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Academic literature on the topic 'Obésité – Aspect nutritionnel'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Obésité – Aspect nutritionnel"
Arguin, Hélène. "Interventions nutrionnelles pour la prévention et le traitement de l'obésité : Investigations d'approches originales qui sortent des sentiers battus." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28368/28368.pdf.
Full textValle, Marion. "Effets des sucres naturels et des nutriments de saumon sur le développement de l'obésité et des désordres métaboliques associés." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30483.
Full textObesity continues to increase with the widespread adoption of the Western diet and nowadays reaches pandemic proportions. It causes metabolic disorders that are harmful to health, increasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is therefore crucial to understand the effects of nutrients on the development of these pathologies because nutrition is a key preventive factor. On the one hand, excess consumption of added sugars is known to be harmful to health, but these sugars are over-consumed by their ubiquity in foods and beverages, especially in the form of sucrose. It is therefore important to limit their consumption and identify less harmful alternatives. Natural sugars may well be an interesting option for the molecules other than sugars they contain. On the other hand, regular fish consumption protects against T2D and CVD. In order to make the most of these benefits, it would be relevant to identify the beneficial fish nutrients and concentrate them as a nutraceutical or functional food. Salmon is notably composed of several nutrients able to modulate the development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. It contains omega-3 (ω-3) and vitamin D3 (VitD3) potentially beneficial for cardiometabolic health. It also contains quality proteins from which we have isolated a bioactive fraction, called salmon peptide fraction (SPF). However, the effects of these salmon nutrients and their combination have been poorly studied, and many of their roles and mechanisms of action remain unclear. This thesis therefore aims to evaluate the cardiometabolic effects of natural sweeteners and salmon nutrients (ω-3, VitD3, SPF) on the development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. The general hypothesis is that “the replacement of sucrose with natural sweeteners and the consumption of salmon nutrients limit the development of obesity and its complications by modulating inflammation, insulin resistance and intestinal health”. We then conducted three studies evaluating the effects of chronic consumption of these different nutrients on the development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders in murine models of diet-induced obesity. First, we studied the effects of a low-dose supplementation of sucrose compared to maple syrup, molasses, brown rice syrup, agave syrup, corn syrup and honey, as well as fructose, in Wistar rats initially healthy for 8 weeks. The results show that replacing sucrose with natural sweeteners limits insulin resistance and hepatic inflammation. To a lesser extent, maple syrup, molasses and agave syrup also tend to protect against fatty liver. In addition, this study shows that fructose is not only no more harmful than sucrose in the doses used, but it even helps to reduce insulin resistance and hepatic inflammation. In a second step, we evaluated the cardiometabolic effects of salmon nutrients, alone or in combination, in two 12-week studies. We first studied the effects of VitD3 and ω-3 in initially healthy C57BL/6J mice, then the effects of SPF and VitD3 in LDLr- / -/ApoB100/100 mice at high risk to develop cardiometabolic diseases. The results demonstrate that VitD3 supplementation has no effect in initially healthy mice, nor improves the beneficial effects of ω-3. In contrast, it slightly prevents the development of metabolic disorders associated with obesity in mice at high risk of cardiometabolic diseases. It reduces a thrombosis risk factor and inflammation in the ileum when it is alone, and insulin sensitivity when it is combined with SPF. Finally, our work reveals that the SPF limits obesity and its complications thanks to its anti-inflammatory action on the liver and colon. This thesis has thus allowed a better understanding of the effects of these different nutrients on the development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders, and in longer term T2D and CVD, and of their mechanisms of action.
Adel, Kathryn. "Indice et charge glycémiques de l'alimentation et relations avec l'obésité et le syndrome métabolique au sein de l'étude des familles de Québec (QFS)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25199.
Full textMany high-carbohydrate foods common to Western diets have been shown to produce a high glycemic response, which may favor weight gain and metabolic syndrome (MetS), but associations between glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and obesity and MetS remain inconsistent. These associations were examined in the Quebec Family Study. GI and GL were positively associated with obesity, and an increase in GL over time was associated with gains in adiposity in women only. However, some associations were no longer significant when subjects with implausible reported energy intake (rEI) were excluded. GI and GL were generally not associated with MetS or its risk factors. Results suggest that GI and GL are associated with obesity in women, and that an increase in the GL of their diet is associated with gains in adiposity over time. They also reinforce the importance of considering implausible rEI in dietary surveys in relation to metabolic disease.
Daniel, Noémie. "Impact des acides gras oméga-3 sur les désordres métaboliques associés à l'obésité : rôle potentiel du microbiote intestinal." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26271.
Full textFrifra, Mehdi. "Impact des Nutriments sur les Maladies Métaboliques : caractérisation d'échantillons végétaux sur des modèles cellulaires impliqués dans l’obésité." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0084.
Full textObesity is a metabolic disorder that is spreading worldwide. Obesity can lead to many diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or atherosclerosis. Nutritional approach appears to be an essential strategy for the prevention of metabolic disorders. Indeed, some studies show the correlation between vegetables’ consumption and decrease of cardiovascular diseases.The aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of harvests and storages’ conditions coupled with genetic variability of two vegetables (apples and carrots) on cellular models in which their function is altered during obesity (hepatocytes and adipocytes). Four varieties of apple (Gala, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith and Pink Lady) have been used depending on four different types of storage whereas six varieties of carrots (Karotan, Bolero, Presto, Deep Purple, Kintoki and Blanche des Vosges) have been harvested in four different ways.The strategy of this project is to put some proper protocols for cellular screening in different metabolic processes such as apoptosis, adipocyte differentiation, lipid accumulation, and oxidative stress. Cellulars creening showed variabilities on samples effects depending on storage and harvest conditions, and genetic variabilities. These results allowed us to classify samples according to their most interesting beneficial effects. Then, we chose apple samples with the highest anti-apoptotic effects on endothelial cells in order to investigate their mechanisms of action. The results show that the ability of apple samples to reduce apoptosis is associated with the modulation of oxidative stress
Gilbert, Jo-Anne. "Impact du lait et de ses composantes sur le contrôle de l'appétit, la perte pondérale et la capacité à l'effort." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27939/27939.pdf.
Full textPradère, Jean-Philippe. "Etude de la régulation et du rôle de l'autotaxine et de l'acide lysophosphatidique dans le tissu adipeux et le rein." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/75/.
Full textWhite adipose tissue is now considered as an endocrine organ because of its huge capacity for secreting a large number of factors. Among them is Autotaxin (ATX), a soluble protein possessing a lysophopholipase D activity responsible for synthesis of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive phospholipid able to mediate different cellular responses (proliferation, motility…) via the activation of five distinct G protein coupled receptors (LPA1-5). In the present thesis, we first investigated the mechanisms of maturation and secretion of ATX in 3T3F442A adipocytes in vitro. Our results show that ATX is a N-glycosylated protein and that inhibition of N-glycosylation inhibits both secretion and lysoPLD activity of ATX. We also demonstrated that ATX follows a classical secretion pathway and undergoes a signal peptidase proteolytic cleavage which is required for its secretion. The second part of our work addressed the biological effects of LPA in white adipose tissue. Our data show that LPA is a strong inhibitor of adipogenesis resulting from a down-regulation of the nuclear receptor PPAR\gamma\2. The anti-adipogenic activity of LPA is accompanied by the higher adiposity of LPA1 receptor knockout mice compared to their wild type counterpart
Caron-Jobin, Maude. "Vitamine D, calcium et acides gras. Lien avec l'obésité chez la femme." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27947/27947.pdf.
Full textSrour, Bernard. "Transformation des aliments et risque de pathologies chroniques dans la cohorte NutriNet-Santé." Thesis, Paris 13, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA131016.
Full textDuring the past decades, diets in many countries have shifted towards an important increase in the degree of food processing and formulation. Several characteristics of ultra-processed foods have led the scientific community to wonder about their potential impact on long-term human health. Ultra-processed foods have in average, a lower nutritional quality than unprocessed or minimally processed foods (higher content of saturated fat, added sugar and salt, along with a lower fiber and vitamin density). They often contain food additives, neoformed compounds created during processes, and are often packaged in materials in contact with food from which contaminants may migrate to the food matrix. We investigated within the prospective French cohort NutriNet-Santé, the associations between the consumption of ultra-processed food and risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease, type 2-diabetes, overweight, obesity, and weight trajectories. More than 100,000 adult participants were included. Dietary intakes were collected using repeated 24 hour dietary records, designed to register participants’ usual consumption of more than 3,500 food items. These foods were categorized using the NOVA classification according to their degree of processing. Participants were followed, and the occurrence of chronic diseases was ascertained using a multi-source strategy including a linkage to medico-administrative databases.The analyses highlighted robust significant associations between the consumption of ultra-processed foods, and increased risks of overall and breast cancers, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and coronary heart diseases, type 2-diabetes, overweight, obesity and weight gain. These analyses accounted for a large number of lifestyle, socio-demographic, anthropometric, medical, behavioral, and nutritional factors. The associations remained significant throughout all the sensitivity and stratified analyses. Beyond nutritional aspects, various factors in processing and reformulation might play a role in these associations, and further studies are needed to better understand their relative contributions and to establish a causal link. Meanwhile, public health authorities in several countries have recently started to promote unprocessed or minimally processed foods and to recommend limiting the consumption of ultra-processed foods
Vigé, Alexandre. "Epigénomique nutritionnelle du syndrome métabolique." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05P602.
Full textEpigenetic changes associated with DNA methylation and histone modifications leading to chromatin remodeling and regulation of gene expression underlie the developmental programming of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome. This review focuses on converging data supporting the hypothesis that, in addition to "thrifty genotype" inheritance, individuals with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases have suffered improper "epigenetic programming" during their fetal/postnatal development due to maternal inadequate nutrition and metabolic disturbances and also during their lifetime, that could even be transmitted to the next generation(s). We highlight the susceptibility of epigenetic mechanisms controlling gene expression to environmental influences due to their inherent malleability, emphasizing the participation of transposable elements and the potential role of imprinted genes during critical time windows in epigenetic programming, from the very beginning of development, throughout life. Increasing our understanding on epigenetic patterns significance and their role in development, evolution and adaptation and on small molecules (nutrients, drugs) that reverse epigenetic (in)activation should provide us with the means to "unlock" silenced (enhanced) genes, and to "convert" the obsolete human thrifty genotype into a "squandering" phenotype
Books on the topic "Obésité – Aspect nutritionnel"
Lecerf, Jean-Michel. Surpoids, obésités et prévention cardiovasculaire. Montrouge: Eurotext, 2003.
Find full textSnetselaar, Linda. Nutritional Counseling for Lifestyle Change. London: Taylor and Francis, 2006.
Find full textKing, Kathy, and Bridget Klawitter. Nutrition Therapy: Advanced Counseling Skills. 2nd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.
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