricular metabolism during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in immature swine heart in vivo." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 312, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): H721—H727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00835.2016.

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Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) provides hemodynamic rescue for patients encountering right or left ventricular (RV or LV) decompensation, particularly after surgery for congenital heart defects. ECMO, supported metabolically by parenteral nutrition, provides reductions in myocardial work and energy demand and, therefore, enhances functional recovery. The RV must often assume systemic ventricular pressures and function on weaning from VA-ECMO. However the substrate utilization responses of the RV to VA-ECMO or stimulation are unknown. We determined RV and LV substrate utilization response to VA-ECMO in immature swine heart. Mixed-breed male Yorkshire pigs (33–49 days old) underwent normal pressure volume loading (control, n = 5) or were unloaded by VA-ECMO (ECMO, n = 10) for 8 h. Five pigs with ECMO received intravenous thyroid hormone [triiodothyronine (T3)] to alter substrate utilization. Carbon 13 (13C)-labeled substrates (lactate and medium-chain and long-chain fatty acids) were systemically infused as metabolic tracers. Analyses by nuclear magnetic resonance showed that both ventricles have similar trends of fractional 13C-labeled substrate contributions to the citric acid cycle under control conditions. VA-ECMO produced higher long-chain fatty acids and lower lactate contribution to the citric acid cycle via inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase, whereas T3 promoted lactate metabolism in both ventricles. However, these metabolic shifts were smaller in RV, and RV fatty acid contributions showed minimal response to perturbations. Furthermore, VA-ECMO and T3 also achieved high [phosphocreatine]/[ATP] and low [NADH]/[NAD+] in LV but not in RV. These data suggest that the RV shows decreased ability to modify substrate utilization and achieve improvements in energy supply/demand during VA-ECMO. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We showed that the right ventricle unloaded by venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) has diminished capacity to alter substrate utilization compared with the left ventricle. This decrease in metabolic flexibility contributes to the inability to increase high-energy phosphate reserves during myocardial rest by VA-ECMO.

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8

Dumke, Charles L., David C. Nieman, Alan C. Utter, Michael D. Rigby, John C. Quindry, N. Travis Triplett, Steven R. McAnulty, and Lisa S. McAnulty. "Quercetin’s effect on cycling efficiency and substrate utilization." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 34, no. 6 (December 2009): 993–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h09-099.

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Previous evidence suggests that quercetin supplementation increases performance in humans. We examined the effects of 3 weeks of quercetin supplementation on fuel utilization, gross efficiency (GE), and perceived effort during 3 h of cycling over 3 successive days. Forty cyclists were randomized into quercetin and placebo groups and tested for maximal oxygen consumption (53.2 ± 1.2 and 54.7 ± 1.1 mL·kg–1·min–1). For 3 weeks following maximal oxygen consumption testing, subjects supplemented either 1000 mg·day–1 quercetin or placebo during normal training. Following supplementation, subjects cycled at 57% maximum power for 3 h, on 3 successive days, using their own bicycles fitted to CompuTrainer Pro Model trainers (RacerMate, Seattle, Wash.). Metabolic measurements were taken every 30 min for each 3-h ride. Muscle biopsies obtained from the vastus lateralis immediately pre-exercise and postexercise on days 1 and 3 were analyzed for muscle glycogen content. Power output remained constant for all 3 exercise trials, but significant decreases over time were measured for GE, cadence, respiratory exchange ratio, blood glucose, and muscle glycogen. Significant increases were measured for heart rate and volume of oxygen consumption over time. No quercetin treatment effect was observed for any of the outcome measures in this study. These data indicate that GE is reduced during an exhausting 3-h bout of exercise. However, quercetin did not significantly affect any outcomes in these already well-trained subjects.

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9

Just, B., B. Messing, D. Darmaun, M. Rongier, and E. Camillo. "Comparison of substrate utilization by indirect calorimetry during cyclic and continuous total parenteral nutrition." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/51.1.107.

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10

Coss-Bu, Jorge A., William J. Klish, David Walding, Fernando Stein, E. O'Brian Smith, and Larry S. Jefferson. "Energy metabolism, nitrogen balance, and substrate utilization in critically ill children." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74, no. 5 (November 1, 2001): 664–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/74.5.664.

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11

Westenskow, Dwayne R., Constance A. Schipke, Janice L. Raymond, Jeffrey R. Saffle, James M. Becker, Elizabeth W. Young, and Christopher A. Cutler. "Calculation of Metabolic Expenditure and Substrate Utilization from Gas Exchange Measurements." Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 12, no. 1 (January 1988): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014860718801200120.

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12

Williams, Darryl M., F. Scott Kennedy, and Brenda G. Green. "The effect of iron substrate on mitochondria1 haem synthesis in copper deficiency." British Journal of Nutrition 53, no. 1 (January 1985): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850017.

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1. Studies of iron utilization and haem synthesis were carried out with hepatic mitochondria obtained from copper-deficient and pair-fed control rats.2. Ferric chloride can be used as Fe substrate for mitochondrial haem synthesis in the presence of succinate. Utilization is further enhanced by the addition of FMN.3. Ferritin does not support haem synthesis in the presence of succinate alone, but does support haem synthesis when FMN is added.4. Mitochondria1 haem synthesis is impaired in Cu deficiency when either FeCl3or homologous ferritin is used as Fe substrate.5. The results of the present study suggest that impaired haem synthesis in Cu deficiency occurs at a step following the chemical reduction of Fe substrate.

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13

Butte, Nancy F., Judy M. Hopkinson, Nitesh Mehta, Jon K. Moon, and E. O'Brian Smith. "Adjustments in energy expenditure and substrate utilization during late pregnancy and lactation." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/69.2.299.

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14

Jatho, G. J., B. O. Schneeman, P. A. Davis, and S. Kasim-Karakas. "The Effect of High-carbohydrate Intake on Substrate Utilization in Postmenopausal Women." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 96, no. 9 (September 1996): A11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(96)00357-4.

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15

Girardet, J. P., J. Salas, S. De Potter, O. Goulet, and C. Ricour. "Energy substrate utilization in malnourished infants — influence of fat infusion." Clinical Nutrition 9 (January 1990): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-5614(90)90327-o.

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16

Jahromi, Nastaran Basiri, Forbes Walker, Amy Fulcher, James Altland, and Wesley C. Wright. "Growth Response, Mineral Nutrition, and Water Utilization of Container-grown Woody Ornamentals Grown in Biochar-amended Pine Bark." HortScience 53, no. 3 (March 2018): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12643-17.

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Container-grown nursery crops generally require daily irrigation applications and potentially more frequent applications during the hottest part of the growing season. Developing management practices that make more efficient use of irrigation water is important for improving the sustainability of nursery crop production. Biochar, a byproduct of pyrolysis, can potentially increase the water-holding capacity and reduce water and nutrient leaching. In addition, the development of sensor-based irrigation technologies has made monitoring substrate moisture a practical tool for irrigation management in the nursery industry. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of switchgrass biochar on water and nutrient-holding capacity and release in container substrates of Buxus sempervirens L. × Buxus microphylla (‘Green Velvet’ boxwood) and Hydrangea paniculata (Pinky Winky® hardy hydrangea). Containers were filled with pine bark and amended with 0%, 10%, or 25% volume of biochar. Plants were irrigated when the volumetric water content (VWC) reached the water-buffering capacity set point of 0.25 cm3·cm−3. The sensor-based irrigation in combination with the low cost biochar substrate amendment increased substrate water-holding capacity and reduced irrigation requirements for the production of hydrangea, a high water use plant. Biochar application rate influenced irrigation frequency, which likely affected plant biomass for hydrangea, but boxwood dry weight was unaffected by biochar rate. Total irrigation applied was decreased by 32% in 10% biochar treatment without reducing hydrangea dry weight. However, in the 25% biochar treatment, total irrigation applied was reduced by 72%, whereas dry weight decreased by 50%. Biochar application reduced leaching volume and leaching fraction in both plants. Leachate analysis over the course of the 8-week experiment showed that the average mass of phosphate (PO4), potassium (K), and total carbon was greater in the leachate from containers that received 25% biochar compared with those receiving 0% or 10% biochar for both plant species. For hydrangea, mass of total nitrogen (TN) and nitrate (NO3) in leachate was not significantly affected by increasing the biochar rate. However, for boxwood, the mass of NO3 and TN was greater in the 25% biochar treatment leachate, whereas the mass of ammonium (NH4) was unaffected. In hydrangea, total nutrients lost from the containers was lower in biochar-amended containers (both 10% and 25% biochar) because of receiving a lower total volume of water. Amendment with biochar also affected concentration of phosphorus (P) and K, with the highest concentration in both leaf tissue and substrate from the 25% biochar application rate.

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17

Bresson, J. L., P. Narcy, G. Putet, C. Ricour, C. Sachs, and J. Rey. "Energy Substrate Utilization in Infants Receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition with Different Glucose to Fat Ratios." Pediatric Research 25, no. 6 (June 1989): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198906000-00018.

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18

Schutz, Yves. "Erratum." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61, no. 2 (May 2002): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2002161.

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19

Currie, P. J., A. Anghel, Z. Weinberg, S. Jacoby, and M. Sutherland. "Urocortin microinjection into the lateral septal area alters appetite and energy substrate utilization." Appetite 54, no. 3 (June 2010): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.04.050.

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20

Salas, Jordi S., Eugenia Dozio, Olivier J. Goulet, Carles Marti-Henneberg, Eddy Moukarzel, and Claude Ricour. "Energy Expenditure and Substrate Utilization in the Course of Renutrition of Malnourished Children." Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 15, no. 3 (May 1991): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148607191015003288.

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21

Schutz, Yves. "Role of substrate utilization and thermogenesis on body-weight control with particular reference to alcohol." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59, no. 4 (November 2000): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665100000744.

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Alcohol (ethanol; EtOH) provides fuel energy to the body (29·7 kJ (7·1 kcal)/g, 23·4 kJ (5·6 kcal)/ml), as do other macronutrients, but no associated essential nutrients. The thermogenic effect of EtOH (on average 15 % of its metabolizable value) is much greater than that of the main substrates utilized by the body, i.e. fat and carbohydrates (CHO), suggesting a lower net efficiency of energy utilization for EtOH than for fat and CHO. EtOH cannot be stored in the body and is toxic, so that there is an obligatory continuous oxidation of EtOH and it becomes the priority fuel to be metabolized. In contrast to CHO, its rate of oxidation does not depend on the dose ingested. As with CHO intake, it engenders a shift in postprandial substrate utilization (decrease in fat oxidation), but by a non-insulin-mediated mechanism. A limited amount of EtOH can be converted to fatty acids by hepatic de novo lipogenesis (as occurs with high levels of CHO feeding) from acetate production, which inhibits lipolysis in peripheral tissues. There is no evidence that EtOH consumed under normoenergetic conditions (i.e. isoenergetically replacing CHO or fat) leads to greater body fat storage than fat or CHO. However, there is still a lack of experimental studies on the influence of EtOH on the level of spontaneous physical activity in man. This effect may well depend on the dose of EtOH consumed as well as other intrinsic factors.

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22

Salas-Salvadó, J., J. Molina, J. Figueras, J. Massó, C. Martí-henneberg, and R. Jimenez. "Effect of the Quality of Infused Energy on Substrate Utilization in the Newborn Receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition." Pediatric Research 33, no. 2 (February 1993): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199302000-00004.

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23

Sulkers, E. J., H. N. Lafeber, H. J. Degenhart, H. Przyrembel, E. Schlotzer, and P. J. Sauer. "Effects of high carnitine supplementation on substrate utilization in low-birth-weight infants receiving total parenteral nutrition." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52, no. 5 (November 1, 1990): 889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/52.5.889.

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24

Salas-Salvadó, J., J. Molina, J. Figueras, J. Massó, C. Martí-Henneberg, and R. Jiminez. "Effect of the quality of infused energy on substrate utilization in the newborn receiving total parenteral nutrition." Clinical Nutrition 11 (January 1992): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-5614(92)90186-t.

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25

Kang, Jie, Saif B. Hasan, Nicole A. Ellis, Ira T. Vought, Nicholas A. Ratamess, Jill A. Bush, and Avery D. Faigenbaum. "Effects of Exercise With and Without Energy Replacement on Substrate Utilization in the Fasting State." Journal of the American College of Nutrition 39, no. 1 (April 23, 2019): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2019.1605549.

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26

Tagliaferro, Anthony R., Anne M. Ronan, Loren D. Meeker, Henry J. Thompson, Amy L. Scott, and Debajyoti Sinha. "Cyclic Food Restriction Alters Substrate Utilization and Abolishes Protection from Mammary Carcinogenesis in Female Rats." Journal of Nutrition 126, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 1398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/126.5.1398.

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27

Krishnan, Sridevi, and Jamie A. Cooper. "Effect of dietary fatty acid composition on substrate utilization and body weight maintenance in humans." European Journal of Nutrition 53, no. 3 (December 22, 2013): 691–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-013-0638-z.

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28

Jastram, Charles W. "Oral Nutrition in Patients Receiving Home Cyclic Parenteral Nutrition: Pattern of Substrate Utilization BERNARD JUST, BERNARD MESSING, DOMINIQUE DARMAUM Saint Lazare Hospital, Paris." Nutrition in Clinical Practice 7, no. 3 (June 1992): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088453369200700310.

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29

Colomb, V., A. Jobert, G. Guihot, B. Darcy-Willon, C. Ide, M. T. Morel, O. Corriol, C. Ricour, and P. H. Duée. "P.54 Substrate utilization by enterocytes is influencedby the route of nutrient delivery." Clinical Nutrition 15 (August 1996): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5614(96)80181-6.

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30

Smeets, A., and M. Westerterp-Plantnga. "The acute effects of a lunch containing capsaicin on energy and substrate utilization, hormones, and satiety." Appetite 51, no. 2 (September 2008): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2008.04.225.

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31

Jessen, Anna B., Søren Toubro, and Arne Astrup. "Effect of chewing gum containing nicotine and caffeine on energy expenditure and substrate utilization in men." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 1442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/77.6.1442.

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32

Hoogeveen, Ron C. A. J. M., Scott K. Reaves, Phyllis M. Reid, Bobby L. Reid, and Kai Y. Lei. "Copper Deficiency Shifts Energy Substrate Utilization from Carbohydrate to Fat and Reduces Fat Mass in Rats." Journal of Nutrition 124, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 1660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/124.9.1660.

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33

Sulkers, E. J., H. N. Lafeber, J. B. v. Goudoever, B. Beaufrère, H. J. Degenhart, and P. J. J. Sauer. "Substrate utilization in preterm infants fed a 40% MCT or a 5% MCT formula." Clinical Nutrition 9 (January 1990): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-5614(90)90162-l.

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34

Jeukendrup, A. E., J. J. Thielen, A. J. Wagenmakers, F. Brouns, and W. H. Saris. "Effect of medium-chain triacylglycerol and carbohydrate ingestion during exercise on substrate utilization and subsequent cycling performance." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/67.3.397.

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35

Bresson, J. L., B. Bader, F. Rocchiccioli, A. Mariotti, C. Ricour, C. Sachs, and J. Rey. "Protein-metabolism kinetics and energy-substrate utilization in infants fed parenteral solutions with different glucose-fat ratios." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, no. 2 (August 1, 1991): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/54.2.370.

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36

Sallai, László. "Co-fermentation of agricultural organic waste, main and by-products." Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 7, no. 1-2 (November 1, 2019): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2018.1-2.133-139.

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My research work proposes the study of the impact of the biogas production by co-fermentation of agricultural products. The basic substance is the dangerous liquid pig manure of the concentrated stock of big pig farms. The utilization of these materials as an energy source spells large income for the agricultural enterprises, saving the replacement of plant nutrition utilization of bio-manure, to increase the performance of the plant production, making harmless the dung which means a big environmental load. Because of the profitability of bioenergy utilization depends on the local conditions it is necessary to do experiments to try the available composition of organic wastes in the ratio of the production in advance. We measured the quantity and the methane and CO2 content of the biogas released from the substrate. The experiment simulated real biogas plant conditions, in mesophile temperature, in continuous biodegradation process. It can be considered, as a semi-industrial size.

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37

Salvadö, J., T. Segués, M. Alemany, and L. L. Arola. "Effects of lactation on circulating plasma metabolites in ‘cafeteria-fed’ rats." British Journal of Nutrition 55, no. 1 (January 1986): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19860017.

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1. The effects of ‘cafeteria feeding’ on primiparous Wistar rats during lactation have been studied by measuring circulating levels of glucose, amino acids, lactate, urea and ammonia as well as glycogen levels in liver and muscle.2. No significant changes in glucose levels were observed despite alterations in blood glucose compartmentation.3. Compared with controls, the dams given the cafeteria diet had higher liver glycogen stores which were more easily mobilized at the peak of lactation.4. Rats given the cafeteria diet showed a lower amino acid utilization than controls and adequately maintained circulating levels, as determined by the lower circulating levels of ammonia and urea.5. No significant differences in body-weight were observed in the period studied despite increasing dam weight after weaning in the cafeteria-fed group.6. The size of pups of cafeteria-fed dams was greater than that of controls, and the differences were marked after weaning, when the metabolic machinery of the cafeteria pup maintained high protein accretion and body build-up using fat as the main energy substrate characteristic of the preweaning stage. The controls, however, changed to greater utilization of amino acids as an energy substrate and adapted to high-protein (low- biological-quality) diets with a significantly different pattern of circulating nitrogen distribution.

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38

Adeyeye, Samuel Ayofemi Olalekan, Olusola Timothy Bolaji, Titilope Adebusola Abegunde, and Taofeek Olawale Adesina. "Processing and utilization of snail meat in alleviating protein malnutrition in Africa: a review." Nutrition & Food Science 50, no. 6 (January 31, 2020): 1085–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-08-2019-0261.

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Purpose This study aims to review processing and utilization of snail meat in alleviating protein malnutrition in Africa. Most countries in Africa are faced with a major challenge of protein malnutrition as a result of high cost of animal proteins. This has encouraged more research works in the use of wild or game meat to meet the much-needed animal proteins. Design/methodology/approach Previous literatures on the above subject matter were reviewed. In many African countries, the use of snails, rodents and other small livestock in the wild could help in improving the nutritional needs of the people in both urban and rural areas, as well as adding economic value through income generation to the local people. Findings Snails are very rich in dietary protein, low in fat and cholesterol and are good sources of iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. Previous studies showed that snail meat contains 70 per cent of water and its dry matter contains high amounts of essential amino acids such as lysine, leucine, arginine and tryptophan. Research studies have shown that snail contains calcium orthophosphate, a chemical substrate that could alleviate and reduce kidney diseases. Also, the glandular substances found in edible snails were found to have antimicrobial activities that cause agglutination of certain bacteria, which could be used against some ailments like whooping cough. As snail meat products have high nutritional value, spoilage sets in after one or two days after harvesting, and therefore, the preservation of snail meat has become a major concern to farmers, processors and consumers. Several preservation techniques could be adopted, which include smoking, sun drying, convectional drying and the use of natural or artificial preservatives. These methods have been found to reduce microbial load of snail meat and help to extend shelf life and keeping quality of snail meat. Originality/value This review X-rayed the importance of snail meat in the human diet and how this could be explored to enhance protein nutrition in developing countries.

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39

Druml, W., H. Lochs, E. Roth, W. Hubl, P. Balcke, and K. Lenz. "Utilization of tyrosine dipeptides and acetyltyrosine in normal and uremic humans." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 260, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): E280—E285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1991.260.2.e280.

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The impact of renal failure on the elimination and hydrolysis of three sources of tyrosine for parenteral nutrition, the dipeptides alanyltyrosine (Ala-Tyr), glycyltyrosine (Gly-Tyr), and N-acetyltyrosine (NAc-Tyr) was investigated in eight patients on regular hemodialysis therapy (HD) and seven healthy controls (CON). In CON, whole body clearance (Ctot) of Ala-Tyr (3,169 +/- 198 ml/min) was higher than Gly-Tyr (1,781 +/- 184, P less than 0.001), and both exceeded NAc-Tyr (284 +/- 24, P less than 0.001). In HD, Ctot of Ala-Tyr was not different from CON, but Ctot of Gly-Tyr (858 +/- 73, P less than 0.001) and NAc-Tyr (129 +/- 30, P less than 0.02) was decreased. The rise in plasma levels of constituent amino acids was higher in Ala-Tyr vs. Gly-Tyr (P less than 0.01). In HD, the pattern was similar, although the increase in Tyr was less than in CON. Plasma Tyr did not increase with NAc-Tyr in either group. Urinary loss of peptides was neglible, but 60% of NAc-Tyr infused was excreted by CON. The half-life of peptides incubated in CON and HD plasma was unchanged for Ala-Tyr (12.3 +/- 0.9 vs. 14.6 +/- 1.9 min) and prolonged for Gly-Tyr in HD (101.7 +/- 4.9 vs. 131.3 +/- 12, P less than 0.05). Thus renal failure does not impair Ala-Tyr disposal and delays Gly-Tyr utilization. These differential effects on peptide assimilation underscore the importance of peptide structure on metabolism. Both peptides, but not NAc-Tyr, may serve as a nutritional substrate in renal failure patients.

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40

Chardigny, J. M., and D. Moreau. "Effects of dietary fats on cardiac performance and substrate utilization in isolated perfused rat hearts." Nutrition Research 11, no. 2-3 (February 1991): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80125-3.

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41

Malin, Steven K., and Barry Braun. "Effect of metformin on substrate utilization after exercise training in adults with impaired glucose tolerance." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 38, no. 4 (April 2013): 427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2012-0433.

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Metformin attenuates the higher insulin sensitivity that occurs with exercise training. Sixteen people with prediabetes trained for 10 weeks while taking metformin (n = 8) or placebo (n = 8). Substrate utilization was assessed using glucose kinetics and indirect calorimetry. After training, exercise whole-body fat oxidation was higher and glycogen use lower (p < 0.05), with no differences between groups. Blood glucose use was unchanged. Training-induced enhancement of insulin sensitivity (clamp) correlated with higher peak oxygen uptake (r = 0.70; p < 0.05), but was independent of glucose kinetic and substrate metabolism.

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42

Johnston, Swan, and Corte. "Substrate Utilization and Work Efficiency during Submaximal Exercise in Vitamin C Depleted-Repleted Adults." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 69, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.69.1.41.

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A placebo-controlled, depletion-repletion protocol was utilized to examine the effect of vitamin C status on substrate utilization during a 90 min walk at 50% maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Nine vitamin C depleted subjects (plasma vitamin C < 28 mumol/L) agreed to participate in the 5-week study (aged, 27.6 ± 2.5 years , mean ± SE; 5 females, 4 males). Subjects were apparently healthy but unaware of their vitamin C status. Prior to the experimental period, VO 2max was measured using open-circuit spirometry during a graded walking protocol. Subjects ingested a placebo capsule daily during weeks 1–3 and a 500 mg vitamin C capsule daily during weeks 4–5 of the experimental study. Mean plasma vitamin C rose nearly 3-fold and mean plasma carnitine fell by nearly 20% at repletion (week 5) versus depletion (week 3). At the end of weeks 3 and 5, subjects completed a 90 minute treadmill walk at an exercise intensity of 50% VO2max. The relative contribution of fat utilized for energy during walking did not differ in the vitamin C depleted versus repleted states. However, work performed by subjects and gross efficiency during exercise increased significantly at repletion versus depletion (10% and 15%, respectively). These data indicate that vitamin C depletion is associated with reduced work efficiency during submaximal exercise.

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43

Stevenson, Emma J., Clyde Williams, Laura E. Mash, Beth Phillips, and Maria L. Nute. "Influence of high-carbohydrate mixed meals with different glycemic indexes on substrate utilization during subsequent exercise in women1,2." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84, no. 2 (August 1, 2006): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.354.

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Stevenson, Emma J., Clyde Williams, Laura E. Mash, Beth Phillips, and Maria L. Nute. "Influence of high-carbohydrate mixed meals with different glycemic indexes on substrate utilization during subsequent exercise in women." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84, no. 2 (August 1, 2006): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.2.354.

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Paoli, Antonio, Giuseppe Marcolin, Fabio Zonin, Marco Neri, Andrea Sivieri, and Quirico F. Pacelli. "Exercising Fasting or Fed to Enhance Fat Loss? Influence of Food Intake on Respiratory Ratio and Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption After a Bout of Endurance Training." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 21, no. 1 (February 2011): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.1.48.

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Exercise and nutrition are often used in combination to lose body fat and reduce weight. In this respect, exercise programs are as important as correct nutrition. Several issues are still controversial in this field, and among them there are contrasting reports on whether training in a fasting condition can enhance weight loss by stimulating lipolytic activity. The authors’ purpose was to verify differences in fat metabolism during training in fasting or feeding conditions. They compared the effect on oxygen consumption (VO2) and substrate utilization, estimated by the respiratory-exchange ratio (RER), in 8 healthy young men who performed the same moderate-intensity training session (36 min of cardiovascular training on treadmill at 65% maximum heart rate) in the morning in 2 tests in random sequence: FST test (fasting condition) without any food intake or FED test (feeding condition) after breakfast. In both cases, the same total amount and quality of food was assumed in the 24 hr after the training session. The breakfast, per se, increased both VO2 and RER significantly (4.21 vs. 3.74 and 0.96 vs. 0.84, respectively). Twelve hours after the training session, VO2 was still higher in the FED test, whereas RER was significantly lower in the FED test, indicating greater lipid utilization. The difference was still significant 24 hr after exercise. The authors conclude that when moderate endurance exercise is done to lose body fat, fasting before exercise does not enhance lipid utilization; rather, physical activity after a light meal is advisable.

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Hunter, R. A., and S. D. Siebert. "Utilization of low-quality roughage by Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle." British Journal of Nutrition 53, no. 3 (May 1985): 637–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850073.

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1. Six Hereford and six Brahman steers were fed ad lib. Pangola grass (Digztaria decumbens) and Spear grass (Heteropogon contortus) hay alone and supplemented with rumen-degradable nitrogen and sulphur and minerals. The rumen digestion of the two feeds was determined by reference to the disappearance of substrate from nylon bags suspended in the rumen and withdrawn after intervals ranging from 8 to 120 h.2. The digestion of the unsupplemented Pangola grass diet occurred more rapidly in Brahmans than in Herefords and was associated with higher rumen ammonia concentrations in Brahmans (40 v. 16 mg/l). The rumen NH3, concentrations were increased to over 100 mg/l by supplementation. The digestion rate increased in both breeds after supplementation and the breed difference disappeared. Increases in digestion rate were not achieved above NH3, concentrations of 60–80 mg/l.3. Spear grass, especially the cell-wall-constituent fraction, was more resistant to digestion than Pangola grass. Digestion of the unsupplemented Spear grass diet proceeded more rapidly in Brahmans than in Herefords. The digestion rate in Brahmans were similar irrespective of whether the diet was supplemented or not. Supplementation increased digestion rate in Herefords.

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Schreurs, V. V. A. M., H. A. Boekholt, R. E. Koopmanschap, and P. J. M. Weijs. "The metabolic utilization of amino acids: potentials of 14CO2 breath test measurements." British Journal of Nutrition 67, no. 2 (March 1992): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19920024.

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The present paper offers a dual 14CO2 breath test approach to study the metabolic utilization of free amino acids in the body. Using the carboxyl-[14C]isotopomer of an amino acid as the test substrate the percentage recovery of the isotope as 14CO2 reflects which part of the labelled amino acid flux has been decarboxylated. The residual C fragments may flow to total oxidation at least to the level recovered for the universal [14C]isotopomer. In the case that recovery for total oxidation is less than for decarboxylation, part of the [14C]fragments are retained in the body by either exchange or non-oxidative pathways. Utilization of tyrosine and leucine was measured in the post-absorptive phase in adult rats conditioned on isoenergetic diets containing 210, 75 or 0 g protein/kg. It was shown that the level of dietary protein exerts an influence on both decarboxylation and total oxidation. Although the responses of leucine and tyrosine were not different for total oxidation, there was a difference between the amino acids in their relative rate of decarboxylation. That this dual 14CO2 breath test approach can be used as a tool to evaluate whether the protein and amino acid supply has been adequate to support actual requirements is discussed.Amino acid utilization: Amino acid requirements: Leucine: Tyrosine

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Clapp III, James F. "Maternal carbohydrate intake and pregnancy outcome." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61, no. 1 (February 2002): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2001129.

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Experimental evidence indicates that the primary maternal environmental factor that regulates feto–placental growth is substrate delivery to the placental site, which is the product of maternal substrate levels and the rate of placental-bed blood flow. Thus, maternal factors which change either substrate level or flow alter feto–placental growth rate. The best-studied substrate in human pregnancy is glucose, and there is a direct relationship between maternal blood glucose levels and size at birth. Altering the type of carbohydrate eaten (high- v. low-glycaemic sources) changes postprandial glucose and insulin responses in both pregnant and non-pregnant women, and a consistent change in the type of carbohydrate eaten during pregnancy influences both the rate of feto–placental growth and maternal weight gain. Eating primarily high-glycaemic carbohydrate results in feto–placental overgrowth and excessive maternal weight gain, while intake of low-glycaemic carbohydrate produces infants with birth weights between the 25th and the 50th percentile and normal maternal weight gain. The calculated difference in energy retention with similar total energy intakes is of the order of 80 000 kJ. Preliminary information from subsequent metabolic studies indicates that the mechanisms involved include changes in: daily digestible energy requirements (i.e. metabolic efficiency), substrate utilization (glucose oxidation v. lipid oxidation), and insulin resistance and sensitivity. Thus, altering the source of maternal dietary carbohydrate may prove to be a valuable tool in the management of pregnancies at risk for anomalous feto–placental growth and for the prevention and/or treatment of obesity and insulin resistance in the non-pregnant state.

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van Baak, Marlene A., Jaap M. Mooij, and Joseph A. Wijnen. "Substrate utilization during submaximal endurance exercise: the effect of β-adrenoceptor blockade and increased plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 823S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/57.5.823s.

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Yeo, Wee Kian, Andrew L. Carey, Louise Burke, Lawrence L. Spriet, and John A. Hawley. "Fat adaptation in well-trained athletes: effects on cell metabolism." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 36, no. 1 (January 2011): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h10-089.

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The performance of prolonged (>90 min), continuous, endurance exercise is limited by endogenous carbohydrate (CHO) stores. Accordingly, for many decades, sports nutritionists and exercise physiologists have proposed a number of diet-training strategies that have the potential to increase fatty acid availability and rates of lipid oxidation and thereby attenuate the rate of glycogen utilization during exercise. Because the acute ingestion of exogenous substrates (primarily CHO) during exercise has little effect on the rates of muscle glycogenolysis, recent studies have focused on short-term (<1–2 weeks) diet-training interventions that increase endogenous substrate stores (i.e., muscle glycogen and lipids) and alter patterns of substrate utilization during exercise. One such strategy is “fat adaptation”, an intervention in which well-trained endurance athletes consume a high-fat, low-CHO diet for up to 2 weeks while undertaking their normal training and then immediately follow this by CHO restoration (consuming a high-CHO diet and tapering for 1–3 days before a major endurance event). Compared with an isoenergetic CHO diet for the same intervention period, this “dietary periodization” protocol increases the rate of whole-body and muscle fat oxidation while attenuating the rate of muscle glycogenolysis during submaximal exercise. Of note is that these metabolic perturbations favouring the oxidation of fat persist even in the face of restored endogenous CHO stores and increased exogenous CHO availability. Here we review the current knowledge of some of the potential mechanisms by which skeletal muscle sustains high rates of fat oxidation in the face of high exogenous and endogenous CHO availability.

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