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1
W, Haslam David, ed. Obesity: Your questions answered. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2004.
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2
Thoenen, Eugenia, and Jessica G. Wright. Obesity: Facts, figures, guidelines. Charleston, W. Va.]: West Virginia Dept. of Health and Human Resources, Bureau for Public Health, Office of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, 2002.
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3
Contemporary diagnosis and management of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Newtown, Pennsylvania, USA: Handbooks in Health Care Co., 2011.
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4
Williamson, Donald A. Assessment of eating disorders: Obesity, anorexia, and bulimia nervosa. New York: Pergamon Press, 1990.
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5
Goldberg, David J., and Alexander L. Berlin. Disorders of fat and cellulite: Advances in diagnosis and treatment. New York: Informa Healthcare, 2011.
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6
The obesity reality: A comprehensive approach to a growing problem. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2012.
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7
Newell-Price, John, Alia Munir, and Miguel Debono. Obesity: differential diagnosis. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0081.
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This topic addresses the causes and consequences of obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or above. While BMI is the most commonly used measure of obesity, the waist-to-height ratio correlates better with visceral obesity. At least 1.1 billion adults are overweight worldwide, but a medical cause for obesity is found in less than 1 out of every 100 cases. The health consequences of obesity are diverse and serious. Approximately 50% of all hypertension is secondary to obesity, and the heart may also be harmed by obesity-induced chronic volume overload and ischaemic heart disease. Obesity contributes strongly to the pathophysiology of type II diabetes and its consequences. Obese patients have higher rates of stroke, osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep apnoea, gastro-oesophageal reflux, chronic liver disease, and infertility. In addition, obesity increases the incidence of some cancers (e.g. breast, prostate, and colorectal). The psychological and social effects of obesity include higher rates of depression and anxiety, and reduced employment.
8
Bray, George A. Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Obesity. 2nd ed. Handbooks in Health Care Company, 2003.
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11
Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome. 3rd ed. Handbooks in Health Care, 2003.
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12
Williamson, Donald A. Assessment of Eating Disorders: Obesity, Anorexia, and Bulimia Nervosa. Allyn & Bacon, 1989.
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13
National Institutes of Health (U.S.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U.S.), NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative, and North American Association for the Study of Obesity., eds. The practical guide: Identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. [Bethesda, Md.]: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative, North American Association for the Study of Obesity, 2000.
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14
Ross E., Ph.D. Andersen. Obesity: Etiology, Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention. Human Kinetics Publishers, 2003.
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15
Obesity Assessment - Tools, methods, interpretations (Chapman & Hall Series in Clinical Nutrition). Chapman & Hall, 1997.
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16
Sachiko, St Jeor, ed. Obesity assessment: Tools, methods, interpretations (a reference case : the RENO diet-heart study). New York: Chapman & Hall, 1997.
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17
1963-, Allison David B., and Baskin Monica L. 1970-, eds. Handbook of assessment methods for eating behaviors and weight-related problems: Measures, theory, and research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2009.
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18
Markolf, Hanefeld, and Leonhardt Wolfgang, eds. The metabolic syndrome: An integrated concept for the diagnosis and therapy of a cluster of diseases of civilisation. Jena: G. Fischer, 1997.
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19
Afrand, Mohammadhosain, Mohammad Afkhami-Ardekani, Ahmad Shojaoddiny-Ardekani, and Azita Ariaeinejad. Metabolic Syndrome and Ethnic Groups Second edition. Knowledge Kingdom Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26415/978-9931-9446-4-5.
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Metabolic syndrome is defined as the co-occurrence of metabolic risk factors for both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (i.e. abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension). Indeed, metabolic syndrome is an important risk factor for subsequent development of type 2 diabetes and/or CVD. Thus, the key clinical implication of a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome is the identification of a patient who needs aggressive lifestyle modification focused on weight reduction and increased physical activity. Multiple different phenotypes and ethnic-specific values for waist circumference are included within metabolic syndrome, with indications for differing treatment strategies. This book covers several aspects of metabolic syndrome, including its definition, diagnostic criteria, preventive measures, and treatment, as well as the possible association between ethnicity and the occurrence of metabolic syndrome.
20
Antwi, Samuel O., Rick J. Jansen, and Gloria M. Petersen. Cancer of the Pancreas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0032.
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Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an uncommon but often rapidly lethal malignancy. Worldwide, PC is the twelfth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the seventh most common for cancer deaths. Globally, the estimated number of incident cases (338,000) and deaths from PC (330,400) were almost identical in 2012 Etiologic research on PC is complicated by the relatively inaccessible location of the pancreas, obstacles to early diagnosis, aggressiveness and resistance to therapy of these malignancies, and the tendency of PC to progress rapidly. Until recently, the only etiologic factors considered to be definite causes of PC were tobacco use, chronic pancreatitis, and several rare high-penetrance genetic disorders. In the past decade, the evidence for other causal relationships has strengthened, especially for metabolic risk factors (obesity, type II diabetes mellitus, insulin and insulin-like growth factor), chronic local inflammation, heavy alcohol consumption, dietary consumption of grilled meat, and non-O ABO blood type.
21
Javaid, Kassim. Osteomalacia. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0273.
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Osteomalacia is a disorder of bone mineralization and is due to a lack of vitamin D. Vitamin D is a prohormone formed by the action of UV radiation on the vitamin’s precursor (7-dehydrocholesterol) in the skin. It undergoes two hydroxylation steps to become an active hormone. The commonest cause of osteomalacia is vitamin D deficiency due to a lack of UVB skin exposure. Other causes include malabsorption (coeliac disease and pancreatic insufficiency), obesity, and chronic kidney disease. The typical symptoms of osteomalacia are non-specific bone pain, proximal myopathy, fatigue, and polyarthralgia. This chapter addresses the causes, diagnosis, and management of osteomalacia.
22
Chiravuri, Srinivas. Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Neuropathy—Meralgia Paresthetica. Edited by Meghan E. Lark, Nasa Fujihara, and Kevin C. Chung. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190617127.003.0014.
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Meralgia paresthetica is characterized by anterolateral thigh pain, paresthesia, or dysesthesia without motor weakness. This is due to idiopathic or iatrogenic injury to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN, dorsal rami of L2-L3). Risk factors include obesity, diabetes, and external compression near the inguinal ligament’s attachment to the anterior superior iliac spine. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and electrodiagnostic studies. Initial management includes behavioral modification, physical therapy, and pharmacotherapy. More invasive treatment modalities include LFCN infiltration, pulsed radiofrequency, direct nerve stimulation, and spinal cord stimulation. Ultrasound-guided neurectomy is also an effective way to localize the nerve structure and ensure complete nerve transection.
23
Calisoff, Randy L., and David R. Walega. Chronic Knee Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0010.
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Chronic knee pain affects 27 million people in the United States and is a leading cause of disability. Seventy percent of the population 65 years or older will have knee pain with radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis, and 12% will have clinical symptoms of osteoarthritis. Chronic knee pain after total knee replacement ranges from 10% to 20%. Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) refers to anterior knee pain exacerbated with knee joint loading activities (squatting, kneeling, prolonged sitting, ascending/descending stairs). PFPS is a clinical diagnosis, and treatment is directed toward pain alleviation and restoration of proper biomechanics. Pes anserine syndrome is common in runners, athletes, and individuals with osteoarthritis of the knee. Other risk factors include: female sex and a history of diabetes mellitus, obesity, or arthritis. Knowledge of the common knee pain etiologies, as well as key clinical manifestations, physical exam findings, differential diagnosis, and treatment options for each is important for pain specialists.
24
W, Tryon Warren, ed. Behavioral assessment in behavioral medicine. New York: Springer Pub. Co., 1985.
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25
Allison, David B. Handbook of Assessment Methods for Eating Behaviors and Weight-Related Problems: Measures, Theory, and Research. Sage Publications, Inc, 1994.
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26
1963-, Allison David B., ed. Handbook of assessment methods for eating behaviors and weight related problems: Measures, theory, and research. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 1995.
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27
Dohle, Gert R. Infertility. Edited by David John Ralph. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0096.
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The assessment of men with fertility problems is described in this chapter. The main causes of male infertility are testicular insufficiency due to congenital and acquired causes, obstructions of the male genital tract, genetic and endocrine abnormalities, urogenital infections, and varicoceles. Lifestyle can also have a negative influence on semen quality: smoking, obesity, drugs, and anabolic steroids influence sperm parameters and may reduce natural conception. Some chronic diseases also have a negative influence on fertility. History taking and physical examination should focus on prevalent causes of male infertility. Many decisions on diagnosis and treatment of male infertility are based on a semen analysis. It is therefore essential that the investigation is performed according to the recommendations of the world health organization manual for semen analysis.
28
Butler, Gary, and Jeremy Kirk. Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198786337.001.0001.
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The updated handbook of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes is a comprehensive pocket-sized guide of areas of endocrinology and diabetes that clinicians are likely to encounter. Chapters are divided up into those that reflect a clinical problem (e.g. short stature, pubertal disorders, late effects, and obesity), a particular endocrine gland (e.g. adrenal and thyroid glands), plus chapters on endocrine testing and also management of endocrine emergencies. These are all set out in a logical and easily readable fashion; where appropriate, background embryology, anatomy, and physiology are provided, along with differential diagnosis, investigation, and also management, including tips gleaned over decades of clinical experience. The handbook is written for a broad clinical readership including students, doctors in training, and established consultants as well as nurses and allied health professionals.
29
Alsulaimy, Mohammad, and Seyed Mohammad Kalantar Motamedi. Bariatric Surgery and Perioperative Infections. Edited by Tomasz Rogula, Philip Schauer, and Tammy Fouse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190608347.003.0011.
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Morbid obesity is associated with an increased risk of infectious complications including surgical site, urinary tract, and pulmonary infections. Surgical site infections (SSI) are the most common, followed by urinary and respiratory infections. Various risk factors in obese patients including impaired immunity, and altered pulmonary and circulatory systems contribute to the increased susceptibility of morbid obese patients to infectious complications. Perioperative infections are defined to occur within 30 days of the initial operative procedure. Surgical site and urinary tract infections usually occur within 7–10 days post-operatively. Therefore, it is recommended that patients should be followed up between 7 to 10 days post-op to examine surgical sites, and to screen for possible urinary tract symptoms. This chapter will discuss the diagnosis, treatment, and possible preventative measures of the aforementioned infectious complications in the bariatric surgery population.
30
la Vecchia, Carlo, Cristina Bosetti, and Hans-Olov Adami. Thyroid Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0025.
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While thyroid cancer incidence has globally increased over the last few decades, mortality has been steadily declining. This is essentially due to increased diagnosis of papillary thyroid cancer, due to the widespread use of ultrasound scan. Thyroid cancer is one of the few neoplasms more common in women than in men. Familial and genetic factors account for 5% to 15% of papillary or follicular neoplasms, and the association is even stronger for medullary carcinomas. Thyroid cancer risk is strongly related to benign thyroid diseases, particularly nodules and adenomas and goiter. The other major recognized risk factor is ionizing radiation, in particular iodine 131. Aspects of diet related to thyroid cancer risk include iodine deficiency—particularly for follicular thyroid cancer. However, fish and cruciferous vegetables are not consistently related to thyroid cancer risk. Tobacco and alcohol do not materially influence thyroid cancer risk, whereas overweight/obesity and adult height might increase risk.
31
Almond, Mark H., and Mark J. Griffiths. Swine ‘flu’ in pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199657742.003.0020.
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Influenza viruses are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally, resulting in severe illness in 3-5 million people and death in up to 500,000 during epidemic years. In March 2009, a novel H1N1 virus emerged in Mexico, spreading rapidly around the globe and achieving pandemic status within 3 months. Although it is now generally considered that the 2009 pandemic resulted in mild disease in most individuals, serious complications still occurred, with 12,000 deaths by mid-February 2010 in the United States alone. Risk factors for severe disease included asthma, cardiac disease, immunosuppression, pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. The chapter outlines the case of a young pregnant female who presented with an influenza-like illness and subsequently developed acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The origins, presentation, diagnosis, complications, and management of pandemic influenza are discussed, in addition to a summary of the pulmonary physiology and pathology of pregnancy.
32
De Sutter, Johan, Piotr Lipiec, and Christine Henri. Heart failure: preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0028.
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Nearly half of all patients with heart failure present with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFPEF). HFPEF is a pathophysiologically and clinically heterogeneous disease with an overall similar outcome to heart failure patients with a reduced ejection fraction. It is predominantly seen in elderly patients and comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, a sedentary lifestyle, and myocardial ischaemia play important roles in its development. In this chapter the conventional echocardiographic hallmarks of HFPEF including a preserved ejection fraction, left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial dilatation, diastolic dysfunction, and pulmonary hypertension are presented. For the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, it is important to keep in mind that no single echocardiographic parameter is sufficiently accurate and reproducible to be used in isolation to make a diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction. The value of newer techniques including three-dimensional echocardiography and longitudinal strain assessment for the diagnosis and follow-up of HFPEF patients are promising but require further evaluation. As exercise-induced dyspnoea may be the first manifestation of HFPEF, the role of exercise echo (or diastolic stress testing) with evaluation of exercise-induced changes in left ventricular filling pressure and pulmonary artery systolic pressure is also presented. This chapter ends with a discussion on the echocardiographic parameters that can be used for risk stratification and follow-up of HFPEF patients.
33
Weinreb, Alice. Fighting Fat. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190605094.003.0007.
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This chapter looks at the obesity epidemic that emerged in East and West Germany during the 1970s and 1980s. It compares the ways in which socialist and capitalist nutritionists and economists diagnosed and attempted to treat the new problem of widespread overweight. Despite expressing different attitudes toward fatness, East Germany and West Germany attempted to solve the problem of obesity using similar strategies, including expanding food options for private purchases and modifying the caloric content of institutional meals, especially in canteens. However, in both states these projects failed to reverse the population’s steady weight gain. When it came to fatness, the two states were more similar than not, despite deeply held beliefs that their populations consumed quite different diets.
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Richards, C. Steven, and Michael W. O'Hara, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Depression and Comorbidity. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.001.0001.
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Depression is frequently associated with other psychiatric disorders, chronic health problems, and distressed close relationships. This comorbidity between depression and other disorders and problems is important. Furthermore, there has been a large increase in research on depressive comorbidity. Therefore, a book of 37 state-of-the-art reviews by experts will be helpful to teachers, researchers, practitioners, developers of relevant policies, and students in these areas. The comorbidity of depression with other psychiatric disorders is addressed in chapters focusing on panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, alcohol-use disorders, eating disorders, conduct disorder, personality disorders, sexual dysfunctions, schizophrenia, suicide, and bipolar disorder. The comorbidity of depression and chronic health problems is addressed in chapters focusing on cardiovascular disease, cancer, pain, obesity, sleep disorders, multiple sclerosis, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, kidney disease, dementia, and women's health. The comorbidity of depression and distressed close relationships is addressed in chapters on intimate relationships, family relationships, and perinatal depression. There are also chapters on diagnostic issues, theory and constructs, models of comorbidity between depression and anxiety, assessment strategies, multidisciplinary treatments, community interventions, treatment in ethnic minority groups, psychosocial interventions for depressed cancer patients, and cognitive therapy for comorbid depression. Finally, in an effort to integrate the material, there are introduction, big picture, and epilogue chapters. The 37 chapters in this book reflect a scholarly and evidence-based perspective on depressive comorbidity. Moreover, the chapters address a wide array of relevant issues, including etiology, assessment, diagnosis, course, theory, research, practice, treatment, and clinical guidelines. In summary, this edited book includes 37 chapters on depression and comorbidity, and thereby provides a comprehensive, scholarly, and empirically-based compendium of reviews on this topic.
35
Wilson, Kathryn M., and Lorelei Mucci. Prostate Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0020.
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Prostate cancer is among the most commonly diagnosed cancers among men, ranking second in cancer globally and first in Western countries. There are marked variations in incidence globally, and its incidence must be interpreted in the context of diagnostic intensity and screening. The uptake of prostate-specific antigen screening since the 1990s has led to dramatic increases in incidence in many countries, resulting in an increased proportion of indolent cancers that would never have come to light clinically in the absence of screening. Risk factors differ when studying prostate cancer overall versus advanced disease. Older age, African ancestry, and family history are established risk factors for prostate cancer. Obesity and smoking are not associated with risk overall, but are associated with increased risk of advanced prostate cancer. Several additional lifestyle factors, medications, and dietary factors are now emerging as risk factors for advanced disease.
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Segal, David. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804079.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 describes how materials are important for the development of consumer goods, are key components of medical diagnostic techniques, underpin industries and offer hope for incurable diseases. The importance of surfaces on material properties is stressed. It associates the 20th century with synthetic polymers and suggests the 21st century is an age of natural polymers. Speciality alloys, renewable materials and renewable energy sources are highlighted. The importance of microstructure on material properties is described. Consideration of foods as materials is discussed in relation to diabetes and obesity.
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Lammers, Gert Jan. Narcolepsy with cataplexy. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0014.
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Narcolepsy with cataplexy is caused by disturbed cerebral hypocretin (also called orexin) transmission. It results in impaired physiological boundaries of wake and sleep stages and their specific components, leading to clinical symptoms such as excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), impaired sustained attention, disturbed nocturnal sleep, cataplexy, and hypnagogic hallucinations. This chapter discusses the consequences for daily life of the disorder, the diagnostic challenges, particularly the interpretation of the results of the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), the presumed cause and pathophysiology, the frequent comorbidities such as obesity, and practical guidelines for optimal nonpharmacological as well as pharmacological treatment.
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Kroenke, Candyce, and Ichiro Kawachi. Socioeconomic Disparities in Cancer Incidence and Mortality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0009.
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The relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and cancer is complex, dynamic, and evolving. Associations depend on SES measures, cancer type, sociodemographic factors including race/ethnicity, and historical trends. However, socioeconomic disadvantage is often associated with a higher risk of cancer, particularly cancers diagnosed at a late stage, as well as worse prognosis once diagnosed. Research on secular trends over the past 70 years has shown reversals of the socioeconomic gradient for lung and colorectal cancer consistent with differential trends by SES in patterns of smoking, diet, and obesity. Rates of these cancers are now currently higher in socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. SES is considered to be a “fundamental” determinant of health outcomes, and this appears true throughout the cancer spectrum—from cancer incidence to detection, treatment, and survival. Investigations over the past decade have increasingly considered the simultaneous impact of individual SES and area-level SES (as a contextual influence) on health outcomes.
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Anderson, Leslie K., Stuart B. Murray, and Walter H. Kaye, eds. Clinical Handbook of Complex and Atypical Eating Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190630409.001.0001.
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The aim of this book is to collate what is known about an array of complicating factors for patients with eating disorders, serving as an accessible introduction to each of the comorbidities and symptom presentations highlighted in the volume. The Handbook of Complex and Atypical Eating Disorders presents the available data about atypical and complex ED, in addition to what is known about treatment approaches. The first section contains chapters on the treatment of eating disorders with various psychiatric comorbidities, including trauma, borderline personality disorder, substance use, suicidality, anxiety disorders, and autism spectrum disorders, which may greatly complicate the application of standard treatment approaches. The second section contains chapters exploring treatment of eating disorders with atypical symptom presentations which (i) are not located as a specific diagnostic category in diagnostic criteria for ED’s, (ii) centrally feature ED pathology, and (iii) have emerging data suggesting the distinct nature of the syndrome, including purging disorder, muscle dysmorphia, night eating syndrome, and anorexia with a history of obesity. The final section has chapters which focus on how to adapt eating disorder treatment for atypical populations typically neglected in controlled treatment trials: LGBT, pediatric, male, ethnically diverse, and older adults.
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Benetou, Vassiliki, Anders Ekbom, and Lorelei Mucci. Pancreatic Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0013.
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In 2012, more than 337,000 pancreatic cancer cases were diagnosed globally, ranking twelfth in cancer incidence. Pancreatic cancer has one of the highest fatality rates of any cancer, and as such ranks higher in cancer mortality, including in the United States, where it is the third most common cause of cancer death. There are concerning increases in incidence rates in the United States, although the reason for this is not known. Smoking is the strongest established risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Risk decreases after smoking cessation, and is similar to that of nonsmokers within 15 years of smoking cessation. Early epidemiological studies had suggested a positive association between coffee intake and pancreatic cancer risk, but subsequently the association was found to be due to bias. Obesity has emerged as a consistent risk factor for pancreatic cancer risk. Finally, conditions such as hereditary pancreatitis are strongly associated with cancer risk.
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Liebenthal, Jennifer A., and Christian Guilleminault. Clinical sleep medicine. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0012.
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Sleep Medicine is now a specialty in its own right and many advances have occurred in recent years. Large-database studies from drug companies or general population surveys have indicated the general health impact of narcolepsy, particularly on the childhood and adolescent populations. Obesity has become a significant health problem. Sleep and its restriction has a drastic impact on regulation of metabolic function. A clearer understanding of the growth and development of the orofacial region during early childhood has led to the recognition of factors that increase collapsibility of the upper airway. Restless legs syndrome is a pain syndrome that continues to be under-diagnosed and left untreated particularly in children. Younger individuals are restricting more and more of their sleep, and they experience sleep disruption related to usage of electronic gadgets late at night. Another large health problem is the increasing number of elderly people with cognitive and sleep impairment
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Houssais, Sylviane, Lily Hechtman, and Rachel G. Klein. Long-Term Outcomes of Childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190213589.003.0003.
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This chapter summarizes the long-term clinical and functional outcomes of children diagnosed with ADHD at a mean age of eight years (probands), followed prospectively for 33 years. Outcomes are summarized in adolescence, early adulthood, and mid-adulthood. Compared with matched controls, probands showed greater persistence of ADHD and greater prevalence of Conduct Disorder (CD), Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), and Substance Use Disorder (SUD) in late adolescence. These dysfunctions continued into early adulthood, even when ADHD remitted for the majority of the sample, and were associated with deficits in educational and occupational attainment. The disproportionally high rate of CD, APD, and SUD translated to significantly higher rates of criminality, risk-taking behavior, risk-related medical outcomes, and elevated obesity rates in adulthood. The study’s findings suggest that childhood ADHD predisposes to maladjustment in adolescence and adulthood, particularly in a subset of individuals who develop CD/APD early on.
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Wu, Kana, NaNa Keum, Reiko Nishihara, and Edward L. Giovannucci. Cancers of the Colon and Rectum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0036.
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Worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in men and second in women, with annual estimates of 1.4 million newly diagnosed cases and over 690,000 deaths. Incidence rates relate closely to economic development. Although incidence rates have stabilized at a high level in most economically developed countries, they continue to increase in many traditionally low-risk countries, following the uptake of Western patterns of diet and physical inactivity. In principle, CRC is among the most preventable of all common cancers. Potentially modifiable risk factors include obesity, physical inactivity, high intake of red or processed meat, tobacco smoking, and heavy alcohol use. Several screening tests effectively reduce both the incidence and death rates of CRC through the detection of precancerous lesions and the treatment of early stage cancers. Despite the preventability of CRC, incidence rates over the last twenty years have decreased in only a few countries.
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Khanna, Ashish K., and Piyush Mathur. Bariatric Surgery and Acute Cardiovascular Complications in the ICU. Edited by Tomasz Rogula, Philip Schauer, and Tammy Fouse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190608347.003.0019.
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The increased numbers of bariatric surgical procedures worldwide have translated into a higher number of postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. The pathophysiologic perturbations in obesity mean that a large fraction of bariatric surgical patients have both diagnosed and undiagnosed underlying coronary artery disease, hypertension, cardiac rhythm disturbances, and baseline cardiac dysfunction. Manifestations of cardiac complications in this patient population are usually extremely subtle, both intraoperatively under anesthesia and in the ICU during the immediate postoperative period. Furthermore, the patients’ poor physiologic reserve does not allow for periods of hypoperfusion secondary to cardiovascular insufficiency. It is incumbent on the intensivist taking care of these patients to develop a specific skill set focused on early identification of cardiovascular complications in the postoperative period. This chapter highlights some specific cardiovascular complications in bariatric surgery patients, management of the complications, and recommendations for prevention, with a focus on some pertinent surgery-specific issues.
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Rascher, Wolfgang. The hypertensive child. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0218_update_001.
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Arterial hypertension is a well-recognized manifestation of various forms of renal disease both in adults and children. In the paediatric age group, standards for normal blood pressure are different from adults and have now been satisfactorily defined as have standards for measuring blood pressure. The epidemic of overweight and obesity in youth is increasing the prevalence of hypertension among children and adolescents. Measurement of blood pressure requires a technique specific for different age groups of the paediatric population, is more complex and requires particular expertise. Reference values in children requires adaptation to the age and size of the child and interpretation must be related to normative values specific for age, sex, and height. Evaluation for causes of secondary hypertension and for end-organ damage is basically similar in children as in adults. This chapter discusses measuring blood pressure, blood pressure standards, definition, classification, clinical presentation, and diagnostic approach to hypertension in children.
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Martinez-Hurtado, Eugenio Daniel, and María Luisa Mariscal Flores, eds. An Update on Airway Management. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898114323851200301.
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In recent years, there have been many advances in the safe management of the patient's airway, a cornerstone of anesthetic practice. An Update on Airway Management brings forth information about new approaches in airway management in many clinical settings. This volume analyzes and explains new preoperative diagnostic methods, algorithms, intubation devices, extubation procedures, novelties in postoperative management in resuscitation and intensive care units, while providing a simple, accessible and applicable reading experience that helps medical practitioners in daily practice. The comprehensive updates presented in this volume make this a useful reference for anesthesiologists, surgeons and EMTs at all levels. Key topics reviewed in this reference include: New airway devices, clinical management techniques, pharmacology updates (ASA guidelines, DAS algorithms, Vortex approach, etc.), Induced and awake approaches in different settings Updates on diagnostic accuracy of perioperative radiology and ultrasonography Airway management in different settings (nonoperating room locations and emergency rooms) Airway management in specific patient groups (for example, patients suffering from morbid obesity, obstetric patients and critical patients) Algorithms and traditional surgical techniques that include emergency cricothyrotomy and tracheostomy in ‘Cannot Intubate, Cannot Ventilate’ scenarios. Learning techniques to manage airways correctly, focusing on the combination of knowledge, technical abilities, decision making, communication skills and leadership Special topics such as difficult airway management registry, organization, documentation, dissemination of critical information, big data and databases
47
Galiuto, L., R. Senior, and H. Becher. Contrast echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
Contrast echocardiography is a non-invasive, well tolerated echocardiographic technique which employs ultrasound contrast agent in order to improve the quality of echocardiographic images, by enhancing blood flow signal.Clinical usefulness of this echocardiographic imaging modality resides in the possibility of providing better acoustic signal in cases of poor quality images, with additional important information related to assessment of myocardial perfusion. Indeed, about one-third of echocardiographic images are affected by poor quality due to high acoustic impedance of the chest wall of the patients secondary to obesity or pulmonary diseases, not allowing detection of left ventricular endocardial border. Moreover, in patients with low ejection fraction and apical left ventricular aneurysm, intraventricular thrombus could be undetectable with standard echocardiography. Furthermore, coronary microcirculation cannot be assessed by standard echocardiography. Contrast echocardiography can be performed in all such conditions to improve diagnostic power of echocardiography.The adjunctive role of contrast echocardiography is well defined in both rest and stress echocardiography in order to detect the endocardial border and intraventricular thrombi, to accurately measure ejection fraction, wall motion, and to assess myocardial perfusion.The purpose of this chapter is to explain basic principles, feasibility, safety, major clinical applications, current indications, and further developments of contrast echocardiography.
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Grant, Warren, and Martin Scott-Brown. Prevention of cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0350.
Full textAbstract:
In the UK, the four commonest cancers—lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer—result in around 62 000 deaths every year. Although deaths from cancer have fallen in the UK over the last 20 years, the UK still suffers from higher cancer death rates than many other countries in Western Europe. In 1999, the UK government produced a White Paper called Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation that outlined a national target to reduce the death rate from cancer by at least 20% in people under 75 by 2010. The subsequent NHS Cancer Plan of 2000 designed a framework by which to achieve this target through effective prevention, screening, and treatment programmes as well as restructuring and developing new diagnostic and treatment facilities. But do we know enough about the biology of the development of cancer for government health policies alone to force dramatic changes in survival? The science behind the causes of cancer tells us that its origin lies in acquired or inherited genetic abnormalities. Inherited gene mutation syndromes and exposure to environmental mutagens cause cancer, largely through abnormalities in DNA repair mechanisms, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Although screening those thought to be at highest risk, and regulating exposure to environmental carcinogens such as tobacco or ionizing radiation, have reduced, and will continue to reduce, cancer deaths, there are many other environmental factors that have been shown to increase the population risk of cancer. These will be outlined in this chapter. However, the available evidence is largely from retrospective and cross-sectional population-based studies and therefore limits the ability to apply this knowledge to the risk of the individual patient who may been seen in clinic. Although we may be able to put him or her into a high-, intermediate-, or low-risk category, the question ‘will I get cancer, doc?’ is one that we cannot answer with certainty. The NHS Cancer Plan of 2000, designed to reduce cancer deaths in this country and to bring UK treatment results in line with those other countries in Europe, focuses on preventing malignancy as part of its comprehensive cancer management strategy. It highlights that the rich are less likely to develop cancer, and will survive longer if they are diagnosed than those who live in poverty. This may reflect available treatment options, but is more likely to be related to the lifestyle of those with regular work, as they may be more health aware. The Cancer Plan, however, suggests that relieving poverty may be more labour intensive and less rewarding than encouraging positive risk-reducing behaviour in all members of the population. Eating well can reduce the risk of developing many cancers, particularly of the stomach and bowel. The Cancer Plan outlines the ‘Five-a-Day’ programme which was rolled out in 2002 and encouraged people to eat at least five portions of fruit and vegetables per day. Obese people are also at higher risk of cancers, in particular endometrial cancer. A good diet and regular exercise not only reduce obesity but are also independent risk-reducing factors. Alcohol misuse is thought to be a major risk factor in around 3% of all cancers, with the highest risk for cancers of the mouth and throat. As part of the Cancer Plan, the Department of Health promotes physical activity and general health programmes, as well as alcohol and smoking programmes, particularly in deprived areas. Focusing on these healthy lifestyle points can potentially reduce an individual lifetime risk of all cancers. However, our knowledge of the biology of four cancers in particular has led to the development of specific life-saving interventions. Outlined in this chapter are details regarding ongoing prevention strategies for carcinomas of the lung, the breast, the bowel, and the cervix.