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1

Temesgen Thomas and Taddesse Berisso. "Pastoral Conflict, Emerging Trends and Environmental Stress in Nyangatom, Southern Ethiopia." Ethiopian Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities 16, no. 2 (2021): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejossah.v16i2.5.

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This study examined the dynamics of conflict, emerging trends and relationship between inter-pastoral conflicts and environmental changes in Nyangatom, Southern Ethiopia. The study employed a qualitative approach and exploratory case study research design. The study revealed that inter-pastoral conflicts stem from multiple and compounding dynamics. The environmental change has escalated intense inter-pastoralists’ contestation and conflicts, including cross-border conflict, on the scarce and fast-depleting natural resources. Indeed, there is a causal link between inter-pastoral conflicts and e
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Girma, Mekete. "Production system of indigenous goat population reared in pastoral and agro-pastoral districts of South Omo, Ethiopia." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 13, no. 1 (2023): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v13i1.68007.

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The study was carried out to document the production system of indigenous Woyto-Guji goats and the major limitations to goat production reared in two districts (Nyangatom and Maale) of South Omo, Ethiopia. Stepwise purposive followed by a random sampling method was used to select respondents. Based on the result, the households in Nyangatom district preferred to rear cattle, goats and sheep and less number of poultry when compared to those residing in the Maale district. The purpose of keeping goats in the district was primarily for tangible and intangible benefits. They are raised for their m
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Mekete, Girma. "Production system of indigenous goat population reared in pastoral and agro-pastoral districts of South Omo, Ethiopia." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 13, no. 1 (2023): 51–59. https://doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v13i1.68007.

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The study was carried out to document the production system of indigenous Woyto-Guji goats and the major limitations to goat production reared in two districts (Nyangatom and Maale) of South Omo, Ethiopia. Stepwise purposive followed by a random sampling method was used to select respondents. Based on the result, the households in Nyangatom district preferred to rear cattle, goats and sheep and less number of poultry when compared to those residing in the Maale district. The purpose of keeping goats in the district was primarily for tangible and intangible benefits. They are raised for their m
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4

Gebeyehu, Adane Kebede, Ben G. J. S. Sonneveld, and Denyse J. Snelder. "Identifying Hotspots of Overgrazing in Pastoral Areas: Livestock Mobility and Fodder Supply–Demand Balances in Nyangatom, Lower Omo Valley, Ethiopia." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (2021): 3260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063260.

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The Nyangatom, in South Omo, Ethiopia, are a group of agro-pastoralists whose access to land is affected by large-scale sugarcane development projects. An informed selection of appropriate livestock management measures by local communities requires a spatially explicit representation of prevailing and changing supply–demand relationships for livestock herds among the Nyangatom. This study addresses this caveat and identifies seasonal and location-specific ‘hotspots’ in Nyangatom, where fodder demand exceeds supply. Assessments of fodder production are based on primary data collected through fo
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Glowacki, Luke, and Richard Wrangham. "Warfare and reproductive success in a tribal population." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 2 (2014): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1412287112.

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Intergroup conflict is a persistent feature of many human societies yet little is known about why individuals participate when doing so imposes a mortality risk. To evaluate whether participation in warfare is associated with reproductive benefits, we present data on participation in small-scale livestock raids among the Nyangatom, a group of nomadic pastoralists in East Africa. Nyangatom marriages require the exchange of a significant amount of bridewealth in the form of livestock. Raids are usually intended to capture livestock, which raises the question of whether and how these livestock ar
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Tesfaye, Asmelash, Ermiyas Mekonnen, Mekete Girma, Tekleyohannes Birhanu, and Wondwesen Shiferaw. "PARTICIPATORY ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN NYANGATOM DISTRICT OF SOUTH OMO ZONE, SOUTH ETHIOPIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 8 (2015): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i8.2015.2970.

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The aim of the study was to identify potential constraints to mutual resource utilization in the bordering areas of Nyangatom and to identify and develop participatory mitigation measures to resource utilization problems based on community and government proposals. The study employed Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Key Informant Interview (KII) to collect the primary data. 1 FGD and 2-3 FGDs were held in each kebele. Livestock production is the major source of livelihood followed by crop production in the district. Bee keeping, fishery and gathering of forest products are the supplementary ac
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7

Mark, Peter, and Serge Tornay. "Les Fusils jaunes: Générations et politique en pays Nyangatom (Ethiopie)." African Studies Review 46, no. 1 (2003): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1514991.

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8

Asmelash, Tesfaye, Mekonnen Ermiyas, Girma Mekete, Birhanu Tekleyohannes, and Shiferaw Wondwesen. "PARTICIPATORY ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN NYANGATOM DISTRICT OF SOUTH OMO ZONE, SOUTH ETHIOPIA." International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 8 (2017): 111–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.847108.

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The aim of the study was to identify potential constraints to mutual resource utilization in the bordering areas of Nyangatom and to identify and develop participatory mitigation measures to resource utilization problems based on community and government proposals. The study employed Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Key Informant Interview (KII) to collect the primary data. 1 FGD and 2-3 FGDs were held in each kebele. Livestock production is the major source of livelihood followed by crop production in the district. Bee keeping, fishery and gathering of forest products are the supplementary ac
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9

Ficquet, Éloi. "Serge Tornay, Les Fusils jaunes. Générations et politique en pays nyangatom (Éthiopie)." L'Homme, no. 167-168 (December 1, 2003): 339–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/lhomme.19562.

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10

Tesfaye, Asmelash, Ermiyas Mekonnen, Mekete Girma, Tekleyohannes Birhanu, and Wondwesen Shiferaw. "ASSESSMENT ON NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN NYANGATOM DISTRICT OF SOUTH OMO ZONE, SOUTH ETHIOPIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 4 (2015): 70–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i4.2015.3024.

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The aim of the study was to identify the local common resources, conducting SWOT analysis of existing traditional institutions, identify how access to and control over of common resources administered by traditional institutions, identify community and government proposals to enhance existing institutional mechanism and other measures to address unnecessary competition over resources and identify alignment of local government role with that of community priorities. The study employed Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Key Informant Interview (KII) to collect the primary data. 1 FGD and 2-3 FGDs
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11

Asmelash, Tesfaye, Mekonnen Ermiyas, Girma Mekete, Birhanu Tekleyohannes, and Shiferaw Wondwesen. "ASSESSMENT ON NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN NYANGATOM DISTRICT OF SOUTH OMO ZONE, SOUTH ETHIOPIA." International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 4 (2017): 70–89. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.883600.

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The aim of the study was to identify the local common resources, conducting SWOT analysis of existing traditional institutions, identify how access to and control over of common resources administered by traditional institutions, identify community and government proposals to enhance existing institutional mechanism and other measures to address unnecessary competition over resources and identify alignment of local government role with that of community priorities. The study employed Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Key Informant Interview (KII) to collect the primary data. 1 FGD and 2-3 FGDs
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12

Glowacki, Luke, and Chris von Rueden. "Leadership solves collective action problems in small-scale societies." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1683 (2015): 20150010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0010.

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Observation of leadership in small-scale societies offers unique insights into the evolution of human collective action and the origins of sociopolitical complexity. Using behavioural data from the Tsimane forager-horticulturalists of Bolivia and Nyangatom nomadic pastoralists of Ethiopia, we evaluate the traits of leaders and the contexts in which leadership becomes more institutional. We find that leaders tend to have more capital, in the form of age-related knowledge, body size or social connections. These attributes can reduce the costs leaders incur and increase the efficacy of leadership
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13

Kenasew, Asrat Solomon, Ayele Anjulo Kerkela, and Tolisa Matiwos Tasisa. "Lungworm Infection in Extensively Managed Goats in Nyangatom District of South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia." Veterinary Sciences 12, no. 5 (2025): 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050419.

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One of the common parasitic diseases of goats is lungworm infection, which causes significant economic losses due to losses in production and productivity. A cross-sectional study was carried out from December 2023 to November 2024 to determine the lungworm infection prevalence and associated risk factors in goats in the study area. Fecal examinations were conducted using the Baermann technique on the 384 goats selected by a simple random sampling technique. An overall prevalence of 33.85% was recorded, and Dictyocaulus filaria was the only lungworm identified during the study period. A statis
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14

García-Arias Vila, Guillermo, and Clara Ferrandis Lacadena. "Educando en la “cuna de la humanidad”." Padres y Maestros / Journal of Parents and Teachers, no. 391 (September 22, 2022): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14422/pym.i391.y2022.006.

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Clara y Guillermo son dos maestros de primaria que hace un año tomaron la decisión de dejar sus puestos de trabajo e irse a Etiopía a igualar en oportunidades a los niños de la tribu Nyangatom y Toposa. Clara ha sido profesora de inglés durante 5 años en el Colegio Santa María La Blanca y los últimos tres años ha realizado las funciones de coordinadora del departamento de bilingüismo. Guillermo cuenta con una experiencia de dos años como profesor de Primaria en el Colegio Monte Tabor y otros tres años como profesor de español en la India. Ambos tienen claro que pese a ser muy lenta y a largo p
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15

Tadesse, Awoke, Asmera Adicha, Tekle Yoseph, and Anteneh Tadesse. "Cluster-based Improved Sorghum Production and Commercialization in Nyangatom Woreda of South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia." Research on World Agricultural Economy 4, no. 1 (2023): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v4i1.809.

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Cluster-based improved sorghum (Melkam variety) production and commercialization was demonstrated in Nyanghtom Woreda of the South Omo Zone for one year (2021) to improve agro-pastoralists’ awareness, enhance the adaptation of full-package production technologies, and increase the economic visibility of improved sorghum cultivation. The production was started in a single kebele with a 7-hectare area of coverage. Twenty-five purposively selected direct beneficiaries and twenty-five randomly selected indirect beneficiaries from a neighbor were involved in the production. Direct beneficiaries cul
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16

Gebeyehu, Adane K., Denyse Snelder, and Ben Sonneveld. "Land use-land cover dynamics, and local perceptions of change drivers among Nyangatom agro-pastoralists, Southwest Ethiopia." Land Use Policy 131 (August 2023): 106745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106745.

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17

Alemneh, Asmare Shetahun. "The Role of NGOs in Peacebuilding in the Pastoralist and Agro-Pastoralist Communities of Nyangatom, Hammer, and Dassanech Community of South Omo, Ethiopia." Pastures & Pastoralism 03 (May 15, 2025): 78–86. https://doi.org/10.33002/pp0305.

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The South Omo zone of Ethiopia is conflict-ridden, and efforts are being made to build peace. This paper indicated that non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a great role in peacebuilding and in encouraging grassroots peacebuilding initiatives. This study examines the role of NGOs in promoting peacebuilding among Hammer, Dassanech, and Nyangatom communities in the South Omo zone using a case study research design to get the experience and beliefs of non-governmental organizations that engaged in peacebuilding activities to reduce destructive or violent conflicts in the study area. The con
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18

Glowacki, Luke, Alexander Isakov, Richard W. Wrangham, Rose McDermott, James H. Fowler, and Nicholas A. Christakis. "Formation of raiding parties for intergroup violence is mediated by social network structure." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 43 (2016): 12114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1610961113.

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Intergroup violence is common among humans worldwide. To assess how within-group social dynamics contribute to risky, between-group conflict, we conducted a 3-y longitudinal study of the formation of raiding parties among the Nyangatom, a group of East African nomadic pastoralists currently engaged in small-scale warfare. We also mapped the social network structure of potential male raiders. Here, we show that the initiation of raids depends on the presence of specific leaders who tend to participate in many raids, to have more friends, and to occupy more central positions in the network. Howe
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19

Gebeyehu, Adane Kebede, Denyse Snelder, Ben Sonneveld, and Jon Abbink. "How do agro-pastoralists cope with climate change? The case of the Nyangatom in the Lower Omo Valley of Ethiopia." Journal of Arid Environments 189 (June 2021): 104485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2021.104485.

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20

Blau, Jill. "Making Sense of Past, Present and Future. Images of Modern and Past Pastoralism among Nyangatom Herders in South Omo, Ethiopia." Land 7, no. 2 (2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land7020054.

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21

Arlaud, Jean, Pascal Dibie, Christine Louveau de la Guigneraye, and Luiz Eduardo Robinson Achutti. "Conversation sur les préoccupations scientifiques et les perspectives de recherche au sein du Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Visuelle et Sonore du Monde Contemporain." Horizontes Antropológicos 6, no. 13 (2000): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-71832000000100012.

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La présent conversation a été pensée comme l'opportunité de présenter le "Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Visuelle et Sonore du Monde Contemporain", de l'Université Paris 7 - Denis Diderot. Il a été crée en 1992 par monsieur le professeur Dr. Jean Arlaud, anthropologue et cinéaste, directeur auteur et réalisateur de plus de vingt filmes sur des sociétés de tous les continents, dans le même esprit que Jean Rouch, son directeur de doctorat. Ce laboratoire, qui regroupe actuellement 35 chercheurs statutaires et associés, développe des programmes de recherche en Asie Centrale (population Kalash, cultu
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Hodbod, Jennifer, Emma Tebbs, Kristofer Chan, and Shubhechchha Sharma. "Integrating Participatory Methods and Remote Sensing to Enhance Understanding of Ecosystem Service Dynamics Across Scales." Land 8, no. 9 (2019): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8090132.

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The value of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) for informing resource management has long been recognized; however, its incorporation into ecosystem services (ES) assessments remains uncommon. Often “top-down” approaches are utilized, depending on “expert knowledge”, that are not relevant to local resource users. Here we propose an approach for combining participatory methods with remote sensing to provide a more holistic understanding of ES change. Participatory mapping in focus group discussions identified TEK regarding what ES were present, where, and their value to communities. TEK wa
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Sisay, Tadele Kassa, and Ayichew Megerssa Seblewongel. "Prevalence and the associated risk factors of bovine trypanosomiasis in nyangatom pastoral woreda, Southern Nation and Nationalities People Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia." Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health 9, no. 6 (2017): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jvmah2017.0560.

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Tadesse, Awoke, Asmera Adicha, Atlaw Eshibel, Yibrah Geberemeskel, and Anteneh Tadesse. "Promotion of Improved Onion (Nafis Variety) Production Technology under Irrigated Conditions in Nyangatom District, Low Land Area of South Omo Zone." Research on World Agricultural Economy 4, no. 4 (2023): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v4i4.898.

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Onion is an important cash crop that could enhance the income of agro-pastoralists in Nyangatom woreda as the area has huge potential for water availability from the Omo River and fertile land. However, access to improved onion variety is limited in the area. Thus, this study aimed to demonstrate the improved onion variety with its agronomic management in the production season. Onion growers were purposely selected and have taken training on onion production by using recommended doses of fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, and suitable agronomic practices. Each agro-pastoralist covered 0.064
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Abbink, J. "Serge Tornay, Les Fusils jaunes. Générations et politique en pays nyangatom (Éthiopie)Nanterre: Société d'Ethnologie, 2001, 363 pp., €27.44, ISBN 2 901161 64 2." Africa 73, no. 3 (2003): 473–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2003.73.3.473.

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26

Alemneh, Asmare Shetahun. "M – 00459Research & Analytical Article The Practices of Peacebuilding in South Omo: A Qualitative Case Study in Hammer, Dassanech, Nyangatom Woreda and the Turkana Kenya Community." Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources 7, no. 3 (2024): 203–22. https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.070312.

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The study examined the practices of peacebuilding in the south Omo zone pastoralist and agro-pastoralist communities of Dassanech, Hamer, Nyangatom, Woreda of Ethiopia and the Kenya-Turkana cross-border resource-based conflicts. The study investigated internal and cross-border peacebuilding practices. To achieve the objective of the study, a qualitative research approach and case study research design were used. The study revealed that peace is the highest priority of the pastoral and agro-pastoral community who view conflict as synonymous with starvation, and poverty. The study also revealed
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27

Mwangi, Kevin, and Andrew Mung'ale. "Cross-Border Conflicts and Social-Economic Development along the Kenya-Ethiopia Border: A Case of Northwestern Kenya." Journal of International Relations 4, no. 3 (2024): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/jir.2848.

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Purpose: Kenya borders South Sudan, Ethiopia, and Uganda on the western side. The border is ladened with cross-border conflict involving the Turkana of Kenya, Dasanach and Nyangatom of Ethiopia, Toposa of South Sudan, and Karamoja of Uganda. The cross-border conflicts between Kenya and Ethiopia continue to ravage the social-economic development of cross-border communities on the border of Kenya. Thus, this study focused on managing the cross-border conflict and improving economic growth on the Kenyan northwestern border and Kenya-Ethiopia relations. Methodology: The study used an explanatory r
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28

Schneider, Gilbert D. "Celebrating the Achievements of Nyangabo: The Funeral of a Kom Elder." African Arts 28, no. 2 (1995): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3337227.

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29

Jankiewicz, Ryszard. "Clinical Manifestations and Ultrasonography Guided Aspiration of Amoebic Liver Abscesses in St Walburg's Hospital, Nyangao, Tanzania." Tropical Doctor 32, no. 2 (2002): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947550203200212.

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30

Kasoga, Masanja Erasto, and Peter Joseph Wangwe. "Pregnancy outcomes among users and non-users of maternity waiting homes in rural southern Tanzania: a comparative cross-sectional study." African Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 18, no. 4 (2024): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.12968/ajmw.2024.0003.

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Background/Aims Maternity waiting homes are facilities that house high-risk pregnant women before birth, intended to prevent delays accessing care during labour and birth. By ensuring access to timely and appropriate care, maternity waiting homes can reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity. This study aimed to compare pregnancy outcomes between those who had attended maternity waiting homes and those who had not at Nyangao hospital in southern Tanzania. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted involving women who gave birth at the hospital between 1 January 2017 and 31 September 2019. A to
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Sultan Mohammed, Muhaba, and Awoke Tadesse Eshete. "Effect of Blended Fertilizer Rate on Yield and Yield Components of Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.) Varieties under Irrigation Condition in Low Land Area of South Omo Zone." Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, January 20, 2022, 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajsspn/2022/v8i130132.

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Maize is an important cereal crop in Ethiopia. However, the yield of this crop is limited due to the lack of varieties and blended fertilizer for varieties and site specifications. The use of a right amount of fertilizer based on crop requirement has significant importance for sustainable crop production. A study was undertaken to investigate the effects of NPSB blended fertilizer rate for maize yield production at a Dasenech and Nyangatom districts in the lowland area of South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia during the 2019/ 2020 cropping season. The experiment was factorial with three maize vari
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Blau, Jill P. "Interdependencies, caring, and commoning: The case of herders in Ethiopia and Germany." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, June 13, 2021, 251484862110220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/25148486211022081.

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This paper examines commoning and practices of care from a feminist lens, here implying a focus on interdependencies of various spheres of life as well as social categories of difference. Through examples from two case studies of herders as commoners (the Nyangatom in Ethiopia and the Rechtler_innen in Germany), I establish connections between everyday that are inseparable when it comes to sustaining life and commons, while also highlighting conceptual challenges for feminist commons analysis.
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Alemneh, Asmare Shetahun, and Astatike Alemu. "Pastoralism and Conflict Transformation in Nyangatom, Hammer, and Dassanech Community of Ethiopia." Journal of Social Transformation and Regional Development 5, no. 2 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.30880/jstard.2023.05.02.010.

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This study examined the practices of conflict transformation in Nyangatom, hammer, and Dassanech community of South Omo Zone Ethiopia using Qualitative research methodology, case study research design and employed FGD, semi structured interview, non-participant observation and document analysis. The issue of conflict transformation traced back to the works of Lederach in the 1980s and Galtung in the late 1970s. The concept, however, gained recognition because of the coming of the issue of human security by the international community and scholars. The nature of pastoralist and agro pastoralist
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Stevenson, Edward G. J., Jil Molenaar, David-Paul Pertaub, and Dessalegn Tekle. "Poverty and Wealth without a Ladder? An Appraisal of the Stages of Progress Method among Agro–Pastoralists in Ethiopia’s Lower Omo Valley." Field Methods, January 4, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x231225904.

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Is it possible to measure wealth and poverty across settings while being faithful to local understandings? The stages of progress method (SoP) attempts to do this by building ladders of wealth in locally relevant terms and using these in comparisons across groups. This approach is potentially useful among pastoralist populations where monetary income and standard asset inventories may be misleading, and where people are discriminated against by the state and neglected by formal systems of accounting. On the basis of fieldwork among Nyangatom agro–pastoralists in Ethiopia, we expose some proble
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Rivière, Claude. "Tornay, Serge. — Les Fusils Jaunes. Générations et politique en pays nyangatom (Éthiopie). Paris-Nanterre, Société d’ethnologie, 2001, 303 p." Cahiers d'études africaines 45, no. 178 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.5495.

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Buda, Dawit Seyum, Naomi Lorrain Nkoane, and Thinavhuyo Robert Netangaheni. "Treatment-related characteristics of communities in districts characterized by persistent trachoma: an exploratory descriptive study." International Health, November 18, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihae086.

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Abstract Background Despite the implementation of surgery, antibiotics mass administration, facial cleanliness and environmental improvement, commonly known as the SAFE strategy for several years, the persistence and recrudescence of trachoma is a prevailing challenge in Ethiopia. This study explores the treatment-related characteristics of communities within districts characterized by persistent trachoma in southern Ethiopia. Methods Nyangatom and Uba Debretsehay districts are predominantly inhabited by pastoralist and farming communities, respectively. A community-based, exploratory descript
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Nakhungu, Momanyi, Violet, N. Keraka, Margaret, A. Abong’o, Deborah, and N. Warutere, Peterson. "Types and Classification of Pesticides Used on Tomatoes Grown in Mwea Irrigation Scheme, Kirinyaga County, Kenya." European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, November 27, 2019, 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2019/v11i230145.

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This study evaluated 403 farmers from the open field and greenhouse farms in Mwea Irrigation Scheme on the types and classification of pesticides used to control pests and diseases on tomatoes, in July 2017 to June 2018. Five greenhouse tomato farmers were purposively selected while sample size of 196 open field farmers, calculated using Fisher’s formula. Cross-Sectional design using a structured questionnaire, face to face interviews and focus group discussions with 201 farmers in the eight wards, Gathingiri, Tebere, Kangai, Wamumu, Murinduko, Nyangati, Mutithi and Thiba. Accuracy of the data
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