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Chen, Xiaocai Joyce. "Fractionation of nylon fibres." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0005/MQ28927.pdf.
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Harrison, Michael James. "Degradation and stabilisation of nylon 6,6." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.330309.
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Kegel, Mark Steven, and n/a. "Fibres from recycled post consumer PET/nylon 6 blends." Swinburne University of Technology, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20070606.111448.
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The objective of this project was to develop blends based upon post consumer RPET and N6, and to evaluate the suitability of these blends to form fibres for the end use in carpet fibre.
In the work carried out it was found it is possible to spin RPET/N6 biconstituent fibres over a wide range of blend ratios. All the blends studied have diminished physical properties when compared to those of pure RPET and N6. The processability of these blends also deteriorated due to the large increases in normal forces which manifests in extrusion equipment as die swell that often results in melt fracture.
It has been shown that the morphology of the fibre controls the degree of decay in properties and die swell at the spinnerette. The blends that are rich in one phase, with the secondary phase distributed as elongated fibrils have shown better physical performance and improved processing compared to the blends 70/30 � 30/70, which have poorer properties and increased die swell due to there co-continuous morphology. In quiescent studies, the physical properties of the blends have had little deviation from those predicted using a rule of mixtures line. In and around the 50% RPET blend, die swell was observed to be extreme and this makes fibre spinning difficult. It was found that this was caused by a loss in viscosity in the blends and a general increase in normal forces in response to applied shear. The die swell phenomenon is a rheological characteristic of the blends, which was inevitably caused by internal capillary flow of one component in the other.
IR spectroscopy has shown that there is little to no in-situ compatibilisation occurring during simple melt processing. However, it was found that significant interfacial compatibilisation could be achieved through solid stating N6/RPET blends. The FTIR spectra for solid state blends in figure 4.51 has shown absorbency in the 3300 cm-1 region after all free N6 was removed. This indicates that in-situ compatibilisation has occurred between the phases in the solid stating process and it is a time dependent reaction.
The Burgers and Koltunov models can be used to predict the creep behaviour of the fibre blends studied. The Burgers model provides greater accuracy for longer-term exposure to stress.
From the thermal results, the solid stating process significantly affects the melting and crystallisation out of the melt and the ultimate level of crystallinity. The contribution of the copolymer in these changes appears to be small. The physical strength of the fibres made on the laboratory line was only marginally lower than those made on a factory line. The morphology of the mid-range blends is co-continuous and that of the N6 and RPET rich blends is dispersed droplet morphology.
Based on the finding, a N6 rich blends and in particular the 10% RPET blend is the most suitable for further commercial development as its processing, physical performance and post spinning processing closely resemble the pure N6 currently in use. It has provided performance and consistency throughout the processing and testing we have conducted.
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Kegel, Mark. "Fibres from recycled post consumer PET/nylon 6 blends." Australasian Digital Thesis Program, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au/public/adt-VSWT20070606.111448/index.html.
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Thesis (PhD) - Swinburne University of Technology, Industrial Research Institute Swinburne - 2006.A thesis submitted to Industrial Research Institute Swinburne in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Swinburne University of Technology - 2006. Typescript. "July 2006". Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-156).
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Miraftab, M. "The influence of temperature and humidity on the flex fatigue lives of nylon 6, nylon 6.6 and polyester fibres." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375735.
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A multi-station flex fatigue tester has been developed, allowing a wide range of environmental settings. A detailed study of fatigue behaviour under increasing temperature and humidity is made. In general, an upward trend in fatigue life of all the polymers tested is recorded with increasing temperature and humidity. Scanning electron microscope studies of unbroken samples under specific conditions revealed a central split in the fibre at the point of flexure. Partially fatigued fibres are tensile tested for their remaining strength and their fracture morphologies examined. Finally, a theoretical explanation of the apparent cause of increase in fatigue life is given in relation to the development of the central crack.
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Motamedian, Farid. "La répartition du colorant dans les fils en nylon : les effets sur le rendement de couleur et les différents types de solidité et sur la réflectance du tissu calculée à partir d'un modèle optique." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2000.
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Palardy, Genevieve. "Aspects of the melt spinning of fibres from carbon nanotube- nylon nanocomposites." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=107732.
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Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have experienced growing popularity in the past two decades. The field of advanced composite materials has developed quite an interest in using them for high performance applications, such as into thermoplastic fibres. However, a review of the literature showed that there was a lack of understanding between the rheological behavior of CNT-filled polymer and the processability of such materials through melt spinning. In this work, a methodology to incorporate carbon nanotubes (CNT) into thermoplastic fibres and to relate mechanical properties, fibre quality and viscosity was developed. Multi-walled nanotubes (MWNT) were combined into a polyamide 12 (PA12) matrix through melt compounding and twin-screw extrusion. Pellets containing 0 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt%, 2.0 wt%, 5.0 wt% and 10.0 wt% MWNT were produced. Their rheological behaviour was investigated and spinnability and processability criteria were developed based on the loss factor and the relative viscosity. They both predicted that masterbatches containing more than 2.0 wt% CNT would be unsuitable for the production of high quality MWNT/PA12 fibres. The pellets were subsequently melt spun with a capillary rheometer at winding speeds of 41 m/min and 152 m/min. The tensile properties of as-spun filaments were measured with a micro-tensile testing machine. The results showed that the maximum Young's modulus was reached between 0 wt% and 1.0 wt% CNT, exhibiting an increase of 17%. Morphological observations revealed that there was a link between the decrease of elastic modulus and loss of surface quality for filaments containing more than 1.0 wt% MWNT. To further improve the fibres' mechanical properties, post-drawing parameters were systematically investigated: temperature, drawing speed and elongation. The best improvements in terms of elastic modulus and tensile stress were measured for the following post-drawing conditions: 140C and 500% elongation, regardless of drawing speed. The elastic modulus (E) and tensile stress values of MWNT/PA12 fibres were improved by at least 300% after post-drawing. Compared to pure PA12 fibres post-drawn under the same conditions, E increased by up to 45% and the tensile stress by up to 62%, for fibres containing 5.0 wt% MWNT. It was confirmed through electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction that these enhancements were caused by uniform nanotube dispersion, the improvement of surface quality and the alignment of the polymer chains along the fibre axis, controlled by the post-drawing temperature and elongation. Control of the mechanical properties with the post-drawing parameters shows that this method gives the opportunity to tailor CNT-fibres to meet specific demands.Les nanotubes de carbone (CNT) ont connu une vague de popularité depuis les 20 dernières années. L'industrie des matériaux composites a développé un intérêt marqué pour leur utilisation dans des applications haute performance, telles que les fibres thermoplastiques. Par contre, une revue de la litérature a démontré qu'il y avait un manque d'information concernant le lien entre le comportement rhéologique des CNT-polymères et la facilité de fabrication par filage à l'état fondu. Dans ce travail, une méthodologie détaillée pour incorporer des nanotubes de carbone (CNT) dans des fibres thermoplastiques et relier leurs propriétiés mécaniques à leur qualité de surface et leur viscosité a été développée. Des nanotubes à multiples parois (MWNT) ont été incorporés dans une matrice de polyamide 12 (PA12) par extrusion bi-vis. Des granules contenant 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 5.0% et 10.0% de CNT par masse ont été formulées. Leur comportement rhéologique a été investigué des critères de prodédé par filage ont été développés, basés sur la viscosité relative et le facteur de perte. Ils ont tout deux prédit que des formulations contenant plus de 2.0% de CNT par masse seraient inadéquates pour la production de fibres MWNT/PA12 de qualité. Les granules ont été par la suite filées par fusion avec un rhéomètre capillaire à des vitesse de filage de 41 m/min et 152 m/min. Les propriétés en tension des filaments ont été mesurées avec une machine de test micro-tension. Les résultats ont démontrés que le module d'Young a augmenté d'une valeur maximale de 17% entre 0 et 1.0% de CNT. Des observations morphologiques ont révélées qu'il y avait un lien entre la diminution du module d'élasticité et le fini de surface de filaments contenant plus de 1.0% MWNT. Pour davantage augmenter les propriétés mécaniques, des paramètres de post-étirement ont été investigués systématiquement: température, vitesse d'étirement et elongation. Les meilleures améliorations en terme de module d'élasticité et de contrainte en tension ont été mesurées pour les paramètres suivants: 140C et 500% d'élongation, peu importe la vitesse d'étirement. Le module d'élasticité et la contrainte en tension ont augmenté d'au moins 300% après le post-traitement. Ces propriétés ont augmenté de 45% et 62%, respectivement, pour les fibres contenant 5.0% MWNT, comparées aux fibres pures de PA12 étirées selon les mêmes conditions. Il a été confirmé par microscopie électronique et diffraction aux rayons X que ces gains ont été causés par la distribution plus uniforme des nanotubes, l'amélioration du fini de surface et l'alignement des chaînes de polymère le long des fibres, contrôlés par la temperature et l'élongation. Le contrôle des propriétés mécaniques avec les paramètres de post-étirement démontre que cette méthode s'avère fort prometteuse pour confectionner des fibres selon des applications spécifiques.
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BEN, DHIA AMOR. "Caracterisation, modelisation et calcul d'une structure composite fibres de nylon-resine caoutchouc." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066319.
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L'objet de cette etude est la membrane pneumatique de la suspension secondaire des rames tgv. Organe de forme torique, elle est constituee d'un empilement de plis composites a renforts (fibres de nylon) localement unidirectionnels et noyes dans une resine caoutchouc. L'objectif de ce travail est la modelisation de cette structure. Pour ce faire, dans une premiere etape, une campagne de mesures experimentales a ete menee afin d'identifier les parametres geometrique et mecaniques qui influent sur le comportement de la piece consideree. De la sorte a ete constate, en particulier, le comportement non lineaire des constituants ainsi que celui des plis composites. Dans une deuxieme etape, le calcul du comportement equivalent des plis composites a ete realise par utilisation d'une methode d'homogeneisation. La confrontation de ces resultats avec l'experience s'est revelee satisfaisante. La simulation numerique de la reponse de la structure a une sollicitation axisymetrique a necessite la mise en uvre de la methode lagrangienne actualisee. La resolution des problemes non lineaires ainsi obtenus a ete realisee par utilisation de l'algorithme de newton a l'aide d'un code elements finis industriel. Apres validation des resultats numeriques par confrontation avec l'experience, et leur analyse, l'etape suivante a consiste en l'etude de la susceptibilite a l'endommagement de la structure. Cette etude a ete realisee sur une structure de geometrie plus simple mais qui reproduit neanmoins les caracteristiques mecaniques de la membrane. Deux approches sont presentees et confrontees: l'une experimentale, et l'autre numerique
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Fernandez, Lorences Jose O. "Crystallinity changes in PET and Nylon 11 with strain, strain rate and temperature." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/32894.
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The mechanical properties of PET (widely used in bottles and synthetic fibres) and Nylon 11 (also used in the fabrication of synthetic fibres) were studied over several decades of strain rate at different temperatures in an effort to provide a more complete description of these materials behaviour. Processing techniques can be improved if such information is available. Tests were carried out using a conventional Hounsfield machine and two in-house-developed dropweight and a cross bow systems from 10°C to 200°C. The three systems enable true stress vs. true strain curves to be calculated.
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Thomas, Janet Lyn. "The effect of dyeing parameters on the lightfastness properties of acid dyes in nylon 6,6 fibres." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296491.
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Štěrbáček, Jaroslav. "Tahové a únavové zkoušky tenkých vláken a fólií." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228056.
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A testing system MTS Tytron 250 with an original construction was bought at the Institute of Physics of Materials, AVCR v.v.i. The main aim of this diploma thesis was to obtain experiences with the controlling of the system and with its advantages and limitations. The tensile tests were performed on Al fibres with diameters of 125 micrometer, 180 micrometer a 500 micrometer, nylon fibres of 250 micrometer and 500 micrometer and tensile and cyclic tests on Al foil of 77 micrometer in thickness. It was found that the machine is suitable for testing of either subtle specimens with low loading forces or specimens with low stiffness as e.g. polymers or very long metallic or ceramic fibres. On the other side, the Tytrom system is not able to perform tests on specimens with a high stiffness and high loading forces. Material parameters were determined with a high reproducibility. Advantages and limitations of several types of subtle specimen's fixation into the grips were studied too.
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Xu, Xiaolin. "Cellulose fiber reinforced nylon 6 or nylon 66 composites." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26487.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Polymer, Textile and Fiber Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: John D. Muzzy; Committee Co-Chair: Youjiang Wang; Committee Member: Art Ragauskas; Committee Member: Donggang Yao; Committee Member: Karl Jacob. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Averett, Rodney Dewayne. "Fracture Mechanics of High Performance Nylon Fibers." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5238.
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A fracture mechanics protocol appropriate for small fibers (35 micron diameter) is presented, which allows for the determination of the strength limitations of high performance nylon 6,6 fibers. Specifically, linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) techniques are employed in addition to elastic-plastic fracture mechanics (EPFM) theories to achieve this.
We assume that a minute semi-elliptical flaw of an unknown size exists in the specimen, as a result of the detrimental effects of the manufacturing process (melt spinning). Next, we seek to propagate this flaw in a stable manner through an ancillary process such as high cycle or low cycle fatigue (load-unload). After propagation, uniaxial tensile experiments are performed on the fatigued samples, by which the crack growth eventually becomes catastrophic during the process. After performing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques and reviewing fractography, we are able to determine the critical flaw size and ligament length that leads to unstable crack propagation. These results are substituted into the appropriate LEFM equations and are in close agreement with material properties for nylon 6,6. A discussion is provided that draws parallel to the topics discussed in the literature investigation and the experimental results of this study.
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Mohd, Ishak Zainal Afirin. "Mechanical properties of short carbon fibre reinforced nylon 6.6." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.256817.
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Green, Stuart. "Creep behaviour of short glass fibre reinforced nylon 66." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.279696.
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Sura, Ravi Kishore. "Drawing studies on post-extrusion solid state polymerized nylon 6,6 fibers." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/9161.
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Lam, Y.-K. "Properties of high speed spun nylon 6.6 filaments." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234343.
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Degen, Marcia J. "Evaluation of the potential environmental toxic effects of a nylon fibers additive." Thesis, This resource online, 1985. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03302010-020601/.
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Mohan, Anushree. "Modification of Nylon 6 Structure via Nucleation." NCSU, 2009. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07092009-181421/.
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For nearly two decades inclusion compounds (ICs) have been formed by threading polymer chains into the cyclic starches, cyclodextrins (CDs). Non-covalently bonded crystalline ICs have been formed by threading CDs, onto guest nylon-6 (N6) chains. When excess N6 is employed, non-stoichiometric (n-s)-N6-CD-ICs with partially uncovered and dangling N6 chains result. We have been studying the constrained crystallization of the N6 chains dangling from (n-s)-N6-CD-ICs in comparison with bulk N6 samples, as a function of N6 molecular weights, lengths of uncovered N6 chains, and the CD host used. While the crystalline CD lattice is stable to ~ 300° C, the uncovered and dangling, yet constrained, N6 chains may crystallize below, or be molten above ~225° C. In the IC channels formed with host α- and γ-CDs containing 6 and 8 glucose units, respectively, single and pairs of side-by-side N6 chains can be threaded and included. In the α-CD-ICs the ~ 0.5nm channels are separated by ~ 1.4nm, while in γ-CD-ICs the ~ 1nm channels are ~ 1.7 nm apart, with each γ-CD channel including two N6 chains. The constrained dangling chains in the dense (n-s)-N6-CD-IC brushes crystallize faster and to a greater extent than those in bulk N6 melts, and this behavior is enhanced as the molecular weights/chain lengths of N6 are increased. Furthermore, when added at low concentrations (n-s)-N6-CD-ICs serve as effective nucleating agents for the bulk crystallization of N6 from the melt. Because of the biodegradable/bioabsorbable nature of CDs, (n-s)-polymer-CD-ICs can provide environmentally favorable, non-toxic nucleants for enhancing the melt crystallization of polymers and improving their properties.
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Rezende, Camila Alves de 1980. "Blendas de nylon-6 com polietileno e polipropileno para fabricação de fibras texteis." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/249547.
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Orientadores: Ulf Friedrich Schuchardt, Maria do Carmo GonçalvesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Hitchen, Sally A. "Modulus reduction and damage accumulation during the fatigue of a glass/nylon composite." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1991. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844221/.
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Modulus reduction and damage accumulation during fatigue cycling of an injection moulded composite been studied. The material is a long, discontinuous glass fibre reinforced nylon composite having a skin/core structure. A continual decrease in modulus with cycling is observed for composite and single skin layer specimens. During fatigue cycling of composite specimens damage accumulates in both the skin and core layers and both layers contribute to the measured modulus reduction. Damage accumulation in the core, in the form of transverse cracks, is studied in detail. These cracks initiate predominantly at the free edges and grow across the specimen width with cycling. A milling/dye penetrant technique is developed to quantify the cracking and average crack spacings are related to measured modulus reductions at a range of peak stresses. The experimental data is compared with predictions made using a shear-lag model developed for continuous fibre cross-ply laminates relating modulus reduction to average crack spacing. A theoretical model, based on the Cox model, is derived to predict modulus reduction/cycling curves for skin layer specimens. Cracking patterns in the core are predicted using a strain energy release rate approach which is compared with experimental data. Empirical relationships, derived for the modulus reduction of the skin and core layers are combined to predict modulus reduction/cycling curves at a range of specimen widths and stress levels.
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Dupee, James David. "On-line crystallinity and temperature measurements of nylon 6,6 using a remote laser Raman probe." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287935.
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Seckin, M. Levent. "Effect of superba heatsetting on dyeing behavior of nylon 6,6 carpet yarns." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8268.
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Medeiros, Marco Antônio Rocha. "Propriedades mecânicas de compósitos de PVC reciclado reforçados com fibras de sisal e de nylon 6." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFBA, 2006. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/9720.
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A pesquisa aqui apresentada teve como objetivo principal avaliar as propriedades mecânicas (resistência à tração, impacto e dureza) de compósitos produzidos com materiais residuais da indústria, constituídos por fase matriz de PVC reciclado e fase dispersa com frações volumétricas de 5, 10 e 20 % tanto de fibras de nylon 6 quanto de fibras de sisal. Objetivou, também, determinar em que medida o reforço de fibras curtas e orientadas aleatoriamente, poderia recuperar no PVC reciclado, as propriedades originais do PVC. Isto porque, sabe-se que os polímeros termoplásticos quando submetidos a processos de reciclagem tendem a apresentar perda nos valores de propriedades mecânicas, em virtude de rompimento de ligações entre suas cadeias moleculares. A pesquisa, ao usar materiais, resíduos e rejeitos industriais, notadamente o PVC e o sisal, visando futuro aproveitamento em novos materiais de construção, contribui não só para minimizar o impacto negativo do descarte de tais materiais nos resíduos sólidos urbanos, mas, também, para a busca do desenvolvimento sustentável. Apresenta revisão bibliográfica sobre pesquisas realizadas com compósitos similares além dos métodos seguidos para a produção e caracterização física e química dos compósitos, produzidos através de moldagem por injeção, e os procedimentos para realização dos ensaios mecânicos de tração direta, de impacto e de dureza. O PVC reciclado utilizado foi resultante de moagem e posterior pulverização de conexões produzidas com a mesma matéria prima utilizada para o PVC original As fibras de sisal, com comprimento médio de 3,5 cm, foram utilizadas nos compósitos, sem nenhum prévio tratamento térmico ou químico. As fibras de nylon, com comprimento médio de 2,5 cm, sendo rejeitos industriais, já possuíam um revestimento com um composto à base de látex, formaldeido e resorcinol. Os principais resultados da pesquisa foram: (i) o PVC reciclado teve desempenho mecânico semelhante ao do PVC original, em virtude de não ter passado por processo de envelhecimento acelerado, ou seja, praticamente manteve a mesma estrutura molecular do PVC original; (ii) entre as fibras, o sisal apresentou melhor desempenho que o nylon em todas as situações estudadas, pois além do seu módulo de elasticidade ser bastante superior que o do nylon 6, demonstrou ter havido, nas suas formulações, melhores coeficiente de forma e aderência na interface matriz-fibra.
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Najem, Johnny Fares. "Study of Take-Up Velocity in Enhancing Tensile Properties of Aligned Electrospun Nylon 6 Fibers." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1258556944.
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Biboud, Julien. "Développement d'un absorbant acoustique écologique à base de polymère." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6152.
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L'objectif principale [i.e. principal] de ce travail était de proposer un matériau acoustique absorbant issu de recyclage et/ou recyclé pouvant être une alternative à la laine minérale encore très largement utilisée. Ce projet découlait initialement d'un besoin du Ministère des Transports du Québec (MTQ) qui souhaitait concevoir de nouveaux écrans acoustiques routiers selon les principes du développement durable définis par le gouvernement du Québec [1]. En d'autres termes, ce matériau devait être fait de matériaux recyclés et/ou recyclables, sa fabrication et sa récupération peu énergivores et ses distances de transports faibles; sous-entendant une fabrication locale [2]. Ainsi, dans cette étude nous avons clairement mis en évidence que les fibres de nylon recyclées, largement disponible [i.e. disponibles] au Québec, sont tout aussi efficaces voire supérieure [i.e. supérieures] à la traditionnelle laine minérale dont la fabrication est très énergivore et est difficilement recyclable [3-4]. Enfin un modèle simple prédictif basé sur la masse volumique de panneaux de fibres compactées a été proposé, validé et discuté.
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Porter, Shelley Risch Jr. "Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Nylon 6,6 Fiber Finish and Oligomers." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35749.
Full textAbstract:
Quantitation of the amount of finish applied during fiber
manufacturing is an important industrial quality control
process. Finish levels that are too low result in excessive
fiber and mechanical wear. On the other hand, overly high
finish levels may cause residue buildup on the processing
equipment. Removal of the finish has traditionally been
done with solvents such as chloroform or Freon followed by
gravimetric or spectroscopic analysis of the removed
material.
Quantitation of low molecular weight oligomeric
material is another important quality control practice for
the fiber industry in that the presence of these species and
their concentration affect the physical properties of the
polymer. Also, excessively high concentrations of oligomers
may result in residue deposits on processing equipment.
Typical conventional methods for determining the
concentration of oligomers present in fibers involve large
quantities of organic solvent for removal of the oligomers
followed by chromatographic analysis
Increased government regulation of chlorinated and
other solvents has led to investigations of alternate
methods of extraction. Several studies have shown that
supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using carbon dioxide as
the extraction fluid is an important alternative to
conventional organic solvent extraction for the removal of
both textile finishes and oligomeric material. This
research seeks to extend the previous studies regarding the
application of SFE for the quantitation of finish and
oligomers from nylon 6,6 fibers. The effects of pressure,
extraction temperature, modifier percentage, static
extraction time, and dynamic extraction time on the
supercritical fluid extraction efficiency of nylon 6,6
oligomers were examined. Results from the SFE methods for
both finish and oligomer extractions were compared to
results from conventional solvent extraction. The extracted
oligomers were identified by HPLC with coupled on-line
atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry
(APCI-MS) and HPLC fractionation coupled with off-line
Liquid Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (LSIMS).Master of Science
28
Gonçalves, Fernanda de Cássia Papaiz [UNESP]. "Avaliação do uso de uma estrutura de nylon modificada como reforço de prótese totalmente acrílica implantossuportada." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136783.
Full textAbstract:
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000860671.pdf: 2218695 bytes, checksum: eb80ba359b0f6e3cf6bd8c9c2dcef065 (MD5)O estudo avalou o comportamento de uma estrutura de nylon experimental com o propósito de ganho na resistência mecânica do material e ainda, na melhor distribuição de forças em toda extensão da prótese ao longo eixo dos implantes diminuindo o risco de fraturas e falhas neste sistema e, consequentemente maior longevidade. Para isso considerou-se próteses do tipo protocolo sem barra metálica, com e sem incorporação de reforço (nylon), variando a extensão da região do cantilever até primeiro molar/ segundo pré-molar (n=6). Os corpos de prova foram submetidos à análise de deformação por extensometria (extensometria s) e carga de 30 kg, e ao teste de carga máxima à fratura na EMIC (1000 kgf, 2 mm/min). Pode-se concluir que a incorporação da estrutura de reforço aumentou os valores de carga máxima independentemente da extensão do cantilever, além de apresentar menores valores de micro deformação ao redor de todos os implantes. As extensões de cantilever em pré-molar (5mm) além de apresentarem os menores valores de micro deformação quando comparadas a extensão em molar (15mm) também mostraram os maiores valores de carga máxima à fratura.
The study evaluated the behavior of a new compound of experimental nylon fiber, with the purpose of increasing the mechanical strength of the material and improving the strain distribution to the fullest extent of the prosthesis to the long axis of the implants reducing the risk of fractures and faults in the system and therefore increasing longevity. For this considered protocol type prostheses without metal bar, with and without incorporating reinforcement (nylon), varying the extent of the region of the cantilever to the first molar / second premolar (n = 6). The samples were subjected to analysis by extensometer strain (extensometria ) and load of 30 kg, and the maximum load test to fracture the EMIC (1000 kgf, 2 mm / min). It can be concluded that the incorporation of reinforcing mesh increased maximum load values regardless of the extent of the cantilever, and exhibit lower values microstrain around all implants. The cantilever extensions in premolar (5 mm) in addition of having the smallest microstrain values compared the extent to molar (15mm) also showed the highest maximum load values to fracture
29
Gonçalves, Fernanda de Cássia Papaiz. "Avaliação do uso de uma estrutura de nylon modificada como reforço de prótese totalmente acrílica implantossuportada /." São José dos Campos, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136783.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Tarcísio José de Arruda Paes JúniorCo-orientador: Vanessa Cruz Macedo
Banca: Alexandre Luiz Souto Borges
Banca: Estevão Tomomitsu Kimpara
Banca: Eduardo Miyashita
Banca: Mayra Cardoso
Resumo: O estudo avalou o comportamento de uma estrutura de nylon experimental com o propósito de ganho na resistência mecânica do material e ainda, na melhor distribuição de forças em toda extensão da prótese ao longo eixo dos implantes diminuindo o risco de fraturas e falhas neste sistema e, consequentemente maior longevidade. Para isso considerou-se próteses do tipo protocolo sem barra metálica, com e sem incorporação de reforço (nylon), variando a extensão da região do cantilever até primeiro molar/ segundo pré-molar (n=6). Os corpos de prova foram submetidos à análise de deformação por extensometria (extensometria s) e carga de 30 kg, e ao teste de carga máxima à fratura na EMIC (1000 kgf, 2 mm/min). Pode-se concluir que a incorporação da estrutura de reforço aumentou os valores de carga máxima independentemente da extensão do cantilever, além de apresentar menores valores de micro deformação ao redor de todos os implantes. As extensões de cantilever em pré-molar (5mm) além de apresentarem os menores valores de micro deformação quando comparadas a extensão em molar (15mm) também mostraram os maiores valores de carga máxima à fratura.
Abstract: The study evaluated the behavior of a new compound of experimental nylon fiber, with the purpose of increasing the mechanical strength of the material and improving the strain distribution to the fullest extent of the prosthesis to the long axis of the implants reducing the risk of fractures and faults in the system and therefore increasing longevity. For this considered protocol type prostheses without metal bar, with and without incorporating reinforcement (nylon), varying the extent of the region of the cantilever to the first molar / second premolar (n = 6). The samples were subjected to analysis by extensometer strain (extensometria ) and load of 30 kg, and the maximum load test to fracture the EMIC (1000 kgf, 2 mm / min). It can be concluded that the incorporation of reinforcing mesh increased maximum load values regardless of the extent of the cantilever, and exhibit lower values microstrain around all implants. The cantilever extensions in premolar (5 mm) in addition of having the smallest microstrain values compared the extent to molar (15mm) also showed the highest maximum load values to fracture
Doutor
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De, Bruin Riette. "Die versoenbaarheid van katoen/nylon- en katoen/poliester- skeringgebreide terriestofhanddoeke met industriele versorgingsprosedures." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16604.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MVerbruikerswet)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to investigate the compatibility of cotton/nylon and cotton/polyester warpknit terry towelling fabrics with industrial laundering procedures. The literature review focused, on the one hand, on the manufacture, finishing and structure of warp-knit terry towelling fabrics as well as on the physical structure, chemical nature and characteristics of the textile fibres used in the manufacturing of the towelling. On the other hand, a full exposition of the industrial laundering processes is provided, with specific reference to aspects that can have an effect on the towelling fabrics during the wash and tumble-drying cycles. Chapters Three and Four are reports on two research projects that can each be read independently. The aim of the first project was to determine the effect of industrial laundering procedures on the durability of cotton warp-knit terry towelling fabrics with a synthetic base structure. The tensile strength of cotton warp-knit terry towelling samples with a synthetic base structure was determined in the warp and weft directions and after 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wash cycles as well as wash and tumble-drying cycles. The tensile strengths in the warp direction of the washed terry towelling samples decreased significantly (p < 0.001) after 50 wash cycles. In contrast to this, the tensile strength in the weft direction increased, although not significantly (p > 0.05). As far as the comparison of the effect of industrial wash and wash and tumble-drying cycles is concerned, the tensile strengths in the warp direction of the towelling samples that were washed and washed/tumble-dried, were significantly lower (p < 0.001) after 20 and after 50 laundering cycles. As far as the tensile strengths in the weft direction were concerned, a similar pattern as with the wash and wash/tumble-drying processes, occurred. The tensile strengths initially increased and then gradually decreased. Furthermore, the tumble-drying process had greater damaging effects after 40 laundering cycles (p = 0.043) and especially after 50 laundering cycles (p < 0.0001). The aim of the second research project was to compare the durability of cotton warp-knit terry towelling fabrics with a nylon base structure with cotton warp-knit terry towelling fabrics with a polyester base structure after they had been subjected to industrial laundering processes. It was first established whether cotton/nylon and cotton/polyester warp-knit terry towelling fabrics are comparable. Secondly, the durability of cotton/nylon and cotton/polyester terry towelling fabrics was compared by determining the tensile strengths of the samples in the warp direction after they have been subjected to 50 industrial wash as well as wash and tumble-drying cycles. The two groups of untreated samples were regarded as similar on the basis of the percentage of fibre composition, knit fabric structure, knit density, mass and tensile strength. After 50 industrial wash cycles the tensile strengths of the cotton/nylon and cotton/polyester warp-knit terry towelling samples decreased significantly (p < 0.05). But there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the tensile strengths of the cotton/nylon and the cotton/polyester terry towelling samples after 50 washing cycles. There was a highly significant difference (p < 0.001) between the tensile strengths of the cotton/nylon and the cotton/polyester terry towelling samples after 50 wash and tumble-drying cycles. The tensile strength of the cotton/polyester terry towelling samples remained practically unchanged after the 50 wash/tumble-drying cycles, with the tensile strength of the cotton/nylon terry towelling samples decreased significantly (p < 0.001).
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om ondersoek in te stel na die versoenbaarheid van katoen/nylon- en katoen/poliëster- skeringgebreide terriestofhanddoeke met industriële versorgingsprosedures. In die literatuuroorsig is daar enersyds gefokus op die vervaardiging, afwerking en struktuur van skeringgebreide terriehanddoekstowwe asook op die fisiese struktuur, chemiese aard en eienskappe van die tekstielvesels waarvan die handdoeke vervaardig is. Andersyds is ’n volledige uiteensetting van industriële versorgingsprosedures gegee, met spesifieke verwysing na aspekte wat tydens die was- en tuimeldrogingsiklusse ’n uitwerking op die handdoekstowwe kan hê. Hoofstukke drie en vier is opgeskryf as twee navorsingsprojekte wat elk ‘n geheel vorm. Die doel van die eerste projek was om die effek van industriële versorgingsprosedures op die duursaamheid van katoen skeringgebreide terriestofhanddoeke met ‘n sintetiese basisstruktuur te bepaal. Die breeksterkte van katoen skeringgebreide terriestofmonsters met ’n sintetiese basisstruktuur is in die skering- en inslagrigtings tydens en na afloop van 10, 20, 30, 40, en 50 was- asook was- en tuimeldrogingsiklusse bepaal. Die breeksterktes in die skeringrigting van die gewaste terriestofmonsters het betekenisvol afgeneem (p < 0.001) na 50 wassiklusse. In teenstelling hiermee het die breeksterktes in die inslagrigting toegeneem, hoewel nie betekenisvol nie (p > 0.05). Wat die vergelyking van die effek van industriële was- en was en tuimeldrogingsiklusse betref, is die breeksterktes in die skeringrigting van die handdoekmonsters wat gewas en gewas/getuimeldroog is, beduidend laer (p < 0.001) na 20 en na 50 versorgingsiklusse. Wat die breeksterktes in die inslagrigting betref het ‘n soortgelyke patroon by die was- en was/tuimeldrogingprosesse voorgekom. Die breeksterktes neem aanvanklik toe en daarna geleidelik af. Verder het die tuimeldrogingsproses na 40 versorgingsiklusse (p = 0.043) en veral na 50 versorgingsiklusse (p < 0.0001) ’n groter skadelike effek getoon. Die doel van die tweede navorsingsprojek was om die duursaamheid van katoen skeringgebreide terriestowwe met ’n nylon basisstruktuur te vergelyk met katoen skeringgebreide terriestowwe met ’n poliëster basisstruktuur nadat dit aan industriële versorgingsprosedures blootgestel is. Daar is eerstens vasgestel of katoen/nylon en katoen/poliëster terriehanddoekstowwe vergelykbaar is. Tweedens is die duursaamheid van katoen/nylon en katoen/poliëster terriestowwe vergelyk deur die breeksterktes van die monsters in die skeringrigting te bepaal nadat dit aan 50 industriële wasasook was- en tuimeldrogingsiklusse blootgestel is. Die twee groepe onbehandelde monsters is as soortgelyk beskou op grond van die persentasie veselsamestelling, breistofstruktuur, breidigtheid, massa en breeksterkte. Na 50 industriële wassiklusse het die breeksterktes van die katoen/nylon en katoen/poliëster skeringgebreide terriestofmonsters betekenisvol (p < 0.05) afgeneem. Daar was egter nie ’n betekenisvolle verskil (p > 0.05) tussen die breeksterktes van die katoen/nylon en katoen/poliëster terriestofmonsters na 50 wassiklusse nie. Daar was ’n hoogs betekenisvolle verskil (p < 0.001) tussen die breeksterktes van die katoen/nylon en katoen/poliëster terriestofmonsters na die 50 was/tuimeldrogingsiklusse. Die breeksterkte van die katoen/poliëster terriestofmonsters het na die 50 was/tuimeldrogingsiklusse feitlik onveranderd gebly terwyl die breeksterkte van die katoen/nylon terriestofmonsters hoogs betekenisvol (p < 0.001) afgeneem het.
31
Gonçalves, Fernanda de Cássia Papaiz [UNESP]. "Influência da utilização de uma fibra de nylon modificada na resistência à flexão e alteração dimensional de resinas acrílicas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97338.
Full textAbstract:
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goncalves_fcp_me_sjc.pdf: 669556 bytes, checksum: bf5a0120a2c4093f590f315535b6aea3 (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O propósito desta pesquisa foi avaliar o comportamento das resinas acrílicas quando reforçadas por fibras de nylon. Para tanto uma resina acrílica termoativada (RAAT) em microondas (Vipi-Wave – Vipi Dental Ltda.) e uma resina ativada quimicamente rígida para reembasamentos (Tokuso-Tokuyama) foram testadas quanto à resistência a flexão e alteração dimensional. Corpos de prova em formato de barra nas dimensões de 20x10x3 mm (n=9) foram analisados para a resistência a flexão nas seguintes situações: RAAT com ou sem fibra de nylon (modificada ou não por sílica) e, RAAT com reembasador de modo similar ao citado anteriormente. Teve-se ainda para outros grupos estabelecidos a realização de ciclagem termomecânica dos espécimes. Na observação da alteração dimensional fez-se comparação da distância entre pontos pré-determinados em dentes artificiais posicionados em próteses totais do arco maxilar (n=6) e que foram submetidos à ciclagem térmica prévia. Quanto aos tipos de testes, a resistência à flexão em três pontos foi mensurada em máquina de ensaio universal e os resultados dados em megapascal (MPa). Na análise da alteração dimensional foi feita a captura de imagens oclusais antes e após polimerização das próteses totais e ensaio para programa Image Tool e os resultados dados em milímetros. Os valores obtidos foram compilados e submetidos aos testes estatísticos ANOVA e Tukey (5%), confirmando que a adição da fibra de nylon modificada aumentou substancialmente a resistência à flexão e diminuiu a alteração dimensional da resina acrílica, independentemente dessa ser reembasada(AU)
The aim of this study was to evaluate some properties of acrylic resins when reinforced by a nylon fiber. A microwave heat cured acrylic resin (RAAT) (Vipi-Wave) and a hard self cured acrylic resin for rebasing (Tokuso) were tested for flexural strength and dimensional stability. Specimens bar shaped 20x10x3mm (n=9) were analyzed for flexural strength in following situations: RAAT containing or not nylon fibers (modified or not by silica), and RAAT rebased with hard liner. In another groups thermal mechanical cycling of the specimens was realized. Dimensional stability was checked by analyses of predetermined points measurement on artificial teeth in upper complete dentures (n=6) and that also was submitted prior to thermocycling and the groups were established in the same conditions related previously reported. To flexural strength three points bending test was used in a universal testing machine and the results obtained in MPa. Dimensional stability measurement was made to capture occlusal images before and after polymerization of prosthesis and scanned for the Image Tool. Data analysis were compiled, distributed and comparatively evaluated by ANOVA and Tukey test (5%). Confirming the adding of the modified nylon fiber has substantially increased the flexural strength and decreased dimensional change of acrylic resin, whether this be rebased(AU)
32
Gonçalves, Fernanda de Cássia Papaiz. "Influência da utilização de uma fibra de nylon modificada na resistência à flexão e alteração dimensional de resinas acrílicas /." São José dos Campos :, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97338.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Tarcísio José de Arruda Paes JúniorBanca: Eduardo Shigueyuki Umera
Banca: Murilo Baena Lopes
Resumo: O propósito desta pesquisa foi avaliar o comportamento das resinas acrílicas quando reforçadas por fibras de nylon. Para tanto uma resina acrílica termoativada (RAAT) em microondas (Vipi-Wave - Vipi Dental Ltda.) e uma resina ativada quimicamente rígida para reembasamentos (Tokuso-Tokuyama) foram testadas quanto à resistência a flexão e alteração dimensional. Corpos de prova em formato de barra nas dimensões de 20x10x3 mm (n=9) foram analisados para a resistência a flexão nas seguintes situações: RAAT com ou sem fibra de nylon (modificada ou não por sílica) e, RAAT com reembasador de modo similar ao citado anteriormente. Teve-se ainda para outros grupos estabelecidos a realização de ciclagem termomecânica dos espécimes. Na observação da alteração dimensional fez-se comparação da distância entre pontos pré-determinados em dentes artificiais posicionados em próteses totais do arco maxilar (n=6) e que foram submetidos à ciclagem térmica prévia. Quanto aos tipos de testes, a resistência à flexão em três pontos foi mensurada em máquina de ensaio universal e os resultados dados em megapascal (MPa). Na análise da alteração dimensional foi feita a captura de imagens oclusais antes e após polimerização das próteses totais e ensaio para programa Image Tool e os resultados dados em milímetros. Os valores obtidos foram compilados e submetidos aos testes estatísticos ANOVA e Tukey (5%), confirmando que a adição da fibra de nylon modificada aumentou substancialmente a resistência à flexão e diminuiu a alteração dimensional da resina acrílica, independentemente dessa ser reembasada(AU)
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate some properties of acrylic resins when reinforced by a nylon fiber. A microwave heat cured acrylic resin (RAAT) (Vipi-Wave) and a hard self cured acrylic resin for rebasing (Tokuso) were tested for flexural strength and dimensional stability. Specimens bar shaped 20x10x3mm (n=9) were analyzed for flexural strength in following situations: RAAT containing or not nylon fibers (modified or not by silica), and RAAT rebased with hard liner. In another groups thermal mechanical cycling of the specimens was realized. Dimensional stability was checked by analyses of predetermined points measurement on artificial teeth in upper complete dentures (n=6) and that also was submitted prior to thermocycling and the groups were established in the same conditions related previously reported. To flexural strength three points bending test was used in a universal testing machine and the results obtained in MPa. Dimensional stability measurement was made to capture occlusal images before and after polymerization of prosthesis and scanned for the Image Tool. Data analysis were compiled, distributed and comparatively evaluated by ANOVA and Tukey test (5%). Confirming the adding of the modified nylon fiber has substantially increased the flexural strength and decreased dimensional change of acrylic resin, whether this be rebased(AU)
Mestre
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Godshall, David Leonard. "Production And Structure/Properties Of Nylon-6 Core / Isotactic Polypropylene Sheath Bicomponent Fibers Suitable For Use In Carpeting Applications." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32936.
Full textAbstract:
Bicomponent fibers consisting of nylon-6 and
isotactic polypropylene were produced. In-situ,
reactive compatibilization was achieved using a
maleic anhydride functionalized polypropylene
between the materials at the interface. The
overall goal of the research was to produce a
bicomponent fiber of these materials that would
be suitable for use in commercial carpet
applications. Carpet samples produced using
nylon-6 core / polypropylene sheath bicomponent
fibers displayed stain resistance comparable to
a wholly polypropylene carpet. The wear
characteristics of these fibers were found to be
strongly dependent upon the maleic anhydride
content and the molecular weight of the maleic
anhydride functionalized polypropylene. Adhesion
between the nylon-6 and polypropylene phases, and
the mechanical properties of the polypropylene
phase were affected by the addition of the
functionalized polypropylene. Additional
information regarding the processing conditions
necessary to produce fibers of the desired
cross-section from these materials was obtained
using capillary rheometry. A number of
analytical techniques including DSC, TGA, and
SEM were used to better understand the structure
of the maleated materials.Master of Science
34
Boyce, Kennedy Rose. "Modeling Fiber Orientation using Empirical Parameters Obtained from Non-Lubricated Squeeze Flow for Injection Molded Long Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nylon 6,6." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102779.
Full textAbstract:
Long fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites are used for creating lightweight, but mechanically sound, automotive components. Injection molding is a manufacturing technique commonly used for traditional thermoplastics due to its efficiency and ability to create complex geometries. Injection molding feedstock is often in the form of pellets. Therefore, fiber composites must be chopped for use in this manufacturing method. The fibers are cut to a length of 13 mm and then fiber attrition occurs during processing. The combination of chopping the fibers into pellets and fiber breakage creates a distribution of mostly short fiber lengths, with some longer fibers remaining. Discontinuous fiber reinforcements are classified as long for aspect ratios greater than 100. For glass fibers, that distinction occurs at a length of 1 mm, and for carbon fibers 0.5 mm. Traditional composite materials and manufacturing processes utilize continuous fibers with a controlled orientation and length. The use of chopped discontinuous fibers requires a method to predict the orientation of the fibers in the final molded piece because mechanical properties are dependent on fiber length and orientation. The properties and behavior of the flow of a fiber reinforced polymer composite during molding are directly related to the mechanical properties of the completed part. Flow affects the orientation of the fibers within the polymer matrix and at locations within the mold cavity. The ability to predict, and ultimately control, flow properties allows for the efficient design of safe parts for industrial uses, such as vehicle parts in the automotive industry.
The goal of this work is to test material characterization techniques developed for measuring and predicting the orientation of fiber reinforced injection molded thermoplastics using commercial grade long carbon fiber (LCF) reinforced nylon 6,6 (PA 6,6). Forty weight percent LCF/PA 6,6 with a weight averaged fiber length of 1.242 mm was injection molded into center gated disks and the orientation was measured experimentally. A Linux based Numlab flow simulation process that utilizes the finite element method to model the flow and orientation of fiber reinforced materials
was tested and modified to accurately predict the orientation for this composite and geometry. Fiber orientation models used for prediction require the use of empirical parameters. A method of using non-lubricated squeeze flow as an efficient way to determine the strain reduction factor, , and Brownian motion like factor, CI, parameters for short glass fiber polypropylene orientation predictions using the strain reduction factor (SRF) model was extended to use with the LCF/PA 6,6 composite. The 40 weight percent LCF/PA 6,6 material was compression molded and underwent non-lubricated squeeze flow testing. The flow was simulated using finite element analysis to predict the fiber orientation using the SRF model. The empirical parameters were fit by comparing the simulated orientation to experimentally measured orientation. This is a successful method for predicting orientation parameters that is significantly more efficient than optimizing the parameters based on fitting orientation generated in injection molded pieces. The determined orientation parameters were then used to reasonably predict the fiber orientation for the injection molded parts. The authors proved that the experimental and simulation techniques developed for the glass fiber reinforced polypropylene material are valid for use with a different, more complex material.Doctor of Philosophy
Fibers reinforce thermoplastic polymers to create lightweight, but mechanically sound, automotive parts. Thermoplastics flow when heated and harden when cooled. This work compares two of the commonly used thermoplastics, polypropylene (plastic grocery bags, food storage containers) with a glass fiber reinforcement and a form of nylon called PA 6,6 with a carbon fiber reinforcement. Injection molding is a manufacturing technique commonly used for un-reinforced thermoplastics due to its efficiency and ability to create complicated shapes. Injection molding feedstock is often in the form of pellets. Therefore, fiber composites must be chopped for use in this manufacturing method. The fibers are cut to a length of 13 mm and then fiber breakage occurs in the injection molder. The combination of chopping the fibers into pellets and fiber breakage creates a range of lengths. This distribution consists of mostly short fiber lengths, with some longer fibers remaining. Discontinuous fiber reinforcements are classified as long for aspect ratios (the ratio of length over diameter) greater than 100. For glass fibers, that distinction occurs at a length of 1 mm, and for carbon fibers 0.5 mm. Traditional composite materials and manufacturing processes utilize continuous fibers with a controlled orientation and length, such as the weave pattern one might see in a carbon fiber hood. The use of chopped fibers requires a method to predict the orientation of the fibers in the final molded piece because mechanical properties are dependent on fiber length and orientation. The way that the plastic flows during molding is directly related to the mechanical properties of the completed part because flow affects the way that the fibers arrange. The ability to predict, and ultimately control, flow properties allows for the efficient design of safe parts for industrial uses, such as vehicle parts in the automotive industry. The goal of this work is to test the techniques developed for measuring and predicting the orientation of fiber reinforced injection molded thermoplastics using commercial grade long carbon fiber (LCF) reinforced nylon 6,6 (PA 6,6). LCF/PA 6,6 with an average fiber length of 1.242 mm was injection molded into a disk and the orientation was measured experimentally. A computer flow simulation process that utilizes the finite element method to model the flow and orientation of fiber reinforced materials was tested and modified to accurately predict the orientation for this composite and geometry. Fiber orientation models used for prediction require the use of parameters. There is no universal method for determining these parameters. A method of using non-lubricated squeeze flow as an efficient way to determine the parameters for short glass fiber polypropylene orientation predictions was extended to use with the LCF/PA 6,6 composite. The LCF/PA 6,6 material was compression molded and underwent non-lubricated squeeze flow testing. The flow was modeled to predict the fiber orientation. The empirical parameters were fit by comparing the simulated orientation to experimentally measured orientation. This is a successful method for predicting orientation parameters. The determined orientation parameters were then used to reasonably predict the fiber orientation for the injection molded parts. The authors proved that the experimental and simulation techniques developed for the glass fiber reinforced polypropylene material are valid for use with a different, more complex material.
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Li, Jian-xing. "Coupling agent effects on the interfacial adhesion in a sheath/core type bicomponent fiber." Ohio : Ohio University, 1989. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1182441608.
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Goncalves, Carla Maria Montanari. "Influência da adição de fibras curtas de aço e de nylon no comportamento e na resistência ao esforço cortante de vigas de concreto armado." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/JMFC-5SCJ7P.
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The results of an experimental investigation of the effects of short fibers on the shear behavior and strength of simply supported reinforced concrete beams are presented. Steel (Xorex) and nylon (Du Pont) fibers, with different shapes as well as lengths and crosssections, were used in the beams. Midspan deflections and strains on the concrete and on the longitudinal and transversal reinforcement were measured during the tests. A comparative analysis with respect to the results obtained by VIDAL FILHO, in which similar beams without and with Dramix Steel fibers were tested, is also presented. The test results indicate expressively the better performance of the beams made with steel
fibers. These beams exhibited smaller crack width and spacing and consequently more stiffness and load carrying capacity. The results also show that the steel fibers improve the shear resisting mechanisms of the concrete represented by the aggregate interlocking and dowel action and behave as an additional transverse reinforcement, consequently
reducing the stresses in the stirrups. In this study, the steel fibers employed had a better performance than the nylon ones.Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de um estudo experimental sobre a influência de diferentes tipos de fibras curtas no comportamento e na resistência ao esforço cortante de vigas de concreto armado. As fibras diferem tanto no seu material base, aço (Xorex) ou nylon (Du Pont), como também em sua forma e comprimento. As vigas foram ensaiadas na condição de simplesmente apoiadas e submetidas a duas cargas concentradas eqüidistantes dos apoios. Ao longo dos ensaios foram medidas flechas no meio do vão e deformações tanto no concreto quanto nas barras longitudinais e estribos. É feito também uma análise comparativa com relação aos resultados obtidos no estudo realizado por VIDAL FILHO, no qual vigas de mesmas características, sem fibras e com fibras de aço Dramix, foram ensaiadas. A análise dos resultados dos ensaios revela um desempenho significativamente melhor das vigas com fibras de aço. Estas vigas tiveram menores espaçamentos entre fissuras e aberturas destas e conseqüente maior rigidez e capacidade portante. Para estas vigas, as fibras de aço se comportaram com uma armadura transversal adicional reduzindo as tensões nos estribos. Em alguns casos, as fibras de aço também modificaram o modo de ruptura das vigas: de cisalhamento para flexão. Portanto, neste estudo, as vigas com fibras de aço apresentaram um melhor desempenho em relação às vigas com fibras de nylon.
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Thio, Beng Joo Reginald. "Characterization of bioparticulate adhesion to synthetic carpet polymers with atomic force microscopy." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31727.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: J. Carson Meredith; Committee Member: Amyn Teja; Committee Member: F. Joseph Schork; Committee Member: Lawrence Bottomley; Committee Member: Mark Prausnitz. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Hoffmann, Wolfgang [Verfasser], and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Reith. "Der angiographische und histopathologische Vergleich der Verschlussrate von mit Nylon Helix Fibered Platinum Coils behandelten, experimentell erzeugten Aneurysmen in New Zealand White Rabbits zu mit Bare Platinum Coils behandelten Aneurysmen / Wolfgang Hoffmann. Betreuer: Wolfgang Reith." Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1051405505/34.
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Zedde, Nicola. "Dynamic mechanical-thermal, microstructural and mechanical analysis of ultra-light polymer-metal composites: influence of forming." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016.
Find full textAbstract:
A really particular and innovative metal-polymer sandwich material is Hybrix. Hybrix is a product developed and manufactured by Lamera AB, Gothenburg, Sweden. This innovative hybrid material is composed by two relatively thin metal layers if compared to the core thickness. The most used metals are aluminum and stainless steel and are separated by a core of nylon fibres oriented perpendicularly to the metal plates. The core is then completed by adhesive layers applied at the PA66-metal interface that once cured maintain the nylon fibres in position. This special material is very light and formable. Moreover Hybrix, depending on the specific metal which is used, can achieve a good corrosion resistance and it can be cut and punched easily. Hybrix architecture itself provides extremely good bending stiffness, damping properties, insulation capability, etc., which again, of course, change in magnitude depending in the metal alloy which is used, its thickness and core thickness. For these reasons nowadays it shows potential for all the applications which have the above mentioned characteristic as a requirement. Finally Hybrix can be processed with tools used in regular metal sheet industry and can be handled as solid metal sheets.
In this master thesis project, pre-formed parts of Hybrix were studied and characterized. Previous work on Hybrix was focused on analyze its market potential and different adhesive to be used in the core. All the tests were carried out on flat unformed specimens. However, in order to have a complete description of this material also the effect of the forming process must be taken into account. Thus the main activities of the present master thesis are the following: Dynamic Mechanical-Thermal Analysis (DMTA) on unformed Hybrix samples of different thickness and on pre-strained Hybrix samples, pure epoxy adhesive samples analysis and finally moisture effects evaluation on Hybrix composite structure.
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Vienney, Martine. "Etude d'un procede de retention de biomasse pour le fonctionnement de reacteurs biologiques a l'alimentation continue : son application au traitement anaerobie des effluents industriels." Poitiers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988POIT2339.
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Raghavan, Bharath Kumar. "Nanofiber Filter Media for Air Filtration." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1279744866.
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Gotti, Carlo. "Development and mechanical characterization of a biostable Nylon6.6 electrospun nanofibrous multiscale device for tendon and ligament replacement and simulation." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/15708/.
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This thesis aims to investigate electrospun structures by means their production process and morpho-mechanical characterization. Considering the results obtained, the electrospun devices developed, will be useful for tendon and ligament tissue applications.
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Cathelin, Julien. "Modélisation du comportement mécanique des engrenages en plastique renforcé." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0029/document.
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Les engrenages en matériau polymère présentent de nombreux avantages par rapport aux aciers. Ils sont plus légers, résistants à la corrosion, fonctionne sans lubrifiant et leurs coûts de revient est moindre grâce au moulage par injection. Ils sont de plus en plus utilisés dans des domaines variés, mais se limitent à la transmission de mouvement. L’ajout de fibre de verre courte permet d’augmenter leur tenue mécanique et de diversifier leur domaine d’utilisation à des transmissions de petite à moyenne puissance. Le polyamide (Nylon) renforcé de fibres de verre est le composite le plus couramment utilisé dans le domaine des engrenages. Néanmoins, son comportement viscoélastique ainsi que la présence de fibres introduit une difficulté supplémentaire dans la modélisation. En outre, le comportement viscoélastique dépend de la température et pour le Polyamide, de l’humidité. Par conséquent, la viscoélasticité impacte directement la répartition des charges, l’erreur de transmission sous charge, la raideur d’engrènement. Dans cette thèse, une méthode numérique originale modélisant le comportement mécanique des engrenages en Polyamide 6 renforcé de fibre de verre est proposée. L’approche utilise le modèle rhéologique linéaire de Kelvin généralisé pour simuler le comportement viscoélastique du matériau et prendre en compte la température, l’humidité ainsi que le taux de fibre et leur anisotropie. Ensuite ce modèle rhéologique est intégré dans le modèle quasi-statique du partage des charges développé par le LaMCoS. Ce processus de calcul permet d’obtenir les résultats essentiels pour les engrenages (répartition des charges, pressions de contact, erreur de transmission sous charge, raideur d’engrènement) avec un temps de calcul assez court. Afin de de valider les modèles numériques développés, un banc d’essai a été mis en place, permettant la mesure de l'erreur de transmission et la visualisation de la température de l’engrenage pendant son fonctionnementPolymer gears present several advantages: they can be used without lubricant, their meshing is silencer, resistance to corrosion is better, weight is reduced. However they have a poor heat resistance and are limited to rotation transmission. In order to improve the gears performance, glass fibre reinforcement is being increasingly used, where their lower cost and higher strength, compared to unreinforced polyamide, offer a potential increase in gear performance. Mechanical behaviour of polymers materials is very complex; it depends on time, history of displacement, temperature and for several polymers, on humidity. Moreover, an addition of fibres can make the material properties heterogeneous and anisotropic. The particular case of Polyamide 6 + 30% glass fibres which is the most common fibre reinforced plastic is studied in this work. In the first part of this work, a mould was developed to better control the material choice and moulding conditions. Using tomographic observations, investigations were done to better understand the relation between moulding conditions, gears geometry and fibres orientation. Based on these observations and with the help of mechanical characterisation, a linear rheological generalized-Kelvin model was developed to simulate the viscoelastic behavior of the polymer material. In a second part, this model taking into account temperature, humidity and rotation speed is integrated in quasi-static load sharing computation developed by the LaMCoS laboratory. In the load sharing calculus, the displacements are obtained on a large meshing covering the entire surface of the tooth. This relation integrates the viscoelastic displacement, the fibre orientation and the geometrical influence coefficients. The method permits to obtain results such as the loaded transmission error, the instantaneous meshing stiffness, the load sharing and the root tooth stress at different temperature, humidity and rotation speeds within a reasonable computation time. Investigation have shown interesting results regarding the historic of displacements which represents up to 15% of the total displacement at the tip radius, the localization of the maximal tooth root stress, which is the same than metal gears, or the influence of the thermal expansion toward transmission error. On another hand, we have highlighted the low difference between a realistic description of the fibre orientation and an homogeneous anisotropic one. The last step concerns the validation of the numerical. The measurements are carried out on a test bench developed at the LaMCoS laboratory. It provides two experimental results: the temperature of the gear during operation, and the load transmission error using optical encoders to measure the angular positions of the pinion and the gear. This one is global enough to validate the three steps of the model: geometry, kinematics and load sharing
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Savetlana, S., Leigh Mulvaney-Johnson, Timothy D. Gough, and Adrian L. Kelly. "Properties of nylon-6-based composite reinforced with coconut shell particles and empty fruit bunch fibres." 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/15507.
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yesNovel natural fibre composites of nylon-6 reinforced with coconut shell (CS) particles and empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibres have been investigated. Fillers were alkali treated before melt compounding with nylon-6. Mechanical, thermal and rheological properties of composites were measured. Tensile modulus was found to improve with both fillers up to 16% for nylon-6/CS composite and 10% for nylon-6/EFB composite, whereas a moderate increase in tensile strength was observed only with CS composites. Differences in the strengthening mechanisms were explained by the morphology of the two fillers, empty fruit bunch fibres having a weaker cellular internal structure. Observation of composite morphology using SEM showed that both fillers were highly compatible with nylon-6 due to its hydrophilic nature. Both fillers were found to cause a slight drop in crystallinity of the nylon matrix and to lower melt viscosity at typical injection moulding strain rates. Moisture absorption increased with addition of both fillers.
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Hsuan-ShengLin and 林玄昇. "Preparation of Nylon 6 and PEO/Nylon 6 core/shell fibers via electrospinning." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72319641240245361331.
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Jen-HaoJheng and 鄭仁豪. "Preparation of Nylon 6/Nylon 4,6 core/shell fibers via coaxial electrospinning and its crystallization behavior." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ps54uq.
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碩士國立成功大學
化學工程學系
102
By using the coaxial electrospinning technique the Nylon 6/Nylon 4,6 core/shell fibers can be produced, and the melt-crystallization of Nylon 6 in the fiber core region was studied. 4 wt% Nylon 6/formic acid and 15 wt% Nylon 4,6/formic acid solutions were delivered to the inner and outer channel of coaxial spinneret for electrospinning to prepare Nylon 6/Nylon 4,6 core/shell fibers. By fixing the flow rate of outer channel (Qs) and changing the flow rate of the inner channel (Qc), uniform fibers with average diameter about 105~120 nm were obtained. And we use the differential scanning calorimetry with a rate 10 oC/min to heat the fibers to 260 oC, and then cool it back to 25 oC to observe the melt-recrystallization behavior of Nylon 6 in the core/shell fibers. We found out that the peak temperature of melt-recrystallization was 210 oC, which is 20 oC higher than that we measured from Nylon 6 cast film of 190 oC. And the crystallinity of Nylon 6 decreased with the Qc used in electrospinning process decreased. By using Fouier transform infrared spectroscopy, we also found out that the melt-recrystallization crystal of Nylon 6 in the core/shell fibers was a form crystal.
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Jung, Dongwook. "New methods for producing nylon 6,6 fibers with enhanced mechanical properties." 2004. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12122004-153758/unrestricted/etd.pdf.
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WANG, YAO-ZHANG, and 王耀章. "Effects of fibre length, orientation on the mechanical properties of varied fibre-glass length reinforced Nylon 66 injection molding." Thesis, 1990. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54127912674242018501.
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碩士逢甲大學
紡織工程研究所
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Hylon 66由美國杜邦(Du pont) 公司發展推廣至今，因其具有優越機械性質，電氧性 質及化學性質而被廣泛用於電器、電子、汽車及機器等零件制造，為國內五大泛用型 工程塑膠之一。 一般纖維補強塑膠的復合材大致區分二大類：高纖維含量的長纖補強熱固性塑膠(Lo- ng fiber reinforced thermosotting plastics.LFTS)和低纖維含量的短纖維補強熱 塑性塑膠熱塑性塑膠之融熔黏度過大。不易濕潤纖維。因此一般長纖與高纖維含量的 復合材基材均使用粘度低的不飽合單體所成的熱固性塑膠。但由於LFTS的脆硬。無法 回收再生。以及高成本和冗長之制造過程。當不符合實際的需求。因此自80''s以來。 歐美各國紛紛發展長纖補強熱塑性塑膠(LFTP)由於它密切結合玻纖的剛性與基材的黏 彈性。不但保有復合材的耐熱性及機械外，另外低溫韌性佳。亦可直接加工回收再利 用。以減少日益嚴重的污染及能源之浪費，因此遠景看好，應用在各種產業如運輸、 運動、建築、電子及航空太空等產業。 傳統SFTP是以擠壓混煉(Extrusion Compounding) 制造。可分為單螺桿與雙螺桿櫅壓 混煉二種。即是將1/8∼1/4的股纖維(choppedstrand) 與塑膠粒均勻混煉切成約 3mm 的塑膠粒。纖維平均長度為0.2∼0.5mm，而新系列的LFTP是利用拉擠成型(Pultrusio n)成序制造出來的。將纖維紗束(Roving)牽拉遇含融熔塑膠的Crosshead die, 而切 所需長度之塑膠粒，所含之纖維長度一致且與塑膠粒等長，使其在射出成型中保有較 長的織維長度。 木文先針對不同纖維長度及不同剪切速率下，高分子融溶粘度變化，并觀察纖維排列 情形。文中并探討Nylon 66在成型中皮層(Skin)，剪切區(Shcar zone)及芯層(Core) 之變化，并以學理論探討纖維在流體內纖維配向之變化，并解釋各種不同加工條件下 對纖維長度分布。纖維配向情形之影響，再配合力學理論評估實驗值與理論值之差異 。
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Amintowlieh, Yasaman. "Nylon-6/Agricultural Filler Composites." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/5476.
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Preparation of thermoplastics composites using engineering thermoplastics and plant fibers or fillers is a technical challenge because the processing temperature of the thermoplastics is generally above the temperature of degradation of plant fibers of fillers. There have been numerous attempts for processing high melting point engineering thermoplastics like Nylon-6 with plant natural fibers and fillers. Low temperature processing methods, fiber modification or addition of additives which drops polymer melting point are some of proposed solutions for this problem.
The objective of this thesis was to develop a formulation using wheat straw (WS) as a reinforcing fiber for Nylon-6. The concentration of WS was 15 wt-%. The thermoplastic composites were prepared by mixing grinded wheat straw and Nylon-6 using a laboratory scale twin-screw extruder; follow by preparation of samples using injection moulding. The strategy investigated in this thesis was utilization of additives to lower the melting point or to decrease the viscosity of Nylon-6. Lithium chloride salt (LiCl) and N-Butyl benzene Sulfon amide plasticizer (N-BBSA) were used as process additives to decrease melting point and to reduce the processing temperature and time.
The addition of the wheat straw (15 wt-%) to the Nylon-6 increased modulus by 26.9 % but decreased the strength by 9.9 %. Effect of different level of these two additives on mechanical, thermal, physical properties and processability of the composite runs were studied. Addition of 4 wt-% LiCl was found to decrease the melting point from 222 °C to 191 °C, to increase modulus by 14 % in comparison to Nylon-6/wheat straw (15 wt-%). However, it decreased the processability and strength by 12.7 %.
Plasticizer was investigated to easing processability and decreasing the degradation by reducing the residence time in the extruder, it does not affect the melting point of Nylon-6. The addition of 4 wt-% of plasticizer (N-BBSA) increased modulus and strength only by 2.6 % and 3 %, respectively, in comparison to Nylon-6/wheat straw (15 wt-%) composites. The results of mechanical properties were used as a benchmark for comparisons among samples with different formulations (levels of additives) to find out levels of LiCl and N-BBSA for the best mechanical properties. It was found that samples with 2 wt-% LiCl and 2 wt-% of N-BBSA had 29.3 % higher tensile modulus than neat Nylon-6, while its strength was almost same as neat Nylon-6 and 6.3 % higher than Nylon-6/WS (15 wt-%). These results were used to correlate the mechanical properties as a function of percentage of salt and plasticizer in the formulation.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to evaluate the percentage of crystallinity and the melting point of the thermoplastic phase and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to measure the thermal stability of different formulation. The kinetics of crystallization and degradation were evaluated using results from DSC and TGA, respectively. The activation energy for thermal degradation and the percentage of crystallinity of the thermoplastic composites were correlated to mechanical properties using linear regression. It was found that fiber degradation had a significant effect on strength but the effects of percentage of crystallinity on composites strength were insignificant. On the other hand, the percentage of crystallinity affects stiffness and impact strength. The ductility was a function of both crystallinity and thermal stability.
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CHEN, YU, and 陳妤. "Inprovement of Levelness and washing fastness for Dyed Nylon fabrics with High content elastic fibers." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/byz44c.
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碩士中國文化大學
紡織產業碩士專班
104
The unigue and special sport swears are designed for the purpose of applying to professional sports.Generally,these sport swears always contained more elastic fiber in fabrics, due to nylon 6.6 fabrics contained a high level of elastic fibers and dyed by acid dyes,the staining and uneven shade of cloths were increased. Additionally,the washing fastness of fabrics were decreased with content of elastic fiber.Therefore,the quality and go out time of cloths were serious impact. When nylon fabric dyeing high content of elastic fibers , after using sapphire blue color colorful color acid dyes, with different kinds of dyes are not solid color processing, and use the Datacolor spectrometer analysis of variance and shade cloth fabric washing investigate prison degrees, and the other agent were observed on the impact of a single elastic fibers after dyeing, elastic fiber content high assessment nylon fabric dyeing conditions for optimal under different kinds of aid. When using different concentrations of acid dye staining a high content of elastic fiber nylon fabric, at 1%, 3% of dyeing cloth spend most serious problem, but is more stable than the intermediate dye concentration, the leveling agent is a cationic dye at all under different concentrations of acid dyes, leveling effect than the other two types of shade cloth and preferably also without leveling agent is relatively close, fastness problem is the use of the female non-ionic fixing agent can improved wash fastness, high impact anion content of less elastic fiber nylon fabric.