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1
Stansly, Philip A., C. Mayra, and G. Avilez. "Control of Silverleaf Whitefly on Commercial Eggplant, 1997." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.105.
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Abstract A commercial field of staked eggplant was used ap-proximately 45 days after transplanting for this trial in the Culican Valley of Sinaloa, Mexico. The field was 100 m wide and approximately 2 km in length, located between 2 fields of corn. The crop had recently been sprayed with endosulfan (Thiodan®). Consequently, relatively few adult whiteflies could be observed although the presence of eggs and young nymphs indicated the likelihood of increasing infestation, and no further applications were made by the grower for the duration of the trial. Experimental design was completely randomized block with 5 treatments and 4 replicates. Beds were 100 m in length running north and south with 1.5 m between centers and 2 rows per bed. Plots were 4 beds wide and 15 m long with 1.5 m between plots (90m2). Three weekly applications were made beginning on 12 Feb with 2 Maruyama™ motorized backpack sprayers equipped with a hand-held boom carrying 2 bronze T-Jet™ D2 hollow cone nozzles containing #45 spinner plates. Each bed was sprayed from both sides with 5 liters per replicate of each treatment, delivering a volume of 60.5 gpa. Each plot was sampled for whitefly adults and immature stages prior to application. A beat pan made of an aluminum cake pan 22.5cm X 32.5 cm painted black and covered with a film of vegetable oil and liquid detergent (9:1) was used to sample adults. Three samples were taken in each plot by beating the pan 10 times against the foliage in the middle 2 rows and counting the whiteflies trapped in the oil mixture. Immatures were sampled by counting all whitefly eggs, small nymphs, large nymphs, and pupae in 4 lensfields of 1.77 cm2 per leaf (3 leaves per plot). Additional samples were taken 3 days after each successive treatment. Small nymphs, large nymphs, and pupae were combined as “immatures” for analysis.
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Kondo, Takumasa, Angela María Arcila, Laura Isabel Colorado, Yenifer Campos-Patiño, and Paola Sotelo-Cardona. "Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a small but voracious predator of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae)." ACTA ZOOLÓGICA MEXICANA (N.S.) 34, no. 1 (November 12, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21829/azm.2018.3412127.
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The effect of predation by the little fire ant Wasmannia auropuntacta (Roger) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) kept under experimental conditions for the breeding of the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was evaluated. An experiment was carried out using cages with capacity for 9 plants of Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack (Rutaceae) infested with an average of 600 nymphs of D. citri and 100 adults of T. radiata per cage. Three cages were exposed to ants and one had no ant exposure (Control). In each cage, the numbers of healthy and parasitized nymphs and the numbers of adults of D. citri and T. radiata were counted every 2 days for 15 days. Exposure to predation by W. auropunctata significantly affected the number of nymphs that reached the adult stage as well as the number of nymphs parasitized by T. radiata (Fisher's exact test). In the ant-exposed cages, about 3% of the nymphs survived to the adult stage in contrast to 18% in the control cage. Likewise, the action of the parasitoid was affected, with 24% of nymphs parasitized in the ant-exposed cages in contrast to 66% in the control cage. Wasmannia auropunctata has a great potential as a natural enemy of this psyllid pest in citrus nurseries. The ant also consumes T. radiata by consuming parasitized nymphs of D. citri and this predation may negatively impact the control of D. citri by the parasitoid.
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Cranshaw, Whitney, and Dayna Cooper. "Striped Pine Scale Control, Golden, Co, 1992." Arthropod Management Tests 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/20.1.317.
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Abstract Trials were conducted at a golf course in Golden, CO on Scotch pine heavily infested with striped pine scale. Applications were made 17 Jun to point of run-off on individual infested terminal branches. Plot design was a RCB with 4 replications. At the time of treatment most nymphs had recently settled on the needles; few crawlers were present. Plots were evaluated by counting the number of dead and living nymphs on 10 needle bundles collected from terminals 5 Aug. Plots of SunSpray and Volck were retreated 5 Aug. Samples (10 needle bundles/plot) were again taken from all plots 10 Sep.
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Hertl, P. T., and R. L. Brandenburg. "Control of Mole Cricket Nymphs with Insecticide-Treated Baits, 1997." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.324.
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Abstract The efficacy of several bait formulations was evaluated for the control of mole cricket nymphs in a field test on a bermudagrass fairway at the Fox Squirrel Country Club in Brunswick Co, NC. Plots 16 X 16 ft were established in an area heavily infested with mole crickets. Treatments with four replicates were randomly assigned to the plots in a CRBD. All insecticides were applied late in the day on 17 Sep under sunny skies. The 4-inch soil temperature was 83°F and all formulations tested were applied using a Republic EZ Handspreader®. The fairway irrigation system was used to moisten the soil in the test area prior to application. The Talstar 0.2 G was applied to the appropriate plots and then the entire test site received 0.25 inch of water as post-irrigation for this treatment. The turf surface was allowed to dry before appropriate amounts of each bait were applied to the plots. The fairway irrigation system was turned off to prevent irrigation of the area on the first night of the test. Soil at the test site is classified as Kureb fine sand with a pH of 5.8 and 0.56% humic matter. Soapy water flush sampling indicate that the fairway population was approximately 85% Southern and 15% Tawny mole crickets. Plots were evaluated for fresh damage on 23 Sep (6 DAT) and 1 Oct (14 DAT) using the damage grid evaluation method of Mack and Cobb (1989). A m2 grid divided into nine sections was randomly placed in each plot and a damage rating (0-9) given based on the occurrence of fresh damage in the nine subsections (with 0 = no damage and 9 = severe damage). Five damage ratings were made in each plot on each sampling date. The actual damage means are reported in the Table. All data were transformed x + 0.5 prior to ANOVA and Tukey’s Studentized Range Test.
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Wise, John C. "Pear, Early Season Control of Pear Psylla and Pear Rust Mite, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.40.
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Abstract Mature ‘Bartlett’ trees at the Trevor Nichols Research Complex in Fennville, MI (Pear 1 Block) were sprayed at a rate of 100 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Trees were arranged in a CR design of single trees replicated 4 times. All materials were applied as indicated in the table on 4 Jun (IC) and 17 Jul (4C, PP Threshold of 0.3 nymphs per leaf). Streptomycin, Benlate, Penncozeb, Rubigan, Captan, and Funginex were applied to all treatments separately. Dates of PP and PRM evaluation were 19 Jun, 2 Jul, 15 Jul, and 8 Aug. At each evaluation, 50 leaves per replicate were picked, brushed in a mite-brushing machine and then examined under a stereo microscope for PRM adults. Twenty-five leaves per replicate were also evaluated under a stereomicroscope for PP nymphs and eggs. Mean data are reported as PRM adults per leaf, and PP nymphs or eggs per leaf. Harvest fruit evaluations were made on 27 Aug by picking 25 fruit randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate per treatment. They were examined for sooty mold from PP and PRM russetting. Sooty mold and russetting evaluations were based on visual inspection, with the scoring criteria listed in the table.
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Handa, Chihiro. "How Do Scale Insects Settle into the Nests of Plant-Ants on Macaranga Myrmecophytes? Dispersal by Wind and Selection by Plant-Ants." Sociobiology 59, no. 2 (September 26, 2014): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v59i2.607.
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This report elucidates the process of settlement by Coccus scale insects into Crematogaster plant-ant nests formed inside the hollow stems of a myrmecophytic species, Macaranga bancana, in a tropical rain forest. We collected wafting scale insect nymphs from the canopy using sticky traps and characterized the DNA sequence of the trapped nymphs. In addition, we experimentally introduced first-instar nymphs of both symbiotic and nonsymbiotic scale insects to M. bancana seedlings with newly formed plant-ant colonies. Nymphs of symbiotic species were generally carried by ants into their nests within a few minutes of introduction. Most nymphs of nonsymbiotic species were thrown to the ground by ants. Our results suggest that in Crematogaster–Macaranga myrmecophytism, symbiotic coccids disperse by wind onto host plant seedlings at the nymphal stage, and plant-ants actively carry the nymphs landing on seedlings into their nests in discrimination from nonsymbiotic scale insects.
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Scobey, David. "Nymphs and Satyrs." Winterthur Portfolio 37, no. 1 (March 2002): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/376342.
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Hertl, P. T., and R. L. Brandenburg. "Surface Application of Deltamethrin for Control of Mole Cricket Nymphs, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.342.
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Redak, R. A., and J. A. Bethke. "Control of the Silverleaf Whitefly (SW) on Poinsettia Using Soil Treatments, Winter 1992." Arthropod Management Tests 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/19.1.333a.
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Abstract Poinsettias obtained as rooted cuttings were potted in 15 cm diam. pots. Plants were allowed 4 wk growth (25-30 cm tall) before use in trials. An arbitrary leaf was selected and a 2.5 cm diam circle drawn on the leaf. On day 0, a pre-treatment count of immature whitefly nymphs within the circle was taken. Plants then were assigned to treatments to approximate an equal no. of immatures/replicate prior to treatments. Three plants/treatment were arranged in a RCB design on a greenhouse bench in constant exposure to sweetpotato whitefly. Four rates of two form, of NTN 33893 (2.5G and 240F) were applied by hand to each pot and drenched with water. Post-treatment counts of eggs, nymphs, redeye pupae, and empty pupal cases were made at 14 DAT, 28 DAT, 49 DAT (7 wk) & 91 DAT (13 wk).
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Haug, Joachim T., Veronika Winder, Maja Ilic, Gideon T. Haug, and Carolin Haug. "The early stages of Miomantis binotata and their bearing on the question whether ant mimicry is a larval feature of first stage praying mantises (Mantodea: Mantidae)." Fragmenta Entomologica 52, no. 1 (April 10, 2020): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/fe.2020.402.
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Ant mimicry, i.e., the mimicking of ant workers by another organism, is a widespread phenomenon among different groups of Euarthropoda, including spiders and different insect species. One example of ant mimicry occurs among praying mantises (Mantodea); here the first stage nymphs have been recorded to perform ant mimicry. In this study, we investigated different nymphal instars of Miomantis binotata for possible morphological similarities to ants. The different instars were compared as stages supposed to perform ant mimicry would differ morphologically from those stages not supposed to resemble ants. The specimens were investigated under different microscopic settings and measurements were performed. Our results do not show significant differences concerning morphological measurements or shape of structures between the different nymphal instars of M. binotata. One prominent difference between stage one nymphs and later stages occurs in the colouration of the body, which is very dark in the earliest nymph. This difference might explain why young nymphs of Miomantis binotata are interpreted as ant-mimicking, despite the apparent lack of other morphological resemblances.
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Devi, Wika Soviana. "STRATEGI PELESTARIAN SINTREN Studi Kasus di Brebes." Sabda : Jurnal Kajian Kebudayaan 7, no. 1 (February 3, 2017): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/sabda.v7i1.13242.
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The traditional performing art of sintren is distinctive art flourished in northern coast of Java such as Brebes area. This kind of sintren performing art requires some conditions and rites that must be fulfilled for stage performance. The art of sintren has a background folklore who was later appointed into a show which is magical. To understand the art of sintren a collection and an analysis of data were obtained through interview, observation, and study of documents pertaining the art show of sintren. Performances of sintren exercised by some personnels, one is a kawih or sinden as a singer for sintren, to call down the nymphs of sintren, a sintren dancer and musicians. Sintren dancer who was possessed by sintren nymph will change clothes to be beautiful by hand and body bound and put in confinement. Brebes communities have recognized sintren performances as magical performances served at night and on certain occasions.
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Liu, T. X., J. M. Conner, and P. A. Stansly. "Use of Beauveria Bassiana, an Entomopathogen, to Control Nymphs of Bemisia Argentifolii Under Field Conditions, 1995." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.133.
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Abstract Eight pairs of raised beds, 91 cm wide on 180 cm centers, were fertilized and maintained using the standard practices 3 wk before setting eggplant and tomato transplants in adjacent rows at 51 cm spacing. Two plots designated in each row for the trial were 6.5 m long and separated at either end by a 1 m buffer, to give two RCB designs (one for eggplant and other for tomato), each with 2 treatments and 8 replications. The treatment material was Mycotrol WP9504 (Mycotech Stain GHA spores, 22%; 4.4 X 1010 spores/g; Mycotech, Butte, MT) which was applied at a rate of 1.1 kg/ha (1 lb/acre) as recommended five times weekly from 21 Apr until 7 May 1995. Spray was delivered using a high clearance sprayer utilizing an hydraulic pump operating at 200 psi and equipped with drop nozzles, 8 “ATR Yellow” Albuz® hollow cone per row, to deliver 81 gpa. Weekly samples of SWF immatures from 24 Apr consisted of a single, 6th or 7th leaf from the terminal, leaf each from 3 randomly selected plants per plot, collected into plastic zip-lock bags, and brought back to the laboratory. Whitefly immatures (eggs, nymphs and pupae) were examined on four 1-cm2 disks, 2 on each side of the mid-vein. Eggs, young (1 st and 2nd instar) and old (3rd and 4th instar) nymphs and pupae (red-eyed nymphs) of SWF on 12 cm2 leaf area were counted under a stereomicroscope in the laboratory.
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Palumbo, J. C., C. H. Mullis, and F. J. Reyes. "Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly in Cantaloupe with Various Pesticides, 1992." Arthropod Management Tests 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/19.1.80.
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Abstract Cantaloupes, Cucumis melo, ‘Topmark’ were direct seeded on 3 Mar into single row “yuma beds” on 203 cm centers and thinned to 30 cm intervals at the University of Arizona, Yuma Valley Agricultural Center. Plots consisted of 4 beds, 18 m long with a 3.6 m buffer between plots. Plot preparation and seasonal maintenance followed local practices. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Applications were made with a 4-row highpressure, electrostatic boom sprayer equipped with stainless steel, hollow-cone nozzles (TX-18) spaced at 50 cm and delivered 563 liters/ha at 400 psi. Admire was applied as a soil drench in 40 oz of water/plant one week after thinning (5 Apr). Foliar applications were initiated when immature whitefly densities exceeded 3 nymphs/leaf. A total of 3 applications of CGA215944 and Fenoxycarb were made on 29 Apr and 5, 14 May. The remaining foliar treatments were applied 5 times on 29 Apr, 5, 14, 20, and 28 May. The pH of the application water was 7.1. A spreader/sticker was not used. Insect data were collected only from the inner two beds of each plot. Plots were sampled weekly beginning on 14 Apr, and terminating on 9 June. Adult SPWF were assessed by randomly selecting 20 leaves from the terminal area on primary vines (4th fully expanded leaf from the apex of the vine) and counting the number of live adults on the bottom surface. Counts were made at sunrise between 0500-0600 hrs. Immatures were assessed by counting the number of eggs, small nymphs, large and red-eyed nymphs, and eclosed pupal cases on two-cm2 disk sections from each of 10 leaves per plot.
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Liu, T. X., and P. A. Stansly. "Leaf-Dip Contact Toxicity Bioassays of Surfactant Materials to Sweetpotato Whitefly Nymphs, 1993." Arthropod Management Tests 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/19.1.373a.
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Redak, R. A., J. A. Bethke, and H. S. Costa. "Control of Silverleaf Whitefly on Poinsettia Under Greenhouse Conditions, Summer 1997." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.350.
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Abstract Poinsettias, ob tained as rooted cuttings, were potted in 15-cm pots and allowed 8-wk growth (15-20 cm tall) before use. The plants were fertilized once with Osmocote (14-14-14) and irrigated every d for three minby overhead misters. On day (0), ten whiteflies were caged on the 5th (counting from top leaf of about 1 cm2 down), and a 2.5-cm-diam circle was drawn on the leaf around the cage perimeter. Twenty-four h later the adult whiteflies were removed. After egg eclosion (10 Jul), a pre-treatment count of the no. of nymphs was taken, and it was followed by treatment application. Post-treatment counts of live nymphs were taken weekly for two wks. Treatments were applied using a backpack sprayer at approximately 25 psi. A RCB design was used with five replicates per treatment. Data were transformed log10 + 1 prior to analysis to satisfy the assumptions of the analysis of variance, and LSD (P = 0.05) was used to separate the means.
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Reding, M. E., and E. H. Beers. "Apple, Campylomma Control on ‘Golden Delicious’, 1994." Arthropod Management Tests 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/20.1.30a.
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Abstract The experiment was performed in a ‘Golden Delicious’ orchard containing trees 4 to 5 m tall. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with seven treatments and four single-tree replicates. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer to point of drip at 300 psi. Application rates were based on 400 gpa. The Lorsban 4E + dormant oil treatment was applied at half-inch green (29 Mar). All other treatments were applied at pink (7 Apr). MPB nymphs were sampled from 2 limbs of each replicate tree on each sampling date with the mean of the 2 samples representing that replication. A beating tray with black cloth (45 cm × 45 cm) was held beneath a limb that was struck sharply three times and the number of nymphs was then counted. Fruit damage evaluations were conducted 16 Jun and 2 Sep, just before commercial harvest. Eighty fruit per replicate were examined visually on the tree for MPB damage. Fruit with one or more stings were classed as damaged.
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Souza, Thadeu Sobral, and Ronaldo B. Francini. "First Record of Trophobiotic Interaction between a Ponerine Ant and a Cicadelid Bug." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2010 (2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/372385.
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The interactions of the antOdontomachus bauriwith nymphs of the sap-sucking bugXedreota tuberculata(Cicadellidae: Ledrinae) were studied onSipaneaaff. (Rubiaceae) along a trail in an upland forest in the Ecological Reserve of Anavilhanas, AM, Brazil. Five complete interactions at day and at night (about 60 minutes) were analyzed. The care of cicadelid nymphs ranged between 12 and 961 seconds.
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Hertl, P. T., and R. L. Brandenburg. "High Pressure Liquid Injection of Imidacloprid for the Control of Mole Cricket Nymphs, 1997." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 323–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.323a.
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Youngman, R. R., T. P. Kuhar, and C. A. Laub. "Efficacy of Foliar Insecticides Against Potato Leafhopper, 1997." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.181.
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Abstract Ten insecticide treatments and an untreated check were evaluated against PLH nymphs and adults in a 4th-year stand of ‘Arrow’ alfalfa located in Montgomery Co., VA. Plots of 20 X 30 ft were arranged in a RCBD in each of four replications. PLH densities and stem ht were determined on 18 Jul in each plot prior to spray treatment. Post-treatment PLH densities and stem ht were sampled every 4 to 5 d in all plots through 11 Aug. PLH density was estimated using combined counts of nymphs and adults from 5 pendulum sweeps of a 15-inch-diam sweep net taken arbitrarily across the plot. Stem ht was determined by measuring the length of 2 stems per plot. All insecticide treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 18 Jul using a CO2 backpack sprayer. The backpack sprayer was equipped with 4, 8002VS stainless steel spray tips and calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 40 psi. Weather conditions during application ranged from 85-90°F air temperature, clear skies, and minimal wind movement. A two-way ANOVA and LSD were used to analyze differences among treatments in PLH sweep-net counts, after (x + 0.5)1/2 transformation, and stem ht.
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Liu, T. X., and P. A. Stansly. "Toxicity of Admire to Second and Third Instar Silverleaf Whitefly Nymphs on Tomato Leaves, 1994." Arthropod Management Tests 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/20.1.360a.
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Abstract Bioassays were conducted on 25-29 April 1994 at the Southwest Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida at Immokalee. Two lots of imidacloprid were tested, Admire®1 (2 F) and BAY NTN 33893 (21.4% imidacloprid, Miles, Inc., Kansas City, MO). SLWF used in this study was maintained in established greenhouse cultures on potted tomato plants (Lycopersicum esculentum Miller, cv. ‘Lanai’) (one in each 15-cm pot) using Metro-Mix® 300 growing medium (Grace Sierra, Horticultural Products Company, Milpitas, CA), and fertilized once per wk using a slow release fertilizer (NPK: 12-8-6) (Diamond R Fertilizer Company, Winter Garden, FL). Whitefly-free tomato plants were exposed to whiteflies for 24 hr in the greenhouse. The plants were then disinfested of adult whiteflies with a vacuum cleaner and maintained in whitefly-free cages for 10 days to obtain second and third instars. Infested leaves were dipped in imidacloprid solutions and then placed individually in a 20 ml glass vial filled with water to incubate for 4 d at 25 ± 2°C, 70% (±5%), RH, and fluorescent illumination at 14:10 (L:D) h. Nymphs were examined with a stereoscopic microscope and dead nymphs distinguished as dry or detached from the leaf surface.
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Hertl, P. T., and R. L. Brandenburg. "Evaluation of Beauveria Bassiana Spore Applications for Control of Mole Cricket Nymphs in Turf, 1997." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.323.
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Hertl, P. T., and R. L. Brandenburg. "Surface Application of Granular Insecticides for the Control of Mole Cricket Nymphs in North Carolina, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 342–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.342a.
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Webb, S. E. "Control of Aphids and Whiteflies on Watermelon, 1995." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.194.
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Abstract Watermelon was direct-seeded on 30 Mar at the Central Florida Research and Education Center, Leesburg, FL. Each plot consisted of four 35-ft rows, 7 ft apart with plants spaced 2.5 ft apart. Treatments were replicated four times in an RCB design. Fungicide (mancozeb or chlorothalonil) was applied weekly, usually 2 d after insecticides. All materials were applied with a 2-row tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 18 Albuz (lilac) ceramic hollow cone nozzles, spaced 8 inches apart, delivering 178 gpa at 400 psi or 133 gpa at 200 psi (CGA-215944 and Thiodan only). Silwet (0.02% or 0.03%, vohvol) was tank-mixed with Mycotrol. CGA-215944 was tested for aphid control only and was applied when the number of aphids exceeded five per leaf (high rate on 24 May only, low rate on 24 May and 7 Jun). All other treatments were applied on 24 May, 1,7, 13, and 20 Jun except Thiodan which was not applied on 24 May. Small whitefly nymphs (first and second instars) and large nymphs (third and fourth instars, pupae) were counted and summed on three 0.6-inch diam leaf disks cut from each of 20 leaves per plot for 5 weeks, beginning on 29 May and ending on 26 Jun. Aphids were counted on whole leaves. A square root transformation was used to stabilize the variance of counts for analysis. A two-way ANOVA and a mean separation test (Waller-Duncan k-ratio) were used to determine differences among treatments.
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Hedreen, Guy. "Silens, nymphs, and maenads." Journal of Hellenic Studies 114 (November 1994): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/632733.
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One of the most familiar traits of the part-horse, part-man creatures known as silens is their keen interest in women. In Athenian vase-painting, the female companions of the silens are characterized by a variety of attributes and items of dress, and exhibit mixed feelings toward the attentions of silens. The complexities of the imagery have resulted in disagreement in modern scholarship on several points, including the identity of these females, the significance of their attributes, and the explanation of a change in their receptivity to the advances of the silens. One of the reasons for the lack of consensus in the scholarship is the fact that the imagery raises not one question but many: questions concerning iconographical method, mythology, ritual, and poetry. In what follows I have attempted to separate some of these entangled issues. I hope to show that the companions of the silens are nymphs and not maenads, and that a major change in the iconography of silens and nymphs, occurring in late sixth-century red-figure Attic vase-painting, reflects in some way developments in the Athenian dramatic genre of satyr-play.
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Heera B, Balu Das P S, and Dr Shibani Chakraverty Aich. "‘A Musical Instrument’ as an Autobiographical Poem of Elizabeth Barrett Browning." GIS Business 15, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v15i1.17960.
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The poem “A Musical Instrument” written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning is being discussed in the paper. The poem is viewed as it contains autobiographical elements. The poet indirectly describes how she fights against the conventional society of Victorian period. She reveals how she disturbed the river of rules with her pen. The poem represents the mythical story of god Pan and the syrinx. She compares herself with the Pan who created music out of reed. She struggled against societal themes just like Pan tore out reeds from the river. She made the best art like Pan made beautiful music from with the instrument. Like Pan modified reed into a musical instrument she reshape the modern thinking and attitudes. She fought for literary freedom in her poetic battle against a society that denied women all freedoms. Victorian society never accepted any art form from women rather they only considered for being a mother. Sufferings of Victorian women can be seen in Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles. Art was hidden from women by the Victorian society like Syrinx was hidden from Pan by the water nymphs.
The poem portrays the story that Pan once tried to chase the nymph Syrinx. She ran away from him and went near a river then she asked the water nymphs to save her. They turned her into a reed so as to hide her in the river. Pan never found her. So, in a rage, he jumped into the water and walked briskly, thus disturbing the calmness of the river. By the end, he made a musical instrument out of the reed, and its music was haunting and mind-blowing. . Just as Pan did, she worked hard to polish her art to bring the best poetry to the literary world .The poem describes the power and control over women in the society but we are giving a new notion that it contains autobiographical elements.
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Almelek İşman, Sibel. "Portrait historié: Ladies as goddesses in the 18th century European art." Journal of Human Sciences 14, no. 1 (February 15, 2017): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i1.4198.
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Portrait historié is a term that describes portrayals of known individuals in different roles such as characters taken from the bible, mythology or literature. These portraits were especially widespread in the 18th century French and English art. In the hierarchy of genres established by the Academy, history painting was at the top and portraiture came next. Artists aspired to elevate the importance of portraits by combining it with history. This article will focus on goddesses selected by history portrait artists. Ladies of the nobility and female members of the royal families have been depicted as goddesses in many paintings. French artists Nicolas de Largillière, Jean Marc Nattier and Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun; English artists George Romney and Sir Joshua Reynolds can be counted among the artists working in this genre. Mythological figures such as Diana, Minerva, Venus, Hebe, Iris, Ariadne, Circe, Medea, Cassandra, Muses, Graces, Nymphs and Bacchantes inspired the artists and their sitters. Ladies were picturised with the attributes of these divine beings.
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Beers, E. H. "Effect of Registered and Experimental Insecticides on Second Generation White Apple Leafhopper, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.2.
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Abstract The test was conducted in a mature apple orchard (several strains of ‘Delicious’) on the grounds of the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. Treatments were replicated 4 times, with each replicate consisting of a single tree. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, using pre-treatment leafhopper populations as the blocking factor. The experimental treatments were applied on 21 Aug, which coincided with the 1st appearance of adults of the 2nd generation. Pesticides were applied with a handgun sprayer to the point of drip. WALH populations were sampled c-a. weekly by counting in situ all live nymphs on 20 leaves per tree, distributed throughout the tree canopy.
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Reed, Jack T., Michael S. Howell, and C. S. Jackson. "Efficacy of Various Insecticides Against Tarnished Plant Bugs in Cotton (Field Trial), 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.266.
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Abstract This test evaluated the effectiveness of insecticides for the control of TPB in cotton. Plots were 8 rows wide and 50 ft long with 8 untreated rows or a 10 ft planted buffei between plots. Plots were sampled 3 DAT for TPB in squares. Twenty-five randomly selected squares in each plot were sampled by visually observing the number of TBP adults and nymphs in each square. An insecticide application was applied on 9 Aug with a high-clearance spray tractor equipped with two TX4 hollow cone nozzles per row traveling 4 mph and delivering 5 gpa. Plots within a replicate were sprayed sequentially to maintain true replicate integrity.
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Beers, E. H. "Effect of Rate and Timing of Biorational Materials for Control of First Generation White Apple Leafhopper Nymphs, 1995." Arthropod Management Tests 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/21.1.5a.
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Beers, E. H. "Effect of Rate and Timing of Biorational Materials for Control of Second Generation White Apple Leafhopper Nymphs, 1995." Arthropod Management Tests 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/21.1.6.
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Abstract The test was conducted in a mature apple orchard (several strains of ‘Delicious’) at the Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center, Wenatchee, WA. Treatments were replicated 4 times, with each replicate consisting of a single tree. The experimental design was a RCB, using pre-treatment WALH populations as the blocking factor. The experimental treatments (three types of horticultural mineral oil and Neemix, a neem product) were applied at various rates and timings. The timings were selected based on previous experience of WALH phenology. The late Jul timing (27 Jul) coincides with the appearance of the 4th instars, while the mid-Aug timing (14 Aug) coincides with the first appearance of adults of the second generation. Pesticides were applied with a handgun sprayer to the point of drip. WALH populations were sampled ca. weekly by counting in situ all live nymphs on 20 leaves per tree, distributed throughout the tree canopy.
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Keith, J. Jarvi. "Potato Leafhopper Control In Alfalfa, 1995." Arthropod Management Tests 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/21.1.195.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Six insecticide treatments were applied to 8.6 inch tall alfalfa in the early bloom stage near Concord, NE, on 20 Jul. Plots were 20 X 20 ft arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied with a 4 nozzle CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with T-jet 11002 nozzles delivering 18.0 gal/acre at 25 psi. Air temperature at the time of application was 80° F with a north wind at 5-10 mph. Evaluation was by counting the number of leafhoppers (adults and nymphs) per 10 sweeps of a 15 inch diam net on 3, 5, 12, 15, and 21 DAT. Pretreatment field counts averaged 38 leafhoppers per 10 sweeps.
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Edelson, J. V., and M. Peters. "Control of Squash Bug on Watermelon, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.192.
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Abstract Watermelon, ‘Sangria’, was direct seeded in May ‘96 at the Lane AREC, Lane. OK. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates and 15 treatments. Plots were one bed wide, 9 ft, by 50 ft long with 10 ft alleys between plots Foliar insecticide treatments were applied with a tractor mounted sprayer that broadcast a 72 inch spray swath over the plots using 4 nozzles (TXVS261 delivering 41 gal/acre at 42 psi. Furadan and Admire were applied with a tractor mounted sprayer at planting. Plots were treated on 15 and 22 Aug. Squash bug populations were surveyed on 26 Aug by counting total number of bugs (adults and nymphs) in 0.5 sq yd area in each plot.
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Sparks, Alton N., and David G. Riley. "Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Onion Thrips on Onions, 1994." Arthropod Management Tests 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/21.1.130.
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Abstract A small plot efficacy study was conducted at the Texas A & M Research and Extension Center in Weslaco, Texas, to evaluate selected insecticides and the effect of spray volume on control of onion thrips on onions. Experimental plots measured 3 beds (40 inch beds) by 25 feet, with two rows of onions per bed. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments were applied on March 4, 11 and 18, with a CO2 pressurized sprayer (40 psi) with 3 10X hollow cone nozzles per bed (1 over-top, 2 on drops). Spray volume was adjusted by boom speed. Thrips were sampled by whole plant inspection of five randomly selected plants per plot. All thrips (adults and nymphs) were counted.
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Gaifman, Milette. "Visualized rituals and dedicatory inscriptions on votive offerings to the nymphs." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 1 (November 2008): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-01-07.
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This article explores the religious meaning of Archaic and Classical dedications with images of rituals (e.g. sacrificial procession, libation) and dedicatory inscriptions. I argue that these objects ought to be treated as meaningful expressions of individuals’ piety rather than as reflections of actual cult practices. I adopt a holistic approach that considers the two components of dedications—images and texts—as inextricably intertwined in the creation of meaning. The argument is exemplified through the examination of dedications to the Nymphs: the so-called Pitsá tablet, Archandros’ relief from the Athenian Asklepieion, and two reliefs from a cave at Penteli. The detailed analysis of images, inscriptions, and their juxtaposition reveals how these dedications made the devotion of named individuals perpetual at a specific site, and shaped the manner in which the sacred was to be envisioned. Art and text together marked the site of deposition as a place of worship of the Nymphs, articulated specific ideas regarding rituals, the nature of the goddesses and their companions Pan and Hermes, and the possibilities for human interaction with these divinities. In rendering individual devotion continuous, these dedications confirmed the inexistence of such visualized rituals in reality. They elided and asserted the divide between the real and the imaginary in Greek religion.
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Liu, T. X., and P. A. Stansly. "Insecticidal Effects of Vegetable Oil on Silverleaf Whitefly, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.414.
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Abstract All but the top 3-4 fully expanded leaves were removed from 45-50 cm tomato plant with 7-9 leaves and 35 to 40 cm collard with 6-7 leaves. Plants were exposed for 72 h (Test 1) or 24 h (Test 2) to a greenhouse colony of silverleaf whitefly for oviposition. The plants were then incubated 10 d. Second instars predominated in both tests. The 3 vegetable oils labeled “A”, “B”, and “C” (Integrated Biocentrol Systems, Inc., Lawrenceburg, IN), 20 ml each, were measured into plastic vials with 5 ml of the non-ionic surfactant APSA 80 and mixed using a Vortex mixer for about 1 min. Dilutions of 0.5 and 1.0% were made by adding the correct amount of each mixture drop by drop to a 500 ml beaker filled with R.O. purified water while stirring on a magnetic stirring plate. The dilutions were stirred for an additional 2-3 min for a total stirring time of 5-10 minutes. All mixtures emulsified well. APSA 80 [0.04%(AI)] and Sunspray Ultra Fine Oil (Sun Refining & Marketing Co., Philadelphia, PA), were also tested and water was used the check. Leaves bearing an average of 120 whitefly nymphs (range: 70-179) were removed from the plant and placed abaxial side up at the bottom of a Potter Spray Tower. The tower was operated at 10 psi to deliver a volume of 3 ml. Treated leaves were placed, petiole down, in water-filled 20ml vials and incubated in an insectary 25 ± 2°C, 55-60%RH and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h for 5-7 days. Because of non-uniform age distribution in the first test, only dead 2nd instars and live 3rd and 4th instars were recorded. Pupae (dead or alive) were not recorded because they would have been 3rd or 4th instars when treated. For the second test, all dead and live whitefly nymphs were counted under a stereoscopic microscope.
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Hower, Arthur A., and Paul Rebarchak. "Potato Leafhopper Control, 1997." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.170.
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Abstract Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides against potato leafhopper. The experiments were conducted at the Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Center at Rock Springs, Centre County, PA on a second-year (first full harvest year) alfalfa (Pioneer 5373) crop. Plots of 40 X 40 ft were arranged in a RCB design with an untreated check in each of four replications. Potato leafhopper densities were estimated from 20 pendulum sweeps of a 15-inch-diam insect beating net taken randomly across each plot. Prior to treatment, potato leafhopper densities were estimated on 9 Jun (Experiment 1). Due to inclement weather, a pre-treatment sweep was not taken for Experiment 2. With the exception of LABS 116 in Experiment 1, all insecticide treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 16 Jun (Experiment 1) and 25 Jul (Experiment 2). LABS 116 was applied in Experiment 1 on 17 Jun as a result of needing an additional product shipment. Cygon 4E was added as a standard insecticide treatment in both Experiments. Alfalfa height at application was 4-6 inches. Insecticides were applied in 25 gal of water per acre at 25 psi with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20-ft boom containing 80 degree flat fan nozzles and 50 mesh screens. Leafhopper densities were sampled on 19, 23, 30 Jun and 8 Jul (i.e. 3, 7, 14, 22 DAT) for Experiment 1, and 25 Jul, and 1, 8, 15, 24 Aug (i.e. 3, 7, 14, 21, 30 DAT) for Experiment 2. Densities reported represent the number of adults, number of nymphs, and the combined numbers of adults and nymphs collected per 20 sweeps. Alfalfa yield was determined on 8 Jul (Experiment 1) and 25 Aug (Experiment 2) from a 60-ft2 swath taken from each plot with a Carter Forage Harvester (Carter Mfg. Co. Inc., Brookston, IN). Percent moisture was determined by oven drying a subsample of alfalfa (approximately 2 lb wet). Alfalfa yield is reported as dry weight lb per acre.
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Willson, H. R., J. B. Eisely, and J. R. Jasinski. "Evaluation of Foliar Treatments for Potato Leafhopper on Alfalfa, 1997." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.179.
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Abstract A study to evaluate the efficacy of 9 foliar insecticide treatments to control PLH was conducted on the second cutting of alfalfa at the OARDC Western Branch Station near South Charleston, OH. Plots were 20 X 50 ft with four replications in a RCBD. Treatments were applied 25 Jul with a custom-built sprayer having a boom length of 10 ft and TeeJet 8002 nozzles spaced at 15-inch intervals. The system was calibrated to deliver 25 gpa at 35 psi at a tractor speed of 3 mph. Abundance of PLH adults and nymphs were estimated prior to treatment and at 7, 14, and 20 DAT by taking 10 pendulum sweeps per plot. Alfalfa stand heights were recorded prior to treatment and at 20 DAT to determine stand growth per treatment
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Stansly, P. A., and J. M. Conner. "Control of Immature Sweetpotato Whitefly (SPWF) and Tomato Pinworm (TPW) in Staked Tomato, Spring, 1993." Arthropod Management Tests 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/19.1.159.
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Abstract Cultural practices, experimental design, application methods and dates are given in report 123E. Whitefly nymphs, pupae and tomato pinworm larvae were evaluated from one trifoliate randomly sampled from each row in each plot giving 9 leaflets per plot. The trifoliate was taken from the 5th, 6th or 7th leaf from the top, at highest position pupal exuviae were observed. All whitefly stages were counted which appeared in a 1 cm2 arena placed in 4 positions on the leaf, 2 on either side of the midvein. Numbers of tomato pinworm larvae were counted from the entire trifoliate. Six plants per row (18 per plot) were harvested and picked clean on 24 May. Fruit was graded for size, weight, damage and marketability. Marketable tomatoes were kept in paper sacks in the laboratory to evaluate for irregular ripening.
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Redak, R. A., and J. A. Bethke. "Control of the Silverleaf Whitefly (SW) on Poinsettia Under Greenhouse Conditions, Fall 1993." Arthropod Management Tests 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/19.1.334.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Poin settias obtained as rooted cuttings were potted in 15 cm pots. Plants were allowed 4 wk growth (25-30 cm tall) before use in trials. Leaves were counted from the top (leaf of >2 cm2) down. Twenty SW adults were clip-caged (2.5 cm diam) on the adaxial surface of leaf no. 5 for 24 h to obtain a moderate no. of eggs/leaf. Ten days later the no. of nymphs were counted as a pre-treatment count (0 DAT). Plants were assigned to treatments to obtain an equal no. of immatures/treatment. Five plants/treatment were arranged in a randomized block design on a greenhouse bench. Ten treatments and a water treated control were applied by hand sprayer at 45 psi. Post-treatment counts were made at 7 DAT and 14 DAT.
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Sujii, Edison Ryoiti, Maria Alice Garcia, Eliana Maria Gouveia Fontes, and Robert James O'Neil. "Pachycondyla obscuricornis as natural enemy of the spittlebug Deois flavopicta." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 39, no. 6 (June 2004): 607–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2004000600014.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential control of the ant Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery (Hymenoptera Formicidae) on populations of nymphs of the spittlebug, Deois flavopicta Stal (Hemiptera Cercopidae). Foraging behavior and prey consumption rate of P. obscuricornis were evaluated. Field data revealed that P. obscuricornis does not show aggressive behavior against individuals of the same species, when they are not carrying a prey; they can patrol distances larger than 10 m searching for prey, and they can build their nest as close as 1 m from each other. The ant has a solitary patrolling habit, there is no recruitment behavior, and individuals dislocate fast, browsing on soil and vegetation for prey. Predation rate on spittlebug nymphs increased relative to the spittlebug abundance, reaching 93.8% of captured prey. Pachycondyla obscuricornis is a voracious predator and may control the population of spittlebugs in cultivated pastures.
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Stalling, Thomas, Anton Gjeldum, Tino Milat, and Marko Pavlović. "Myrmecophilus fuscus Stalling, 2013: new for the fauna of Croatia (Orthoptera: Myrmecophilidae)." Natura Croatica 30, no. 1 (July 31, 2021): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20302/nc.2021.30.17.
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The occurrence of the ant cricket Myrmecophilus fuscus Stalling, 2013 in Croatia is reported in this study. The first evidence of M. fuscus from Croatia comes from Solin, Split-Dalmatia region. Both adults and nymphs of this species were found in ant nests of Crematogaster scutellaris (Olivier, 1791) in dead wood of pine forests. The identification of M. fuscus is discussed and photographs of this species are presented.
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Arias, Maria Paula. "From takeover to debacle: An analysis of the Nympghate network using Twitter data." Museum and Society 18, no. 2 (July 4, 2020): 132–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29311/mas.v18i2.3275.
Full textAbstract:
On January 26, 2018 the painting Hylas and the Nymphs was temporarily removed from the Manchester Art Gallery’s walls and taken underground to its store. The removal was part of a ‘takeover’ event that questioned the relationships between historic works of art and contemporary social-cultural contexts. The following days saw a barrage of online comments accusing the Gallery of censorship, of ‘feminism gone mad’, and of inadequacy. In this article I use Twitter data and Actor Network Theory to explore how a community and a narrative took shape around the takeover. The analysis shows how this Nymphgate network was influenced by a series of human and non-human actors, as well as by Twitter’s technological affordances. This study is part of a larger project, as such it leads to question the potential effects of this mediatized debacle to the Gallery’s organizational strategy — including the roles of, and relationships between, decision-makers, social media, and visitors within it.
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Steenwyk, R. A. Van, and R. M. Nomoto. "Codling Moth Control in Pears, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.36.
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Abstract The study was conducted on mature ‘Bartlett’ pear trees in a commercial orchard near Fairfield, Calif. Eighteen treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Each replicate consisted of an individual tree. Treatments were applied with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 200 psi and delivering 200 gpa of finished spray (2.87 gal/tree). Application timings were based on degree days (DD). DD were calculated with a 31 Mar biofix for the first generation and 17 Jun for the second generation using a single sine horizontal cutoff model with a lower threshold of 50°F and upper threshold of 88°F. Air temperatures were taken from the IMPACT weather station in Cordelia. Target degree-day timings and “actual timing-date” in parentheses were: V-71639 and CGA-59205 at 100 (104-10 Apr) and 500 DD (523-14 May) from 1st biofix; CM-001 at 200 (216-25 Apr) and 600 DD (699-28 May) from 1st biofix and 200 DD (280-1 Jul) from 2nd biofix; CM002/X, Brigade and Azinphos-M (grower standard) at 250 (288-29 Apr) and 650 DD (699-28 May) from 1st biofix and 250 DD (280-1 Jul) from 2nd biofix. Due to rain on 15 through 18 May and again on 21 May and high winds through 25 May, the 600 DD and 650 DD applications were postponed until 28 May (699 DD). In addition, V-71639 and CGA-59205, which were applied on 14 May, were retreated on 28 May. Control of the first CM generation was evaluated on 6 Jun by inspecting 50 fruit from the bottom of the tree canopy and 50 fruit from the top of the three canopy per replicate. Control of the second CM generation was evaluated at commercial harvest on 22 Jul by inspecting a maximum of 125 fruit from the bottom of the tree canopy and 125 fruit from the top of the tree canopy per replicate. Control of motile TSM, ERM and PP nymphs was evaluated weekly from 18 Jun through 16 Jul by sampling 10 exterior and 10 interior leaves/replicate. The leaves were brushed and the motile TSM, ERM and PP nymphs were counted under magnification (20X).
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Guarnieri, Lucy D., Sara E. McBride, Eleanor Groden, and Allison M. Gardner. "Interactions between sympatric invasive European fire ants (Myrmica rubra) and blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): e0251497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251497.
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The blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) and the invasive European fire ant (Myrmica rubra) are both expanding throughout their sympatric range in coastal New England. Ixodes scapularis is the primary vector of the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is the causative agent of Lyme disease, and Mount Desert Island, Maine, home to Acadia National Park, currently is affected by a high Lyme disease burden. Ticks have many natural predators, including ants, although no previous studies have investigated interactions between these two species. To test the hypothesis that the presence of M. rubra alters I. scapularis abundance, we collected ticks by drag-sampling at eight ant-infested sites and eight uninfested control sites in Acadia National Park. We found that nymph density was significantly higher at ant-infested sites, while larval density was significantly higher at control sites. In addition, we conducted a laboratory bioassay to measure M. rubra aggression against I. scapularis larvae, nymphs, and adults and Dermacentor variabilis adults, and found that ant aggression was significantly higher against D. variabilis adults than I. scapularis adults. Our findings support the hypothesis that M. rubra has divergent effects across I. scapularis life stages, and we discuss possible ecological mechanisms, including optimal microclimate and predation, that could promote density of nymphs while inhibiting density of larvae.
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Wise, John C. "Grape, Season Long Broad Spectrum Insect Control, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.55.
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Abstract Insecticides were applied to mature (16 year old) cv. ‘Concord’ grape vines at the Trevor Nichols Research Complex near Fennville, MI at a rate of 50 GPA using a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single 50 ft long rows of vines replicated four times. Applications of materials were made on 28 Jun (Bloom, 725 Degree Days base 50 for GLH), 10 Jul (3C), 22 Jul (4C), 7 Aug (5C), 21 Aug (6C), 3 Sep (7C), and 16 Sep (8C). Grape leafhopper evaluations were made on 19 Jul and 15 Aug by randomly selecting 50 leaves per replicate, or 200 leaves per treatment, and examining them for presence of GLH nymphs. Harvest fruit evaluations were made on 30 Sep by randomly selecting 25 grape clusters per replicate, or 200 per treatment, and counting the number of clusters with damage from GBM larvae.
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Suranyi, Robert A., Craig A. Longtine, David W. Ragsdale, and Edward B. Radcliffe. "Control of Potato Leafhopper on Potatoes Using Reduced Ratesl of Insecticides, 1997." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.137.
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Abstract Potatoes were planted 19 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, MN. Plant spacing was 36 inches between rows and 12 inches between plants within rows. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 3 replications. Plots were 8 rows wide by 40 ft long, separated by 12 ft of al-falfa borders on all sides to enhance PLH population. Thirty-five midplant leaves were sampled from the center four rows of each plot. Pre-treatment counts and treatment applications were made 29 Jul. All treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted Brittonya boom sprayer delivering 45 gpa at 90 psi with 3 nozzles per row. Post-treatment counts of PLH nymphs were made 30 Jul, 24 hours after treatment. Early and late blight were controlled by eight applications of chlorothalonil. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the data using logl0(x).
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Teague, T. G., and N. P. Tugwell. "Evaluation of Synthetic Pyrethroids, Bidrin, and Fipronil for Control of Tarnished Plant Bug, 1997." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.245a.
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Abstract Field studies were conducted at the Cotton Branch Experiment Station in Marianna, AR to evaluate the late-season control of TPB. Cotton was planted 12 May in 8-row (38-inch centers) wide by 70-ft-long plots with 10-ft alleys and separated by a 6.5-ft non-planted buffer. The treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. The insecticides were applied 14 Aug using a 8-row CO2-charged hi-boy sprayer calibrated to deliver 9.5 gpa at 30 psi with TJ-60 8002 VS nozzles on 19-inch spacing. The numbers of TPB nymphs and adults per plot were estimated 4 DAT using 24 sweeps with one 18-inch net. Numbers of TPB 4 DAT were significantly reduced in all plots sprayed with insecticides compared with the untreated check. Control with the CS formu-lation of Karate was reduced compared with the EC formulation.
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Nieri-Bastos, F. A., M. P. J. Szabó, R. C. Pacheco, J. F. Soares, H. S. Soares, J. Moraes-Filho, R. A. Dias, and M. B. Labruna. "Comparative Evaluation of Infected and NoninfectedAmblyomma tristeTicks withRickettsia parkeri, the Agent of an Emerging Rickettsiosis in the New World." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/402737.
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The distribution ofRickettsia parkeriin South America has been associated withAmblyomma tristeticks. The present study evaluated under laboratory conditions two colonies ofA. triste: one started from engorged females that were naturally infected byR. parkeri(designated as infected group); the other started from noninfected females (designated as control group). Both colonies were reared in parallel for five consecutive generations. Tick-naïve domestic rabbits were used for feeding of each tick stage and generation.R. parkeriwas preserved by transstadial maintenance and transovarial transmission inA. tristeticks for five consecutive generations, because all tested larvae, nymphs, and adults from the infected group were shown by PCR to contain rickettsial DNA. All rabbits infested by larvae, nymphs, and adults from the infected group seroconverted, indicating that these tick stages were all vector competent forR. parkeri. Expressive differences in mortality rates were observed between engorged nymphs from the infected and control groups, as indicated by 65.9% and 92.4% molting success, respectively. Our results indicate thatA. tristecan act as a natural reservoir forR. parkeri. However, due to deleterious effect caused byR. parkerion engorged nymphs, amplifier vertebrate hosts might be necessary for natural long-term maintenance ofR. parkeriinA. triste.
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Herbert, D. A. "Evaluation of Selected Foliar Applied Insecticides on Potato Leafhopper in Virginia-Type Peanut, 1997." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.253a.
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Abstract Selected foliar applied insecticides were evaluated against PLH in Virginia-type peanut. ‘VA-C 92R’ peanut was planted on a producer’s farm in Isle of Wight County, VA using 36-inch row spacing. Foliar treatments were applied on 31 Jul as a full-coverage spray with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gpa at 50 psi through three D2-13 hollow-cone nozzles per row, one over the top and one on each side of each row. A RCB design was used with 4 replicates. Plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. PLH were sampled by making 5 sweeps per plot with a 15-cm-diameter sweep net and counting numbers of captured adults and nymphs. The pre-treatment sample was not taken on each plot, but was comprised of 20 random 5-sweep samples distributed throughout the planned test area. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
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Willson, H. R., J. B. Eisley, J. R. Jasinski, and Z. Z. Chen. "Evaluation of Foliar Treatments for Potato Leafhopper on Alfalfa, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.203.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A study to evaluate the efficacy of 5 foliar insecticide treatments to control PLH was conducted on second cutting alfalfa at the OARDC Western Branch Station near South Charleston, OH. Plots were 30 X 50 ft with four replications in a RCBD. Treatments were applied 21 Jun with a custom built sprayer having a boom length of 15 ft and flat spray tip nozzles (TeeJet 8003VS) mounted at 15 inch intervals. The system was calibrated to deliver 25 gpa at 35 psi at a tractor speed of 3 mph. Abundance of PLH adults and nymphs was estimated prior to treatment and 7, 14 and 21 DAT by taking 10 pendulum sweeps per plot. Alfalfa stem length was recorded prior to treatment and at 21 DAT to determine stem growth per treatment. Dry weight yield was determined from harvest of two 3.5 ft X 50 ft swaths taken with a custom built plot harvester with a flail cutter.