Academic literature on the topic 'O2O platform'

In the age of the experience economy, the rapid development of O2O platform makes the study on user experience become important. Based on technology acceptance model (TAM), this article discusses user loyalty from the perspective of user experience; introduces user satisfaction; develops the structure model of relationships between user experience and user loyalty based on O2O innovation platform; uses structural equation model (SEM) and verifies the theoretical hypothesis through the questionnaire of 201 O2O platform users. The study finds that the usefulness and ease of use of O2O platform interact with each other, the usefulness and ease of use of O2O platform have a significant positive impact on user experience. This in turn leads to the user experience of O2O platform has a significant positive impact on user satisfaction, and user satisfaction of the O2O platform has a significant positive impact on user loyalty. The conclusions reveal the effect mechanism between user experience and user loyalty based on O2O innovation platform.

Continuous use is critical for the survival and success of any tourism online-to-offline (O2O) platforms. Much prior research has focused on initial trust on initial adoption of e-commerce websites but pays less attention to the effect of ongoing trust on continuous use. This study presents an integrated model, including two categories of ongoing trust to test their contributions on tourism O2O platform continuance. It also examines their different antecedents, impacts, and the interactions between them. Drawn from a web-based survey with 418 responses, empirical results show that ongoing trust in O2O platforms positively influence platform continuance, whereas ongoing trust in offline destinations positively influence ongoing trust in platforms. Confirmations of expected product and service quality are significant to ongoing trust in destinations, but confirmation of expected convenience is not. Confirmations of expected platform quality, specific guarantees, and loyalty program benefits are significant to ongoing trust in platforms. In addition, the antecedents and effects of ongoing trust in platforms are different between experienced and less-experienced customers. These findings have useful implications on how academics and practitioners work together to ensure the sustainable development of their tourism O2O businesses.

With the rapid development of mobile communication technology, mobile e-commerce market transaction scale has exploded. The O2O model is facing great opportunities that an effective combination of Online to Offline. As the largest instant messaging software users of the Asian area, the wechat is bringing unlimited business opportunities for O2O model. This paper constructs a wechat platform system taking "the wechat public platform" as the core, the paper discusses the realization strategy of the O2O model based on the wechat platform technology, and it analyses the long-term operation mechanism of the second development of this platform system.

Purpose Online-to-offline (O2O) knowledge-sharing economy platforms have emerged as a new public channel for matching up knowledge providers with knowledge seekers. It can facilitate offline provision and consumption of high-quality tacit knowledge around a topic upon online search and payment (called offline knowledge service transaction). However, limited research investigated this new knowledge-sharing phenomenon in the field of knowledge management (KM). The purpose of this paper is to enrich KM literature by developing a theoretical model to explore determinants of offline knowledge service transactions via O2O knowledge-sharing economy platforms from both quality and price perspectives. Design/methodology/approach The model was tested with objective data crawled from Zaihang – a leading O2O knowledge-sharing economy platform in China. Findings The results show that, in the context of O2O knowledge-sharing economy, transactions of an offline knowledge service are positively related to its provider’s popularity, but negatively related to the price. Moreover, knowledge seekers are more likely to accept and purchase a high-priced service of a knowledge topic with a higher overall review score and supplied by a provider with lower popularity and shorter response time. However, the length of offline knowledge service has no significant association with its transactions. Originality/value This study contributes to KM literature through investigating a new phenomenon of tacit knowledge sharing (including provision and consumption) in the context of O2O service and the sharing economy. The results give implications for knowledge providers and platform managers to facilitate online transactions of offline knowledge services.

Applying the theories of complex network and entropy measurement to the market, the two-sided market structure is analyzed in constructing the O2O platform transaction on the entropy measurement of the nodes and links. Market structure entropy (MSE) is initially introduced to measure the consistency degree of the individuals and the groups in the O2O market, according to the interaction in the profits, the time/space, and the information relationship. Considering that the market structure entropies are changing upward or downward, MSE is used to judge the consistency degree between the individuals and the groups. Respectively, considering the scale, the cost and the value dimensions, MSE is expanded to explain the market quality entropy, the market time-effect entropy, and the market capacity entropy.MSE provides a methodology in studying the O2O platform transaction and gives the quantitative index in the evaluation of the O2O market state.

PurposeThis study takes the cinema industry as the research context and investigates the impact of online to offline (O2O) platforms on cinemas' performance. Specifically, the purposes of this paper are threefold: first, to study the influence of platform multihoming on cinemas' performance; second, to examine the interaction impact of platform multihoming and vertical integration; third, to investigate how the influence of platform multihoming varies with cinemas' performance.Design/methodology/approachThis study collects data from 1918 cinemas in China, employs quantile regressions to estimate the model and test the proposed hypotheses and adopts an instrumental variable method to examine the robustness of our results.FindingsThe findings confirm the positive role of platform multihoming for cinemas' performance. However, when a cinema has low-degree platform multihoming, the cinema's vertical integration is positively associated with its performance; when a cinema has high-degree platform multihoming, the cinema's vertical integration is negatively associated with its performance. Furthermore, results from quantile regressions indicate that low-performance cinemas benefit more than high-performance cinemas from employing platform multihoming strategy.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper extends previous research by investigating the impact of platform multihoming on heterogeneous firms and the impact of interaction between platform multihoming and vertical integration. The findings imply that the impact of platform multihoming on firms' performance depends on firms' performance attributes and their vertical relationships.Practical implicationsPlatform multihoming can be a double-edged sword for local service firms. When multihoming platforms, a local service firm should think about the fit between platforms and its own attributes, and identify the potential conflict between platform relationships and traditional relationships of industrial organization.Originality/valueThere is a growing interest in understanding platforms' role in the digital economy. The impact of platform participation on local service firms' performance is not sufficiently investigated. Previous research rarely addressed the impact by incorporating local service firms' performance attributes and the existing relationships of industrial organization.

Abstract The online-to-offline (O2O) business mode, designed to attract online shoppers to participate in in-person retail consumption, is rapidly emerging in popularity in China, and having a significant impact on traditional manufacturing. Taking the wooden furniture industry as a case study, this research surveyed consumers' attitudes toward using the O2O mode for wooden furniture shopping. Respondents were asked to rate their online and in-store experiences and attitudes about wooden furniture shopping via the O2O mode. On the basis of data processing of questionnaires, this study established hypotheses and conducted hypothesis testing by one-way analysis of variance and regression analysis. Results of this research indicated that Chinese consumers' attitudes about using the O2O mode for wooden furniture shopping were significantly affected by the region/city tiers in which the respondents resided. Consumers' attitudes in all regions were affected by subjective perceptions, the reputation and security of the Internet platform, and the quality of enterprise services. Specifically, those who live in tier 1 cities (most economically developed cities, e.g., Beijing, Tianjin) are more concerned about their shopping environment, whereas those who live in tier 3 cities (less economically developed cities) are more concerned about the Internet platform's service and promotions. Tier 2 cities (large cities that may be provincial capitals) are more concerned about convenience of online shopping and environment of the offline store. The results of this study could help enable business managers to develop appropriate marketing strategies for O2O wooden furniture shopping and provide reference for the transformation of business mode of wooden furniture manufacturing enterprises.

Mutual shifts in offline and online demand have become the norm in supply chain operations. The online-to-offline (O2O) supply chain system consists of a platform vendor, a physical store, and a product. The platform vendor sells the product directly online and governs either the centralized decision-making of a self-operated store or the decentralized decision-making of a franchised store offline. In this study, supply chain decision models with and without demand shifts are constructed to obtain optimal wholesale and selling prices and to maximize profit. The coordination mechanism under decentralized decision-making is designed to optimize the O2O supply chain, and the validity and applicability of the model are verified by numerical simulation. Results show that, regardless of whether a store is self-operated or franchised, the total profit of the system increases, and online and offline prices depend on a range of demand shifts. With an increased proportion of online demand shifts, the offline selling price and total profit of the system increase, whereas the online selling price and profit of the platform vendor decrease under decentralized decision-making. When the fixed transfer payment fee is within a certain range, a two-part-tariff contract can effectively coordinate the supply chain. This study not only contributes to the theoretical literature on O2O supply chain systems but also provides practical decision-making support for managers.

With the development of the Internet and online payment, Online to Offline (O2O) platforms come into people’s lives. O2O platforms provide offline goods and ser-vices for their online users and these platforms are various, for example, they can help the users to call taxis, order food, call babysitters, make orders for cleaning the car and so on, which help people a lot for its convenience. At the same time, attracting customers for these platforms becomes a problem and many of these choose to make discount strategies to reach their goals. Companies invest a lot of money on discounts for competition while investment sometimes is risky, because the company maybe cannot earn the money back, so it is very important to learn how to make discount strategies for O2O platform wisely.Eleme will be studied as the case of this study, because it is a successful example of developing its food delivery O2O platform through investing a lot of money on giving discounts to attract lots of users. Eleme is one of the best food delivery O2O platforms in China, and its users are quite many, so it is a suitable choice to investigate. A mixed method is used in this study. Interviews have been done on commercial tenants of Eleme and questionnaires have been sent to ordinary end-users of Eleme, and the combination of these two parts can lead to good dis-count strategies. To answer the questions of the thesis, relevant knowledge about O2O platform, market strategies, discount strategies, consumer behavior and measures taken by Eleme will be used.The result of this study shows that discounts of the O2O platform do attract lots of customers and giving discounts is a good way to be competitive. At the same time, the platform needs to balance the profits of itself and its commercial tenants, and pays attention to needs of the ordinary end-users behind discounts in case of los-ing them. Eleme used a lot of wise discount strategies to develop itself, but the competition in this area is continuing and many measures can be taken for further development.

The analysed problem – the possibilities of conversion for the surroundings of Vilnius airport. Needs of Vilnius International airport for Vilnius city. Main goals for the project – to analyse te surroundings of Vilnius airport, to analyse possibilities of territory conversion to public, comercial and infrastuctural zones.to present the best terrain for airport development. To value airport expansion prediction, current urban structure, infrastructure, functional links with EU and other world senters, to value the possibility to subordinate city tram and european fast trainand connect all this with designed urban structure and urban complex. The Project is based on already existing or still conceptional projects made in Lithuania and abroad.Project presents airport surroundings and its interface with the structure of the parts of town. Airport centre complex should make modern, multifunctional, contemporary gates to European Vilnius.

La tesis titulada “Plastic and paper platforms for nanoparticle based immunosensors” presentada como compendio de publicaciones, muestra avances significativos en el campo de los biosensores ópticos y electroquímicos. En la introducción (Capítulo 1) se presenta la importancia que tienen tanto los sensores inmunológicos basados en nanopartículas como los biosensores basados en plataformas de papel y nanomateriales para aplicaciones en diagnóstico. Ambas plataformas destacan por la versatilidad y facilidad de uso, bajo coste y tamaño reducido, lo que hace que sean unos dispositivos excelentes para aplicaciones en países en vías de desarrollo así como para el diagnóstico en casa por el propio paciente o en el consultorio médico. En el Capítulo 2 los objetivos de la tesis están presentados. En la primera parte del Capítulo 3, se explica cómo el tamaño de las nanopartículas de oro afecta a sus propiedades electroquímicas y, por consiguiente, a su detección. Se ha demostrado que para nanopartículas inferiores a 20 nm de diámetro, los efectos Brownianos disminuyen la velocidad de deposición de las nanopartículas en solución, lo que debe ser tenido muy en cuenta para aplicaciones en las que las nanopartículas de oro actúen como marcadores en biosensores. En la segunda parte, se trata sobre el desarrollo de un novedoso método de funcionalización de nanopartículas de oro con anticuerpos. Este método está basado en la interacción entre las cargas positivas que tienen los anticuerpos a pH inferior al de su punto isoeléctrico y las cargas negativas de la superficie de las nanopartículas de oro. Con este método es posible controlar la orientación de los anticuerpos y esto implica poder detectar una menor cantidad de analito (en este caso se uso la inmunoglobulina humana G como proteína modelo). Comparando este método con otro en donde no se controla la orientación, se ha obtenido un límite de detección un orden de magnitud mejor y se ha podido detectar la proteína modelo en una muestra real. En cuanto a la aportación en el campo de los biosensores ópticos, se ha desarrollado un sensor inmunológico basado en inmunoensayos de flujo lateral (LFIA) en papel, aplicado para la detección de inmunoglobulina G humana como se recoge en el Capítulo 4. Esta tecnología destaca por su aplicabilidad y bajo coste (similares a los populares test de embarazo). En esta tesis se han desarrollado dos modificaciones de la tecnología que, sin implicar pérdida en su simplicidad de uso y bajo coste, han aumentado los límites de detección en un orden de magnitud. Una de las modificaciones consiste en unos cambios de la geometría de las tiras que permiten la pre-concentración del complejo analito-marcador en la zona de detección. Esto implica que se puede detectar menor concentración de analito. La otra estrategia consiste en el desarrollo de un doble marcador, donde las nanopartículas de oro están acopladas a un enzima. De esta manera en el LFIA se puede obtener como señal el color rojo de las nanopartículas de oro, como se usa comúnmente, o es posible añadir el substrato del enzima para que catalice una reacción que genere un producto coloreado, que se suma al color rojo de las nanopartículas de oro, aumentando la intensidad del color y mejorando los límites de detección de analito. Ambas modificaciones permiten el uso de este tipo de sensores en una mayor variedad de campos, donde un límite de detección más bajo es necesario. Finalmente, en el Capítulo 5, se presenta también la integración de un transductor electroquímico en soporte de papel. Esta novedosa plataforma, presentada en la tesis como instrumento para la detección de nanopartículas, permite una fácil integración en sistemas ópticos como los LFIAs añadiendo la posibilidad de una cuantificación más precisa.
The thesis entitled “Plastic and paper platforms for nanoparticle based immunosensors” is presented as a compendium of publications and shows important improvements in the field of biosensors. In the Introduction (Chapter 1) the importance of immunosensors based on nanoparticles and on paper platforms is discussed. The resulting systems are versatile, easy-to-use, cheap and of small size, making them excellent devices for their use in third world countries as well as for home-diagnostics. The objectives of the thesis are presented in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 is divided into two main parts; in the first one it is explained that the size of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) affects their electrochemical properties, and so their detection. It is shown that for AuNPs with a diameter smaller than 20 nm, the Brownian effects make the deposition of AuNPs in solution slower. This must be carefully considered for those biosensors in which the AuNPs are used as labels. In the second a new method to functionalize AuNPs with an oriented antibody is explained. The method is based on the interaction between the positive charges of the antibody, when the pH of the solution is lower than the isoelectric point, and the negative charges of the AuNP surface. In this way it is possible to control the antibody orientation so more antigen molecules can be captured. In this work the human immunoglobulin G (HIgG) was used as model protein. Comparing this method with one that does not control the orientation, an improvement of one order of magnitude in the limit of detection was achieved. Furthermore, the HIgG was detected in real human serum. Regarding the optical biosensors, the development of a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) that was used for the detection of HIgG is explained in Chapter 4. This technology stands out for its applicability in several fields and low cost (consider pregnancy tests strips). In this thesis two modifications of the technology are presented improving the limit of detection up to one order of magnitude, without losing the simplicity in the use and the low cost of the analysis. The first modification changes the geometry of the strip allowing the pre-concentration of the antigen-label conjugates on the test zone. In this way less concentrations of analyte are detectable. The second strategy uses as label an AuNPs-enzyme conjugate. In this way it is possible to consider as signal the red color of the AuNPs (as commonly used in the LFIA) or, adding the substrate of the enzyme, the color produced by the catalyzed reaction. The colored product adds intensity to the red of the AuNPs improving the limit of detection of the LFIA. The proposed modifications expand the applicability of this platform to fields, where better limits of detection are required. Finally, in Chapter 5, the integration of a screen printed electrode onto a paper platform is presented. This new platform, used for the detection of nanoparticles, allows an easy integration in paper-based optical sensors, such as LFIA, adding the possibility to a more precise quantification.

[ES] La presente tesis doctoral titulada "Mesoporous silica and gold-based nanodevices: new controlled delivery platforms for biomedical applications" se centra en el diseño, síntesis, caracterización y evaluación de distintos nanodispositivos híbridos orgánico-inorgánicos. En concreto, se utilizan como soporte nanopartículas mesoporosas de sílice y nanopartículas de oro para su aplicación biomédica, en concreto en el campo del cáncer de mama. En el primer capítulo se introduce el marco general en el que se engloban los estudios realizados. Se presentan los conceptos relacionados con nanotecnología y nanomedicina, así como la interacción de las nanopartículas a nivel biológico con el organismo y las células. Finalmente, se introducen conceptos básicos del cáncer de mama y la aplicación de nanomateriales como terapia. A continuación, en el segundo capítulo, se exponen los objetivos de la presente tesis doctoral que son abordados en los siguientes capítulos experimentales. En el tercer capítulo se describe el primer nanomaterial para la liberación controlada de dos inhibidores (navitoclax y S63845) de las proteínas anti- apoptóticas de la familia Bcl-2. Este sistema se ha diseñado con el objetivo de superar la resistencia a navitoclax en un modelo celular de cáncer de mama triple negativo. En concreto, se han preparado nanopartículas mesoporosas de sílice cargadas con navitoclax y S63845, y funcionalizadas con un aptámero dirigido a la proteína de superficie MUC1, que actúa como puerta molecular. En este trabajo hemos demostrado que las nanopartículas diseñadas son internalizadas preferentemente por células tumorales de cáncer de mama. También hemos demostrado la capacidad de las nanopartículas de revertir la resistencia a navitoclax en un modelo celular de cáncer de mama triple negativo. Además, ponemos de manifiesto la disminución del principal efecto adverso (trombocitopenia) asociado a la administración del navitoclax en su formulación libre, gracias a la encapsulación en las nanopartículas. En el capítulo cuatro se presenta un sistema sensible a pH para la liberación controlada de un cargo fluorescente y la maquinaria de edición génica basada en el sistema CRISPR/Cas9, dirigido a la edición del gen codificante de la proteína fluorescente verde (GFP, del inglés gren fluorescent protein). El nanodispositivo está constituido por nanopartículas mesoporosas de sílice cargadas con rodamina B, funcionalizadas con polietilenimina y revestidas con el plásmido codificante del sistema CRISPR/Cas9. En este trabajo se ha demostrado el escape lisosomal de las nanopartículas, mediado por el efecto esponja de protones de la PEI. Asimismo, mostramos un nanodispositivo pionero en su campo, basado en nanopartículas mesoporosas de sílice, capaz de realizar la doble función de llevar a cabo la edición del gen codificante de GFP y la liberación exitosa del cargo fluorescente. En el quinto, y último, capítulo experimental se propone una nueva aproximación para realizar una terapia enzimática prodroga empleando nanopartículas de oro como transportadores enzimáticos. En este caso, se aborda la funcionalización de nanopartículas de oro con la enzima peroxidasa de rábano (HRP, del inglés horseradish peroxidase), capaz de transformar la prodroga inocua ácido indol-3-acético en especies radicales que resultan tóxicas para las células tumorales. En este capítulo se ha demostrado el efecto terapéutico del nanodispositivo en combinación con la prodroga en modelos celulares de cáncer de mama de los subtipos luminal A y triple negativo. Además, se ha confirmado la eficacia terapéutica del sistema en esferoides tumorales formados por células de cáncer de mama triple negativo. Por último, se presentan en el capítulo seis las conclusiones extraídas del desarrollo de esta tesis doctoral. Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo contribuirán al desarrollo de nuevos nanomateriales inteligentes con aplicación en diversas áreas de la nanomedicina.
[CA] La present tesi doctoral titulada "Mesoporous silica and gold-based nanodevices: new controlled delivery platforms for biomedical applications" se centra en el disseny, síntesi, caracterització i avaluació de diferents nanodispositius híbrids orgànic-inorgànics. En concret, s'utilitzen com a suport nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice i nanopartícules d'or per a la seua aplicació biomèdica, en concret en el camp del càncer de mama. En el primer capítol s'introdueix el marc general en el qual s'engloben els estudis realitzats. Es presenten els conceptes relacionats amb la nanotecnologia i nanomedicina, així com la interacció de les nanopartícules a nivell biològic amb l'organisme i les cèl·lules. Finalment, s'introdueixen conceptes bàsics del càncer de mama i l'aplicació de nanomaterials com a teràpia. A continuació, en el segon capítol, s'exposen els objectius de la present tesi doctoral que són abordats en els següents capítols experimentals. En el tercer capítol es descriu el primer nanomaterial utilitzat per a l'alliberament controlat de dos inhibidors (navitoclax i S63845) de les proteïnes anti-apoptòtiques de la família Bcl-2. Aquest sistema s'ha dissenyat amb l'objectiu de superar la resistència a navitoclax en un model cel·lular de càncer de mama triple negatiu. En concret, s'han preparat nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice carregades amb navitoclax i S63845, i funcionalitzades amb un aptàmer dirigit a la proteïna de superfície MUC1, que actua com a porta molecular. En aquest treball hem demostrat que les nanopartícules dissenyades són internalitzades preferentment per cèl·lules tumorals de càncer de mama. També hem demostrat la capacitat de les nanopartícules de revertir la resistència a navitoclax en un model cel·lular de càncer de mama triple negatiu. A més, posem de manifest la disminució del principal efecte advers (trombocitopènia) associat a l'administració del navitoclax en la seua formulació lliure, gràcies a l'encapsulació en les nanopartícules. En el capítol quatre es presenta un sistema sensible a pH per a l'alliberament controlat d'una càrrega fluorescent i la maquinària d'edició gènica basada en el sistema CRISPR/Cas9, dirigit a l'edició gènica del gen codificant de la proteïna fluorescent verda (GFP, del anglés gren fluorescent protein). El nanodispositiu està constituït per nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice carregades amb rodamina B, funcionalitzades amb polietilenimina i revestides amb el plàsmid codificant del sistema CRISPR/Cas9. En aquest treball s'ha demostrat la fuga lisosomal de les nanopartícules, mediat per l'efecte esponja de protons de la PEI. Així mateix, vam mostrar un nanodispositiu pioner en el seu camp, basat en nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice, capaç de realitzar la doble funció de dur a terme l'edició del gen codificant de la GFP i l'alliberament exitós de la càrrega fluorescent. En el cinqué i últim capítol experimental es proposa una nova aproximació per a realitzar una teràpia enzimàtica prodroga emprant nanopartícules d'or com a transportadors enzimàtics. En aquest cas, s'aborda la funcionalització de nanopartícules d'or amb l'enzim peroxidasa de rave (HRP, del anglés horseradish peroxidase), capaç de transformar la prodroga innòcua àcid indol-3-acètic en espècies radicals que resulten tòxiques per a les cèl·lules tumorals. En aquest capítol s'ha demostrat l'efecte terapèutic del nanodispositiu en combinació amb la prodroga en models cel·lulars de càncer de mama dels subtipus luminal A i triple negatiu. A més, s'ha confirmat l'eficàcia terapèutica del sistema en esferoides tumorals formats per cèl·lules de càncer de mama triple negatiu. Finalment, en el capítol sis es presenten les conclusions extretes del desenvolupament d'aquesta tesi doctoral. Els resultats obtinguts en aquesta tesi contriburan al desenvolupament de nous nanomaterials intel·ligents amb aplicació en diverses àrees de la nanomedicina.
[EN] This Ph.D. thesis entitled "Mesoporous silica and gold-based nanodevices: new controlled delivery platforms for biomedical applications" is focused on the design, synthesis, characterisation, and evaluation of several hybrid organic-inorganic nanomaterials. We have developed mesoporous silica nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications, specifically in the breast cancer area. The first chapter includes an overview of the concepts related to the research performed. Introductory notions about nanotechnology and biomedicine are presented, as well as the basis of the interactions of nanoparticles with biological systems. Finally, breast cancer disease and the application of nanomaterials as therapy are described. Next, in the second chapter, the objectives addressed in the following experimental chapters are displayed. In the third chapter, we present the first nanomaterial for the controlled delivery of two inhibitors (navitoclax and S63845) of the Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic proteins. This nanosystem has been designed to overcome navitoclax resistance in a triple-negative breast cancer cellular model. We have prepared mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with navitoclax and S63845 and functionalised with an aptamer targeting MUC1 surface protein as a molecular gate. In this work, the specific targeting of the nanodevice to breast cancer cells has been demonstrated. The ability to overcome navitoclax resistance has been shown in navitoclax-resistant triple-negative breast cancer cells. Furthermore, navitoclax encapsulation in the nanoparticles has proved to reduce the main adverse effect (thrombocytopenia) associated with free formulated drug administration. In the fourth chapter, we describe a pH-responsive nanosystem for the controlled co-delivery of a fluorescent cargo and the genome-editing machinery based on CRISPR/Cas9, which targets the green fluorescent protein (GFP) coding gene. The nanodevice consists of mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with rhodamine B, functionalised with polyethyleneimine, and capped with the CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid. In the present work, we have shown the lysosomal scape capacity of the nanodevice enhanced by the proton sponge effect of PEI. We have also demonstrated a pioneering mesoporous silica-based nanodevice efficient in the simultaneous genome editing of the GFP gene (as a model gene) and the successful release of a fluorescent cargo (as a model drug). In the fifth and last experimental chapter, we propose a new approximation to develop enzyme prodrug therapy using gold nanoparticles as enzyme carriers. In this case, we use gold nanoparticles functionalised with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP), which transforms the non-toxic prodrug indol-3-acetic acid into radical species toxic to tumour cells. In this chapter, the therapeutic effect of the nanodevice in combination with the prodrug has been demonstrated in two breast cancer cell subtypes (luminal A and triple-negative breast cancers). Also, the therapeutic effect of the material has been corroborated in multicellular tumour spheroid-like cultures formed by triple-negative breast cancer cells. Finally, in the sixth chapter, the conclusions derived from the presented studies and the general conclusions of this Ph.D. thesis are released. The obtained results will promote the development of new smart nanomaterials with diverse biomedical applications.
Gema Vivo-Llorca thanks the Generalitat Valenciana for her fellowship ACIF/2017/072. Vicente Candela-Noguera thanks the Spanish Government for his fellowship FPU15/02753. We would like to thank Servier for the workart used in the figures of this manuscript (Servier Medical Art https://smart.servier.com/). We thank the Spanish Government (project RTI2018-100910-B-C41 (MCUI/AEI/FEDER, UE); SAF2017-84689-R-B (MCUI/AEI/FEDER, UE)) and the Generalitat Valenciana (project PROMETEO/2018/024 and PROMETEO/2019/065) for support.
Vivo Llorca, G. (2021). Mesoporous silica and gold-based nanodevices: new controlled delivery platforms for biomedical applications [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/172713
TESIS

Mestrado em Gestão e Estratégia Industrial
A nível mundial, as empresas plataforma revolucionam o nosso quotidiano e, consequentemente, a economia global. A eficiência de tempo e custos que estas empresas digitais oferecem aos utilizadores é o principal motivo da rápida adoção global. Contudo, existem desafios relacionados com a expansão internacional para este tipo de empresas. Sendo empresas com vários lados de utilizadores, é difícil gerir a forma como estas empresas conseguem atrair uma grande base de utilizadores para interagir na plataforma. Tendo como base uma metodologia qualitativa, realizou-se a análise de três estudos de caso de empresas plataforma portuguesas, onde se procura entender como foi abordado o problema de atração de utilizadores para a plataforma e se essa abordagem sofreu alterações, dependendo do país de atuação da plataforma. Para aumentar o número de interações, as empresas estudadas focam-se em atrair utilizadores-chave para que outros venham interagir com eles. São, ainda, utilizadas parcerias com outras empresas para aumentar a base de utilizadores. Durante o processo de internacionalização são feitas adaptações a estas abordagens, nomeadamente, poderá alterar-se a estratégia utilizada. Os diferentes lados de utilizadores das empresas plataforma poderão ter foco em diferentes continentes, tendo em conta as suas necessidades e culturas. É, ainda, proposta uma nova estratégia que estas empresas podem usar para ultrapassar o problema da falta de interações na plataforma, chamada: "cooperação com agregadores de utilizadores".
The platform companies are changing our routines and the global economy. The time and cost-efficiency that these digital companies offer is the main reason for their rapid and global user's adoption, however, there are challenges related to the internationalization of these companies. The multi-sided platform companies have some difficulties to attract a large number of users to interact on the platform. Based on a qualitative methodology, an analysis of three case studies of portuguese platform companies was carried out. The main purpose of this analysis relates to understanding how the problem of attracting users was approached and if the internationalization process caused a change on that approach. The companies mentioned in this study focus on attracting key users so that other users can interact with them. Sometimes, these companies establish partnerships with traditional companies to increase the number of interactions. Internationally, these approaches need to be adapted according to the different sides of platform users that may live on different continents, considering their needs and cultures. It is also proposed a new strategy that these companies can use to overcome the lack of interactions problem called: "cooperation with user aggregators".
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

碩士
東海大學
高階經營管理碩士在職專班
106
The development of information technology has changed how we live, the application of "sharing economy" is becoming a rising trend. In terms of economics, the main idea behind sharing economy is to convert the ownership of the property right into the right to use. An individual’s idle assets can be leased to a person in need, creating economic benefits. This is why the types of goods or services that are put up for rent are extremely diverse. Hence, how to connect "supply" with "demand" has become an important issue in the development of innovative business models. The case study is a suitcase production and sales company. This research summarizes and analyzes relevant literature in recent years and adopts the case study method. This study explores the feasibility of innovative suitcase rental services by looking at consumer demands for tourism and tourism-related e-commerce activities and applies the 7-C model to evaluate the Users Interface (UIs) of current travel apps, specifically whether it meets the exact needs of its customers. This study also integrates the P2P concept and technology behind the sharing economy to develop a value co-creation mechanism between consumers and suitcase-related operators, so as to construct an O2O suitcase rental platform and build an innovative business model.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
經營管理系碩士班
105
In the past few years, O2O system has been applied in many companies in Taiwan and has been well developed in not only new start up business about C2C, but also some traditional enterprises which try to transform. Customer satisfaction and royalty are important and critical for business. Based on Information System Success Model and Technology Acceptance Model, this study tried to explore the key reasons which affect customer satisfaction and royalty by survey research technique. Two hundred and eighty-five valid questionnaires were collected from consumers who has experience in using O2O system. According to the result of analyzing these data through descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis, the implications of the findings, limitations and future research directions are discussed.

碩士
國立屏東大學
行銷與流通管理學系碩士班
107
The O2O (Online to Offline) model is an e-commerce model in recent years. It integrates "online" and "offline" platforms into a series of serial activities. Consumers can simultaneously obtain electronic devices for consumption on online platforms. After the goods information provided by the merchants, the order is placed, and finally the offline store stores enjoy the products and services, which is to achieve the mode of virtual and real integration, and to help consumers bring convenience and immediacy. 　　This paper refers to the technology acceptance model (Davis, 1989) to study the Use Intention the O2O platform, according to the characteristics of today's e-commerce, to increase the number of Internet word-of-mouth and Perceived Value, to conduct empirical research on users of the O2O platform, and to adopt an online questionnaire. The survey collected data and collected 351 valid questionnaires, using narrative statistical analysis, reliability and validity analysis, regression analysis and structural equation modeling to analyze the path coefficients. 　　The results of the study were: (1) "Electronic Word-of-Mouth" has a positive impact on "Perceived Value" and "Perceived Usefulness" of O2O users; (2) "perceptional usability" and "perceptual usefulness" on the platform "Use Intention" (3) O2O users' "Perceived Value" has a positive impact on the platform's "Use Intention"; and (4) "Perceived Usefulness" has a mediating effect on "Perceived Ease of Use" and "Use Intention" . 　　In this paper, the marketing management implications of the industry suggest that Internet word-of-mouth is one of the factors for consumers to use the O2O platform. The usefulness, ease of use and use value of the O2O operating platform all affect the important attributes of consumers' Use Intention. It can be used as a reference for O2O platform operators to increase consumer Use Intention.

博士
國立成功大學
資訊工程學系
104
With the rapid development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), users’ habits of adopting ICT and consumer appliances also increase. In other words, users’ behavior is changing with their habits. Traditional hospitality industry faces a challenge issue that it needs to destroy existing eco-systems and operational models to maintain steady revenues. Autonomy also is a critical issue to satisfy users’ expectation. Therefore, self-service technology (SST) also is a challenging issue for hospitality industry in recent years. In the last decade, OTAs and meta-search engines for booking information have been popular. Hoteliers usually cooperate a lot of OTAs to acquire higher booking and occupancy rates. Such a case will induce that hotel staffs need to immediately and accurately handle the stock of available rooms over various OTAs, traditional travel agencies and booking centers. This dissertation proposes an online to offline (O2O) model and a platform to simplify marketing and operational environment for hospitality industry. The proposed platform can provide direct booking service through the integration for OTAs bookings, the integration for standalone management systems, and SST achievement. Consequently, hoteliers can promote management efficiency, reduce operational risk and cost, and provision the best users’ perception based on our proposed model and platform.

The first chapter lays out the “platform society” as a contested concept, embroidering on Airbnb as an example. The term refers to an emerging society in which social, economic, and interpersonal traffic is largely channeled by a global online platform ecosystem that is fueled by data and organized through algorithms. Platforms are defined and approached at three levels: the micro-level of individual platforms, the meso-level of the platform ecosystem, and the macro-level of platform geopolitics. The American-based ecosystem is mostly governed by five big tech companies (Alphabet-Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon, and Microsoft) whose platform services are central to its overall design and the distribution of data flows. Besides the dominant tech companies, there are also state and civil society actors active in governing the platform society. The question is: who is or should be responsible for anchoring public values in societies that are increasingly organized through online systems?

The introduction puts forward the notion of the “platform society,” which emphasizes the inextricable relation between online platforms and societal structures. It refers to a society in which social and economic traffic is increasingly channeled by a (corporate) global online platform ecosystem that is driven by algorithms and fueled by data. In turn, an online platform should be understood as a programmable digital architecture designed to organize interactions between users—not just end users but also corporate entities and public bodies. It is geared toward the systematic collection, algorithmic processing, circulation, and monetization of user data. Crucially, platforms cannot be seen apart from each other but evolve in the context of an online setting that is structured by its own logic.

We are witnessing the emergence of an information and communication technology (ICT)-enabled platform capitalism in which traditional corporations are being displaced. Railing against traditional firms to rescue capitalism would, under these circumstances, seem like misdirected effort. The “working anarchies” (e.g. Uber, Wikipedia) and “pop-up firms” (e.g. Vizio) of this new world use “labor on demand.” Here too there is risk that platform owners exploit their power and become rapacious. Yet, ICT can enable platform capitalism to create community-based, locally controlled alternatives to corporations and states. Cooperatives and democratic software platforms (e.g. Linux) must be important business forms in the future.

The second chapter discusses how platforms introduce new mechanisms to social interaction through the mutual articulation of platform technologies, economic models, and user practices. The mechanism of “datafication” refers to the ability of networked platforms to render into data many aspects of the world that have never been quantified before. Datafication revolves around the capturing and circulation of data. “Commodification” concerns the transformation of online and offline objects, activities, emotions, and ideas into tradable commodities. It involves the development of multisided markets and new business models. Finally, the mechanism of “selection” is about the curation of most relevant topics, terms, actors, objects, offers, services, etc. It takes shape through personalization, trends and reputations, and moderation practices. Understanding the platform society requires a thorough analysis of the ecosystem’s mechanisms and the constantly evolving techno-commercial and sociocultural practices through which they take shape.

Individuals all over the world can use Airbnb to rent an apartment in a foreign city, check Coursera to find a course on statistics, join PatientsLikeMe to exchange information about one’s disease, hail a cab using Uber, or read the news through Facebook’s Instant Articles. In The Platform Society, Van Dijck, Poell, and De Waal offer a comprehensive analysis of a connective world where platforms have penetrated the heart of societies—disrupting markets and labor relations, transforming social and civic practices, and affecting democratic processes. The Platform Society analyzes intense struggles between competing ideological systems and contesting societal actors—market, government, and civil society—asking who is or should be responsible for anchoring public values and the common good in a platform society. Public values include, of course, privacy, accuracy, safety, and security; but they also pertain to broader societal effects, such as fairness, accessibility, democratic control, and accountability. Such values are the very stakes in the struggle over the platformization of societies around the globe. The Platform Society highlights how these struggles play out in four private and public sectors: news, urban transport, health, and education. Some of these conflicts highlight local dimensions, for instance, fights over regulation between individual platforms and city councils, while others address the geopolitical level where power clashes between global markets and (supra-)national governments take place.

This chapter focuses on the platformization of the health sector. A burgeoning field of online health platforms has emerged, ranging from personal fitness apps to medical platforms that are used by patients, doctors, and researchers. A global industry of health-related platforms is being stacked onto, and interwoven with, the infrastructural core of the ecosystem; developing sectoral health platforms is a potentially lucrative and data-rich area that major operators are keen to invest in. Examining health platforms, the chapter unravels a peculiar double-edged logic in how their benefit is argued: they offer personalized data-driven services to their customers, while simultaneously serving an overarching public interest in medical research, the outcomes of which ostensibly benefit everyone. Using the platform mechanisms as an analytical prism, the chapter scrutinizes three single platforms, which are illustrative of the health sector: 23andMe, PatientsLikeMe, and Parkinson mPower.

Platformization affects the entire urban transport sector, effectively blurring the division between private and public transport modalities; existing public–private arrangements have started to shift as a result. This chapter analyzes and discusses the emergence of a platform ecology for urban transport, focusing on two central public values: the quality of urban transport and the organization of labor and workers’ rights. Using the prism of platform mechanisms, it analyzes how the sector of urban transport is changing societal organization in various urban areas across the world. Datafication has allowed numerous new actors to offer their bike-, car-, or ride-sharing services online; selection mechanisms help match old and new complementors with passengers. Similarly, new connective platforms are emerging, most prominently transport network companies such as Uber and Lyft that offer public and private transport options, as well as new platforms offering integrated transport services, often referred to as “mobility as a service.”

The epilogue sketches a few scenarios on potential geopolitical consequences of the global paradigm shift toward multiple online platform “spheres.” Currently, the neoliberal US-based platform ecosystem dominates. This ecosystem revolves around the promotion of individualism and minimal state interference, leaving checks and balances to the market. On the other end of the ideological spectrum is the Chinese ecosystem, in which the autocratic regime controls the platform ecosystem via regulated censorship of tech corporations. Squeezed between the US and the Chinese models is the European Union, whose member states neither own nor operate any major platforms in either ecosystem. For European democracies to survive in the information age, its cities, national governments, and supranational legislature need to collaborate on a blueprint for a common digital strategy toward markets and public sectors.

The relevance of contracting and self-regulation in consumer markets has increased rapidly in recent years, in particular in the platform economy. Online platforms provide opportunities for businesses and consumers to connect with strangers, often across borders, trading products, and services. In this new economy, platform operators create, apply, and enforce their own rules in their contractual relationships with users. This book examines the substance of these rules and the space for private governance beyond the reach of state regulation. It explores recent developments in lawmaking ‘beyond the state’ with case studies focusing on companies such as Airbnb and Amazon. The book asks how common values and objectives of EU law, such as consumer protection and contractual fairness, can be safeguarded when lawmaking shifts to a space outside the reach of state law.

This chapter explores the gig economy’s entrepreneurship narrative, juxtaposing platforms’ promises of autonomy, freedom, and self-determination with the sobering reality of algorithmic control. Life as a ‘micro-entrepreneur’, it turns out, is heavily conditioned by ever-watchful rating algorithms, which aggregate customer feedback and compliance with platform guidelines to exercise close control. Failure to comply can have drastic results. Moreover, depending on consumer demand, the promised flexibility of on-demand work can quickly turn into economic insecurity, as gig income is highly unpredictable from week to week. The promise of freedom similarly rings hollow for many—not least because of carefully constructed contractual agreements that ban some gig workers from taking platforms to court. Instead of enjoying the spoils of successful entrepreneurship, a significant proportion of on-demand workers find themselves trapped in precarious, low-paid work.

In the era of big data, intelligent sports venues have a practical significance to provide personalized service for users and build up a platform for stadium management. This article proposes a new parallel big data promotion algorithm based on the latest achievements of big data analysis. The proposed algorithm calculates the optimal value by using the observed variables Y, the hidden variable data Z, the joint distribution P (Y, Z | θ) and distribution conditions P (Z | Y | θ). The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has higher accuracy of big data analysis, and can serve the intelligent sports venues better.

This chapter discusses the concept of the platform, which is an increasingly prominent way of understanding the functioning of media technologies. It traces the philosophical, disciplinary, and ideological implications of theoretical and critical works that characterize aspects of media technology, at varying scales, as platforms, in particular in the developing subdiscipline of “platform studies.” It challenges the ways that the concept of the platform naturalizes the functioning of media. It shows how the concept of the platform relates to the idea of ontological emergence. It argues that the platform would be more useful in describing epistemological emergence. This chapter argues that an understanding of the platform in terms of ontological emergence erects unnecessary divisions among media, media technologies, and users. It challenges the idea that platforms must necessarily be computational or even technological.

Chapter 6 analyzes a new form of economy, enabled by ICTs, digital platforms, and smart devices to connect transactors (sharers or buyers and sellers) who may not have been able to cooperate otherwise. It provides an overview of the phenomenon of “the platform revolution” (from classic value chain logic to platform business logic). It goes on to explain different types of platform (innovation platform, transaction platform, integration platform), the principles of platform business (network effects, the distribution power law, asymmetric growth and competition) and the tacit cooperative strategies of suppliers, platform providers, and customers. Cooperation is tacit—providers do not interact and customers do not interact, except through ratings. The platform system is set up to maintain this condition. The chapter concludes with an overview of platform governance.