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Academic literature on the topic 'Obésité induite par la diète'
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Journal articles on the topic "Obésité induite par la diète"
Pellerin, L., S. Lengacher, T. Nehiri-Sitayeb, N. Steiner, L. Carneiro, C. Favrod, F. Preitner, et al. "P251 Résistance au développement d’une obésité induite par une diète riche en graisses et à ses altérations métaboliques chez la souris MCT1 haplo-insuffisante." Diabetes & Metabolism 41 (March 2015): A96—A97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1262-3636(15)30364-5.
Full textLegrand, R., S. Azhar, C. Deroissart, M. A. Le Solliec, M. Dominique, F. Léon, J. C. do Rego, and N. Lucas. "Influence de l’auto-immunité dans la résistance au modèle murin d’induction d’une obésité par une diète riche en lipides." Nutrition Clinique et Métabolisme 33, no. 1 (March 2019): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nupar.2019.01.281.
Full textConductier, G., F. Rouaud, N. Blondeau, C. Heurteaux, J. L. Nahon, and C. Rovere. "O52 Implication des cytokines-chimiokines dans l’établissement d’une obésité induite par un régime hyper-lipidique chez la souris." Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique 46 (December 2011): S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-9960(11)70073-6.
Full textConductier, G., F. Rouaud, N. Blondeau, C. Heurteaux, J. L. Nahon, and C. Rovere. "O52 Implication des cytokines-chimiokines dans l’établissement d’une obésité induite par un régime hyper-lipidique chez la souris." Nutrition Clinique et Métabolisme 25 (December 2011): S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0985-0562(11)70056-5.
Full textVetterli, L., S. Carobbio, F. Frigerio, A. Gjinovci, P. Herrera, and P. Maechler. "010 Rôle de la phase amplificatrice de la sécrétion d’insuline dans le développement de l’obésité induite par une diète hautement calorique." Diabetes & Metabolism 37, no. 1 (March 2011): A3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1262-3636(11)70498-0.
Full textGuigas, B., L. Hussaarts, N. Garcia-Tardon, S. Haeberlein, K. De Ruiter, L. Hoving, A. Ozir-Fazalalikhan, et al. "CO-32: Les souris déficientes pour le récepteur au mannose sont protégées contre l'inflammation et l'insulinorésistance induite par une diète riche en lipides." Diabetes & Metabolism 42 (March 2016): A10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1262-3636(16)30050-7.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Obésité induite par la diète"
Do, Thi Thu Huong. "Perturbations du métabolisme glucidique et azoté dans des modèles d'obésité induite par le régime hyperlipidique ou par les glucocorticoïdes." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066065.
Full textObesity becomes a worldwide epidemic due to over-nutrition, but also to drug treatments, particularly glucocorticoids (GCs). The aim of this work was to identify the mechanisms involved in obesity induced by high-fat diet or by GCs. High-fat diet-induced obesity model was used to characterize intestinal disturbances: an elevated amino acids absorption capacity, a delayed transit time and an increased intestinal permeability and an altered gut microbiota, which can further modulate nitrogen and energy balance. Meanwhile, GC-induced obesity model revealed differential effects of GCs on fat depots. Adipogenesis and an early increased macrophage infiltration were restricted to visceral adipose tissue with a differential macrophage polarization between visceral and subcutaneous fat pads. Visceral macrophage infiltration was responsible for GC-induced insulin resistance. Moreover, GC exposure resulted in opposite phenotypes of glucose metabolism in two distinct genetic murine backgrounds that could be explained by a strain-dependent pancreatic adaptation. Taken together, our work highlights adaptive mechanisms of peripheral organs during obesity
Myette-Côté, Étienne. "Changements dans la captation du glucose suite à une perte de poids induite par une restriction calorique chez des femmes ménopausées obèses : caractéristiques des répondants positifs et négatifs." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6432.
Full textSmine, Selima. "Obésité induite par un régime riche en lipides (HFD) et effet protecteur d'un extrait polyphénolique de raisin (GSSE) : approche protéomique." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR111/document.
Full textThe effects of GSSE (Grape seed and skin extract) extracted from grapes particularly rich in antioxidants have been studied to prevent metabolic and cardiovascular disorders related to obesity. Obesity is characterized by an ectopic accumulation of fat in non-adipose tissues such as the brain. This cerebral lipotoxicity induces chronic inflammation of the brain. In this work, using quantitative proteomic analysis, biochemical and bio-informatic tools allows us to identify actors of metabolic and biological pathways that were disregulated in brain of experimentally-induced obese rats and corrected by GSSE treatment. While our data are consistent with previous findings of obesity-induced brain lipotoxicity, such as enhancement of proteins belonging to the OXPHOS and calcium pathways, they also unveiled novel pathways including the up-regulation of HIF-signaling pathway in HFD brains. In the same context, GSSE abrogated HFD-induced signaling pathway elevation either by modulating several proteins or by inducing some others that were not affected by HFD
Chaplais, Elodie. "Etude ADIBOX : adiposité et métabolisme osseux : effets de la perte de poids induite par l'exercice chez les adolescents obèses." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC105/document.
Full textIntroduction: This program of research targeted the impact of an 8-month weight loss intervention induced by physical activity and nutrition on bone health in adolescents with obesity. The overall aim of this thesis was to examine the impact of a lifestyle weight loss intervention on the bone parameters in adolescents with obesity. Method: Sixty-five adolescents were recruited: 31 (6 males) adolescents with obesity in the weight loss intervention (age: 13.61 (1.27)), 23 normal weight (NW) adolescents (age: 15.90 (0.43)) and 11 (4 males) adolescents with obesity in another control group (14.02 (1.39)). Primary outcomes targeted bone densitometry (whole body, spine, hip DXA). Secondary outcomes included body composition, bone geometry and strength (hip structural analysis) and bone biomarkers (procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), C telopeptide (CTx) estradiol, leptin). Data were collected at baseline, 4 months and 8 months. Data were adjusted for body weight, fat mass and lean mass changes.Results: Compared with the NW controls, adolescents with obesity displayed lower unadjusted and adjusted bone density. Following successful weight loss (~ -11%) adolescents with obesity increased whole body (%Ob ∆ 3.22 (3.58) p<0.001) and lumbar spine (%Ob ∆ 6.27 (12.45) p=0.014) BMD. However, values remain lower than their NW peers after adjustment to body weight changes. After the weight loss intervention, compromised estimates of fracture risk remained especially at the narrow neck (buckling ratio (BR) 8.25 (2.00) p=0.005), despite positive adaptations of some geometric properties (i.e. NN CSA, NN Z). Also, bone accretion changes in adolescents with obesity followed an androgen-like adaptation demonstrated by periosteal expansion (% NW ∆ 0.69 (3.71); Ob ∆ 1.67 (9.11)) and endocortical resorption (% NW ∆ -2.11 (11.79); Ob ∆ 4.42 (10.56)). Among the intervention group, differences in bone markers favoured formation during the first 4 months and favoured resorption in the remaining months.Conclusion: Bone fragility in adolescents with obesity was demonstrated by (1) baseline and post intervention lower whole body and regional BMD than NW controls, (2) post-intervention higher fracture risk index at the narrow neck, (3) bone biomarkers showing reduced z-scores, uncoupling indices and qualitative representations of the distribution of bone remodeling. Future investigations of links between bone and obesity during adolescence can be well informed by the results of this thesis
Verlaeten, Olivier Jacques. "Altérations de l'expression génique dans l'hypothalamus de souris infectées par un Morbillivirus : recherche de gènes candidats de l'obésité murine viro-induite." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO1T210.
Full textBellocchio, Luigi. "Rôle du récepteur cannabinoïde de type 1 sur des populations neuronales spécifiques dans la régulation de l'équilibre énergétique." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21736/document.
Full textThe endocannabinoid system (ECS) has recently emerged as an important modulator of foodintake and energy balance. Cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptor and endogenous ligands, 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (AEA), are largely present in the brain and inperipheral organs involved in the regulation of energy metabolism, such as liver, adiposetissue, skeletal muscle, pancreas and GI tract. Pharmacological CB1 stimulation generallyleads to an increase in energy intake and storage, whereas CB1 antagonists exert the oppositeeffects in both animals and humans. Furthermore, there is evidence of correlations betweenpathological ECS up-regulation and metabolic diseases.However, several pieces of evidence indicate that the relationship between the ECS andenergy intake and metabolism might be more complex than previously believed, likely due tothe different sites where the ECS could act in the body. The general aim of this Thesis workwas to dissect the different mechanisms through which the ECS regulates food intake andenergy balance. The first Chapter of this Thesis is an overview of the neuronal mechanismsregulating energy balance in mammals. In Chapter II, we analysed the brain neuronal typesresponsible of the impact of CB1 signalling on stimulated food intake. Chapter III, reveals thatthe pharmacological blockade of CB1 exerts anorectic effect acting at peripheral sympatheticneurons. Then (chapter IV) we dissected the possible impact of neuronal CB1 onto energybalance.CB1 antagonists were shown to exert only transient anorectic effects, which disappear afterfew weeks of treatment in animals and few months in obese patients. Furthermore, CB1agonists show typical biphasic effects, with low-to-moderate doses increasing food intake inanimals, and high doses decreasing ingestive behaviour. CB1 is expressed in many differentneuronal populations, including GABAergic and cortical glutamatergic neurons. As thegeneral effect of CB1 activation is a reduction of neurotransmitter release, it is possible thatthese apparently discrepant effects of pharmacological manipulations are due to thedifferential expression of the receptor. By using combined pharmacological and geneticapproaches we found that ventral striatal CB1 receptors are endowed with a hypophagicimpact through inhibition of GABAergic transmission. Conversely, brain CB1 receptorsmodulating excitatory transmission mediate the well-known orexigenic effects ofcannabinoids (Chapter II).The acute injection of CB1 antagonist SR141716 (Rimonabant) has an important anorecticeffect in condition of stimulated food intake, such as fasting-induced hyperphagia. However,the nature of this effect (central versus peripheral) as well as the neuronal circuits involved isstill matter of investigation. In Chapter III we show that rimonabant-induced hypophagia isindependent from CB1 modulation of GABAergic, cortical glutamatergic and serotoninergictransmission in the brain, as well as intrinsic actions of CB1 in different hypothalamic nuclei.In fact, rimonabant inhibits stimulated food intake by directly enhancing peripheralsympathetic actions.In relationship to metabolic functions of the ECS, it is not yet clear whether CB1 receptorsexpressed on neurons or on peripheral metabolic organs play a major role in the control ofenergy storage and consumption in both physiological and pathological conditions. In thisscenario, in Chapter IV, we show that neuronal CB1 receptors play a key role in thedevelopment of diet-induced obesity. Conditional mutant mice lacking CB1 expression inforebrain neurons and sympathetic peripheral neurons, known to control food intake and bodyweight, but not in peripheral organs, displayed a lean phenotype and resistance to diet-inducedobesity. This phenotype results from an increase in lipids oxidation and thermogenesis and adecrease in energy absorption due to an increase of the sympathetic tone.As discussed in the Chapter V, neuronal CB1 signalling is a key determinant of the ECSaction on energy balance, by exerting a bimodal control of feeding behaviour and byregulating energy expenditure and sympathetic nervous system activity. The differencesbetween the role of endogenous versus exogenous CB1 agonists, as well as between agonistsversus antagonists suggest that this receptor may have different pharmacological propertiesaccording to the cell type-specific signalling involved
Nguyen, Tu Marie-Sophie. "Effets de l’adiposité sur la microcirculation et les complications cutanées au cours de l’obésité." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10288.
Full textObesity and diabetes are associated to skin pathophysiology, particularly the dermal functions involved in maintaining the skin’s mechanical strength. The underlying mechanisms in pressure ulcer during obesity remain unclear. In this study we evaluated the effects of a hypercaloric diet on the cutaneous microcirculation and its consequences on pressure sores. C59Bl6/J mice were fed a high fat and high sugar diet during 2, 4, 12 and 20 weeks. Microvascular properties were assessed by measuring the skin blood flow variations in response to 1) acetylcholine in order to determine the endothelium-dependent vasodilation, 2) sodium nitroprusside in order to determine the endothelium-independent vasodilation, 3) local pressure application in order to determine the pressure-induced vasodilation (PIV). Each model was characterized for metabolic assessment (IPGTT, IPITT), hisological, immune-histological and biochemical measurements. Finally, each model was tested for pressure ulcer incidence with a 85 mmHg pressure application on skin layers. In this study, we found that obesity is a pathology in constant evolution that is associated with many compensatory mechanisms for maintaining vascular functions and for the adaptation of the skin tissue to an inflammatory environment induced by a hypercaloric diet. PIV has become a useful tool for pressure ulcer prediction
Castellanos, jankiewicz Ashley. "Bile acids signaling as a novel mechanism in the hypothalamic control of energy balance." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0218.
Full textIntroduction: Bile acids (BA) are cholesterol-derived molecules mostly known for their role in digesting lipids. By activating the Takeda G protein coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) in peripheral organs, they can also act as signaling molecules to reduce body weight and improve glucose homeostasis. Notably, TGR5 activation can increase energy expenditure in brown adipocytes, although the metabolic pathways involved in these effects are not yet clear. These outcomes imply an anti-obesity function for TGR5. However, all studies investigating BA in energy balance have exclusively focused on peripheral tissues. Since the major center of convergence of nutrient, hormonal, and environmental cues is the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, we hypothesized a role for TGR5 in this brain structure, suggesting that hypothalamic TGR5 activity may participate in energy balance, specifically under dietinduced obesity. Objective: To demonstrate the function of the BA – TGR5 system in hypothalamic populations known to control energy homeostasis, and disentangle its relevance for the treatment of diet-induced obesity. Methods: C57Bl6/J male mice that were either lean (standard chow) or diet-induced obese (60% high-fat diet; HFD) were implanted with an intra-cerebroventricular (ICV) cannula for the pharmacological delivery of TGR5 agonists. TGR5flox/flox mice were used to target the sitespecific deletion of the receptor within the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), through the stereotaxic delivery of AAV-Cre. The following metabolic outputs were measured: body weight, food intake, body composition (EchoMRI analyzer), insulin sensitivity, serum and hypothalamic BA (liquid mass spectrometry), and energy expenditure (TSE Phenomaster system). To block sympathetic signaling, we exposed mice to thermoneutrality (30°C) or performed chemical sympathectomy (6-hydroxydopamine; 80mg/kg i.p.). Markers of lipolysis, thermogenesis, and thyroid metabolism were measured in the liver, adipose and hypothalamic tissues by qPCR or western blots. All studies received the approval from the animal ethical committee of the University of Bordeaux. Results: We demonstrate that TGR5 and BA transporters are expressed in the MBH and that diet-induced obese mice have decreased circulating and hypothalamic BA. Acute ICV or intra-MBH administration of TGR5 agonists reduced food intake and body weight in dietinduced obese mice only, and improved insulin sensitivity. Accordingly, chronic ICV administration of the TGR5 agonist in obese mice reduced their body weight and adiposity, while increasing energy expenditure and mRNA markers of sympathetic activity in the adipose tissue. Indeed, experiments conducted at thermoneutrality or chemical sympathectomy blunted these effects, demonstrating that central TGR5 effects require an enhanced sympathetic tone. By using TGR5flox/flox mice coupled with the delivery of an AAVCre, we observed that the deletion of TGR5 in the MBH had no effect in chow-fed mice. However, a HFD switch rapidly increased their body weight, food intake and adiposity. When exposed to the cold (4 h at 4°C), protein levels of lipolysis and thermogenesis markers in the adipose tissue were blunted, implying an interruption in sympathetic signaling to the periphery due to hypothalamic downregulation of TGR5. Lastly, Cre-dependent deletion of TGR5 in the MBH of already obese mice rapidly increased adiposity by inducing hyperphagia, worsening their obese phenotype. Conclusions: Our work proves the existence of a functional hypothalamic BA – TGR5 receptor system. We show for the first time that the activation of TGR5 in the MBH decreases body weight and adiposity, while increasing energy expenditure through recruitment of the sympathetic nervous system. Taken together, these results expose a new mechanism of action for potential anti-obesity therapies
Guerville, Mathilde. "Axe intestin-cerveau et régulation de la satiété chez l'obèse : étude de l'origine de l'endotoxémie métabolique et de son rôle sur la physiologie du nerf vague dans un modèle d'obésité induite par un régime occidental chez le rat." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARB288/document.
Full textA real public health issue, obesity and its associated metabolic and behavioral disorders are the consequences of a state of low grade chronic inflammation that might originate from the presence in host plasma of gut-derived bacteria components, lipopolysaccharides (LPS). This present state is called metabolic endotoxemia. The first aim of my thesis was to understand why, in diet-induced obesity (DIO), LPS initially contained in the gut lumen, are able to cross the intestine and enter into the circulatory system. My second aim was to investigate the effect of gut microbiota composition and LPS on the satiety regulation by the vagus nerve, the main communication pathway between the gut and the brain. To answer these questions, we have mainly used a DIO rat model.We showed that consumption of WD induced a loss of ileal barrier function characterized by a reduction in mucosal defenses associated to elevated LPS permeability. Obesity is also characterized by an alteration in feeding behavior including a decreased sensitivity to intestinal satiety signals. We showed that neither obesity nor the lipid percentage of the diet triggers loss of sensitivity to satiety signals but that gut microbiota alterations could rather be the main driver. Hence, metabolic endotoxemia could result from an increased transepithelial passage of LPS, which once spread in the blood could reach, among other things, the vagus nerve where they could disrupt intestinal signals of satiety
Begey, Anne-Laure. "Rôle du tissu adipeux cutané dans la formation et la cicatrisation de plaies de compression au cours de l'obésité." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1106.
Full textObesity and diabetes led to complications, including skin fragility. Skin fragility could be associated to a glucose metabolism alteration and a subcutaneous adipose tissue increase. It has been shown that hypodermis could have a specific function for the skin. Our work consisted on the one hand in characterizing the dermal adiposity and studying its involvement in the skin tissue reactivity in response to low or high pressures in obese mice and, on the other hand, in studying the healing process. High pressures increase cutaneous fragility which can lead to skin wounds, in particular pressure ulcers. This study was realized using C57BL/6J male mice with a diet-induced obesity. C57BL/6J mice were fed a high fat and high sugar diet during 4 or 12 weeks. Hypodermis adipocytes size was measured as well as their lipolytic response in presence or absence of insulin. The skin tissue reactivity was assessed measuring the skin blood flow variations in response to 1) a local pressure application in order to determine the pressure-induced vasodilation (PIV), 2) an acetylcholine or sodium nitroprusside iontophoresis. To examine the specific mechanism of the pressure ulcer in obese diabetic mice, a compression with ischemia-reperfusion cycles was realized. Metabolic assessment, histological and molecular biological studies were carried out to characterize each stage of healing through obesity. Furthermore, we determined the adiposity increase on dermal fibroblasts in vitro to better understand the healing process. In this thesis work, we have highlighted a hypodermis adiposity linked to a tissue and a systemic insulin resistance. We have also showed a delayed healing depending on the evolution of the obesity. The microvascular responses were decreased post healing compared to a non-wounded skin